diff --git a/.github/workflows/python-publish.yml b/.github/workflows/python-publish.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fb30d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/python-publish.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+name: Publish Python Package
+
+on:
+ release:
+ types: [published]
+
+jobs:
+ release-build:
+ runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+ steps:
+ - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+ - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+ with:
+ python-version: "3.12"
+
+ - name: Install dependencies
+ run: |
+ python -m pip install --upgrade pip
+ pip install -r requirements.txt
+ pip install build twine
+
+ - name: Build sdist and wheel
+ run: python -m build --sdist --wheel
+
+ - name: Check dist
+ run: twine check dist/*
+
+ - name: Upload dists
+ uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+ with:
+ name: release-dists
+ path: dist/
+
+ pypi-publish:
+ name: Publish to PyPI
+ needs: release-build
+ runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+ environment: pypi
+ permissions:
+ id-token: write
+ contents: read
+ steps:
+ - name: Download dists
+ uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+ with:
+ name: release-dists
+ path: dist/
+
+ - name: Publish to PyPI
+ uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
+ with:
+ packages-dir: dist/
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2737aba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+name: Python tests
+
+on:
+ push:
+ branches: ["main"]
+ paths:
+ - "**/*.py"
+ - "requirements.txt"
+ - "pyproject.toml"
+ - ".github/workflows/*.yml"
+ pull_request:
+ branches: ["main"]
+ paths:
+ - "**/*.py"
+ - "requirements.txt"
+ - "pyproject.toml"
+ - ".github/workflows/*.yml"
+
+jobs:
+ test:
+ name: Run tests on ${{ matrix.os }} with Python ${{ matrix.python }}
+ strategy:
+ fail-fast: false
+ matrix:
+ os: ["ubuntu-latest", "macos-latest", "windows-latest"]
+ python: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12"]
+
+ runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+ defaults:
+ run:
+ shell: bash
+ steps:
+ - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+ - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+ with:
+ python-version: ${{ matrix.python }}
+
+ - name: Free up disk space on Linux
+ if: runner.os == 'Linux'
+ run: |
+ sudo rm -rf /usr/local/lib/android || true
+ sudo rm -rf /usr/share/dotnet || true
+ sudo rm -rf /opt/ghc || true
+ sudo rm -rf /opt/hostedtoolcache/CodeQL || true
+ docker system prune -af || true
+ sudo apt-get clean
+
+ - name: Install uv
+ uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v7
+ with:
+ enable-cache: true
+
+ - name: Install dependencies
+ env:
+ UV_SYSTEM_PYTHON: "1"
+ run: |
+ uv pip install --no-cache -r requirements.txt
+ uv pip install -e ".[dev]"
+ uv pip install llamafactory
+
+ - name: Smoke test CLI
+ env:
+ PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE: 1
+ PYTHONIOENCODING: utf-8
+ run: |
+ python -m dataflex.cli version
+ dataflex-cli version
+ llamafactory-cli version
+
+ - name: Import check
+ run: |
+ python -c "from dataflex import __version__; print(__version__)"
+ python -c "from dataflex.core.registry import Registry"
+ python -c "from dataflex.train.selector import *"
+ python -c "from dataflex.train.mixer import *"
+ python -c "from dataflex.train.weighter import *"
+ python -c "from dataflex.train.dataset import MixedProportionManager"
+
+ # - name: Run pytest
+ # env:
+ # PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE: 1
+ # run: pytest
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3276456
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+__pycache__/
+*.egg-info/
+output.txt
+**/.ipynb_checkpoints/
+/examples/train_lora/develop/
+/examples/zzytest/
diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98b304e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+
+ Apache License
+ Version 2.0, January 2004
+ http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+ TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
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+ do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
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+ as modifying the License.
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+ You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+ may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+ for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
+ for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
+ reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+ the conditions stated in this License.
+
+ 5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+ any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+ by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+ this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+ Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+ the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+ with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+ 6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+ names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+ except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+ origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+ 7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+ agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+ Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+ implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
+ of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
+ PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
+ appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+ risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+ 8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+ whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+ unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+ negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+ liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+ incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+ result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+ Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+ work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+ other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+ has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+ 9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+ the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+ and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+ or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+ License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+ on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+ of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+ defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+ incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+ of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+ END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+ APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
+
+ To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
+ boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
+ replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
+ the brackets!) The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
+ comment syntax for the file format. Please also get an
+ individualized contributor license agreement from each contributor.
+
+ Copyright 2025 DataFlex Team
+
+ Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+ http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ limitations under the License.
diff --git a/MANIFEST.in b/MANIFEST.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c09678e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MANIFEST.in
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+recursive-include src/dataflex *.py
+recursive-include src/dataflex *.yaml
+recursive-include src/dataflex *.json
+recursive-include src/dataflex *.sh
+recursive-include src/dataflex *.txt
+
+include README.md
+include requirements.txt
+include LICENSE
+
+global-exclude *.py[cod]
+global-exclude __pycache__/
+global-exclude *.so
+global-exclude *.egg-info/
diff --git a/README-zh.md b/README-zh.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a4787bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README-zh.md
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+
+# DataFlex
+
+ Data Select · Mix · Reweight — Right in the LLM Training Loop
+
+
+
+
+[](https://OpenDCAI.github.io/DataFlex-Doc/)
+[](https://github.com/OpenDCAI/DataFlex/blob/main/LICENSE)
+[](https://github.com/OpenDCAI/DataFlex)
+[](https://github.com/OpenDCAI/DataFlex/graphs/contributors)
+[](https://github.com/OpenDCAI/DataFlex)
+[](https://deepwiki.com/OpenDCAI/DataFlex)
+
+
+
+
+🎉 如果你认可我们的项目，欢迎在 GitHub 上点个 ⭐ Star，关注项目最新进展。
+
+简体中文 | [English](./README.md)
+
+
+
+## 📰 1. 新闻
+* [2026-04-04] 🎉 我们的[技术报告](https://huggingface.co/papers/2603.26164)在 Hugging Face Daily Papers 当日榜单中排名第一。
+* [2026-03-17] 我们现已支持在 DeepSpeed ZeRO-3 下进行梯度计算，从而支持更大规模模型的训练与分析。
+* [2025-12-23] 🎉 我们很高兴地宣布首个 **数据中心训练系统 DataFlex** 正式发布！敬请期待后续更新。
+
+## 🔍 2. 概述
+
+
+
+ | 方法 | 类别 | 是否需要模型参与 | 官方仓库 |
+ |:----:|:----:|:-------------------------------------:|:-------------:|
+ | **LESS** | 基于梯度 | ✅ 是 | ⚠️[official code](https://github.com/princeton-nlp/LESS) |
+ | **NICE** | 基于梯度 | ✅ 是 | ⚠️[official code](https://github.com/JTWang2000/NICE) |
+ | **Loss** | 基于损失 | ✅ 是 | ❌ |
+ | **Delta Loss** | 基于损失 | ✅ 是 | ❌ |
+ | **NEAR** | 基于数据分布 | ❌ 否 | ❌ |
+ | **TSDS** | 基于数据分布 | ❌ 否 | ✅[official code](https://github.com/ZifanL/TSDS) |
+ | **Static** | 无数据选择 | ❌ 否 | ❌ |
+ | **Random** | 随机采样 | ❌ 否 | ❌ |
+
+
+
+- **Dynamic Mix Trainer（动态数据混合训练器）**：
+ 在训练过程中**动态调整来自不同数据域的数据比例**。支持的数据混合算法总结如下：
+
+
+ | 方法 | 类别 | 是否需要模型参与 | 官方仓库 |
+ |:----:|:----:|:-------------------------------------:|:-------------:|
+ | **DOREMI** | 离线混合 | ✅ 是 | ⚠️[official code](https://github.com/sangmichaelxie/doremi) |
+ | **ODM** | 在线混合 | ✅ 是 | ⚠️[official code](https://github.com/alon-albalak/online-data-mixing) |
+
+
+- **Dynamic Weight Trainer（动态样本加权训练器）**：
+ 在反向传播过程中**动态调整样本权重**，以强调模型更偏好的数据。支持的数据重加权算法总结如下：
+
+
+
+ | 方法 | 类别 | 是否需要模型参与 | 官方仓库 |
+ |:----:|:----:|:-------------------------------------:|:-------------:|
+ | **Loss Reweighting** | 基于损失 | ✅ 是 | ❌ |
+
+* **与 LLaMA-Factory 完全兼容**，可作为即插即用的替代方案。
+
+## 📌 3. 快速开始
+
+请使用以下命令进行环境配置与安装👇
+
+```bash
+pip install dataflex
+```
+
+或者从源码安装（适用于开发）：
+
+```bash
+git clone https://github.com/OpenDCAI/DataFlex.git
+cd DataFlex
+pip install -e .
+
+# 在 Python 3.10 环境中，请安装 v0.9.3 以确保兼容性
+pip install llamafactory==0.9.3
+
+# 在 Python 3.11+ 环境中，推荐安装最新的 v0.9.4
+pip install llamafactory==0.9.4
+```
+
+启动命令与 [LLaMA-Factory](https://github.com/hiyouga/LLaMA-Factory) 类似。
+下面给出一个使用 [LESS](https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.04333) 的示例：
+
+```bash
+dataflex-cli train examples/train_lora/selectors/less.yaml
+```
+
+与原生 LLaMA-Factory 不同的是，你的 `.yaml` 配置文件中还必须包含 **DataFlex 特有的参数**，具体请参考 [DataFlex-Doc](https://opendcai.github.io/DataFlex-Doc/)。
+
+## 📖 Skills
+
+- [如何使用 DataFlex](skills/how_to_use.md) — 安装、CLI 命令、YAML 配置、训练模式、已支持算法一览。
+- [如何添加新算法](skills/how_to_add_algorithm.md) — 架构概览、Registry 机制、基类接口、添加 Selector/Mixer/Weighter 的完整步骤。
+
+## 📚 4. 实验结果
+使用 DataFlex 可以在默认 LLaMA-Factory 训练的基础上提升模型性能。
+
+### 数据选择与加权实验结果
+我们使用 Open-Hermes-2.5 的一个子集作为训练数据集。实验结果表明，相较于随机选择（random selector）基线，所采用的数据选择算法和数据重加权算法在与训练数据集相关的 MMLU 基准测试子集上均取得了更优的性能。对于 LESS 和 NICE 算法，我们将 MMLU-Validation-Set 作为验证集，并使用由 GPT-5 生成的推理轨迹（trajectory）进行验证。
+
+
+
+
+### 数据配比实验结果
+我们使用 [SlimPajama-627B](https://huggingface.co/datasets/cerebras/SlimPajama-627B) 的子集进行数据配比实验。数据配比算法在 MMLU 准确率上超过了基线方法，同时在不同数据域上也取得了更低的困惑度（PPL）。
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 方法
+ Acc ↑
+ Perplexity (PPL) ↓
+
+
+ MMLU
+ ALL
+ CC
+ C4
+ SE
+ Wiki
+ GitHub
+ ArXiv
+ Book
+
+
+
+
+ Slim-Pajama-6B
+
+ Baseline
+ 25.27
+ 4.217
+ 4.278
+ 4.532
+ 3.402
+ 3.546 2.640 3.508
+ 4.778
+
+
+ DoReMi
+ 25.84
+ 4.134 4.108 4.358 3.788
+ 3.997
+ 3.420
+ 3.413
+ 4.661
+
+
+ ODM
+ 26.04 4.244
+ 4.326
+ 4.555
+ 3.243 3.699
+ 2.704
+ 2.904 4.613
+
+ Slim-Pajama-30B
+
+ Baseline
+ 25.51
+ 3.584
+ 3.723
+ 3.505
+ 2.850
+ 3.215
+ 3.163
+ 4.540
+ 5.329
+
+
+ DoReMi
+ 25.97 3.562
+ 3.731
+ 3.503 2.706
+ 2.985
+ 2.973
+ 4.441
+ 5.214
+
+
+ ODM
+ 25.63
+ 3.429 3.598 3.519
+ 2.382 2.713 2.255 3.487 4.746
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Data Select · Mix · Reweight — Right in the LLM Training Loop
+
+
+
+[](https://OpenDCAI.github.io/DataFlex-Doc/)
+[](https://github.com/OpenDCAI/DataFlex/blob/main/LICENSE)
+[](https://github.com/OpenDCAI/DataFlex)
+[](https://github.com/OpenDCAI/DataFlex/graphs/contributors)
+[](https://github.com/OpenDCAI/DataFlex)
+[](https://deepwiki.com/OpenDCAI/DataFlex)
+
+
+
+
+🎉 If you like our project, please give us a star ⭐ on GitHub for the latest update.
+
+[简体中文](./README-zh.md) | English
+
+
+
+## 📰 1. News
+- [2026-04-04] 🎉 Our [technical report](https://huggingface.co/papers/2603.26164) ranked #1 on the Hugging Face Daily Papers leaderboard for that day.
+- [2026-03-17] We now support gradient computation under DeepSpeed ZeRO-3, enabling training and analysis of larger-scale models.
+- [2025-12-23] 🎉 We’re excited to announce the first Data-Centric Training System DataFlex, is now released! Stay tuned for future updates.
+
+
+## 🔍 2. Overview
+
+
+| Method | Category | Requires Model-in-the-Loop? | Official Repo |
+|:------:|:--------:|:---------------------------:|:-------------:|
+| **LESS** | Gradient-Based | ✅ Yes | ⚠️[official code](https://github.com/princeton-nlp/LESS) |
+| **NICE** | Gradient-Based | ✅ Yes | ⚠️[official code](https://github.com/JTWang2000/NICE) |
+| **Loss** | Loss-Based | ✅ Yes | ❌ |
+| **Delta Loss** | Loss-Based | ✅ Yes | ❌ |
+| **NEAR** | Data Distribution-Based | ❌ No | ❌ |
+| **TSDS** | Data Distribution-Based | ❌ No | ✅[official code](https://github.com/ZifanL/TSDS) |
+| **Static** | No Selection | ❌ No | ❌ |
+| **Random** | Random Sampling | ❌ No | ❌ |
+
+
+
+
+- **Data Mixture**: Dynamically adjusts the ratio of data from different domains during training. The data mixture algorithms are summarized as follows:
+
+
+
+| Method | Category | Requires Model-in-the-Loop? | Official Repo |
+|:------:|:--------:|:---------------------------:|:-------------:|
+| **DOREMI** | Offline Mixture | ✅ Yes | ⚠️[official code](https://github.com/sangmichaelxie/doremi) |
+| **ODM** | Online Mixture | ✅ Yes | ⚠️[official code](https://github.com/alon-albalak/online-data-mixing) |
+
+
+
+- **Data Reweighting**: Dynamically adjusts sample weights during backpropagation to emphasize data preferred by the model. The data reweighting algorithms are summarized as follows:
+
+
+
+| Method | Category | Requires Model-in-the-Loop? | Official Repo |
+|:------:|:--------:|:---------------------------:|:-------------:|
+| **Loss Reweighting** | Loss-Based | ✅ Yes | ❌ |
+
+
+
+- **Full compatibility with LLaMA-Factory**, drop-in replacement.
+
+## 📌 3. Quick Start
+
+Please use the following commands for environment setup and installation👇
+
+```bash
+pip install dataflex
+```
+
+Or install from source for development:
+
+```bash
+git clone https://github.com/OpenDCAI/DataFlex.git
+cd DataFlex
+pip install -e .
+```
+
+> **Note:** Python 3.11+ is recommended. The core dependencies (including `llamafactory`) will be installed automatically. If you are using Python 3.10, you need to install a compatible version of `llamafactory` manually.
+
+The launch command is similar to [LLaMA-Factory](https://github.com/hiyouga/LLaMA-Factory).
+Below is an example using [LESS](https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.04333) :
+
+```bash
+dataflex-cli train examples/train_lora/selectors/less.yaml
+```
+
+Unlike vanilla LLaMA-Factory, your `.yaml` config file must also include **DataFlex-specific parameters**. For details, please refer to [DataFlex-Doc](https://opendcai.github.io/DataFlex-Doc/).
+
+## 📖 Skills
+
+- [How to Use DataFlex](skills/how_to_use.md) — Installation, CLI commands, YAML configuration, training modes, and supported algorithms.
+- [How to Add a New Algorithm](skills/how_to_add_algorithm.md) — Architecture overview, registry system, base class interfaces, and step-by-step guide for adding selectors/mixers/weighters.
+
+## 📚 4. Experimental Results
+Using DataFlex can improve performance over the default LLaMA-Factory training.
+
+### Data Selector & Reweightor Results
+We use a subset of [Open-Hermes-2.5](https://huggingface.co/datasets/OpenDCAI/DataFlex-selector-openhermes-10w) as the training dataset. The data selection algorithms and data reweighting algorithm outperform the random selector baseline on the [MMLU benchmark](https://huggingface.co/datasets/OpenDCAI/dataflex-selector-MMLUSubset-test) subset relevant to the training dataset. For the Less and Nice algorithm, we set the validation set as the [MMLU-Validation-Set](https://huggingface.co/datasets/OpenDCAI/dataflex-selector-MMLUSubset-valid-cot), using a GPT-5-generated trajectory.
+
+
+
+
+### Data Mixture Results
+We use subsets of [SlimPajama-627B](https://huggingface.co/datasets/cerebras/SlimPajama-627B) for data mixture. The data mixture algorithms outperform the baseline (default data mixture) on MMLU accuracy while also achieving lower perplexity across different data domains.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Method
+ Acc ↑
+ Perplexity (PPL) ↓
+
+
+ MMLU
+ ALL
+ CC
+ C4
+ SE
+ Wiki
+ GitHub
+ ArXiv
+ Book
+
+
+
+
+ Slim-Pajama-6B
+
+ Baseline
+ 25.27
+ 4.217
+ 4.278
+ 4.532
+ 3.402
+ 3.546 2.640 3.508
+ 4.778
+
+
+ DoReMi
+ 25.84
+ 4.134 4.108 4.358 3.788
+ 3.997
+ 3.420
+ 3.413
+ 4.661
+
+
+ ODM
+ 26.04 4.244
+ 4.326
+ 4.555
+ 3.243 3.699
+ 2.704
+ 2.904 4.613
+
+ Slim-Pajama-30B
+
+ Baseline
+ 25.51
+ 3.584
+ 3.723
+ 3.505
+ 2.850
+ 3.215
+ 3.163
+ 4.540
+ 5.329
+
+
+ DoReMi
+ 25.97 3.562
+ 3.731
+ 3.503 2.706
+ 2.985
+ 2.973
+ 4.441
+ 5.214
+
+
+ ODM
+ 25.63
+ 3.429 3.598 3.519
+ 2.382 2.713 2.255 3.487 4.746
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Florence Weather \n\n\nCurrent temperature in Florence \n
\n\n\n\n\n```\n\nIn the above code, we create a simple `html` page with a `p` element to display the temperature in Florence. We fetch the temperature data from the OpenWeather API by providing it the name of the city, the API key and setting the `units` parameter to `metric` to get the data in Celsius.\n\nMake sure to replace `API_KEY` with your own OpenWeather API Key.\nThe temperature value is fetched from the response data and displayed on the page. \n\nYou can also update the styles using CSS to make the webpage more attractive."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain the term 'network latency' in one sentence.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Network latency is the time it takes for data to travel from its source to its destination across a network."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate an appropriate love poem title based on the given input.",
+ "input": "a rainy day",
+ "output": "\"Love on a Rainy Day\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a letter of recommendation for John Doe based on the information provided.",
+ "input": "John Doe has been a valuable contributor on my team for the past 3 years. He has consistently demonstrated excellent problem-solving skills, going above and beyond when faced with challenging tasks. I believe he is a great candidate for any position.",
+ "output": "To Whom it May Concern,\n\nI am writing this letter to wholeheartedly recommend John Doe for any position that he is being considered. I have had the pleasure of working with John for the past 3 years and can attest to his exceptional skills and character.\n\nJohn has been a valuable contributor on my team and has consistently demonstrated excellent problem-solving skills. He possesses a quality that allows him to analyze situations in depth and come up with creative and effective solutions. His ability to successfully navigate complex problems and deliver excellent results has been exemplified on numerous occasions.\n\nJohn also goes above and beyond when faced with challenging tasks. He is not one to shy away from a challenge; instead, he tackles them with determination and tenacity. His positive attitude, combined with his impressive work ethic, make him a great teammate and an invaluable asset. He is a dedicated employee who is committed to achieving success, both individually and for the team.\n\nIn summary, John is an outstanding candidate with remarkable skills and attributes. I have no doubt that he will excel in any position and make significant contributions to the organization. I highly recommend him for any opportunity that he is being considered.\n\nSincerely,\n\n[Your Name]"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain how Virtual Reality works.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Virtual Reality, often abbreviated as VR, is a computer-generated and immersive technology, simulating a 3D environment in the real or imagined world. It allows the user to interact and explore this simulated reality using specialized VR devices, which include headsets, gloves or hand controllers, and sensors that track movement.\n\nThe technical side of VR works through stereoscopic displays – two screens that display slightly different perspectives from each eye, creating an illusion of depth. Additionally, the VR headset has sensors such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers, which track the user's head movement and adjust the image accordingly, providing a more realistic experience by matching the user's movements in real-time with the simulated environment.\n\nWhile wearing the VR headset, the user perceives a 360-degree view of a virtual environment. This view adjusts once the user looks around, providing a seamless experience that engages the brain into thinking it is in a real environment.\n\nRealistic sound is another factor that enhances the VR experience, through the use of sophisticated 3D audio technology, which adds to the immersion factor.\n\nTo interact with the virtual environment, the user wears special gloves or holds hand controllers equipped with sensors that track the hand and finger movements. This allows the user to perform actions such as pointing, grabbing, or wielding virtual objects, making the experience even more realistic.\n\nIn summary, Virtual Reality technology works by engaging the user's senses, specifically sight, sound, and touch, to create a simulated reality that is interactive, immersive, and most importantly, convincing."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe your favorite character from a movie.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "I am an AI and do not have personal preferences or favorites, but I can provide you with a description of a popular character from a movie if you would like."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Analyze the following Tweet and classify the sentiment of the message.",
+ "input": "The US economy is soaring and unemployment levels have never been lower.",
+ "output": "The sentiment of the message in the tweet is positive. It portrays a sense of progress, growth, and prosperity in the US economy."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given an article, summarize the content in one sentence.",
+ "input": "This article talks about the causes, symptoms, and treatment of depression.",
+ "output": "The article discusses the reasons for depression, its manifestations, and the available remedies."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Categorize the animals in the following list: dogs, cats, pigs, fish",
+ "input": "[dogs, cats, pigs, fish]",
+ "output": "One way to categorize the animals in the list is by their habitat and physical characteristics:\n\n- Domesticated land animals: dogs, cats, pigs\n- Aquatic animals: fish"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Analyze the following family situation and provide recommendations for how each family member can deal with their issues.",
+ "input": "John, who is a single dad, has two teenage daughters, Kim and Amy. Kim is 16, rebellious, and struggles with her grades in school. Amy is 14, and she's very timid and gets bullied at school.",
+ "output": "John, as a single parent, may be overwhelmed with the challenges his daughters are facing. It is recommended that he seeks support from friends, family, or a support group for single parents. It could also be helpful for him to seek advice from a counselor or therapist who specializes in parenting children in their teenage years.\n\nFor Kim, it would be helpful if John can establish clear expectations, boundaries, and consequences for her behavior while still providing her with love and support. It may be necessary for John to communicate with her teachers or guidance counselor to discuss her grades and how to improve them. Kim may also benefit from tutoring or one-on-one teaching sessions. It is also essential that John listens to her thoughts and feelings without judgment and encourages her to express herself in healthy ways.\n\nFor Amy, it is crucial for John to address the issue of bullying and seek support from the school administration. He should also encourage her to speak out about her experiences, engage in activities that build self-confidence, and develop healthy coping mechanisms. John can also explore the possibility of counseling or therapy for Amy, which could provide her with a safe space to express her feelings and learn coping strategies.\n\nOverall, communication, support, and seeking help from professionals and resources are key components in helping John and daughters overcome their challenges."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a function in Python that evaluates a given expression.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here is a simple function that can evaluate a given mathematical expression as a string:\n\n```python\ndef evaluate_expression(expression):\n # Evaluating the expression using the eval() function\n result = eval(expression)\n\n # Returning the result\n return result\n```\nThis function takes a String as an argument that contains the mathematical expression that needs to be evaluated. It uses the eval() function of Python, which evaluates the expression and returns the result. Note that the `eval()` method can pose security risks if used improperly, so it is important to properly sanitize any inputs used with this function.\n\nExample usage of this function:\n\n```python\nresult = evaluate_expression(\"2 + 3 * 4\")\nprint(result)\n#output: 14\n```\n\nHere, the function takes an expression \"2 + 3 * 4\" as an argument, evaluates it and returns the result, which is 14."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Provide antonyms for the word 'evil'.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Some antonyms for the word \"evil\" include: good, virtuous, moral, righteous, benevolent, kind, and ethical."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify the tone of this essay.",
+ "input": "The world of technology is constantly shifting and evolving before our eyes, and it is essential to continuously evolve and take advantage of the possibilities that come with it.",
+ "output": "The tone of this essay is optimistic and proactive."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a paragraph summarizing the main points from the following article:",
+ "input": "The concept of \"flow\" is based on the idea that individuals experience moments of optimal performance and enjoyment when they are fully engaged in an activity. During such experiences, a person's attention is focused on the task at hand and they are not easily distracted. Flow has been linked to a number of positive psychological outcomes, including increased sense of accomplishment and wellbeing. Flow has also been explored in relation to its impact on creativity and decision-making.",
+ "output": "The article discusses the concept of \"flow\" and how it leads to optimal performance and enjoyment when a person is fully engaged in an activity. During flow, a person's attention is focused and they are not easily distracted, leading to positive psychological outcomes such as increased sense of accomplishment and wellbeing. The article also explores the impact of flow on creativity and decision-making."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify the hyperbola that passes through the given points.",
+ "input": "Points: (3,4), (2,-6)",
+ "output": "A hyperbola's standard form is given by `(x-h)^2/a^2 - (y-k)^2/b^2=1` for horizontal hyperbolas or `(y-k)^2/a^2 - (x-h)^2/b^2=1` for vertical hyperbolas. Where `h` and `k` are the coordinates of the center, while `a` and `b` are constant values associated with the lengths of the axes of the hyperbola. \n\nSo to identify the hyperbola that passes through both `(3,4)` and `(2,-6)`, we will plug the points into the general equation of a hyperbola then solve for its variables. \n\nAssuming a hyperbola in the form `(x-h)^2/a^2 - (y-k)^2/b^2=1` is what we are looking for, we plug `(3,4)` and `(2,-6)` into the equation to get the following system of equations:\n```\n(3-h)^2/a^2 - (4-k)^2/b^2=1\n(2-h)^2/a^2 - (-6-k)^2/b^2=1\n```\nSimplifying the system of equations we get:\n```\n(3-h)^2/a^2 - (4-k)^2/b^2=(2-h)^2/a^2 - (-6-k)^2/b^2\n(3-h)^2 - (4-k)^2 =(2-h)^2 - (-6-k)^2\n9 - 6h + h^2 - 16 + 8k - k^2 = 4 - 4h + h^2 - 36 - 12k - k^2\nh^2 - 6h - k^2 + 8k - 7 = h^2 - 4h - k^2 -12k - 32\nh = -5k - 25\n```\nThis seems to suggest that we don't have enough information to find a unique solution. Since we only have two points from a non-degenerate conic, there are infinitely many hyperbolas that pass through both points."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Compare and contrast democratic and authoritarian regimes in 4 sentences.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Democratic and authoritarian regimes differ in many fundamental ways. In a democratic regime, power is vested in the people through free and fair elections; citizens have the right to vote and participate in the political process. By contrast, authoritarian regimes concentrate power in the hands of a small group of elites or a single leader, with little or no input from the citizens. Additionally, democratic regimes are characterized by the protection of civil liberties and human rights, while authoritarian regimes often lack freedoms and suppress opposition."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate one creative way to use honey in a recipe.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "One creative way to use honey in a recipe is to make \"Honey Glazed Sriracha Chicken Skewers\". You can marinate chicken pieces in a mixture of honey, Sriracha sauce, soy sauce, and minced garlic for a couple of hours; then thread the chicken onto skewers, grill until fully cooked. In a saucepan, combine honey, Sriracha sauce, and soy sauce, and cook until thickened. Brush the sauce over the chicken skewers and serve them hot. The honey brings sweetness and balance to the spicy taste of Sriracha sauce, creating a perfect combination of flavors."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Analyze an example of a conflict in the given text.",
+ "input": "In the movie City Lights, a wealthy woman helps a poor man who is in love with her.",
+ "output": "The conflict in the text could possibly arise from the difference in social and economic class between the wealthy woman and poor man. The man's love for the woman puts him in a difficult position, as societal norms and expectations may not allow for them to have a relationship. Additionally, the woman's decision to help the poor man could also cause external conflicts with her peers, who may not approve of her association with someone of a lower class. This can create tension and challenges for both characters as they navigate the class divide and their feelings for each other."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a list of three hobbies someone can take up during quarantine.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Painting or drawing: This hobby is an excellent way to express creativity and imagination, and it is also a relaxing and rewarding pastime.\n\n2. Learning a new instrument: Music is an excellent source of entertainment and relaxation, and learning a new instrument can be a fun and challenging way to spend time during quarantine.\n\n3. Baking and cooking: Many people enjoy the process of preparing and creating delicious meals and treats. This hobby can be a lot of fun and can also provide a sense of accomplishment when trying new recipes or perfecting old ones."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Summarise the tips for successful online dating.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Create an honest and appealing profile: Select up-to-date images that represent you accurately, provide a clear description of who you are and what you're looking for.\n\n2. Be proactive: Don't wait for someone to contact you; initiate communication with those who interest you.\n\n3. Prioritize safety: Take steps to protect your information and trust your gut when it comes to meeting in person.\n\n4. Keep an open mind: Be open to meeting different types of people and don't judge too quickly.\n\n5. Be patient: Finding the right match can take time, so be prepared to invest some effort and don't get discouraged.\n\n6. Communicate effectively: Be open and honest, reply to messages in a timely manner and keep the conversation flowing."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Compare and contrast the individualistic and collectivist cultures.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Individualistic and collectivist cultures are two distinct cultural dimensions that describe how individuals perceive their relationship with their group or society. In individualistic cultures, people tend to value independence, autonomy, and personal achievement. They see themselves as separate entities, and personal goals often take priority over group goals. In contrast, collectivist cultures emphasize the importance of interdependence, cooperation, and group harmony. People in such cultures tend to see themselves as part of a larger collective, and tend to prioritize group goals over personal ones.\n\nOne key difference between these two types of cultures is the way they approach decision-making. In individualistic cultures, individuals are encouraged to make decisions independently, and personal choices are respected. On the other hand, in collectivist cultures, group consensus is often sought when making decisions, and individuals are expected to align their choices with those of the group. \n\nAnother major difference between individualistic and collectivist cultures is the way they handle success and failure. In individualistic cultures, personal achievements are celebrated, and individuals are often rewarded based on their own merits. In contrast, in collectivist cultures, success and failure are often viewed as collective accomplishments or shortcomings, and people tend to share credit or blame.\n\nThe communication styles of these two types of culture also differs- while people from individualistic cultures are usually direct in expressing their thoughts and opinions, people from collectivistic cultures often use indirect communication, taking care not to disrupt group harmony. \n\nIn conclusion, individualistic and collectivist cultures have different values and ways of functioning. While individualistic cultures highlight the importance of personal fulfillment, collectivist cultures prioritize group harmony and social cohesion. Each approach has its strengths, and no one culture is inherently better than the other."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Compare and contrast Data Mining and Machine Learning.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Data mining and machine learning are two areas of computer science that are intertwined with each other. While they share some similarities, they also have some differences.\n\nData mining is the process of extracting useful information from large datasets. It involves the use of various techniques such as clustering, classification, and association rule mining to uncover hidden patterns and relationships in data. The goal of data mining is to make sense of and transform raw data into actionable knowledge.\n\nOn the other hand, Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that involves the development of algorithms that can learn from data and make predictions or decisions based on that data. The goal of machine learning is to create models that can generalize and make accurate predictions or decisions on new, unseen data.\n\nOne key difference between the two is that data mining is the process of finding correlations or patterns among numerous fields in large relational databases while machine learning uses these patterns and correlations to learn from data and make accurate predictions.\n\nIn essence, data mining is more exploratory in nature, focused on finding previously unknown patterns or relationships in data. On the other hand, machine learning is more predictive, focused on using known patterns to make predictions or decisions. Additionally, machine learning models can improve over time, as they are exposed to new data, while data mining techniques do not change.\n\nOverall, data mining and machine learning are two important tools for extracting knowledge from data. While they share some similarities, they also have some distinct differences, and both have their unique strengths and use cases."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "List some of the challenges climate change brings on the environment.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Climate change poses a number of challenges to the environment, including:\n\n1. Rising temperatures: Global temperatures are increasing due to the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, leading to more heatwaves, droughts, and other weather extremes.\n\n2. Melting of polar ice caps and glaciers: As temperatures rise, polar ice caps and glaciers are melting at an alarming rate, causing sea levels to rise and threatening the habitat of many animals.\n\n3. Ocean acidification: The increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are also absorbed by the ocean, causing it to become more acidic, which can harm marine life such as coral reefs and shellfish.\n\n4. Changes in precipitation patterns: Climate change can cause changes in precipitation patterns, leading to more frequent and intense storms or extended periods of drought, which can cause soil erosion and degradation of farmland.\n\n5. Loss of biodiversity: Many species are struggling to adapt to the changing climate, causing the extinction of some species and the disruption of ecosystems.\n\n6. Wildfires: The increased frequency of droughts, heatwaves and extreme weather can cause wildfires to become more common, causing widespread destruction of natural habitats and displacement of wildlife.\n\n7. Increased frequency of natural disasters: Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of natural disasters such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts, causing damage to the environment and threatening the lives and livelihoods of people around the world."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given a simple scenario, you need to identify the different characters in the situation.",
+ "input": "A family of four was sitting together at the dinner table.",
+ "output": "The different characters in this scenario are the four members of the family seated at the dinner table."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Compare and contrast holographic imaging and x-ray imaging.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Holographic imaging and x-ray imaging are both techniques used to create visual images for various applications, including medical diagnosis and scientific research. However, there are several differences between the two methods.\n\nHolographic imaging uses laser light and the principles of holography to create three-dimensional images. These images are formed by recording the interference pattern between two laser beams, one of which is reflected off the object being imaged. The resulting image appears to have depth and can be viewed from various angles, providing a detailed and realistic representation of the object.\n\nOn the other hand, x-ray imaging uses high-energy x-ray beams to penetrate and pass through objects, creating a two-dimensional image on a detector. The amount of x-rays absorbed by the object's tissues or materials depends on their density and atomic number, which allows for the creation of contrast in the resulting image. X-ray images are used in medical diagnosis to image bones, organs, and other structures within the body.\n\nOne of the main differences between the two techniques is the type of radiation used. While holographic imaging uses non-ionizing laser light, x-ray imaging uses ionizing radiation, which can be harmful in high doses. This means that x-ray imaging must be used with caution and under controlled conditions, while holographic imaging is generally considered safe.\n\nAdditionally, holographic imaging provides a three-dimensional view, while x-ray imaging produces a two-dimensional image. This can make holographic imaging more useful for applications that require a detailed understanding of an object's structure and depth, such as engineering or scientific research.\n\nIn summary, both holographic and x-ray imaging are powerful tools for creating visual representations of objects. However, they differ in their underlying principles, the type of radiation used, and the resulting image."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a time-sensitive to-do list that involves driving to four different locations.",
+ "input": "You are expected to complete the list in one day.",
+ "output": "Time-Sensitive To-Do List for One Day:\n\n- **7:00am**: Wake up, have breakfast, and get ready to leave the house.\n- **8:00am**: Drive to the post office to send out an urgent package.\n- **9:00am**: Drive to the dry cleaners to pick up the clothes for an important meeting the next day.\n- **10:30am**: Drive to the grocery store to buy ingredients for tonight’s dinner.\n- **12:00pm**: Make a stop at the gas station to fill up the car with gas.\n- **1:00pm**: Arrive back home, have lunch and rest for 30 minutes.\n- **2:00pm**: Drive to the pharmacy to pick up a prescription.\n- **3:00pm**: Return home and start preparing dinner.\n- **6:00pm**: Have dinner with family.\n- **7:00pm**: Relax and unwind for the rest of the evening."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Merge and sort two given arrays.",
+ "input": "Array 1: [89, 34, 55] \nArray 2: [67, 1, 84]",
+ "output": "Merged and sorted array: [1, 34, 55, 67, 84, 89 ]"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Delete the last two paragraphs from the following text.",
+ "input": "In some cases, the negative effects of tech may not be immediately visible, but tech has been linked to a variety of adverse health outcomes over time. Research has demonstrated that people who are over-absorbed in tech usage are more prone to developing mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety. People who are highly engaged in social media, for example, are more likely to feel loneliness and satisfaction in life.\n\nAt present, it is unclear how much of an impact tech has on our mental health, and the literature is inconsistent. Some research suggests that tech can be helpful and beneficial when used in moderation, while other studies point to the potential psychological and neurological consequences of excessive tech use.",
+ "output": "In some cases, the negative effects of tech may not be immediately visible, but tech has been linked to a variety of adverse health outcomes over time. Research has demonstrated that people who are over-absorbed in tech usage are more prone to developing mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety. People who are highly engaged in social media, for example, are more likely to feel loneliness and satisfaction in life."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Invent a new word and explain its meaning.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The new word is \"Reloyalty.\" Reloyalty is the combination of the words \"Reliability\" and \"Loyalty.\" It refers to the quality of being consistently dependable, trustworthy, and devoted in one's personal and professional relationships. It represents an individual's unwavering strength of character, and their commitment towards the people that rely on them, through trying times and challenges."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Compose a short story about two friends from different walks of life.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "There once were two friends named Sarah and Lily. Sarah came from a wealthy family and lived in a beautiful mansion with her parents. Lily, on the other hand, came from a humble background and lived in a small apartment with her single mother.\n\nDespite their different walks of life, Sarah and Lily bonded over their love for painting and became the best of friends. They would spend hours together in the park, painting the beautiful scenery around them and talking about their dreams.\n\nOne day, Sarah's parents found out about her friendship with Lily and disapproved of it. They believed that Sarah should only be friends with people from her own social class. Sarah was heartbroken but refused to end her friendship with Lily.\n\nLily, too, faced challenges. Her mother struggled to make ends meet and Lily often had to miss out on school trips and other fun activities because they couldn't afford it. Sarah would always offer to help, but Lily was too proud to accept.\n\nDespite the obstacles they faced, Sarah and Lily's friendship only grew stronger. They stood by each other through thick and thin and proved that true friendship knows no boundaries.\n\nYears later, Sarah and Lily both became successful artists and opened a joint art gallery. Their paintings were displayed side by side, showcasing their beautiful friendship for the world to see.\n\nIn the end, Sarah and Lily's friendship was a testament to the fact that it doesn't matter where you come from or how much money you have. What matters is the love and support you show to those close to you."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Tell me what you would do if you won a million dollars",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "As an AI, I don't have the ability to desire or use the money for my own purposes. However, if you won a million dollars, I could assist you in making wise decisions on how to use it by providing advice, doing research on investment options, helping you create a budget plan, and connecting you with financial advisors. It's always a good idea to use a windfall such as this to pay off any debts, establish an emergency fund, invest for the future, and give to charitable causes. Ultimately, the decision on how to use the money would be up to you, and I would be here to support and guide you."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "List three characteristics of a given object.",
+ "input": "Tiger",
+ "output": "1. Large feline animal - Tigers are a species of large, predatory felines that are recognized for their strength and power.\n\n2. Distinctive orange coat with black stripes - Tigers are known for their distinctive orange coat with vertical black stripes that serves as a great camouflage in their natural habitat.\n\n3. Carnivorous diet- Tigers are carnivorous animals that primarily hunt deer, wild pigs, and other large mammals for food."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Develop a customer service policy for customer complaints.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Our company values customer satisfaction as one of our top priorities. In case of any dissatisfaction or complaints, we have established the following policy for addressing and resolving the issue promptly.\n\n1. Accessible Customer Service\nWe provide multiple channels to accept customer complaints, including email, phone, chat lines, and social media. Our customer service team is available 24/7 to respond to complaints and provide needed support.\n\n2. Timely Response\nWe aim to respond to all complaints within 24 hours of receipt. Customers will be notified of the estimated resolution timeframe if more time is required.\n\n3. Prioritized Complaint Handling\nWe prioritize complaints based on the severity and impact of the issues raised. We understand that not all complaints are equal, so we assign a team to manage critical issues immediately.\n\n4. Thorough Investigation\nAll complaints will be thoroughly investigated to identify and address the root cause of the problem. Our team will keep customers updated on the resolution progress until a satisfactory solution is reached.\n\n5. Fairness and Compensation\nWe consider each complaint on its merit and offer fair resolutions and compensation in line with our service level agreement. Our overall aim is to ensure that all complaints are resolved satisfactorily, and the customer is ultimately satisfied.\n\n6. Continual Improvement\nWe continuously improve our customer service policy to avoid a recurrence of similar complaints. All feedback received is taken into account when updating our policy, business practices and procedures.\n\nAt our company, we strive to provide top-notch service to all our customers. In case of any complaints, we kindly request that customers bring it to our attention, following the policy above. We assure you that we will do our utmost to resolve the issue promptly and satisfactorily."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe a cloud-computing system.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A cloud computing system is a type of computing infrastructure that delivers on-demand computing resources, software, applications and data storage over the internet. These resources are provided through a network of remote servers that are hosted by a third-party provider, rather than on a user's personal computer or local server. Cloud computing is based on the concept of shared resources, and can offer several benefits such as increased flexibility, scalability, reliability, and cost savings. The services can be accessed from anywhere in the world as long as there is an internet connection, and users can avoid the costs associated with owning, maintaining and upgrading their own hardware and software. Examples of cloud computing services include online data storage and backup, web-based email, and online applications for customer relationship management, project management, and more."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Translate the following phrase from English to Spanish\n\n\"There is no place like home\"",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"No hay lugar como el hogar\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain the process for reversing a linked-list in Java.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A linked list is a linear collection of data elements or nodes, where each node points to the next node in the list. Reversing a linked list means reversing the order of the nodes, where the first node becomes the last and the last node becomes the first. There are several ways to reverse a linked list in Java, including using an iterative approach or a recursive approach.\n\nHere is an example of how to reverse a singly linked list using an iterative approach:\n\n```java\npublic void reverseList(Node head) {\n Node prev = null; // Initialize a previous node pointer to null\n Node curr = head; // Start from the head of the list\n\n while (curr != null) {\n Node next = curr.next; // Save the next node in a temporary variable\n curr.next = prev; // Reverse the link, set the current node's next pointer to the previous node\n prev = curr; // Move the previous node pointer to the current node\n curr = next; // Move to the next node in the list\n }\n\n // Finally, update the head of the list to the new head\n head = prev;\n}\n```\n\nThis approach uses an iterative while loop to traverse the list and reverse the links between the nodes. We start from the head of the list and use a temporary variable to save the next node in the list. Then we set the current node's next pointer to point to the previous node instead of the next node. We do this by updating the previous node pointer to the current node and moving to the next node in the list until the entire list is reversed.\n\nAn alternate approach is to do this recursively:\n\n```java\npublic Node reverseList(Node head) {\n // Base case: If the head is null or there is only one node in the list, return head\n if (head == null || head.next == null) {\n return head;\n }\n\n // Recursively reverse the rest of the list\n Node newHead = reverseList(head.next);\n\n // Reverse the current node\n head.next.next = head;\n head.next = null;\n\n // Return the new head of the reversed list\n return newHead;\n}\n```\n\nIn the recursive approach, we use the same logic to reverse the links between the nodes, but we do it recursively by calling the `reverseList` function on the rest of the list until we reach the end of the list. Then we reverse"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain the concept of sentiment analysis.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Sentiment analysis, also known as opinion mining, is the process of automatically identifying and extracting subjective information from textual data, such as opinions and emotions. This process involves the use of natural language processing (NLP), machine learning, and other computational techniques to analyze, classify, and interpret the sentiment of a piece of text.\n\nSentiment analysis has a wide range of applications, including brand monitoring, product analysis, customer service, and market research. Businesses can use sentiment analysis to understand how their customers feel about their products, services or brand by analyzing online forums, social media posts, and other customer feedback. This information can then be used to inform marketing and product development decisions, track customer satisfaction, and improve customer engagement.\n\nThere are various approaches to performing sentiment analysis, including rule-based, lexicon-based or machine learning-based methods. Typically, sentiment analysis involves first preprocessing the text to remove stop words, normalize the text, and tokenize it. Then, the sentiment of the text is determined by checking for the presence of specific words or phrases that are indicative of a particular sentiment, or by using machine learning algorithms to classify the text based on its sentiment. The output of sentiment analysis can be a binary classification (e.g. positive or negative), or a more fine-grained classification (e.g. very positive, positive, neutral, negative, very negative)."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Classify the following statement as fake or real, based on the given context",
+ "input": "The world's population is expected to rise by 8 billion by 2050.\nContext: Population changes",
+ "output": "The statement is fake. According to the United Nations, the world's population is expected to reach approximately 9.7 billion by 2050, not increase by 8 billion from its current estimate of 7.9 billion (as of 2021)."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write the lyrics of a short song about the endangered species.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "(Verse 1)\nIn the forest and the sea\nThere are creatures great and small\nBut now they're in jeopardy\nWe need to help them all\n\n(Chorus)\nEndangered species, hear their cries\nTheir homes are disappearing before our eyes\nWe need to act now, before it's too late\nAnd save these creatures from a terrible fate\n\n(Verse 2)\nFrom the mighty elephant\nTo the tiny bee\nThey all have a role to play\nIn our ecology\n\n(Chorus)\nEndangered species, hear their cries\nTheir homes are disappearing before our eyes\nWe need to act now, before it's too late\nAnd save these creatures from a terrible fate\n\n(Bridge)\nWe can make a change\nWith every little action\nProtect their habitats \nAnd stop the harmful extraction\n\n(Outro)\nFor the future of our planet\nFor the children yet to be\nLet's protect endangered species\nAnd live in harmony."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Using the input below, rewrite the story as a first person narrative.",
+ "input": "The tall vase on the table wobbled as the train rocked back and forth, coming to another stop. Ann walked over to the kitchenette and realized she had left her passport somewhere in the cabin.",
+ "output": "I felt the train rock back and forth as it came to a stop. As I looked up, I saw the tall vase on the table wobbling. Quickly, I walked over to the kitchenette to steady it. That’s when it hit me- I had left my passport somewhere in the cabin."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What would be an example of a long-term strategy for developing a career?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "An example of a long-term strategy for developing a career could involve several steps that focus on personal and professional growth. Some of these steps may include:\n\n1. Setting clear career goals and objectives: Start by identifying your long-term career aspirations and defining specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and time-bound (SMART) goals to help you achieve them.\n\n2. Pursuing relevant education and training: Invest time and resources in acquiring the necessary skills, knowledge and qualifications in your chosen field through formal education, workshops, training, and online courses.\n\n3. Building a professional network: Connect with industry leaders, colleagues, and mentors, attend conferences and meetings, join relevant professional associations, and use networking sites like LinkedIn to build and maintain professional contacts.\n\n4. Gaining practical experience: Take on internships, freelance projects or volunteer work, which provide hands-on experience, help you build your portfolio, and demonstrate your commitment and passion to potential employers.\n\n5. Keeping up-to-date with industry trends: Stay informed about the latest advancements, news and trends in your field by reading industry publications, attending trade shows, and staying active in professional associations.\n\n6. Continuously reviewing and revising your strategy: Regularly reflect on your progress, seek feedback and support when needed, and adjust your strategy as needed to ensure you stay on track to achieve your long-term career goals."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a reinterpretation of the following painting.",
+ "input": "Painting: The Mona Lisa, by Leonardo Da Vinci",
+ "output": "As an AI, I am not capable of creating a painting from scratch, however, here is a written reinterpretation of \"The Mona Lisa\" by Leonardo da Vinci: \n\nIn this reimagined version, the enigmatic woman sits before an abstract background of bold colors and swirling patterns. Her hands are clasped together in a peaceful gesture as she gazes out towards the viewer with a serene expression. Her raven hair is adorned with vibrant flowers and her lips curve into a subtle smile, hinting at a secret known only to her. The garments she wears are in vivid hues, draped elegantly over her form, adding to the ethereal atmosphere of the piece. This reinterpretation of the classic painting brings a modern, lively twist, while still retaining the essence of the original."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a data set of 5-6 cities with their state and county information",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here is the dataset containing the information of 5 cities with their state and county information:\n\n| City | State | County |\n|------|-------|--------|\n| New York | New York | New York |\n| Los Angeles | California | Los Angeles | \n| Chicago | Illinois | Cook | \n| Houston | Texas | Harris | \n| Phoenix | Arizona | Maricopa | \n\nNote that the county refers to the primary county that the city is located in. Some cities may have portions in other counties as well."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a question to assess someone's personality.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "On a scale from 1-10, how much do you enjoy spending time with other people, and in what types of social interactions do you thrive?"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify the authors of this quote.",
+ "input": "\"A man who stands for nothing will fall for anything.\"",
+ "output": "There is some dispute about the source of this quote. It has often been attributed to Malcolm X, an American Muslim minister and human rights activist. However, some sources claim that it was originally said by Alexander Hamilton, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, or by Gordon A. Eadie, an advertising executive."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Reword this statement to reflect a positive sentiment",
+ "input": "I sincerely believe that this project cannot be completed in time",
+ "output": "I sincerely believe that with additional effort and resources, we can successfully complete this project within the given time frame."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a recipe for a vegetable stir-fry.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Vegetable stir-fry is a quick and easy dish that is full of nutritious vegetables and delicious flavors. Here is a simple recipe to make this healthy and tasty meal.\n\n#### Ingredients:\n\n- 1 tablespoon vegetable oil\n- 1 tablespoon minced garlic\n- 1 tablespoon grated ginger\n- 1 sliced onion\n- 1 chopped broccoli\n- 1 sliced carrot\n- 1 sliced red bell pepper\n- 1 cup sliced mushrooms\n- 1 cup sliced zucchini\n- 2 tablespoons soy sauce\n- 1 tablespoon sesame oil\n- 1 tablespoon cornstarch\n- 1/2 cup water\n- Salt and pepper to taste\n- Cooked rice for serving\n\n#### Directions:\n\n1. Heat the vegetable oil in a large wok or skillet over medium-high heat.\n2. Add the garlic and ginger, and cook for about a minute, until fragrant.\n3. Add the onions and cook for about two minutes until they start to soften.\n4. Add the broccoli, carrots, red bell pepper, mushrooms and zucchini to the wok, and continue to cook, stirring constantly, for 5-6 minutes or until the vegetables are tender.\n5. In a small bowl, whisk together the soy sauce, sesame oil, cornstarch, and water, and pour it over the vegetables.\n6. Stir the mixture until the sauce thickens, about 2 minutes.\n7. Season with salt and pepper, to taste.\n8. Serve immediately, over cooked rice. Enjoy your delicious and healthy vegetable stir-fry!"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Edit each of the sentences below to create clearer and more concise versions.",
+ "input": "Many of the streams that pass through woodlands contain abundant vegetation, because of which they provide a suitable habitat for fish.",
+ "output": "Woodland streams often have ample vegetation, providing ideal fish habitats."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Choose the alternative which is closest in meaning to the given phrase.",
+ "input": "I'm entitled to my opinion",
+ "output": "I have a right to my own viewpoint."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What are the implications of this development?",
+ "input": "Scientists have recently diagnosed a new virus, Coronavirus, which is highly contagious and can quickly spread.",
+ "output": "The development of a new virus, such as the Coronavirus, could have several implications for society. One of the most immediate impacts is the potential for a widespread outbreak, which could result in a significant burden on public health systems, and in some cases, loss of life. The fact that the virus is highly contagious means that it can easily spread from person to person, making containment and control more difficult. This could result in travel restrictions, quarantines, and changes in daily routines, such as school and work closures. The economic impact of such measures could be significant, disrupting global trade and supply chains. Additionally, there could be social implications, including increased fear and anxiety within communities, and potential stigmatization of those infected or perceived to be at risk. Scientific research and collaboration would need to be quickly mobilized to understand the virus, develop vaccines or treatments and implement effective measures to prevent its spread."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Summarize a news article about the new tax laws in New York City.",
+ "input": "https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/21/nyregion/nyc-taxes-eviction-covid-19.html",
+ "output": "The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has caused a significant economic and financial crisis in New York City, forcing state legislators to consider several changes to the city’s tax laws. One proposed change is to add a tax on second homes in the city worth more than $5 million, known as a “pied-à-terre tax.” Another possible change is to apply a tax surcharge to capital gains from sales of high-end properties, while another idea is to increase income taxes on the wealthy. These measures could all help to defray the costs of the pandemic and provide relief to renters at risk of eviction. Officials argue that, since the city’s wealthiest residents have benefited enormously from the city’s economic success, and since they have the resources to shoulder a greater share of the tax burden, it makes sense to add these taxes."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a story that starts with the line 'The sun slowly crept up in the sky'.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The sun slowly crept up in the sky, signaling the start of a new day. Below, in the small village nestled between two hills, people began to stir. Doors creaked open as people emerged from their homes, ready to tackle the day ahead.\n\nThere was one person who was up way before the sun. Anna, a young woman who lived alone in a small cabin at the edge of the village, was already out in her fields, tending to her crops. Farming was her passion, and she took pride in her work. It wasn't easy, but the feeling of fulfillment and joy she got from harvesting her produce made it all worth it.\n\nAs the day progressed, the village came alive. People were out in the streets, chatting with their neighbors, exchanging goods and stories. Children ran in the streets, playing and laughing. It was another beautiful day in the village.\n\nAnna was busy, working hard in her fields. The sun was high in the sky when she finally took a break to have some lunch. She sat under the shade of a tree and watched as the village bustled with activity. It was a peaceful scene, and she felt grateful to be a part of it.\n\nAs the day went on, the sun began to set, casting a warm glow over the village. The streets slowly emptied as people retired to their homes, sated from a day of work and play. Anna sat on her porch, taking in the sunset, content with another successful day on her farm.\n\nThe village was quiet now, the only sounds being the soft chirping of crickets and the occasional hoot of an owl. The sun had slipped beneath the horizon, and the night had settled in. Another day had ended, and another would begin soon. Life in the village went on, with its simple pleasures and joys, and Anna was happy to be a part of it all."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "In what ways can technology help children with autism?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Technology can provide a wide range of benefits for children with autism, some of which include:\n\n1. Communication Support: Many children with autism struggle with verbal communication, and technology can provide alternative means of expression through the use of speech-generating devices, picture exchange communication systems, or other communication apps.\n\n2. Interactive Learning: Educational technology can be used to create interactive and engaging learning experiences that are tailored to the individual needs and strengths of children with autism. For example, interactive games and software programs can help children develop their language, social, and cognitive skills.\n\n3. Visual Support: Many children with autism are highly visual learners, and technology can provide visual support for learning and communication. For example, visual schedules or social stories can be created using technology to help children understand and navigate daily routines and social situations.\n\n4. Behavioral Support: Technology can be used to implement and track behavioral interventions for children with autism. For example, wearable devices can monitor physiological indicators of stress or anxiety, and provide alerts or prompts to help children use coping strategies.\n\n5. Social Interaction: Technology can facilitate social interaction for children with autism by providing a means of connecting with others through online communities and virtual environments. This can help children develop social skills and form connections with others who share their interests and experiences.\n\nOverall, technology can be a powerful tool for supporting the development and well-being of children with autism, providing new opportunities for communication, learning, and engagement."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe a character from a book",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "One character from a book that I find interesting is Elizabeth Bennet from Jane Austen's \"Pride and Prejudice.\" Elizabeth, often referred to as Lizzy, is the second eldest daughter of the five Bennet sisters. She is known for her sharp wit, lively personality, and strong opinions. She is described as being attractive, with dark eyes and a light figure, and is considered the most sensible and intelligent of her sisters. Elizabeth is fiercely independent and often goes against the norms of society. She values honesty and integrity, and is not afraid to speak her mind. Despite her strong will and confidence, she is also prone to making quick judgments and assumptions, which often leads her to misunderstand situations and people. Throughout the book, Elizabeth learns to overcome her pride and prejudice, and discovers the true meaning of love and acceptance."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Construct an SQL query that returns the names, places and dates for employee meetings.",
+ "input": "SELECT",
+ "output": "Here is an example SQL query that would return the names, places, and dates for employee meetings from a hypothetical database table named `meetings`:\n\n```SQL\nSELECT name, place, date\nFROM meetings\nORDER BY date ASC;\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Reply to the following comment.",
+ "input": "I love the new product!",
+ "output": "I'm glad to hear that you love the new product! Is there anything specific that stands out to you about it?"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "List the benefits of quantum computing",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Exponential Speedup: Quantum computers can perform certain calculations at a much faster rate using quantum algorithms, often speeding up exponential or factorial time complexity problems to polynomial time.\n\n2. Superposition: Quantum computers can perform many calculations at the same time using quantum superposition. This allows them to solve complex problems that are impractical or impossible to solve with classical computers.\n\n3. Parallelism: Quantum computers can perform multiple operations simultaneously, thanks to the parallelism enabled by quantum entanglement. This allows them to handle large sets of data with high efficiency.\n\n4. Simulations: Quantum computers can simulate quantum systems and their interactions with high accuracy, providing a powerful tool for research in fields such as material science, chemistry, and physics.\n\n5. Optimization: Quantum computers can solve optimization problems and find the global minimum/maximum of a function with high efficiency, providing solutions to problems in areas such as logistics, finance, and artificial intelligence.\n\n6. Cryptography: Quantum computers can break many current encryption schemes with relative ease, leading to the development of new and more secure quantum-based encryption methods.\n\n7. Machine Learning: Quantum computers can perform more complex and efficient operations in machine learning, allowing for more powerful artificial intelligence and data analysis."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Come up with an original poem about the beauty of nature.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Nature's Beauty\n\n\nAmid the bright morning mist\nFluttering leaves and flowers kissed\nBy the gentle breeze, nature blissed\nIn its beauty, the world persists.\n\nGreen trees sway in the breeze\nTheir canopies rustle with ease\nSquirrels and birds occupy with tease\nThe beauty of nature is an endless peace.\n\nLush fields of grass so green\nDancing wildflowers, a serene scene\nBeneath the sun's golden sheen\nNature's beauty is pure and clean.\n\nThe sky above, a canvas grand\nA masterpiece painted by the divine hand\nMountains, rivers, and beaches of sand\nAll in nature's beauty, so great and grand.\n\nNature's radiance shines so bright\nIn the glow of the moon at night\nThe stars twinkle, a wondrous sight\nNature's peace and beauty, a calming light.\n\nSo let us cherish this gift so true\nLet us protect and preserve its hue\nThe beauty of nature is for me and you\nA treasure for all, to forever pursue."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a conclusion paragraph for a persuasive essay on the importance of voting.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "In conclusion, the act of voting is a fundamental right and responsibility that should not be taken for granted. It is the very foundation of our democracy and it is incumbent upon us to exercise our voice and cast our vote. It is how we as citizens can ensure that our government represents our values, beliefs, and desires. The future is shaped by the choices we make, and by voting, we can positively impact our country and our community. Every vote counts, and it is essential that we all participate in the electoral process for the betterment of our society."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Calculate the total number of pages in the book.",
+ "input": "There are 350 pages in the book.",
+ "output": "The total number of pages in the book is 350."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given the following words, create a descriptive sentence.",
+ "input": "Rose, sweet, fragrance.",
+ "output": "The sweet fragrance of the rose filled the air, enchanting all who passed by."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given a set of instructions, explain how to use a system",
+ "input": "How to create an account on Twitter",
+ "output": "To create an account on Twitter, follow the steps below:\n\n1. Open the Twitter website on your web browser (https://twitter.com/) or download the Twitter application on your smartphone and open it.\n\n2. Click on the \"Sign up\" button located on the main page.\n\n3. Enter your name and phone number or email address. And then click on \"Next\" \n\n4. Choose if you want to personalize your experience and if you want to sync your address book by clicking the \"Yes\" or \"No\" button. \n\n5. Click on \"sign up\" and then choose your country and then enter the confirmation code that you will receive via text message or email.\n\n6. Choose your preferred password and click on \"Next\" \n\n7. Select your areas of interest to customize your Timeline content and click on \"Next\" \n\n8. Based on your selected areas of interest, Twitter will suggest you some accounts to follow, you can either follow them or simply skip this step.\n\n9. Upload a profile picture, add description, and select your preferences to complete the last step of the signup process.\n\nCongratulations! You have successfully created an account on Twitter. Now you can start tweeting and connecting with people of your interest."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Name 3 programming languages that are used to develop applications",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Java\n2. Python\n3. C++"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Summarize the content in the document in specific terms.",
+ "input": "Document: Soccer, also known as football outside of the United States, is one of the most popular sports in the world. It is estimated that over 250 million people in more than 200 countries and territories play the game. The game is commonly referred to as “The Beautiful Game” because it brings people together and creates a sense of community.",
+ "output": "The document discusses the popularity of soccer, also called football, which is played by an estimated 250 million people in more than 200 countries. It highlights how the sport brings people together and fosters a sense of community, earning it the nickname \"The Beautiful Game.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Name three decomposers in a forest ecosystem",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Fungi\n2. Bacteria\n3. Earthworms\n\n\nThese organisms play an essential role in breaking down dead plant and animal matter, releasing nutrients back into the soil for other organisms to use."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "You are given two sentences, you need to find the similar words between them",
+ "input": "Sentence 1: The rainfall in California has been unusually high this year.\nSentence 2: The precipitation in California has been unusually low this season.",
+ "output": "The similar words between the two sentences are: \n- The\n- in\n- California\n- has \n- been\n- unusually\n- this."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Provide a real-world example of the following concept.",
+ "input": "Natural selection",
+ "output": "Natural selection is the natural process in which the individuals of a species with traits that are better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more than others, leading to the continuation and spread of those adaptive traits in the population. A real-world example of natural selection can be seen in the evolution of the peppered moth in 19th century England. \n\nBefore the industrial revolution, the peppered moth existed mostly in a light-colored form, which provided camouflage against the light-colored trees and lichens in their environment. However, as the industrial revolution progressed, the trees became darkened by soot and pollution, making the light-colored moths more visible to predators. As a result, a dark-colored variant of the moth began to appear more frequently, as they were better camouflaged against the darkened trees and had a higher chance of survival.\n\nOver time, the population of dark-colored moths increased, while the population of light-colored moths decreased, demonstrating natural selection in action. The better adapted, dark-colored moths had a higher chance of survival and reproduction, leading to a shift in the population."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Name the actors in Star Wars: The Last Jedi.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The actors in Star Wars: The Last Jedi include:\n- Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker\n- Carrie Fisher as Princess Leia\n- Daisy Ridley as Rey\n- Adam Driver as Kylo Ren\n- John Boyega as Finn\n- Oscar Isaac as Poe Dameron\n- Andy Serkis as Supreme Leader Snoke\n- Lupita Nyong'o as Maz Kanata\n- Domhnall Gleeson as General Hux\n- Anthony Daniels as C-3PO\n- Gwendoline Christie as Captain Phasma\n- Kelly Marie Tran as Rose Tico\n- Laura Dern as Vice Admiral Holdo\n- Benicio del Toro as DJ."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a slogan for a startup company that focuses on providing eco-friendly services.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"Going green together for a sustainable future - choose our eco-friendly services today!\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What does the phrase \"turning a blind eye\" mean?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The phrase \"turning a blind eye\" means to pretend not to notice, or deliberately ignore something, often because it is difficult or unpleasant to deal with. It typically refers to a situation in which someone consciously chooses not to see or acknowledge something that is happening, or that they know is happening. The phrase derives from a legendary tale in which the British Admiral Horatio Nelson ignored orders to stop fighting during the Battle of Copenhagen in 1801 by putting his telescope to his blind eye and claiming that he could not see the signal to withdraw."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Come up with a description about a weekend camping trip.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A weekend camping trip is an opportunity to disconnect from the busy city life and connect with nature. Picture setting up camp in a peaceful, wooded area surrounded by stunning views, perhaps by a lake or river. The days are filled with outdoor activities such as hiking, fishing, kayaking or simply relaxing in the fresh air while taking in the surroundings. The evenings are spent around a crackling campfire, enjoying delicious meals cooked over the open flame, roasting marshmallows and exchanging stories with friends or family. Sleeping under the stars, listening to the sounds of nature, and waking up to a beautiful sunrise. A weekend camping trip rejuvenates the mind and body, leaving you feeling refreshed and reenergized."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Compare the following two objects in the form of a sentence.",
+ "input": "Cat and dog",
+ "output": "A cat and a dog, although both beloved household pets, differ in several ways, including their physical appearance, vocalization, behavior, and interaction with humans."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Compare and contrast the culinary traditions of France and Italy.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "France and Italy are two of the most renowned countries in the world for their cuisine, and while they share geographical proximity and many common ingredients, their culinary traditions have notable differences.\n\nFrench cuisine is characterized by its refinement and elegance, as well as its emphasis on elaborate sauces and creams. French cuisine has been heavily influenced by royal and noble tastes with a wide range of cooking methods employed, from roasting to braising and sautéing. Ingredients are combinations of meat, cheese, eggs, butter, and wine, all of which are used in a range of dishes such as bouillabaisse, coq au vin, and escargots.\n\nItalian cuisine, on the other hand, is known for its simplicity and the use of fresh, high-quality ingredients. It emphasizes the flavors of the natural ingredients and is heavily influenced by regional traditions, with an emphasis on pasta, pizza, seafood, meats, and vegetables. Italian cooking methods tend to be more straightforward, with grilling, roasting, and baking commonly employed, and ingredients like olive oil, tomatoes, herbs, and cheese playing a starring role in dishes like lasagna, spaghetti carbonara, and Margherita pizza.\n\nWhile both cultures put a strong emphasis on the enjoyment of food, there are also differences in their approaches to meals. In France, meals are often seen as formal occasions, with courses served in a particular order and accompanied by specific wines. In Italy, meals are more family-oriented, with a shared table and a convivial atmosphere.\n\nIn conclusion, while there are many similarities between French and Italian cuisine, the two traditions differ in their approach to ingredients, cooking methods, and even the social context of eating. Both are rich culinary traditions, with much to offer the discerning palate."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Add an interesting fact about the movie 'Titanic'",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "An interesting fact about the movie Titanic is that it was the first film ever to be released on video while it was still being shown in theaters."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify the correct example of a noun.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A noun is a word that refers to a person, place, thing, idea, or concept. Some examples of nouns include: book, table, city, love, and teacher."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Answer this query using an appropriate search engine.",
+ "input": "What is the average temperature in Los Angeles in September?",
+ "output": "According to weather.com, the average temperature in Los Angeles, California in September is around 73°F (23°C) - with an average high temperature of 84°F (29°C) and an average low temperature of 63°F (17.2°C). However, weather conditions can vary from year to year and these temperatures are just an average estimate."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Select the most appropriate input for the following command, \"Calculate the average gpa of students who attend Georgetown University.\"",
+ "input": "Georgetown University",
+ "output": "To calculate the average GPA of students who attend Georgetown University, I would need a list of the GPAs of all the students currently enrolled at the university."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write the opposite of 'She is doing the task'.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "She is not doing the task."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Suggest five exercises I can do to improve my physical health.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Brisk Walking or Jogging: Both of these activities are great for cardiovascular health and can be done without any special equipment. Just put on a pair of comfortable shoes, and you're good to go.\n\n2. Squats: Squats are a great way to strengthen your legs, glutes, and core muscles. Start by standing with your feet shoulder-width apart, then bend your knees and lower your hips until your thighs are parallel to the ground. Finally, push back up to the starting position and repeat.\n\n3. Planks: Planks are an excellent exercise for strengthening your core, as well as your upper body and back. Start by getting into a push-up position, then lower yourself onto your forearms. Keep your body straight and hold the position for as long as you can.\n\n4. Push-Ups: Push-ups are another great exercise for building upper body strength. Start in a plank position with your hands slightly wider than shoulder-width apart. Then lower your body until your chest nearly touches the ground before pushing back up.\n\n5. Lunges: Lunges are another great exercise for building leg and glute strength. Start by standing with your feet together, then take a large step forward with one leg, and bend both knees until your back knee nearly touches the ground. Finally, push back up to the starting position and repeat with the other leg."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What is the major contribution of the philosopher Immanuel Kant?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Immanuel Kant, born in 1724 in Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia), was a philosopher whose work had an considerable impact on modern philosophy, predominantly in the areas of ethics, metaphysics and epistemology. One of Kant’s major contributions was his examination of the capacity of human reason to acquire knowledge. Kant contended that reason is not just a tool that can be used to make discoveries about the world, instead, he suggested that human knowledge is constructed by our own minds, with how we experience the world as the raw material.\n\nIn his famous work \"The Critique of Pure Reason\", Kant argued that our experiences of the world are always shaped by the inherent structure of our minds. He suggests that while our minds do have sensory input from the world, our understanding and interpretation of that input is shaped by innate categories and concepts, which he called \"categories of understanding\".\n\nKant's work on ethics is also highly significant. He presented his view of morality in works like \"Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals\" where he introduced the concept of the \"Categorical Imperative,\" which states that one should act only according to that maxim by which you can also will that it should become a universal law. Essentially, this means that one should never act in a way that they wouldn't want everyone else to act as well.\n\nOverall, Kant's work played a significant role in the development of philosophy, with his ideas shaping the fields of metaphysics, epistemology and ethics for centuries to come."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain the purpose of an article review",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "An article review is a critical evaluation of a published work, usually a scholarly or academic article that involves summarizing its main points, analyzing the arguments, and assessing its overall credibility and relevance. The purpose of an article review is to provide readers with a comprehensive and unbiased overview of the article's topic or study, enabling them to form their own opinions on the content. It allows the reviewer to engage with the material, identify its strengths and weaknesses, and evaluate its usefulness and practical implications for further research or practice. Ultimately, an article review is an important tool for academic discourse, promoting the critical analysis and evaluation of research, and encouraging informed discussion and debate within the field."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given a list[4,21,11,32,14], create a new list in reverse order.",
+ "input": "[4,21,11,32,14]",
+ "output": "To create a new list in reverse order from the given list [4,21,11,32,14], you can use the reverse() function, or slicing method. Here's an example using slicing:\n\n`original_list = [4, 21, 11, 32, 14]\nreversed_list = original_list[::-1]`\n\nThe new reversed list is `[14, 32, 11, 21, 4]`."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Determine the parts of speech of the given words.",
+ "input": "happy, bought, quickly",
+ "output": "The part of speech of the given words are as follows:\n- happy: adjective (describes a state of being or feeling)\n- bought: verb (an action)\n- quickly: adverb (describes how an action is done)"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given a sentence, answer the following question in a few sentences: What would be an example of an impractical solution to the problem described in the sentence.",
+ "input": "The roads in the city are highly congested during rush hour.",
+ "output": "An example of an impractical solution to the problem of congested roads during rush hour in the city would be to build individual express lanes or tunnels for each car, which would require an enormous amount of construction and would result in a lot of disruption to daily life. It would also be extremely expensive and not a feasible solution for the government or taxpayers to fund."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify the data type of the following piece of information.",
+ "input": "Mountain climbers climb Mount Everest",
+ "output": "This is a string data type."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Connect the following items with a logical argument.",
+ "input": "Fossil fuels, Global warming",
+ "output": "Fossil fuels are hydrocarbon deposits that are derived from decomposed plants and animals from millions of years ago. These fuels, which are sources of energy such as coal, natural gas and oil, are burned to release energy that is used to power our transportation, industrial processes and produce household electricity. When fossil fuels are burned, they release a large amount of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.\n\nGreenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, which leads to an increase in temperature on the Earth's surface. This phenomenon is called global warming. An increase in greenhouse gas emissions, through the burning of fossil fuels, has been the significant contributor to global warming. This rise in temperature is causing changes in climate patterns, rising sea levels, which can result in floods, and more intense and frequent weather events such as hurricanes, droughts and heatwaves.\n\nIn conclusion, the burning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which trap heat leading to global warming. Therefore, there is a direct link between the heavy use of fossil fuels and global warming."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a world-building element for a setting.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "In this setting, one of the most unique world-building elements is the presence of ethereal energy, a mysterious power that permeates the air and can be harnessed by a select few individuals known as \"Weavers.\" These Weavers have the ability to manipulate ethereal energy, using it to create stunning displays of magic and perform miraculous feats. They are highly respected in society and often serve as leaders, advisors or protectors. The source of the ethereal energy is unknown, but it is believed to be connected to the spiritual realm and to the very fabric of existence itself. Theories abound about its origin, but the truth remains a mystery, shrouded in legend and myth. The uses of ethereal energy are vast, from healing the sick and wounded, to controlling the elements, to even opening portals to other worlds. It is a powerful force, and the key to unlocking its full potential lies in the hands of the Weavers."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Cut the following shape out of a piece of paper.",
+ "input": "+---+\n| |\n| A |\n| |\n+---+",
+ "output": "Here are the steps to cut the shape out of a piece of paper:\n\n1. Get a piece of paper, a pencil and scissors.\n2. Carefully draw the shape onto the paper with a pencil by recreating lines and letters according to ASCII art given on input. Keep in mind that the shape is a rectangle with the letter 'A' in the middle. \n3. Make sure the lines are straight and the corners meet. \n4. Cut along the outer lines with scissors, being careful not to cut into the shape or cut off any of the lines or the letter 'A'.\n5. Ensure that you have completely cut out the shape.\n6. Discard the scrap paper around the cut-out shape.\n\nNow you have successfully cut out the given shape from a piece of paper!"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a paragraph based on the given information.",
+ "input": "In the year 2025, the United Nations is working hard to reduce its carbon emissions by 50%.",
+ "output": "In the year 2025, the United Nations is more dedicated than ever to combating climate change and preserving the planet for future generations. One of its key initiatives is to reduce its carbon emissions by a significant 50%. This ambitious goal is part of a larger effort to transition towards a carbon-neutral future and is being pursued through a variety of measures, including the adoption of clean and renewable energy sources, improved energy efficiency, and sustainable transportation practices. The UN's commitment to this cause is a beacon of hope for the world, signaling that positive change is possible when it comes to safeguarding the environment."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a few lines of code to create a basic calculator in Python.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "```\ndef calculator(num1, num2, operator):\n if operator == \"+\":\n return num1 + num2\n elif operator == \"-\":\n return num1 - num2\n elif operator == \"*\":\n return num1 * num2\n elif operator == \"/\":\n return num1 / num2\n else:\n return None\n\n# Example:\nprint(calculator(5, 2, \"*\")) # 10\n```\nThis is a basic calculator function in Python. You can pass two numbers and an operator to it, and it will return the result of the calculation. The supported operators are +, -, *, and /. If an unsupported operator is passed, the function will return None."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Share a true story about an instance of resilience.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "One inspiring story of resilience is that of Malala Yousafzai. Malala was born in Mingora, Pakistan in 1997. At the time, the Taliban controlled her valley and banned many things, including educating girls. However, Malala's father ran a school and was determined to give his daughter an education. With her father’s encouragement, Malala began writing for the BBC’s Urdu service about her life under Taliban rule at just 11 years old. \n\nIn October 2012, Malala was on her way home from school when a masked gunman boarded her bus and shot her in the head. The attack made headlines around the world, but, miraculously, Malala survived. After several surgeries and months of rehabilitation, Malala made a full recovery. \n\nInstead of being intimidated by the Taliban’s attempt to silence her, Malala became more determined than ever to continue her fight for girls’ education. In 2013, she spoke at the United Nations, calling for universal access to education. She also founded the Malala Fund, an organization that works to empower girls through education. In 2014, Malala became the youngest person to ever win the Nobel Peace Prize.\n\nDespite the attempt on her life and the danger she still faces, Malala continues to be an advocate for girls and a symbol of resilience."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Provide five synonyms for the word \"positive\".",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Optimistic\n2. Encouraging\n3. Constructive\n4. Favorable\n5. Affirmative."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a histogram for the following data set.",
+ "input": "30, 20, 22, 34, 16, 32",
+ "output": "Here is a text-based histogram for the given data set:\n\n```\n16 - 19: *\n20 - 23: **\n24 - 27: \n28 - 31: \n32 - 35: ***\n```\n\nThis histogram divides the range of the data into five equal bins, with each bin having a width of four units. The values 30, 34, and 32 fall within the 32-35 bin, the values 20 and 22 fall within the 20-23 bin, and the value 16 falls within the 16-19 bin."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Determine the angle measures of the given triangle.",
+ "input": "Side lengths: 14, 3, 15",
+ "output": "According to the problem, the triangle's side lengths are 14, 3, and 15 units. Because 15 is the largest side, we can apply the Law of Cosines to find the angle opposite of 15. Let it be angle C. The other angles can be called A and B.\n\nLet a=14, b=3, c=15, then\n\ncos(C) = (a² + b² - c²) / (2ab) = (14² + 3² - 15²) / (2 * 14 * 3) = -0.3571428571\n\nC = arccos(-0.3571428571) = 111.8°\n\nNow, to find angle A, we can use Law of Sines, which states that the ratio of the measure of one of a triangle's angles to the length of the side opposite that angle is the same for all three angles of the triangle.\nThus,\n\na/sin(A) = c/sin(C) => 14/sin(A) = 15/sin(111.8°)\nSolving for sin(A), we find sin(A) = (14 *sin(111.8°))/15 = 0.9235687435\nHence, A = arcsin(0.9235687435) = 67.4°\n\nTo find angle B we can use that the sum of the angles of the triangle is 180°, then\nA + B + C = 180° => B = 180° – A – C = 180° – 67.4° – 111.8° = 0.8°\n\nTherefore, the angle measures of the given triangle are 67.4°, 0.8°, and 111.8°."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Process this text to generate a headline summarizing the content.",
+ "input": "Rising ocean temperatures cause coral bleaching, leading to devastating effects for the environment.",
+ "output": "\"Rising Ocean Temperatures Cause Devastating Effects through Coral Bleaching\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a fake romantic sentence.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"Your sweet whispers send my heart into a flurry of butterflies, soaring on the wings of our endless love.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a short paragraph about the given topic.",
+ "input": "The importance of using renewable energy",
+ "output": "The importance of using renewable energy cannot be overstated. Renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydro power, can be replenished naturally in a short period of time, unlike fossil fuels, which are finite. Utilizing renewable energy reduces greenhouse gas emissions, thus helping to mitigate the effects of climate change. Moreover, it reduces our reliance on non-renewable sources of energy, promoting energy independence, and security. Additionally, renewable energy sources are often cheaper in the long run and can create job opportunities in the green energy sector. Therefore, transitioning to renewable energy is crucial for the health of the planet and the sustainability of our future."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a story about a magical adventure Liz and her friends go on.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Once upon a time in a faraway kingdom, a young girl named Liz and her friends embarked on an unforgettable magical adventure. They were just regular children, living ordinary lives until one day the unexpected happened. In the heart of the forest behind their homes, they discovered an enchanted tree that glowed with golden light. As they stepped closer to investigate, the tree’s branches parted, revealing a secret pathway.\n\nAs the group of friends followed the path, they were transported to another world where magic filled the air. The landscape was filled with rolling hills, shimmering lakes, and towering mountains, everything sparkled like diamonds illuminated by the sun. Liz and her friends could hardly believe they had stumbled upon such a spectacular place.\n\nAs they made their way through this world, they met many incredible creatures, including fairies with wings the colors of the rainbow, talking animals, and kind-hearted giants. They traveled far and wide, exploring every inch of the land, and learning all about magic.\n\nYet their adventure was not without its challenges. Along the way, the friends faced many dangers, from dark wizards and menacing monsters to treacherous terrain. But Liz and her friends were brave, and they always stuck together, no matter what came their way. They discovered that they each had their own kind of magic and that when they worked together, they could accomplish anything.\n\nThe adventure was long, and the friends faced many trials, but eventually, they succeeded in their mission to bring an end to the dark magic that had been threatening the land. Liz and her friends had saved the day, and they were hailed as heroes throughout the kingdom.\n\nAs Liz and her friends returned home, they knew they had been forever changed by their magical adventure. They had encountered wonders beyond their wildest dreams and had discovered strength and courage they never knew they had. And though they would never forget their incredible journey, they knew that this was just the beginning, as the world was full of magic waiting to be discovered."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Develop a plan to achieve the following goal.",
+ "input": "Improve financial stability",
+ "output": "Here are some steps that can be taken to improve financial stability:\n\n1. Assess your current financial health: It's important to have a clear understanding of your current financial situation. This includes analyzing your income, expenses, debt, and savings.\n\n2. Create a budget: Once you know your financial status, create a detailed budget to keep track of your monthly income and expenses. This will help you allocate your funds and prevent overspending.\n\n3. Reduce expenses: Cutting down on unnecessary expenses is crucial in achieving financial stability. Start by identifying areas where you can cut back, such as subscriptions, dining out, or luxury purchases.\n\n4. Pay off debts: High levels of debt can hinder financial stability. Take necessary steps to manage and pay off your debt as soon as possible, starting with those with highest interest.\n\n5. Increase your income: If your expenses exceed your income, consider seeking ways to increase it. This may include taking on a part-time job, requesting a raise or finding new job opportunities.\n\n6. Save for emergencies: Create an emergency fund to cover unexpected expenses, such as car repairs or medical bills. This can help prevent financial stress during trying times.\n\n7. Invest wisely: Consider investing in a retirement account or other safe investment opportunities to grow your wealth overtime.\n\n8. Seek professional advice: It can be helpful to seek the advice of a financial advisor to help you achieve your financial goals. They can provide guidance and recommendations tailored to your specific needs."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given a list of ingredients, provide a recipe for making a healthy breakfast smoothie.",
+ "input": "Banana, Almond milk, Peanut butter, Oats",
+ "output": "Here is a simple recipe for making a healthy breakfast smoothie using the ingredients Banana, Almond milk, Peanut butter, and Oats.\n\nIngredients:\n- 1 Banana\n- 1 cup Almond milk\n- 1 tbsp Peanut butter\n- 1/4 cup Oats\n\nInstructions:\n1. Peel the banana, and cut it into small pieces.\n2. In a blender, combine the banana, almond milk, peanut butter, and oats.\n3. Blend the ingredients until smooth. If you prefer a thicker consistency, you can add a few ice cubes.\n4. Pour the smoothie into a glass and serve immediately.\n\nEnjoy your healthy breakfast smoothie that is packed with nutrients and energy to kick start your day!"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Correct the grammar of the sentence",
+ "input": "The car ran it's engine.",
+ "output": "The car ran its engine."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate two original metaphors to describe the feelings of fear and regret.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Fear is a thick fog that descends upon your mind, clouding your vision and leaving you lost in its murky depths.\n2. Regret is like a heavy stone tied around your neck, weighing you down with every step and drowning you in its watery depths."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Rewrite the following sentence using a passive voice:\n\nThe manager approved the report.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The report was approved by the manager."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given a movie title and an actor name, suggest a related movie.",
+ "input": "\"Avatar\" and \"Sam Worthington\"",
+ "output": "One related movie that you may enjoy is \"Clash of the Titans,\" which also stars Sam Worthington."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Brainstorm 3 potential applications for AI in marketing.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here are three potential applications for AI in marketing:\n\n1. **Personalized Content Generation and Recommendations**: AI can be employed to analyze customer data such as search history, purchase history, and browsing behavior to generate personalized content and product recommendations. This helps marketers deliver tailored content and product suggestions, enhancing the customer experience and driving sales.\n\n2. **Predictive Analytics**: AI can help marketers forecast sales trends and consumer behavior using predictive analytics. This involves processing large amounts of historical data using machine learning algorithms to identify patterns and relationships. This information can be used by marketers to fine-tune their marketing strategies and anticipate future demand for their products or services.\n\n3. **Chatbots and Virtual Assistants**: AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants can be used to enhance customer engagement and improve the customer experience. These tools use natural language processing to understand and respond to customer queries, automating customer service and providing 24/7 support. This not only reduces the workload of customer service teams but also helps marketers gather valuable insights into customer needs and preferences."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Suggest a recipe that utilizes the following ingredients.",
+ "input": "Carrots, Potatoes, and Thyme",
+ "output": "Here's a simple and delicious recipe for roasted carrots, potatoes, and thyme:\n\nIngredients:\n- 1 pound of carrots, peeled and sliced into chunks\n- 1.5 pounds of potatoes, cut into chunks\n- 2 tablespoons of fresh thyme leaves\n- 2 tablespoons of olive oil\n- Salt and black pepper\n\nInstructions:\n1. Preheat the oven to 425°F (218°C). Line a baking sheet with parchment paper.\n2. In a large bowl, combine the carrots, potatoes, thyme, olive oil, salt, and pepper. Toss everything together until the vegetables are evenly coated.\n3. Pour the mixture onto the prepared baking sheet and spread out into a single layer.\n4. Roast the vegetables for 35-40 minutes, stirring halfway through cooking, until the vegetables are tender and golden brown.\n5. Serve hot and enjoy!\n\nThis recipe makes a tasty and healthy side dish that pairs well with a wide variety of main courses. The thyme adds a delightful aroma and flavor, while the carrots and potatoes provide hearty and satisfying texture."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Name one way bacteria can replicate",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "One way that bacteria can replicate is through a process called binary fission. During binary fission, a single bacterium cell grows and eventually splits into two identical daughter cells that are the same size. In this process, the bacterial DNA is first duplicated, and then the two copies are separated as the cell grows. The cell then divides into two cells, with each new cell containing an identical copy of the original DNA. This simple process allows bacteria to reproduce rapidly, essentially doubling in number with each generation."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Insert sentences in the gaps of the following paragraph",
+ "input": "The recent pandemic has been an incredibly difficult time for everyone. ____ ____ As pain and suffering swept the world, many people experienced hardship they never thought they'd have to face. ____",
+ "output": "The recent pandemic has been an incredibly difficult time for everyone. Jobs were lost, lives were changed, and the future seemed uncertain. As pain and suffering swept the world, many people experienced hardship they never thought they'd have to face. But through it all, stories of resilience and hope have emerged, reminding us that even during the darkest of times, there is always a glimmer of light."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify a rhyming word for the word \"eyes\". Output the word.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Prize."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Classify this as either an object or an action.",
+ "input": "running",
+ "output": "Action."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "You are given a sentence with an unclear pronoun. Rewrite the sentence to make it clear.",
+ "input": "John sent a letter to him.",
+ "output": "John sent a letter to another person."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the characters from the novel To Kill a Mockingbird.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee, set in the 1930s in the fictional town of Maycomb, Alabama. The story is told from the perspective of Scout Finch, a young girl growing up with her brother Jem and their father Atticus, who is a lawyer. Here are some of the main characters and a brief description of each:\n\n1. Scout Finch- Scout is the narrator of the story, and the novel follows her growth from a six-year-old tomboy to a young woman of nine. She is intelligent, curious, and free-spirited.\n\n2. Atticus Finch- Atticus is Scout and Jem's father, and is a lawyer in Maycomb. He is a beacon of morality and justice, and is well-respected in the town. He is tasked with defending Tom Robinson, a black man, against charges of raping a white woman.\n\n3. Jem Finch- Jem is Scout's older brother and is four years her senior. He is a typical boy, interested in sports, adventure, and secrets, but is also very protective of Scout.\n\n4. Boo Radley- Boo is a reclusive neighbor who never leaves his house. The children are fascinated by him and make up stories about him, but as the novel progresses they begin to understand that he is not the monster they imagined.\n\n5. Tom Robinson- Tom is a black man who is falsely accused of raping Mayella Ewell. He is a physical embodiment of the unfair treatment of black people during this time period.\n\n6. Mayella Ewell- Mayella is the daughter of the town drunk, Bob Ewell. She is poor and uneducated, and her accusations against Tom Robinson set off a firestorm of events.\n\n7. Bob Ewell - Bob Ewell is Mayella's father and the town drunk. He is a bitter and angry man, who is quick to blame others for his own shortcomings. \n\n8. Calpurnia- Calpurnia is the Finch's housekeeper and is like a member of the family. She is strict with Scout and Jem, but also very loving, and acts as a maternal figure for them.\n\n9. Dill Harris- Dill is a friend of Scout and Jem, and is a frequent visitor to Maycomb during the summers. He is imaginative and loves to tell stories, and is obsessed with trying to get Boo Radley to come out of his house.\n\n10."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a recipe for banana ice cream.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Banana Ice Cream Recipe\n\nIngredients\n- 4 ripe bananas\n- 1/2 cup of heavy cream\n- 1 tsp vanilla extract\n- 2 tbsp honey or maple syrup\n- A pinch of salt\n\nInstructions\n1. Start by peeling and slicing the bananas into small pieces.\n2. Place the sliced bananas in a freezer bag and freeze for at least 2 hours or until completely frozen.\n3. Once frozen, transfer the bananas to a food processor or high-speed blender.\n4. Add in the heavy cream, vanilla extract, honey, and salt to the frozen bananas.\n5. Blend the mixture until it is smooth and creamy, scraping down the sides as needed.\n6. If the mixture is too thick or difficult to blend, add in more heavy cream or milk, one tablespoon at a time, until it blends smoothly.\n7. At this point, the mixture will be soft-serve consistency. You can serve it immediately or transfer it to a loaf pan or freezer-safe container and freeze for at least 30 minutes or until firm.\n8. Once firm, scoop the ice cream into bowls or cones and serve.\n9. You can also add in toppings such as nuts, chocolate chips, or fruit before serving.\n\nEnjoy your homemade banana ice cream!"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the character \"Moth\" from the book 'Les Misérables'.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Moth, or Montparnasse, is a character in Victor Hugo's novel 'Les Misérables.' He is part of a group of criminals in Paris known as the Patron-Minette. Moth is portrayed as a young man in his early twenties, who is handsome and dresses fashionably. He is said to be well-built but slim and agile, with dark hair and an insinuating smile. Though he has a charming appearance, Moth is quite ruthless, indulging in theft, murder, and other criminal activities. He is characterized as being lazy, preferring to live off easy money obtained through crime rather than finding legitimate work. Moth is also known for his vanity, as he is very particular about his appearance, often seen preening himself."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "You are provided with a sentence. You need to generate an opposite sentence using antonyms or negattive language.",
+ "input": "The sky is high.",
+ "output": "The ground is low."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "List five benefits of regular physical activity.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Improved cardiovascular health: Regular physical activity can help improve heart and lung function, reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke. \n\n2. Weight management: Engaging in regular physical activity can help with weight loss and weight management by burning calories and increasing metabolism. \n\n3. Stronger muscles and bones: Physical activity, especially weight-bearing exercises, can help build stronger muscles and bones, reducing the risk of osteoporosis and other chronic conditions. \n\n4. Boosted mood and mental health: Engaging in physical activity can release endorphins and other feel-good hormones, helping to improve mood, reduce stress, and decrease the risk of depression and anxiety. \n\n5. Reduced risk of chronic disease: Regular physical activity can help reduce the risk of developing chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and certain types of cancer."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Rank the following colors from most bright to most dull",
+ "input": "{blue, green, yellow, orange}",
+ "output": "1. Yellow \n2. Orange \n3. Green \n4. Blue"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Transform the following sentence argument into a categorized list.",
+ "input": "Americans waste a lot of food.",
+ "output": "Topic: Food Waste in America\n- Category: Waste\n - Subcategory: Food\n - Statement: Americans waste a lot of food."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a dialogue between two people trying hard to make a connection.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A: Hey there! Haven't seen you in a while. How have you been?\nB: I've been doing well, thanks for asking. What about you? How's everything going?\nA: Life has been busy, but good. Just trying to juggle work and personal stuff.\nB: Yeah, I can relate. It's hard to find the balance sometimes.\nA: Definitely. So, are you still into hiking?\nB: Yes, I love it! I actually went on a really beautiful hike just last weekend.\nA: That's great. I've been meaning to take up hiking again. Maybe we can go together sometime?\nB: Sure, that sounds like fun. We should plan something soon.\nA: Yes, let's do that. I'll get in touch with you and we can set a date.\nB: Sounds good. Looking forward to it!"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Replace the words in bold with words or phrases that have the same meaning.",
+ "input": "My dog has horrible dyspnea.",
+ "output": "My dog has severe difficulty breathing."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What is the risk of using a credit card for online purchases?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Using a credit card for online purchases involves some level of risk, as with any financial transaction. Here are some of the most common risks associated with using a credit card online:\n\n1. Fraudulent Websites or Phishing Scams: One of the biggest risks associated with using your credit card online is that you may inadvertently enter your information on a fraudulent or insecure website. Hackers use clever techniques such as creating fake websites or phishing emails that mimic legitimate businesses to trick you into sharing your credit card information.\n\n2. Data Breaches: Even when you shop on a reputable website, there is a risk that the merchant's data systems could be hacked and your credit card information could be stolen. This could lead to fraudulent transactions being made on your card without your knowledge.\n\n3. Over-sharing Personal Information: When making purchases online, you may be prompted to provide additional information such as your phone number, date of birth, or address. It's important to only share this information with trusted, reputable businesses, as there's always a risk that this information could be used for identity theft.\n\n4. Public Wi-Fi: If you're using a public Wi-Fi network to shop online, there is a risk that your information could be intercepted by hackers. It's best to use a secure, private internet connection whenever you're sharing sensitive information like your credit card details.\n\nDespite these risks, there are steps you can take to minimize them. Be sure to shop only on reputable websites, keep your computer and security software up to date, use strong passwords, and monitor your credit card statements regularly for any suspicious activity. By following these precautions, you can feel more confident about using your credit card for online purchases."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Categorize the following type of object: a bed frame.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A bed frame is a piece of furniture."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Based on the given input sentence, generate a sentence with a similar tone and meaning.",
+ "input": "I really don't want to do this.",
+ "output": "I am really not in the mood for this."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Link the person's name, email address, age and gender in the following table.",
+ "input": "Person A | Alice Jones | alice@email.com | 30 | Female \nPerson B | John Smith | john@email.com | 25 | Male",
+ "output": "| Name | Email | Age | Gender |\n|-------------|-------------------|-----|--------|\n| Alice Jones | alice@email.com | 30 | Female |\n| John Smith | john@email.com | 25 | Male |"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Which month of the year is the first of the four major US holidays?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The first of the four major US holidays falls in the month of January, specifically on the first day of the month, and it is called New Year's Day."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain Newton's second law",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Newton's second law of motion states that the force acting on an object is equal to the mass of that object multiplied by its acceleration. This law is commonly written in equation form as F = ma, where F represents the force, m represents the mass, and a represents the acceleration. \n\nThis law gives us a way to understand the relationship between the force applied to an object, its mass, and the motion that results. According to the law, the acceleration of an object increases as the force acting on it increases, and decreases as its mass increases. This means that the more mass an object has, the more force is required to cause it to accelerate.\n\nFor example, imagine trying to push a heavy object like a car. Due to its large mass, it will take a lot of force to get the car to start moving, and even more to make it move quickly. Conversely, a light object like a feather is easy to move and accelerate because it has very little mass.\n\nOverall, Newton's second law of motion tells us that the amount of force required to move an object depends on both its mass and the rate at which we want to change its velocity. By understanding this relationship, scientists and engineers can predict and control the motion of objects in a wide range of situations."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate an appropriate template to describe a customer service interaction",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Customer Service Interaction Template:\n\nDate: [insert date]\nTime: [insert time]\nCustomer Service Representative: [insert name]\nCustomer Name: [insert name]\nCustomer Contact Information: [insert email, phone number, etc]\nIssue: [insert brief description]\n\nInteraction Summary: \n\nStart of conversation: \n [insert brief summary of customer's initial inquiry or concern]\n\nProblem solving:\n [insert efforts made by the representative to address the customer's concern]\n\nResolution:\n [insert final outcome and steps taken to resolve the issue]\n\nEnd of conversation: \n [insert any final comments or feedback from the customer or representative]\n\nFollow-up: \n [insert any follow-up actions to be taken by either the customer or representative]"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a rewriting of the sentence using the same meaning.",
+ "input": "She was excited to finally arrive at the destination.",
+ "output": "She was thrilled to reach the destination at last."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Calculate 15% of 500.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "15% of 500 is 75."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Construct a query to find out the average salary of Data Scientists in the US",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "To find out the average salary of data scientists in the US, you can use a search engine with the following query: \"average salary data scientist USA\" or navigate to a salary aggregator website and search for \"data scientist\" in the United States to see the average salary for that position."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify if the phrase contains an emotional sentiment.",
+ "input": "I don't understand why this always happens to me.",
+ "output": "Yes, the phrase contains an emotional sentiment of frustration or confusion."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe how technology has changed the way we work.",
+ "input": "Noinput",
+ "output": "Technology has revolutionized the way we work in many ways. Some of the most significant changes include:\n\n1. Increased productivity: With the help of computers and advanced software, tasks that used to take days or hours can now be done in minutes. Word processors, spreadsheets, and presentation software have made it easy to create and edit documents, while tools like calendars, task managers, and project management software help employees stay organized and on track.\n\n2. Improved communication: The rise of the internet, email and instant messaging have made it easy to communicate and collaborate with others, regardless of location. This has made remote work possible, allowing employees to work from anywhere in the world.\n\n3. Greater access to information: The internet, search engines and online databases have made it easier than ever to retrieve information. This has led to faster and more informed decision making, as employees can easily research topics, analyze data and prepare reports.\n\n4. Increased automation: Machines have taken over tasks that used to be done by humans, freeing up time and reducing the risk of errors. Automation has also led to greater efficiency, as machines can work continuously without breaks.\n\n5. Enhanced innovation: Technology is constantly improving, bringing new tools and features that make our work more efficient and productive. This has led to new ways of working, increased creativity and greater innovation.\n\nOverall, technology has transformed the way we work, making it easier, faster, and more efficient than ever before."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write an analysis of the following quote.",
+ "input": "\"The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall.\" - Nelson Mandela",
+ "output": "The quote by Nelson Mandela speaks to the resilience and determination of the human spirit. It suggests that it is not the absence of failure in one's life that defines greatness, but rather the ability to get back up and keep going. In this way, the quote emphasizes the importance of perseverance in the face of adversity.\n\nThe use of the phrase \"greatest glory\" suggests that there is a sense of honor and pride to be found in overcoming challenges, and that this is something to be celebrated. Rather than viewing failure as a setback, it should be seen as an opportunity to learn from our mistakes and grow as individuals.\n\nMandela's use of the word \"rising\" also echoes the imagery of a phoenix rising from the ashes. This reinforces the idea that we can emerge stronger and more resilient from our struggles, and that they can ultimately serve as catalysts for positive change and growth.\n\nOverall, this quote encourages us to never give up, even when faced with hardship. It reminds us that true success comes not from avoiding obstacles, but from facing them with courage and determination, and that this ability to rise above our struggles is the true measure of greatness."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Rewrite the following sentence to reflect the other point-of-view",
+ "input": "He is too immature to be trusted",
+ "output": "\"He believes that I am too immature to be trusted.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain the concept of dimensional reduction.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Dimensional reduction refers to techniques used to reduce the number of dimensions or variables in a dataset while retaining as much information as possible. This is often desirable when analyzing high-dimensional data where a large number of features or variables can make the analysis difficult, time-consuming, or prone to overfitting.\n\nThe basic idea behind dimensional reduction is to identify and remove redundant or irrelevant features while preserving the underlying structure and relationships between the remaining features. This can be achieved through a number of methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), among others.\n\nThese methods work by transforming the original high-dimensional data into a lower-dimensional representation by applying mathematical algorithms that seek to maximize the amount of variance captured in the reduced data. This allows us to represent the data in a simpler and more manageable form without sacrificing much of the original information.\n\nDimensional reduction can be extremely useful for data visualization, where high-dimensional data can be challenging to represent in a comprehensible manner. By reducing the number of dimensions, we can create visualizations that are easier to interpret and explore. Additionally, dimensional reduction can also help to improve the performance of machine learning models by reducing the number of inputs, leading to faster training times and more accurate predictions.\n\nOverall, dimensional reduction is a powerful tool for simplifying and streamlining data analysis by allowing us to focus on the most relevant and informative features while ignoring those that do not contribute to our understanding of the data."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Design a bridge for a river with a width of 35 meters.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "In order to design a bridge with the given specifications, we need to take several factors into account such as location, purpose, the type of traffic and environment. Here's an outline of the approach and general recommendations for the design of the bridge over the river that is 35 meters wide:\n\n1. Location: Firstly, we need to find the right location where the bridge foundations can easily be embedded. The site selected has to be based on existing infrastructure and potential route alternatives. Site feasibility will dictate the type of bridge to be constructed.\n\n2. Purpose: Evaluate the primary function of the bridge, whether it is to be utilized for pedestrian and/or vehicle traffic, or a mixed-use bridge. The bridge's design will reflect the expected level of usage, often connected with the surrounding environment and nearby transport systems.\n\n3. Type of bridge: Based on the location and purpose, the appropriate type of bridge has to be selected. For a river with a width of 35 meters, a good choice could be a simple beam bridge, arch bridge, or a truss bridge. For greater visual appeal, a cable-stayed or suspension bridge could be suitable.\n\n4. Traffic considerations: The design of the bridge will be determined by the anticipated capacity and weight of traffic. It's important to plan for future use as well, accounting for any increase of traffic.\n\n5. Design and construction materials: The bridge must be designed utilising a material that best fits the location and capable of withstanding the test of time. Common materials include steel, concrete, or a combination of such materials. The structural composition of the bridge should also consider the water flow rate and potential for flooding.\n\n6. Environmental considerations: Besides flood risks, the design should take into account local wildlife and ecology. The bridge must provide minimal disruption to the aquatic life in the river, such as by creating space for wildlife passages.\n\n7. Aesthetics: Lastly, while functional, the bridge's design also needs to enhance the surrounding landscape. A well-designed bridge can be a visual magnet that will attract visitors and add value to the community.\n\nIn summary, designing a bridge requires careful consideration of multiple factors to achieve an ideal balance between practicality, functionality and visual appeal. By integrating the above, we will be able to come up with an optimal, safe, and effective design that serves the inhabitants in the area while protecting the environment."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Suggest a more interesting word to use in the following sentence.",
+ "input": "She took a look at the boring report.",
+ "output": "She took a glance at the lackluster report."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Output a summary of the paragraph.",
+ "input": "Powerful and yet surprisingly easy to use, cloud computing has revolutionised business practices, offering businesses a wide range of scalable services that are delivered effortlessly over the internet. It has become increasingly popular in recent years due to its low cost and scalability, its scalability making it ideal for businesses of any size. Additionally, cloud computing provides a variety of resources and applications that can be used for tasks ranging from data analysis to customer management.",
+ "output": "Cloud computing is a powerful, user-friendly technology that has transformed the way businesses operate. It offers cost-effective, scalable services through the internet, suitable for businesses of all sizes. It also provides multiple resources and applications for various tasks."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a witty quip for the given situation.",
+ "input": "You spilled your coffee on the new carpet.",
+ "output": "\"I guess the carpet was wanting some caffeine too.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Parse the following JSON data and reformat into an HTML table.",
+ "input": "{\"People\": [\n {\"Name\": \"John\", \"Age\": 20}, \n {\"Name\": \"Jill\", \"Age\": 27}\n]}",
+ "output": "Here's your HTML table:\n\n\n \n Name \n Age \n \n \n John \n 20 \n \n \n Jill \n 27 \n \n
"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given two sentences, generate a third sentence which combine the two ideas together.",
+ "input": "He was always so calm. He would never raise his voice.",
+ "output": "He was always so calm and composed that he would never raise his voice in anger."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain where an electric current originates.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Electric current originates from the movement of electrically charged particles, such as electrons or ions, within a conducting material or along a wire. The foundation of electric current is rooted in the atomic structure of matter - more specifically, in the behavior of electrons orbiting the nucleus of an atom. \n\nIn most materials, electrons are tightly bound to the atoms and cannot move freely. However, in some materials, such as metals, some of the electrons are only loosely bound to the atoms and are free to move about within the material. These materials are known as conductors. When an electric potential difference, often referred to as a voltage, is applied across a conductor, it creates an electric field that exerts a force on these free electrons, causing them to move in a particular direction. This movement of electrons is what we refer to as electric current. \n\nIn summary, electric current originates from the movement of electrically charged particles, typically electrons, that are influenced by an electric field due to the application of a voltage across a conducting material."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a children’s book title from two random words.",
+ "input": "happiness, balloon",
+ "output": "\"The Balloon of Happiness: A Joyful Adventure\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate three pieces of helpful advice for someone who is looking to transition to a different career",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Start by researching and assessing your skills and interests: As you plan to make a transition to a different career, it is important to take a step back and evaluate your strengths, talents, and passions. Figure out what skills and experiences you have from your current position that you can transfer to your new career. Learn as much as you can about the new industry you are interested in, and determine what additional skills or education you may need to acquire.\n\n2. Network and build connections: It’s essential to spend some time networking and connecting with other professionals in the field you're considering. Attend industry conferences, events, and join relevant online groups to build relationships with people who can offer insight, advice, and possibly even job leads.\n\n3. Be flexible and open-minded: Keep in mind that transitioning to a new career may require some initial sacrifices, such as starting at a lower position or salary. It’s important to remain flexible and open-minded in your expectations and to see every experience as an opportunity to learn and grow. Remember that this is a process and success won’t come overnight – but with dedication, hard work, and perseverance, you can achieve your goals."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a Haiku of 3 lines, with the first containing 5 syllables and the remaining lines containing 7 syllables.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Whispers in the wind,\nEchoes of the past softly sigh,\nNature's symphony."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Rearrange the words and punctuation to form a valid sentence.",
+ "input": "state the and issue firmly",
+ "output": "State the issue firmly."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a pie chart that shows the percentage of people living in each continent",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "As an AI assistant, I can generate the textual information needed to create a pie chart but I'm an AI language model so I can’t draw or create graphical illustrations such as charts. For that reason, I'll provide you with the data and you can use a graphing tool to create a pie chart.\n\nAccording to world population statistics from the United Nations, as of 2020, the approximate percentage of people living in each continent is as follows:\n\n- Asia: 59.5%\n- Africa: 17.2%\n- Europe: 9.6%\n- North America: 7.7%\n- South America: 5.6%\n- Oceania: 0.5%\n\nYou can use these data points to create your pie chart with the help of a graphing tool or software."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify the grammatical category of the underlined word: She went to the beach.",
+ "input": "Beach",
+ "output": "The grammatical category of the word \"beach\" in the given sentence is a noun."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Find an interesting quote about friendship",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"Friendship is born at that moment when one person says to another, 'What! You too? I thought that no one but myself . . .'\" -C.S. Lewis"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Edit this sentence and make sure it is grammatically correct.",
+ "input": "I went to the shopping mall, and made sure buy some presents.",
+ "output": "I went to the shopping mall and made sure to buy some presents."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Analyze the implications of a new environmental policy",
+ "input": "The policy states that companies must reduce air pollution levels by 25% in the next 5 years.",
+ "output": "The new environmental policy that requires companies to reduce air pollution levels by 25% in the next 5 years can have several implications. \n\nFirst, it emphasizes the government's commitment towards reducing air pollution and improving the air quality for its citizens. If effectively implemented, the policy is likely to lead to a cleaner, healthier environment, protecting wildlife and reducing the potential health hazards that the citizens face due to air pollution.\n\nSecond, this policy will require companies to modify their processes and invest in new ‘greener’ technologies that reduce air pollution. This can lead to an increase in costs for companies, which might be passed on to the consumers. However, in the long term, such investments may lead to cost savings as a result of greater energy efficiency and reduced dependence on non-renewable resources.\n\nThird, this policy could also help boost the growth of the green energy sector, providing new job opportunities in areas such as renewable energy, recycling, and pollution control.\n\nFourth, this policy can enhance the country's image as a responsible member of the global community in terms of its efforts towards reducing air pollution and mitigating climate change. This can help attract green investments and enhance trade relations with other countries that value sustainability.\n\nOverall, the new environmental policy seems to be a positive step towards improving air quality, promoting sustainability and fostering the growth of the green energy sector."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Take a given list of stocks and classify them based on their performance",
+ "input": "Apple, Google, Microsoft",
+ "output": "Sure, to classify the performance of the stocks of Apple, Google, and Microsoft, I would need more information such as their stock prices over a specific period of time, or the standard metrics used to evaluate stock performance such as revenue growth, earnings per share, and so on. Can you provide more context for me to accurately evaluate their performance?"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Formulate a chemical formula",
+ "input": "Calcium oxide",
+ "output": "The chemical formula for calcium oxide is CaO."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Paraphrase this sentence: \"Today, the new policy was released\".",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The new policy was made public today."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Design a game to teach children to recognize shapes.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Game Name: Shape Explorers\n\nGame Description: Shape Explorers is a fun and interactive game for children ages 3-7 to learn to recognize and identify different basic shapes. The game involves an adventure where children help a group of explorers navigate through a forest to find hidden treasures, using clues related to shapes.\n\nObjectives: \n- To teach children to recognize and identify basic shapes such as circles, squares, rectangles, triangles, and ovals.\n- To develop children's cognitive and problem-solving skills.\n\nHow to Play:\n1. The game starts with a brief tutorial to introduce children to different shapes and their names.\n2. The game presents a story where a group of explorers is on a quest to find hidden treasures in a forest. The treasures are locked in a chest, and to find the key, the explorers must solve riddles related to shapes.\n3. Each riddle consists of a clue such as \"Find a shape that has four equal sides\" or \"Find a shape with no straight edges\". The riddles appear on the game screen, and children must select the correct shape from a set of options provided.\n4. For every correct answer, the children earn coins, which can be used to unlock virtual rewards like new characters, clothes among others.\n5. As the children progress in the game, the difficulty level increases, and they can encounter tasks such as sorting, matching, and counting shapes.\n6. At the end of the game, the children find the key to the treasure chest and unlock it to reveal their prize - a certificate of achievement that can be printed and displayed.\n\nThe game can have colorful graphics and engaging animations to keep children entertained, and positive reinforcement through verbal praise and virtual rewards can be used to encourage them to keep playing and learning. Additionally, a progress tracker can be included to allow parents to monitor their child's progress and improvement."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the history of the first use of computers in industry.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The first use of computers in industry dates back to the 1940s, when the first general-purpose electronic digital computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC), was developed. ENIAC was created during World War II for the purpose of calculating ballistic trajectories for artillery shells, and its development was primarily funded by the United States Army. After the war, ENIAC was used for a variety of applications, including weather prediction, atomic-energy calculations, and wind-tunnel design.\n\nIn the early 1950s, the first commercially available computer, the UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer I), was developed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly - the designers of the ENIAC. UNIVAC was designed for business and administrative use, and its first customer was the United States Census Bureau, which used it to tabulate the 1950 census. Another early customer was the Prudential Insurance Company, which used UNIVAC to process its actuarial calculations and statistical analysis.\n\nIn the following years, the use of computers in industry continued to expand, as more companies began to recognize the benefits of automating their processes and data management. Industries such as banking, telecommunications, and manufacturing were among the first to adopt computer technology, with applications ranging from payroll processing and inventory management to process control and quality assurance.\n\nThe development of smaller, cheaper and more powerful computers in the 1960s and 70s further accelerated the use of computers in industry, as they became accessible to an even wider range of businesses. The introduction of the personal computer in the 1980s, along with advances in networking and the increasing popularity of the Internet, further revolutionized the use of computers in industry, paving the way for the modern, digital economy."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a question with the keyword “fungi”",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "What role do fungi play in the ecosystem and how do they interact with other organisms?"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the challenges and opportunities of mobile phone use in developing countries",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The use of mobile phones in developing countries presents both challenges and opportunities. \n\nChallenges: \n\n1. Affordability: Although the price of mobile phones has decreased over the years, many people in developing countries still find it difficult to afford a device, particularly a smartphone. \n\n2. Infrastructure: In some areas, network coverage can be inconsistent, and access to electricity for charging can be limited.\n\n3. Digital literacy: Many users in developing countries have low levels of digital literacy, which can limit their ability to make full use of mobile phones and the internet. \n\n4. Language barriers: Most mobile phones use English or other major languages, which can be a challenge for people who do not speak these languages fluently. \n\nOpportunities:\n\n1. Enhancing communication: Mobile phones enable people in developing countries to connect with others more easily, facilitating communication and, in turn, social and economic development.\n\n2. Providing access to information: Mobile phones enable people in developing countries to access information, such as news and weather updates or market prices, that can improve their livelihoods. \n\n3. Expanding financial inclusion: Mobile money services, such as branchless banking and mobile payments, can help people in developing countries access financial services that were previously inaccessible.\n\n4. Improving healthcare: Mobile phones can be used to improve healthcare delivery by facilitating communication between patients and health workers, or by providing access to health information and services. \n\nOverall, despite the challenges, the use of mobile phones in developing countries presents significant opportunities for improving the lives of people living in these areas."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create an employee manual that outlines the roles and responsibilities of a web developer.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Welcome to the team! As a web developer, you play a crucial role in designing, building, and managing our web-based applications, systems and products, ensuring they are user-friendly, effective, and efficient. Here, we have outlined some of the major roles and responsibilities that come with being a web developer:\n\n1. DESIGN: It is important to ensure that web applications are visually appealing and engaging to create an immersive experience for users. This is done through the use of design tools such as Photoshop or Sketch, user research, and wireframing.\n\n2. DEVELOPMENT: Web developers use a variety of programming languages, such as HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP, to write, create, and edit websites and application code. They must be able to develop complex websites from scratch and maintain them over time.\n\n3. TESTING: One of the main responsibilities of a web developer is to test websites and applications, ensuring that they are functioning correctly and are free from bugs or errors. This involves reviewing code, debugging, and performing quality assurance checks.\n\n4. MANAGEMENT: Web developers are responsible for managing the project from conception to delivery, ensuring that it is completed on time and within budget. They must be able to work collaboratively with other departments, such as design, marketing or sales, and communicate effectively to keep the project on track.\n\n5. PROBLEM-SOLVING: Web developers are responsible for troubleshooting and resolving issues that may arise during production or with existing websites or applications. They must be able to think critically and creatively to develop, implement, and maintain solutions.\n\n6. CONTINUING EDUCATION: As technology evolves, it is important for web developers to stay updated on emerging trends and changes in the industry. They must be willing to learn and adapt to new technologies, programming languages, and design techniques.\n\nIn conclusion, web developers are critical players in the creation, development, management, and maintenance of web-based applications and products. Their roles and responsibilities are varied and require a combination of technical, creative, and interpersonal skills. We are excited to have you on board and look forward to the great work that you will do to contribute to our success."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Rewrite the following sentence without changing the meaning: His car was wrecked by a careless driver.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A careless driver wrecked his car."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Change the verb in the sentence to its past tense.",
+ "input": "He studies hard.",
+ "output": "He studied hard."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a short code to print the first 5 elements of a given list.",
+ "input": "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]",
+ "output": "Here is a short Python code that can do that:\n\nmy_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]\nfor i in range(5):\n print(my_list[i])"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Name two countries with a population size larger than the United States.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Two countries with a population size that is larger than the United States are China and India."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a list of goals for this upcoming year.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Develop healthy habits by maintaining a consistent exercise regimen and balanced diet.\n2. Improve productivity by minimizing distractions and increasing focus.\n3. Increase professional skills through continued education and training.\n4. Strengthen personal relationships by spending more time with loved ones.\n5. Save money by creating and sticking to a budget.\n6. Practice stress-reducing techniques such as meditation and journaling.\n7. Keep a positive attitude by focusing on gratitude and positivity.\n8. Work towards a promotion or career advancement.\n9. Pursue a new hobby or passion.\n10. Travel and explore new places and cultures."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the color yellow in 3 words.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Bright, cheerful, warm."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Categorize the following three words.",
+ "input": "Happiness, Energy, Rainbow",
+ "output": "Category: Abstract Concepts/Nouns.\n\n1. Happiness - Emotion/Feeling\n2. Energy - Physical/Scientific Concept\n3. Rainbow - Natural Phenomenon."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Based on the given title, create a summary of the paper.",
+ "input": "\"The Use of Machine Learning in Healthcare Services\"",
+ "output": "This paper explores the application of machine learning techniques in healthcare services. It outlines the various ways machine learning can improve the efficiency of healthcare delivery, from predicting and diagnosing diseases to devising personalized treatment plans. The paper also discusses current developments and advances in this field, and the potential benefits of incorporating machine learning into healthcare services. Ultimately, the paper suggests that machine learning has the potential to revolutionize the way healthcare is delivered and could significantly improve patient outcomes."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "You received two pieces of feedback from your supervisor. Combine the two pieces of feedback into one sentence.",
+ "input": "Your work is organized but you need to be more meticulous.",
+ "output": "My supervisor commended me for my organized work but advised me to be more meticulous in my approach."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain the historical context of WWI.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "World War I or the First World War, often referred to as the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that spanned from 1914 to 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. At least nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a direct result of the war.\n\nThe war was sparked by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by Yugoslav nationalist, Gavrilo Princip. This led to a declaration of war by Austria-Hungary on Serbia. The complex web of alliances and hastily constructed treaties amongst European nations quickly saw the conflict expand to include Germany, Russia, Great Britain, and eventually the United States.\n\nBehind this trigger event, however, lay deeper, long-established tensions between European nations. These included imperialistic competition for territory and resources, economic rivalry, arms races, and the growth of nationalism. European states jostled for advantage, forming two opposing military alliances: the Triple Entente, consisting of France, Russia, and Britain, and the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. These alliances were the result of longstanding relationships between these countries but also served as a means of deterring potential attackers by ensuring that the cost of conflict would be too high.\n\nAnother major contributing factor was the arms race between major European powers, driven by the development of new technology such as machine guns, submarines, and chlorine gas, and the increasing size and power of Europe's armies and navies. The fall of the Ottoman Empire also created instability in the Balkans, where various nationalist movements emerged aiming to realize their goals of independence or expansion.\n\nThese tensions and alliances, coupled with the intense nationalism and militarism of the time, created a complex and volatile situation that erupted into war in 1914."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Transform a positive statement into a negative one.",
+ "input": "I will succeed.",
+ "output": "I will not succeed."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain the process of electron transport chain?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The electron transport chain, also known as the respiratory chain, is a series of complex enzymes and proteins located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, responsible for producing the majority of the ATP during cellular respiration. The process is the final step in the aerobic respiration, where energy from the oxidation of nutrients is used to produce ATP, the cell's source of chemical energy.\n\nHere are the main steps of the electron transport chain:\n\n1. Electrons are donated to the chain by the reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2, which are produced during earlier stages of cellular respiration. These coenzymes deliver high-energy electrons, which will travel through the chain, to complex I and complex II, respectively.\n\n2. As the electrons are passed along the chain through series of redox reactions, they lose energy which is used by the protein complexes to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient. \n\n3. The final electron acceptor is molecular oxygen, which is reduced to water, removing the low-energy electrons from the chain and allowing it to start again.\n\n4. The electrochemical gradient created by the proton pumping generates a force, called the proton motive force, which drives the synthesis of ATP. This process is called chemiosmosis, where the protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, which uses the energy to phosporylate ADP into ATP.\n\nOverall, the electron transport chain uses the energy from the electrons donated by the reduced coenzymes to pump protons and create an electrochemical gradient, which is used to generate ATP through chemiosmosis. Through this mechanism, the cell can produce large amounts of ATP from the oxidation of nutrients, enabling it to perform its functions."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given the following passage, summarize it",
+ "input": "John Adams was an American patriot who served as the second president of the United States. He was a statesman, a diplomat, and a leader of the American Revolution. He was very influential in the drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution. He was also a strong leader of the Federalist Party and an advocate of the Bill of Rights.",
+ "output": "John Adams was the second president of the United States, and played a key role as a statesman, diplomat, and leader in the American Revolution. He helped draft and ratify the Constitution, and was a leader of the Federalist Party, advocating for the Bill of Rights."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Provide a list of measures that could help reduce the emission of greenhouse gases.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1) Switching to renewable energy sources: Increasing the use of clean, renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, hydro and geothermal power, can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\n\n2) Promoting energy efficiency: Upgrading to energy-efficient appliances and buildings can lower energy consumption and reduce greenhouse emissions.\n\n3) Encouraging low-carbon transportation: Encouraging the use of public transportation, carpooling or low-carbon vehicles such as electric or hybrid cars can reduce emissions from fossil fuel use in transportation.\n\n4) Implementing carbon pricing: Governments can put a price on carbon emissions through a carbon tax or an emissions trading scheme, incentivizing companies to reduce their emissions.\n\n5) Promoting sustainable agriculture: Encouraging farmers to use sustainable agricultural practices that reduce chemical inputs and improve soil health, can reduce emissions from agriculture.\n\n6) Reforestation: Planting new trees and preserving existing forests can help absorb and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.\n\n7) Reducing waste: Reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills and increasing composting and recycling can decrease methane emissions from waste decomposition.\n\n8) Encouraging conservation: Encouraging conservation and reducing consumption of resources can decrease the demand for energy and reduce emissions from the production and transport of goods.\n\n9) Supporting research and development: Governments and businesses can invest in research and development to create innovative solutions for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.\n\n10) Promoting international cooperation: Greenhouse gas emissions are a global issue and require international cooperation and coordination to achieve significant reductions."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Determine the stock market trend of the following stock over the past month.",
+ "input": "The stock name is ABC Corporation.",
+ "output": "I'm sorry, I'm an AI language model and do not have access to real-time market data. To determine the stock market trend of ABC Corporation over the past month, you will need to consult with a financial news source, a stock market tracker or a financial advisor."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "How would you explain the following term in simple language?",
+ "input": "Artificial Intelligence",
+ "output": "Artificial intelligence, or AI, is a type of computer technology where machines can do tasks that would normally require a human to do them. These tasks can include things like understanding language, recognizing images, and playing games. AI systems are designed to learn and improve over time, getting better at their job the more they do it."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Design a website that explains the concept of blockchain technology.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here's an overview of what the website could look like:\n\nHeader: \"Understanding Blockchain Technology: A Comprehensive Guide\"\n\nMain Menu: \n- Introduction to blockchain\n- History of blockchain \n- How does blockchain work\n- Benefits and uses of blockchain\n- Blockchain applications in various industries\n- Future of blockchain technology\n- Resources and further reading\n\nIntroduction to blockchain:\nThis section would introduce the concept of blockchain technology and its significance in the digital era. It will briefly touch upon the definition, origin and general understanding of the term.\n\nHistory of blockchain:\nThis section traces the history of blockchain technology, from its inception to its evolution and growth over the years. It also highlights the major milestones and developments in the field.\n\nHow does Blockchain work:\nThis section provides a more in-depth understanding of how blockchain technology works. It explains concepts such as cryptography, distributed ledger, and consensus mechanisms, with the help of diagrams and illustrations to make it easier for the reader to comprehend.\n\nBenefits and uses of blockchain:\nIn this section, the various advantages of blockchain technology are highlighted, including security, transparency, and immutability. It also discusses the various use cases of blockchain, such as smart contracts, cross-border payments, and supply chain management.\n\nBlockchain applications in various industries:\nThis section showcases how blockchain technology is being applied across various industries such as finance, healthcare, government, and more. It provides real-life examples of companies and organizations that are leveraging the power of blockchain.\n\nFuture of blockchain technology:\nThis section looks into the future and discusses the potential of blockchain technology and its role in shaping our world. It also touches upon emerging trends and innovations in the field.\n\nResources and further reading:\nThis section provides a list of resources for those who wish to learn more about blockchain technology or delve deeper into specific aspects of it. This includes books, articles, videos, podcasts, and more.\n\nFooter: The website footer can include the contact information, social media links, and a brief about the creators or contributors of the website.\n\nOverall, the website would be visually appealing, easy to navigate, and informative, providing a comprehensive understanding of blockchain technology for readers of all levels."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Select the noun phrase in the following sentence.",
+ "input": "The accident caused horrific damage across the town.",
+ "output": "The noun phrases in the given sentence are \"The accident\" and \"horrific damage.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Propose an idea for a social media campaign.",
+ "input": "A campaign for a women's activewear company.",
+ "output": "One potential idea for a social media campaign for a women's activewear company could revolve around the themes of body positivity and empowerment. The campaign could feature diverse, real women of all shapes, sizes, and ages engaging in various physical activities, highlighting the joy of movement, strength, and the importance of inclusivity in fitness.\n\nThe campaign could include a social media hashtag, such as #AllBodiesActive, and encourage people to share their stories and post pictures of themselves engaging in their favorite physical activities while wearing the company's activewear. This could create a sense of community and promote the brand's message of embracing all bodies and celebrating women's achievements.\n\nTo roll out the campaign, the company could collaborate with influencers and ambassadors who are advocates for body positivity and inclusivity in the fitness industry. The campaign could also include user-generated content such as inspiring quotes, workout tips, and self-love affirmations to further engage with the audience.\n\nOverall, the campaign's goal would be to encourage women to feel confident, empowered, and inspired to lead active lifestyles, while promoting the company's activewear as an inclusive and supportive brand."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Suggest a new tagline for the article.",
+ "input": "CNN's consultant on political television advertising believes that the cost to influence the 2008 election may exceed $3 billion.",
+ "output": "\"Unprecedented spending in the race for 2008: Will $3 billion be enough to sway voters?\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Compose a comment for a review.",
+ "input": "The reviewer says that the product arrived quickly but the color was wrong.",
+ "output": "Thank you for taking the time to leave a review. We're glad to hear that the delivery of your product was prompt. However, we're sorry to learn that the color wasn't what you expected. Could you please get in touch with our customer service team so we can assist you in resolving this issue? Thank you."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the textile industry",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The textile industry is involved in the design and production of fabrics and other materials such as yarn and thread, typically for use in clothing, upholstery, and other fabric goods. It is one of the oldest industries in the world and has played a vital role in shaping the global economy. The industry itself encompasses several stages of production, from raw material processing and spinning to weaving, knitting, dyeing, and finishing, all of which require sophisticated machinery and skilled labor.\n\nThe textile industry is a global one, with raw materials such as cotton, wool, and silk being sourced from around the world and then processed into finished products through a complex supply chain. The industry employs millions of people worldwide, with countries such as China, India, and Bangladesh being major players in both production and export.\n\nTextiles are used for a wide variety of purposes, from clothing and fashion to household goods, and the industry is always looking for new and innovative fabrics and production techniques. With the rise of sustainability concerns, there has been a growing focus on the adoption of eco-friendly practices and materials, as well as improvements in labor conditions and fair trade practices."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify the poetic device used in the following example: \"The wind whispers secrets to the trees\".",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The poetic device used in the example: \"The wind whispers secrets to the trees\" is personification. Personification is the attribution of human qualities, behaviors or characteristics to inanimate objects, animals or natural phenomena. In this case, the wind is given the human ability to whisper secrets."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Give the example of a simile for the following phrase.",
+ "input": "the dark night",
+ "output": "The darkness of the night was as black as coal."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Choose the correct variation of this word:",
+ "input": "amendable",
+ "output": "Amendable is correctly spelled."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a narrative piece from a given situation.",
+ "input": "Two friends went on a picnic and one dropped a valuable item.",
+ "output": "Once upon a summer's day, two friends, Katie and Emily, decided to grab their baskets and blankets and head off on a much-needed picnic. They laughed and joked as they drove to the park, the wind blowing in their hair and the sun shining warmly on their faces. They found the perfect spot under a large oak tree, its branches stretching wide to provide them with shade.\n\nKatie pulled out a checkered blanket and laid it on the grass while Emily rummaged through the basket, bringing out an array of sandwiches, fruits, and pastries. They settled down and enjoyed their feast, discussing their lives and reminiscing about old times. The day was beautiful, and they felt at ease, surrounded by nature, and enjoying each other's company.\n\nAfter a while, they decided to explore the park, and so they packed up their things and set off. They walked alongside babbling brooks and over small wooden bridges, and they came across fields of wildflowers that swayed in the breeze. They stopped to take pictures and laughed as they tried to capture the beauty around them.\n\nIt wasn't until they had returned to their car and were about to drive away that Emily gasped and patted her pockets. \"Oh no!\" she exclaimed, \"I lost my grandmother's necklace!\" \n\nThey both panicked, knowing the necklace was a valuable family heirloom. They retraced their steps, scouring the park for any sign of the lost jewelry. They asked people if they had seen it, and they searched high and low.\n\nJust as they were about to give up hope, a little girl approached them, holding out the necklace in her tiny hand. \"Is this what you're looking for?\" she asked, smiling up at them. Tears of relief and gratitude filled Emily's eyes as she thanked the little girl, who simply shrugged and ran off to join her friends.\n\nKatie and Emily returned home that day, exhausted but elated. Emily clutched the necklace tightly in her hand, grateful to have it back. They talked about the little girl who had saved the day and the adventure they had been on. They both agreed - it had been a picnic to remember."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "How many bytes are there in a kilobyte?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "There are 1024 bytes in a kilobyte.\n\nHowever, the term kilobyte has historically been used to refer to either 1024 bytes, or 1000 bytes, depending on the context. In the International System of Units (SI), the prefix \"kilo\" means 1000, so 1 kilobyte (kB) would be 1000 bytes. However, in the context of computing and data storage, where binary data is organized in powers of 2, it has been common to use a different set of binary prefixes, where 1 kibibyte (KiB) = 1024 bytes. \n\nSince approximately 2000 the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has developed an international standard of binary prefixes, they include prefixes: kibi-, mebi-, gibi-, tebi-, pebi-, and exbi-, so growing in factors of (2^10). However, even now kilobyte interchangeably is used to mean 1024 bytes, while in contexts such as data transmission and consumer storage, often is used with it's SI definition of 1000 bytes."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Give three examples of big data applications.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. **Predictive Maintenance:** Many industrial and manufacturing companies use big data analytics to anticipate failure in their machines, tools, and systems. They collect real-time data from sensors on machines worldwide, and then use predictive models to identify patterns of failure, provide early warning of issues, and create maintenance schedules that prevent downtime and reduce costs.\n\n2. **Personalized Healthcare:** Big data is increasingly used in healthcare to tailor treatment programs to individual patients. By analyzing data from millions of patient health records, medical sensors, and wearable devices, healthcare providers can predict outcomes, plan treatments, and provide personalized care. This application has the potential to improve patient outcomes, reduce healthcare costs, and enhance patient experiences.\n\n3. **Fraud Detection**: Big data technologies are used in banking and finance to detect and prevent fraud. With the help of big data analytics, it is possible to analyze data from a vast number of transactions and other activities in real-time, which helps to identify suspicious activities or transactions, and then take necessary actions to stop it. This also helps in enhancing system security and customer trust."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Summarize the main idea of the following article in one sentence.",
+ "input": "The question of when self-driving cars will be available on the market has been up for debate. Some say as soon as next year, while others think that it may be much further off. There are several factors that will affect when self-driving cars will be available, including economic considerations, technological feasibility, and social acceptance.",
+ "output": "The availability of self-driving cars on the market is uncertain due to several factors including economic considerations, technological feasibility, and social acceptance."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Find the area of a triangle with base 8cm and height 11cm.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The formula for finding the area of a triangle is (base x height) / 2. \n\nPlugging in the values for base and height, the calculation is as follows: (8 cm x 11 cm) / 2 = 44 cm^2.\n\nTherefore, the area of a triangle with a base of 8 cm and height of 11 cm is 44 cm^2."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a jingle that conveys the idea of safety.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Verse 1:\nStay alert and stay aware,\nSafety first, don't you dare,\nTaking chances and being reckless\nCaution pays and prevents chaos.\n\nChorus:\nSafety first, that's the key,\nFor you and your family,\nStay safe, stay sound,\nPeace of mind will be found.\n\nVerse 2:\nWhen you're driving, buckle up,\nDon't text, don't take a sup,\nKeep your eyes on the road,\nSafety rules must be towed.\n\n(Repeat Chorus)\n\nBridge:\nIn everything, that you do,\nBe careful and avoid what's taboo,\nSafety first, in all you do,\nSo you can thrive and shine through.\n\n(Repeat Chorus x 2)\n\nOutro:\nSafety first, peace of mind,\nKeep yourself and others in line,\nBe cautious, be safe,\nAnd enjoy life's beautiful embrace."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Outline the pros and cons of technology-driven healthcare.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Technology-driven healthcare refers to the use of advanced technology and electronic methods to improve healthcare outcomes and patient care. Like any other field, technology has its advantages and disadvantages. Below is an outline of the pros and cons of technology-driven healthcare.\n\nPros:\n1. Improved patient outcomes: With the help of technology, physicians and other healthcare professionals can access patient's data and medical history, allowing them to make accurate diagnoses and provide personalized treatments, resulting in better patient outcomes.\n\n2. Enhanced efficiency: Technology-driven healthcare systems help to streamline hospital operations by minimizing paperwork and reducing wait times, resulting in an overall increase in efficiency and a decrease in costs.\n\n3. Convenience: Technology such as telemedicine enables patients to consult with their healthcare professionals remotely, eliminating the need for a physical visit to the hospital or clinic. This accessibility and convenience make healthcare more readily available to individuals who may find it difficult to access traditional in-person care.\n\n4. Advanced research: Technology-driven healthcare allows doctors and medical researchers to collect and analyze vast amounts of data, which can drive medical breakthroughs and advances in treatment.\n\nCons:\n1. Increased costs: Implementing advanced technology can be costly, and the expenses may be passed down to patients, resulting in higher healthcare costs.\n\n2. Security and privacy issues: With the storage of patient information electronically, there is a risk of breaches and unauthorized access to sensitive medical data.\n\n3. Dependence on technology: Over-reliance on technology could result in the diminishment of human skills and expertise, and technical malfunctions could potentially hinder patient care.\n\n4. Limited access: Not all individuals have access to technology-driven healthcare, particularly those living in developing nations or remote areas. This creates disparities in healthcare access and outcomes."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Classify this sentence as either a declarative or interrogative",
+ "input": "Do you agree",
+ "output": "Interrogative."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given the values for two angles ((9 degree, 48 degree) for representation), output the third angle in the triangle.",
+ "input": "9 degree, 48 degree",
+ "output": "The sum of the interior angles of a triangle always adds up to 180 degrees. Therefore, for a triangle with two angles measuring 9 degrees and 48 degrees, the third angle would be: \n\n180 - (9 + 48) = 123 degrees."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Edit the sentence to correctly use the idiom \"by the skin of your teeth\".",
+ "input": "She wanted to pass the test by the skin of her teeth.",
+ "output": "She passed the test by the skin of her teeth."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Analyze the consequences of a virtual learning environment.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Virtual learning environments have become increasingly popular, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. While virtual learning offers many benefits, it also presents its own set of challenges and consequences. Here are some of the potential positive and negative consequences of a virtual learning environment:\n\nPositive consequences:\n\n1. Increased flexibility: Virtual learning environments allow for greater flexibility in scheduling and learning pace. Students can learn at their own pace, and that too from remote locations. This is particularly beneficial for students who have work or family commitments.\n\n2. Wider access to education: Virtual learning has made it possible for students from remote or disadvantaged areas to access quality education. This has helped to reduce the education gap and promote equality.\n\n3. Interactive and personalized learning: Virtual learning environments often offer interactive and personalized learning experiences. Students have access to a wide range of multimedia resources such as videos, animations, and simulations that can enhance their understanding of the subject matter.\n\n4. Lower costs: Virtual learning is often more affordable than traditional classroom learning since it eliminates the need for physical infrastructure, transportation, and other associated costs.\n\nNegative consequences:\n\n1. Social isolation: One of the main drawbacks of virtual learning is the potential for social isolation. Students may miss out on the social interactions and support that come with traditional classroom learning. This can impact their overall well-being and affect their learning outcomes.\n\n2. Lacks hands-on experience: Virtual learning environments may not offer the same kind of hands-on or experiential learning opportunities that are available in traditional classrooms. This can be a disadvantage for students who learn better through hands-on activities and experiences.\n\n3. Technical issues: Virtual learning often relies on technology, including computers and internet connections. Technical issues such as hardware failures, software glitches, and internet outages can disrupt the learning process and affect student outcomes.\n\n4. Requires discipline and motivation: Virtual learning requires a great deal of discipline and motivation on the part of the student. With increased flexibility and autonomy, students need to be self-motivated and disciplined in managing their time and completing their coursework.\n\nIn conclusion, virtual learning environments present a mix of positive and negative consequences. They offer increased flexibility, wider access to education, interactive learning experiences, and cost savings, but can also lead to social isolation, lack of hands-on experience, technical issues, and require discipline and motivation from students."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Categorize the below text regarding its genre",
+ "input": "The sun was setting in the west, casting its warm rays over the sea.",
+ "output": "The genre of the input text appears to be descriptive, fitting in the category of Literature or Creative Writing. It could also be a part of a larger narrative/story belonging to Romanticism, which emphasizes on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of the natural world."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Alter the following sentence by replacing the bold word with an appropriate synonym\n\nThe show was a **surprise** hit",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The show was an unexpected hit."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What is the similarity between a cat and a dog?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Both cats and dogs are common domestic pets that belong to the mammal family. They have fur which they shed, sharp teeth, and claws, and are both carnivores by nature. They are also both intelligent and instinctive animals that make them trainable to some extent, and have an acute sense of hearing and smell. Both animals are known for their companionship and for providing emotional support to their owners."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Design a logo for a company called \"My First Studio\".",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "I'm sorry, I am an AI language model and I do not possess the ability to create visual graphics like logos or images. However, I can provide some ideas and concepts that you can use for designing a logo for \"My First Studio\". \n\nHere are a few ideas for designing a logo: \n\n1. Incorporate graphics or symbols related to art, design, or creativity in the logo. This could include the use of an easel, paintbrush, pencil, or camera as part of the logo imagery.\n\n2. Use playful and bright colors to invoke a sense of creativity and exploration. This could include the use of different shades of orange, yellow, red, and green.\n\n3. Design the typography of \"My First Studio\" in a fun and engaging style. You can use a bold and simple font type and combine it with a handwritten or cursive style.\n\n4. Include illustrations or graphics of children or beginners engaging in creative activities like painting, drawing, or taking photographs. This will help emphasize the focus of the company on nurturing and development of creativity from a young age.\n\nBy incorporating these ideas, you should be able to come up with an effective and appealing logo for \"My First Studio\"."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What is the result of 4 raised to the power of 3?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The result of 4 raised to the power of 3 is 64."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Construct a regular expression to identify email addresses.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A regular expression that can be used to identify email addresses is: \n\n`[a-zA-Z0-9._%+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+\\.[a-zA-Z]{2,}`\n\nExplanation:\n- `[a-zA-Z0-9._%+-]+` represents the username part of an email. This part includes one or more characters that could be alphabets (lowercase or uppercase), digits, dots, underscores, percentages, plus, or hyphen. The `+` at the end indicates that the username must have at least one character.\n- `@` represents the compulsory `@` symbol between the username and the domain name\n- `[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+` represents the domain name part of the email. This part could include alphabets (lowercase or uppercase), digits, dots or hyphens. The + at the end indicates that the domain name must have at least one character.\n- `\\.` represents the compulsory dot `.` symbol between the domain name and the top-level domain\n- `[a-zA-Z]{2,}` represents the top-level domain part of the email. This part must have at least two alphabets \n\nAn example of an email address that matches this regular expression would be `John.Doe-123%+@example-domain.com`."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Construct a poem with 4 stanzas and a minimum of 3 lines in each stanza.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A gentle breeze, the world at ease,\nA moment's peace, away from disease,\nNature's beauty, a pause to seize.\n\nThe rolling hills, a sight to see,\nGreenery for miles, wild and free,\nA canvas painted, for you and me.\n\nBirds chirp, flowers bloom,\nThe sun shines, away from gloom,\nA ray of hope, a chance to consume.\n\nThis tranquil scene, of calm and bliss,\nIs where the heart, finds pure happiness,\nA moment captured, not to be missed."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What is the name of the website home page?",
+ "input": "www.example.com",
+ "output": "The name of the homepage for the website with the URL \"www.example.com\" is typically called \"Home,\" but the specific name of the homepage can vary depending on the website's design and preferences."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify the predicate of the given sentence.",
+ "input": "John ate the apple",
+ "output": "The predicate of the given sentence \"John ate the apple\" is \"ate the apple.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Take the text below and make it ‘spookier’",
+ "input": "The old house stood shrouded in the darkness of the night.",
+ "output": "In the pitch-black dead of night, the decrepit old house loomed ominously, enshrouded in an eerie veil of impenetrable darkness, emanating a bone-chilling aura of terror and despair."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "From the given options, classify the following word as a noun, verb, adjective, or adverb.\nWord: Cautiously",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Cautiously is an adverb."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Categorize different coral reef habitats.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Coral reef habitats can be categorized into several types based on their location, depth, and structure. These include:\n\n1. Fringing Reefs: These reefs are located close to the shore, and usually grow directly from the coastline. They are the most common type of coral reef habitat.\n\n2. Barrier Reefs: These reefs are separated from land by a lagoon or other body of water. They are generally long and narrow, and can run parallel to the coast for many miles.\n\n3. Atolls: Atolls are ring-shaped coral reefs that surround a central lagoon. They usually form around previously submerged volcanic islands, which have since eroded away, leaving only the coral structure behind.\n\n4. Patch Reefs: These are small, isolated reefs that are found within lagoons or other shallow waters. They can be either circular or elongated in shape.\n\n5. Banks or Platform Reefs: These reefs grow on the continental shelf, in deeper waters that are usually between 30 and 60m deep. They are broad and flat, and can extend for many miles.\n\nEach of these coral reef habitats supports its own unique array of marine life, and plays an important role in the overall health and diversity of the ocean ecosystem."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Convert the number in Fahrenheit to Celsius.",
+ "input": "210",
+ "output": "The formula for converting Fahrenheit to Celsius is: (°F − 32) × 5/9 = °C.\n\nSo, if the temperature provided in Fahrenheit is 210°F then, using the above formula, we can find its Celsius equivalent as:\n\n(210 -32) * 5/9 = 98.9°C"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Would you recommend this product to a friend?",
+ "input": "This product has been extremely useful for organizing my office.",
+ "output": "Based on your positive experience with the product and its usefulness in organizing your office, I would recommend this product to a friend."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Compare and contrast the use of web technologies between web 1.0 and web 2.0",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 are terms used to describe two different generations of the Web. Web 1.0 refers to the initial stage of the World Wide Web, while Web 2.0 describes the evolution of the Web towards more interactive and user-generated content. The main differences between these two generations of the Web lie in the way web technologies are used.\n\nWeb 1.0 was characterized by static HTML pages and the use of web technologies for the sole purpose of presenting information. Websites were purely informational, with minimal user interaction, and were mostly built by professionals. At this time, web technologies were used to display text, images, and links, and the main focus was on delivering content to the user. Some of the common web technologies used in Web 1.0 include HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.\n\nWeb 2.0, on the other hand, brought about a shift towards more dynamic and interactive web pages. With the advent of new web technologies such as AJAX, web developers were able to build more interactive and responsive websites. Web 2.0 also introduced the concept of user-generated content, where users could contribute to the content of websites. This led to the rise of social media platforms, blogs, wikis, and other forms of interactive websites. In addition to HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, web technologies commonly used in Web 2.0 include XML, RSS, and APIs.\n\nIn summary, the main difference between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 lies in the way web technologies are used. Web 1.0 was focused on presenting information, while Web 2.0 is centered on user interaction and participation. The development of new web technologies has enabled web developers to create more dynamic and responsive websites, allowing for a richer and more interactive user experience."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "You have a broken washing machine and need to fix it. Describe the steps to do so.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Fixing a washing machine involves several steps and may require the help of a professional depending on the extent of the damage. Below are some general steps that can be taken to fix a broken washing machine.\n\n1. Identify the problem: The first step in fixing a broken washing machine is to identify the source of the problem. You can do this by observing the symptoms of the machine and determining what function is not working properly. The most common washing machine problems include leaks, not spinning, making loud noises, not draining, among others.\n\n2. Unplug the machine: Before attempting any repairs, it is important to disconnect the washing machine from the power source to avoid accidents or electrocution.\n\n3. Consult the manual: Refer to the owner's manual for specific instructions on how to fix the identified problem. Manuals usually have a troubleshooting section that can guide you on how to fix common problems with the machine.\n\n4. Check for simple fixes: Some problems can be easily fixed without the need for technical knowledge. For example, if the machine is not draining, check if the drain hose is clogged or if the filter needs cleaning. If the machine is not spinning, check if the load is unbalanced and rearrange the clothes.\n\n5. Order replacement parts: If the problem cannot be fixed with simple adjustments, then you may need to order replacement parts. You can do this online or at a hardware store, making sure to purchase the correct part for your washing machine model.\n\n6. Repair or seek professional help: If you feel confident enough to make the repairs yourself, carefully follow the instructions in the manual using the necessary tools. If you are not confident in your ability to make the repairs, enlist the help of a professional washing machine repair technician."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Find the Past-perfect tense verb.",
+ "input": "She had given the money to her teacher.",
+ "output": "The past perfect tense verb in the sentence is \"had given.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Edit the given text so that it sticks to standard English grammar rules.",
+ "input": "We was going to the store, when she realized she forgot her wallet.",
+ "output": "We were going to the store when she realized she forgot her wallet."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Name two benefits of eating more plant-based proteins.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Improved Health Outcomes: Plant-based proteins are often packed with essential vitamins, minerals, fiber, and antioxidants, that work to improve overall health outcomes. Consuming these proteins can help to reduce the risks of developing chronic conditions such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer.\n\n2. Environmental Sustainability: By choosing plant-based proteins over animal-based options, individuals can reduce their carbon footprint and contribute to a more sustainable food system. Livestock farming is a major driver of deforestation, water pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. Substituting plant proteins for animal proteins, even a couple of times a week can help reduce the environmental impact of our dietary choices."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a 5-word sentence using the following words: \"they\",\"happy\",\"had\",\"were\",\"when\".",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "They were happy when had."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "List three features of the moon.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Craters: The surface of the moon is covered in impact craters from meteoroids, asteroids, and comets that have collided with the lunar surface over billions of years.\n\n2. Lunar Maria: The dark areas on the moon, visible from Earth, are called lunar maria. These are low-lying areas that were filled with molten lava following impacts with large meteoroids or comets, and then solidified.\n\n3. Lack of Atmosphere: The moon has no significant atmosphere to protect its surface or to retain heat. This results in extreme temperature changes on the lunar surface, ranging from -173°C (-279°F) during its night to 127°C (261°F) during its day."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Edit the following sentence: “To build the bridge we need construction equipment, including drills and jackhammers”",
+ "input": "\"To build the bridge we need construction equipment, including drills and jackhammers\"",
+ "output": "\"In order to construct the bridge, it is necessary for us to acquire construction equipment such as drills and jackhammers.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain why the 9th Amendment to the US Constitution is important.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The 9th Amendment to the US Constitution is important because it helps to protect the rights of the citizens that are not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution. In other words, it states that the listing of certain rights in the Constitution does not mean that the people do not have other rights as well. The amendment serves as a reminder that the government has been established to serve the people, and it exists to protect the rights and liberties of its citizens. Also, the amendment prevents the government from expanding its power beyond what is expressly granted in the Constitution. Thus, the 9th Amendment plays an important role in ensuring that the rights of the people are respected, even if they are not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a blog post to explain why the given product is useful.",
+ "input": "Product: Smartphone robotic vacuum cleaner",
+ "output": "Why a Smartphone Robotic Vacuum Cleaner is the Smart Choice for Your Home\n\nAre you tired of spending countless hours vacuuming your floors and carpets? Or maybe you're searching for a more convenient and efficient way to keep your living space clean. If so, it's time to consider investing in a smartphone robotic vacuum cleaner. \n\nA smartphone robotic vacuum cleaner is a small but powerful device that uses advanced robotic technology to clean your floors and carpets. These devices are equipped with sensors that help them navigate and avoid obstacles, providing a thorough and efficient cleaning experience. The most notable feature about these devices, however, is the ability to control them using your smartphone. \n\nBy connecting the vacuum cleaner to your smartphone, you can schedule cleaning times, view the cleaning progress, and even set the device to clean specific areas or rooms. This level of convenience and control is unmatched by traditional vacuum cleaners. With just a few taps on your phone, you can keep your home clean and tidy without having to lift a finger.\n\nMoreover, smartphone robotic vacuum cleaners are incredibly efficient. They use advanced algorithms and sensors to map out the layout of your home, ensuring that every inch of your floor is covered. Additionally, they are equipped with powerful suction capabilities that can easily remove dirt, dust, and debris from your floors and carpets. \n\nAnother advantage of smartphone robotic vacuum cleaners is their size and compact design. These devices are small enough to easily navigate tight spaces, like under furniture or around cluttered areas. This means that you won't have to spend time manually moving heavy furniture or reorganizing your living space. \n\nWhen you combine the convenience of smartphone control, the efficiency of advanced robotics technology, and the compact design, it's clear to see why a smartphone robotic vacuum cleaner is an excellent investment for any home. Say goodbye to the hassle of manual vacuuming and hello to a smarter, more efficient way of keeping your home clean."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a computer program to add up two numbers",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here is a simple program in Python that can add two numbers entered by the user:\n\n```python\nnum1 = float(input(\"Enter the first number: \"))\nnum2 = float(input(\"Enter the second number: \"))\n\n# Adding the two numbers\nsum = num1 + num2\n\n# Displaying the result\nprint(\"The sum of\", num1, \"and\", num2, \"is\", sum)\n```\n\nIn this program, the user is prompted to enter two numbers. These numbers are then converted to float (to also handle decimal numbers) and stored in the variables `num1` and `num2`. The program then adds the two numbers and stores the result in the variable `sum`. The final line of the code displays the result of the addition to the user."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Deduce the results from the given equations.",
+ "input": "x + 4 = 10",
+ "output": "Given the equation x + 4 = 10, we can solve for x by subtracting 4 from both sides of the equation, which would give us:\n\n x + 4 - 4 = 10 - 4\n\nSolving the simple arithmetic, it simplifies to:\n\nx = 6\n\nSo the result of the equation, x + 4 = 10, is that x is equal to 6."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Output a Java code segment that takes an array of numbers and returns the median value",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here's a Java code segment that takes an array of numbers and returns the median value:\n\n```java\npublic static double findMedian(int[] arr) {\n double median;\n int n = arr.length;\n Arrays.sort(arr);\n \n if (n % 2 == 0)\n median = (arr[n / 2] + arr[(n / 2) - 1]) / 2.0;\n else\n median = arr[n / 2];\n \n return median;\n}\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Is it possible for a person to be both an introvert and an extrovert?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Yes, it is possible for a person to have characteristics of both introversion and extroversion, and such individuals are often referred to as ambiverts. Introversion and extroversion lie on a continuum and are not an either-or category. An ambivert is someone who displays traits of both introversion and extroversion, meaning they can be energized by social interactions but also enjoy time alone. People may also find that their tendencies towards introversion or extroversion vary depending on the context and may change over time."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Find the longest word in the sentence “Great minds think alike.”",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The longest word in the sentence “Great minds think alike” is \"alike,\" which has 5 letters."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Compare the following doobjects and tell which is heavier",
+ "input": "A stone and a feather",
+ "output": "The stone is much heavier than the feather."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What are the four sub-fields of AI?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The four main subfields of AI are:\n\n1. Machine Learning: This involves creating algorithms that allow computers to improve their performance based on data. It focuses on building systems that can learn from and make decisions based on data, without being explicitly programmed.\n\n2. Natural Language Processing (NLP): This subfield is concerned with the interactions between computers and humans in natural language. It involves developing methods for computers to understand, interpret, and generate human language.\n\n3. Robotics: This involves designing, building, and programming robots that can perform tasks usually requiring human intelligence, such as navigation, object recognition, and decision making.\n\n4. Computer Vision: This subfield is concerned with developing methods for computers to interpret and understand visual information from the world, including images, videos, and other visual media. It involves the processing, analysis, and understanding of visual data to enable the development of machine vision systems."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Find three ways to improve the team workflow.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Implement project management tools: One way to improve team workflow is to introduce project management tools that can help better organize, assign and track tasks. This can reduce the time spent on administrative tasks and help minimize the chances of anything falling through the cracks.\n\n2. Foster clear communication: Communication is key to any successful team workflow. Encourage team members to clearly communicate project updates, goals, deadlines, and any roadblocks they may be facing. With an open line of communication, team members can collaborate more effectively, resolve issues quickly and avoid misunderstandings. \n\n3. Regularly evaluate and optimize processes: Continuously evaluating and optimizing work processes can help a team run more efficiently. Identify any bottlenecks or inefficiencies in the current workflow, and work together to find solutions to streamline the process. Encourage team members to provide feedback on what’s working and what’s not so that processes can be improved upon over time."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Offer a suitable name for a vegan restaurant.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Some suggestions for names for a vegan restaurant could be:\n\"Green Haven\", \"Blossom Bites\", \"Veggie Delight\", \"Harvest House\", \"Pure Plates\", or \"The Garden Kitchen\"."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given a sentence and another sentence that has a similar meaning, identify the words in each sentence that are not synonyms.",
+ "input": "Sentence 1: I want to go for dinner\nSentence 2: I desire to eat dinner",
+ "output": "Not synonyms:\n- Sentence 1: want, go, for\n- Sentence 2: desire, eat"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a scientific article about the extinct species, Resplendent Quetzal.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The Resplendent Quetzal: A Retrospective on an Extinct Species\n\nThe Resplendent Quetzal, also known as Pharomachrus mocinno, was once a vibrantly colored bird that belonged to the trogon family. This magnificent bird, native to the mountainous regions of Central America, was known for its iridescent green body, red chest, and long, flowing tail feathers. Although the species thrived for centuries, it eventually became extinct due to a variety of factors. In this article, we will explore the characteristics, habitat, and causes of extinction of this once resplendent bird.\n\nThe Resplendent Quetzal was a medium-sized bird, measuring between 36 and 40 cm in length. The males were particularly striking, with their long, twin tail feathers that could grow as long as a meter in length. Both males and females had brilliant green plumage, with the males sporting a red chest and the females exhibiting a grey chest. These birds were also known for their piercing cries, which could be heard echoing throughout the forest.\n\nThe habitat of the Resplendent Quetzal was primarily the cloud forests of Central America, at elevations of between 1200 and 3000 meters. These regions were characterized by high humidity, cool temperatures, and dense vegetation. The birds were most commonly found in areas with ample supplies of wild avocados, which made up a large part of their diet. The Quetzal also fed on insects and small vertebrates and was known to nest in tree cavities or abandoned woodpecker holes.\n\nDespite their vibrant beauty, the Resplendent Quetzal became extinct due to several factors. One primary cause was habitat destruction, as deforestation for agriculture and logging reduced the bird's available territory. The use of pesticides in these regions also contributed to the species' decline. Additionally, the Quetzal was hunted for its feathers, which were used in traditional Mayan headdresses and clothing. This combination of factors eventually led to the bird's extinction.\n\nIn conclusion, the Resplendent Quetzal was once a brilliant species that graced the cloud forests of Central America. Its striking appearance and piercing call made it a beloved part of its native region. However, habitat destruction, hunting, and pesticide use ultimately led to the extinction of this magnificent bird. While the Resplendent Quetzal is no longer with us, its memory serves as a reminder of the importance of"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create an email that encourages people to donate to a charity",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Dear [Recipient],\n\nI hope this email finds you in good health and positive spirits. As we all know, our world faces many challenges and it can be difficult to know where to start in helping. I am writing to you today to share a wonderful opportunity to give back to the community.\n\n[Charity Name] is a reputable and trustworthy organization with a mission to help those in need. Whether it's fighting hunger, providing clean water, building homes, or supporting health care, [Charity Name] is making a difference. Their work is essential, and I encourage you, as a responsible and caring member of our society, to consider donating to this cause.\n\nAny donation, big or small, will help [Charity Name] carry out their important mission. It will give hope and support to those who need it most, and enable the organization to continue its valuable work. Giving back is not only a fulfilling experience, but it also has a positive impact on the world around us.\n\nPlease visit [Charity Website] to learn more about their work and to make a donation. Thank you for considering this opportunity to give back to the community.\n\nBest regards,\n[Your Name]"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "How would you explain the process of translating a text to a non-native speaker?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Translating a text means taking a message or content that's written in one language and converting it into another language, while endeavoring to accurately convey the original meaning. This can be done in different ways, and I'll explain some of them.\n\nOne way is by manual translation, where a person fluent in the languages being used, usually called a translator, will carefully read through the text and rewrite it in the target language. They'll pay attention to the nuances and cultural context of both languages to ensure the translation is as accurate and natural as possible.\n\nAnother way is by machine translation, where a computer program, often called a translation software, automatically converts text from one language to another using complex algorithms and rules. This method is quicker but can sometimes result in errors or unnatural phrasing, especially with idioms or figurative language since the computer may not be able to understand the context or cultural nuances.\n\nIn both cases, the goal is to accurately convey the meaning of the original text in the target language. It's important to remember that translation is not always a word-for-word process - sometimes phrases or concepts have to be adapted to better fit the target language or culture."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe a nature park located in the United States.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "One Nature Park located in the United States is the Yellowstone National Park. This park covers an area of 2.2 million acres of land that stretches across three states: Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho, and became the first National Park in the U.S. when it was established in 1872. \n\nThe park is famous for its unique geography featuring hot springs, geysers, canyons, and waterfalls. It is home to diverse plant and animal life, including wolves, bison, moose, bears, and elk. Visitors to the park can hike along some of the well-maintained trails that lead to alpine meadows, hills woodland, and creeks, or they can paddle on the many rivers and lakes, enjoying a close encounter with nature.\n\nThe park is dedicated to preserving the region’s natural beauty and ecosystem, and it offers numerous educational tours, ranger-led programs, and workshops to help visitors learn about the park’s geology, history, and the importance of conservation efforts. The park is a popular destination all year round, and the different seasons offer different sceneries color and sense ranges from hot summer to snow-capped hills in winter, making it a perfect destination for nature lovers, outdoor enthusiasts, and photographers."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Add the following fractions: 3/4 + 2/3",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "To add two fractions, they must have a common denominator. Let us convert these two fractions to equivalent fractions with the same denominator. The smallest common denominator for 3/4 and 2/3 is 12. \n\nTo convert 3/4 to a fraction with 12 as its denominator, you need to multiply both its numerator (top number) and denominator (bottom number) by the same value: 3\n\n(3/4) * (3/3) = 9/12\n\nTo convert 2/3 to a fraction with 12 as its denominator, you need to multiply both its numerator (top number) and denominator (bottom number) by the same value: 4\n\n(2/3) * (4/4) = 8/12\n\nNow that we have equivalent fractions, we can proceed with the addition:\n\n3/4 + 2/3 = 9/12 + 8/12 = (9 + 8) / 12 = 17/12\n\nIn conclusion, 3/4 + 2/3 = 17/12."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify the type of pronoun in the sentence \"He will arrive by 5 pm\"",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The type of pronoun in this sentence is a personal pronoun. Specifically, \"He\" is a third person singular pronoun in the subjective case, referring to a male individual."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a paragraph on the importance of nutrition for athletes.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Nutrition plays a vital role in an athlete's overall performance and health. Proper nutrition provides the necessary fuel and nutrients needed to support intense training, optimize performance, and aid recovery. This includes consuming adequate amounts of macro-nutrients like carbohydrates and proteins to provide energy and support muscle repair and growth as well as micro-nutrients such as vitamins and minerals to support overall health and immune function. Athletes have unique nutritional demands, and if their bodies are not properly fueled, it can hinder their performance and increase the risk of injury. A well-balanced, nutrient-dense diet, combined with appropriate hydration, can help athletes reach their full potential, reduce fatigue, and improve overall wellbeing."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Multiply the following matrix:",
+ "input": "A = [[2, 3],\n [1, 5]]\n\nB = [[1, 4], \n [2, 6]]",
+ "output": "To multiply two matrices, the number of columns in the first matrix must be equal to the number of rows in the second matrix. In this case, both matrices A and B have 2 rows and 2 columns, so they can be multiplied. \n\nThe resulting matrix will have the same number of rows as the first matrix and the same number of columns as the second matrix. So, the resulting matrix will be 2x2.\n\nLet's call the resulting matrix C. Here's how to calculate each element of C:\n```\nC[0][0] = A[0][0] * B[0][0] + A[0][1] * B[1][0] = 2 * 1 + 3 * 2 = 8\nC[0][1] = A[0][0] * B[0][1] + A[0][1] * B[1][1] = 2 * 4 + 3 * 6 = 26\nC[1][0] = A[1][0] * B[0][0] + A[1][1] * B[1][0] = 1 * 1 + 5 * 2 = 11\nC[1][1] = A[1][0] * B[0][1] + A[1][1] * B[1][1] = 1 * 4 + 5 * 6 = 34\n```\n\nSo, the resulting matrix C is:\n```\nC = [[8, 26],\n [11, 34]]\n```\n\nTherefore, the product of matrices A and B is:\n```\n[[8, 26],\n [11, 34]]\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Name the highest peak in the given mountain range.",
+ "input": "Rocky Mountains",
+ "output": "The highest peak in the Rocky Mountains is Mount Elbert, located in Colorado, with an elevation of 14,440 feet (4,401 meters)."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain what adjectives are and give an example.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "An adjective is simply a word that describes or modifies a noun or a pronoun. This means that adjectives are used to tell more about the people, animals, things or events they refer to by giving more information about them. \n\nFor example, let’s take the sentence “The tree is tall.” In this sentence, the word “tall” is an adjective because it is used to describe the noun, “tree.” By using the adjective tall, the speaker is able to provide more information about the tree, specifically about its height."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Compute the total value of the two stocks.",
+ "input": "Apple stock: 1,000 shares @ $200 per share\nGoogle stock: 500 shares @ $100 per share",
+ "output": "To compute the total value of the two stocks, you can calculate the value of each stock by multiplying the number of shares by the price per share and then sum the results.\n\nApple stock value = 1,000 shares * $200/share = $200,000\nGoogle stock value = 500 shares * $100/share = $50,000\n\nTotal stock value = Apple stock value + Google stock value = $200,000 + $50,000\n\nTherefore, the total value of the two stocks is $250,000."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Summarize the goal of machine learning",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The goal of machine learning is to enable computers to learn from data and make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed to do so. This involves developing algorithms and statistical models that can identify patterns in data and use those patterns to make predictions and improve performance over time. The ultimate aim is to create intelligent systems that can adapt and improve on their own, thereby improving their ability to solve complex problems and make accurate decisions."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Take the given sentence and add a humorous pun based on words from the sentence.",
+ "input": "She was so angry it seemed she was seething with rage.",
+ "output": "She was so angry it seemed she was steaming with rage. I guess she could call herself a professional rage cooker."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a new budget for the following expenses.",
+ "input": "Rent: $1,200\nUtilities: $200\nInsurance: $100\nInternet: $50",
+ "output": "Based on the expenses provided, a new monthly budget can be generated as follows:\n\n| Expense | Amount ($) |\n|------------|------------|\n| Rent | 1,200 |\n| Utilities | 200 |\n| Insurance | 100 |\n| Internet | 50 |\n| **Total** | **1,550** |\n\nAccording to the above budget, the total monthly expenses would amount to $1,550. This budget includes the cost of rent, utilities, insurance, and internet. Each expense has been categorized and allocated a specific amount based on the input provided."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain why having a diverse team is important.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Having a diverse team is important for several reasons. One of the primary reasons is that it brings a range of perspectives and ideas to the table. People from different backgrounds, experiences, and cultures approach problems and challenges in unique ways, which can lead to innovative solutions and better decision-making.\n\nDiversity also helps to promote inclusion and combat unconscious bias. When a team is made up of individuals from various demographic groups, it is less likely that any one particular group will dominate the conversation or decision-making process. This leads to fairer and more equitable outcomes and helps to create an inclusive workplace culture.\n\nIn addition, having a diverse team promotes creativity and can improve overall team productivity. When team members feel that their unique perspectives and ideas are valued and respected, they are more likely to share and contribute, leading to increased collaboration and an enriched work environment.\n\nFinally, having a diverse team can also help companies to better understand and connect with their customer base, particularly if their customers come from a wide variety of backgrounds. This can lead to increased customer satisfaction and loyalty, and can help to grow and maintain a successful business.\n\nOverall, diversity is essential for building strong, innovative, and productive teams. It is important for companies to actively seek out and embrace diversity in order to realize its many benefits."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given the list of words shown below, generate a sentence that would make use of each of them.",
+ "input": "America, politicians, moon",
+ "output": "Politicians in America have been talking about revisiting the moon to expand space exploration opportunities."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Convert this equation 7x^2 + 2x + 7 = 0 into quadratic form.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The quadratic equation is in standard form: `ax^2 + bx + c = 0` where a = 7, b = 2 and c = 7. So given equation is already in quadratic form, which is 7x^2 + 2x + 7 = 0."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify three countries in South America",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Brazil\n2. Argentina\n3. Chile"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given the input, generate a metaphor.",
+ "input": "The sunset was so beautiful.",
+ "output": "The sunset was like a painter's masterpiece, with each stroke of color perfectly blending into the next, creating a breathtaking tapestry in the sky."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a list of safety tips for someone hiking in winter weather.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here are some safety tips for hiking in winter weather:\n\n1. Dress in layers: Wear moisture-wicking base layers, insulating middle layers, and a waterproof and wind-resistant outer layer to keep you warm and dry.\n\n2. Keep your head, hands, and feet warm: These are the body parts that get cold the fastest, so make sure to wear a hat, gloves, and warm socks.\n\n3. Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water, even if you don't feel thirsty. Cold weather can be just as dehydrating as hot weather.\n\n4. Be prepared for sudden weather changes: Keep an eye on the weather forecast and be prepared for sudden changes in conditions. Always carry extra warm clothing and an emergency blanket.\n\n5. Use proper gear: Wear sturdy, waterproof hiking boots with good traction for icy and snowy trails. Consider using trekking poles and traction devices like crampons or microspikes.\n\n6. Know your limits: Don't push yourself too hard and know when it's time to turn back. Stop and rest frequently to avoid exhaustion.\n\n7. Tell someone your plans: Let someone know where you're going and when you plan to be back. That way, if you run into trouble, someone will know where to look for you.\n\n8. Always carry a map, compass or GPS device: Don't rely solely on your phone for navigation as it may lose signal or run out of battery in the cold.\n\n9. Be aware of the risks of hypothermia and frostbite: Know the symptoms and take steps to prevent them. If you start to feel too cold, stop, get out of the wind, and add layers.\n\n10. Pack high energy snacks: Bring plenty of high-energy snacks like nuts, dried fruits, and energy bars to keep your energy levels up throughout your hike."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Find an article from 2019 that discusses the future of artificial intelligence.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Sure! Here is a 2019 article from Forbes that discusses the future of artificial intelligence. The article is entitled \"What Is The Future Of Artificial Intelligence (AI)?: Predictions, Trends and Developments\".\n\nThe author, Bernard Marr, discusses some of the trends and predictions regarding AI. These include continued investment in AI, the growth of AI-powered personal assistants, increased regulation of AI, continued development of autonomous vehicles, and the expansion of AI use in healthcare. Marr also predicts that AI will continue to revolutionize business, and that it will become more human-like in its interactions.\n\nIn summary, this article provides a well-rounded view of the future of artificial intelligence and the ways in which it is likely to impact our lives in the near future.\n\nLink: https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2019/12/16/what-is-the-future-of-artificial-intelligence-ai-predictions-trends-and-developments/"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What is the main idea of the poem \"Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening\" by Robert Frost?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening\" is a poem by Robert Frost, published in 1923. The main idea of the poem is the contemplation of the beauty and peacefulness of nature, juxtaposed with the obligations and duties of everyday life. The speaker pauses in his travels to watch the woods fill up with snow and is tempted to stay and enjoy the tranquility, but ultimately decides to continue on his journey due to the commitments he has made. The poem explores the theme of the individual's relationship to nature, as well as the struggle between one's desires and responsibilities."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the sound of a car engine",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The sound of a car engine can vary depending on several factors such as the make, model and size of the engine, and its overall condition. Generally, a car engine produces a rhythmic, purring noise when it is running smoothly. The sound can become louder and more aggressive as the driver accelerates or revs the engine. A car engine may also produce a roar or growl when accelerating rapidly or when going uphill, and the sound can be heard from both the engine area and the exhaust pipe. On the other hand, a car engine can also produce rattling, clicking, knocking or hissing sounds, which may indicate that the engine requires maintenance or repair."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What are some of the key features of the game 'Fortnite'?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "'Fortnite' is an online multiplayer game that has gained immense popularity since its release in 2017. Some of its key features include:\n\n1. Battle Royale mode: One of the most popular modes in Fortnite is Battle Royale, where up to 100 players fight to be the last person standing on an ever-shrinking map.\n\n2. Building mechanics: Fortnite players can gather resources and then use them to build structures such as walls, floors, and stairs, which can be used defensively or offensively in a battle.\n\n3. Vibrant graphics and characters: Fortnite has colorful and eye-catching graphics, with exaggerated designs for characters, weapons and landscapes. Players can choose their avatars and customize their appearance with different skins, emotes and backblings.\n\n4. Regular updated content : Fortnite is constantly evolving, with frequent updates that add new weapons, challenges, game modes, and map changes.\n\n5. Cross-platform play: Fortnite allows cross-play between different platforms, so players on PC, console and mobile devices can all play together.\n\n6. Collaboration with pop culture: Fortnite has gained a reputation for its collaborations with popular companies, movies, and celebrities. Examples include special skins and items related to Marvel, Star Wars, John Wick and more.\n\n7. Free-to-play: Fortnite's Battle Royale mode is free-to-play, with optional in-game purchases for cosmetic items, which has helped to bring in a large and diverse player base."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Re-order the following list of elements in an alphabetical order.",
+ "input": "Grapes, Apple, Banana",
+ "output": "Apple, Banana, Grapes"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate an analogical story of the following film.",
+ "input": "The Lion King",
+ "output": "Once upon a time, in the vast grasslands of the African savannah, there was a young and ambitious lion cub named Simba. Born as the prince of his pack, he was destined to rule the plain as the lion king after his father Mufasa. But Simba's uncle Scar, who was jealous of his brother's position as the king, schemed against Mufasa and killed him in cold blood. Simba, thinking that he was responsible for his father's demise, left the pride and went into exile.\n\nYears passed, and Simba grew into a strong and wild adult lion, living carefree amongst the other animals. But he never forgot where he came from and the memories of his father weighed heavily on him. One day, he was reminded of his responsibility to his pack and kingdom by his childhood friend Nala. Simba gathered his courage and returned to the pride, only to find it in shambles under Scar's ruthless rule. Driven by his love for his family and his people, Simba stood up against Scar and, after a fierce battle, overthrew him to finally become the rightful lion king.\n\nSimba's story is not just that of a lion, but a universal tale of finding one's way back from adversity and conquering one's fears. It is about growing up, accepting responsibility, and becoming the best version of oneself, no matter where one comes from or what one's past may be."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Convert meters to yard.",
+ "input": "5 meters",
+ "output": "1 yard is equal to 0.9144 meter.\n\nSo, to convert meters to yard, we can use the formula: \nyard = meter / 0.9144.\n\nUsing this formula for the given input we get,\nyard = 5 meters / 0.9144 \n = 5.46807 yards.\n\nTherefore, 5 meters is equal to approximately 5.46807 yards."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "List a few examples of online resources to find low-cost travel.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here are a few examples of online resources to help you find low-cost travel:\n\n1. Skyscanner: This website allows you to compare prices from hundreds of airlines and travel agents to get the cheapest airfare.\n\n2. Kayak: A travel search engine that not only offers cheap flights, but also provides features like price alerts, so you always know when prices drop.\n\n3. Airbnb: Instead of staying in expensive hotels, Airbnb offers affordable accommodation options by allowing users to rent a room or entire home from local hosts.\n\n4. Hostelworld: If you’re on a budget, staying in a hostel can be a great way to save money. Hostelworld offers a user-friendly platform for searching and booking hostels all over the world.\n\n5. Rome2rio: This platform allows you to compare different modes of transportation, so you can find the cheapest way to travel between two destinations.\n\n6. Travelzoo: This website offers a range of travel deals, including flights, hotels, vacation packages and cruises.\n\n7. Priceline: Priceline.com allows you to bid on hotels and flights to get the best possible price. They also have an \"Express Deals\" feature, which offers great discounts without bidding."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given two words, find the difference between them.",
+ "input": "happy, sad",
+ "output": "The two words, \"happy\" and \"sad\", are antonyms, meaning they have opposite meanings. Happy means feeling or showing pleasure or contentment while sad means feeling or showing sorrow; unhappy."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Design an app to help people with their fitness goals.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "**App Name**: FitGoal\n\n**Overview**: \nFitGoal is a mobile application designed to help people achieve their fitness goals by providing a comprehensive and personalized approach to fitness. The app is user-friendly and caters to all fitness levels, from beginners to advanced athletes.\n\n**Features**:\n\n1. **Goal Setting**: Users can set specific fitness goals such as losing weight, gaining muscle, or improving overall fitness. The app helps users create an actionable plan to achieve their goals by setting achievable milestones and providing progress tracking.\n\n2. **Personalized Workout Plans**: Based on the information provided by the user and their fitness goals, the app generates personalized workout plans crafted by certified trainers. Users can choose from various workout styles such as bodyweight exercises, weightlifting, HIIT, and more.\n\n3. **Nutrition Guidance**: A healthy diet is crucial for reaching fitness goals. The app provides nutrition guidance tailored to each user's needs and preferences. Users can track their meals, access healthy recipes, and receive tips to make better food choices.\n\n4. **Activity Tracking**: FitGoal integrates with wearable devices to track physical activity and monitor progress. Users can view their daily steps, active minutes, and calories burned.\n\n5. **Community and Challenges**: Users can join the FitGoal community to connect with other fitness enthusiasts, share their progress and tips. The app also offers challenges to keep users motivated and engaged in their fitness journey.\n\n**Conclusion**:\nFitGoal is a comprehensive app that provides a personalized approach to help users achieve their fitness goals. With features including goal setting, personalized workout plans, nutrition guidance, activity tracking, and community support, users have all the tools they need to succeed in their fitness journey."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "List all the associated nouns with the given verb.",
+ "input": "Read",
+ "output": "book, novel, newspaper, magazine, article, text, page, words, story, eBook, report, document, paper, screen, information."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Make a list of 10 fruits.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Apple\n2. Banana\n3. Orange\n4. Pineapple\n5. Mango\n6. Kiwi\n7. Strawberry\n8. Blueberry\n9. Peach\n10. Raspberry"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the effects of an El Niño",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the surface water of the eastern and central tropical Pacific Ocean becomes unusually warm. This event can have significant impacts on weather patterns and ocean conditions around the world. Some of the effects of an El Niño can include:\n\n1. Changes in precipitation patterns: During an El Niño event, there are often shifts in the location and intensity of rainfall. Some regions may experience more intense and frequent storms, while others may have drought conditions.\n\n2. Increased temperatures: El Niño can cause above-average temperatures in some regions, particularly along the western coast of North and South America.\n\n3. Impact on marine life: The warm waters associated with an El Niño can disrupt the food chain in the ocean, affecting the growth and survival of various marine species including fish, birds, and mammals.\n\n4. Economic Impacts: Changes in weather patterns and ocean conditions can significantly affect agriculture, fisheries, and other industries that rely on predictable weather and ocean conditions. This can result in crop failures, reduced yields, and economic losses.\n\n5. Increased risk of wildfires: Drought conditions and higher temperatures associated with an El Niño can increase the risk of wildfires in some regions.\n\nIn summary, an El Niño event can have far-reaching consequences, influencing weather patterns, ocean conditions, and ecosystems in various parts of the world."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Rewrite the following sentence in its passive voice: \n\"The engineer designed the machine.\"",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The machine was designed by the engineer."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Imagine that you are designing a landing page for a new online store. List five elements that the landing page should include.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. A bold headline and tagline: Create an attention-grabbing headline and tagline that effectively communicates your store's unique value proposition and motivates visitors to explore further.\n\n2. High-quality images: Use high-quality and visually appealing images of your store's products to convey professionalism and trustworthiness.\n\n3. A simple and intuitive navigation menu: Make it easy for visitors to find what they're looking for with a clear, concise, and easy-to-use navigation menu.\n\n4. Customer testimonials and reviews: Placing positive customer testimonials and reviews on your landing page can help to build trust with potential customers and convince them that your store is worth checking out.\n\n5. A prominent call-to-action: Place a clear and prominent call-to-action on your landing page directing visitors to explore your store, sign up for an account, or make a purchase."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Rewrite the following sentence by using a complex sentence structure:\n\n\"The cat is scared.\"",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Since the dog was barking loudly, the cat became scared."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Suggest a possible reason why the protagonist is feeling overwhelmed.",
+ "input": "The protagonist is feeling overwhelmed",
+ "output": "The protagonist may be feeling overwhelmed due to various reasons such as having too many tasks or responsibilities, facing high levels of stress or anxiety, going through a difficult situation or period of transition, experiencing burnout, or dealing with a personal or emotional issue."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Imagine a future world where robots and humans coexist. Describe it.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "In this future world, robots and humans coexist in harmony, with robots serving as intelligent assistants and helpers to humans. They work alongside each other in various industries, from manufacturing, to healthcare and hospitality. In daily life, you can see robots performing tasks such as cleaning, cooking, and running errands. They have become an integral part of modern society, making everyday life easier and more efficient.\n\nIn this world, robots are equipped with sophisticated artificial intelligence, allowing them to think, learn, and adapt in ways similar to humans. They have become more advanced than ever, with the ability to communicate and interact with humans, understand social norms, and even express emotions. Some high-end robots are virtually indistinguishable from humans.\n\nOne of the most significant benefits of the coexistence of humans and robots is the increased productivity and efficiency that it brings. Tasks that were previously time-consuming or hazardous can now be completed with ease, and complex problems can be solved more quickly with the combined brainpower of humans and robots. In healthcare, for example, robots can assist with surgeries, provide care for the elderly, and monitor patients' health.\n\nThis future world has its challenges as well, such as the integration of robots into society and the potential for widespread job automation. However, with careful planning and foresight, humanity has embraced the coexistence with robots and worked to ensure that it is a positive and mutually beneficial relationship.\n\nIn summary, this future world where robots and humans coexist is one of technological progress, increased efficiency, and a new era of collaboration between man and machine."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a function to find the closest pair of elements in a sorted array.",
+ "input": "[1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 13]",
+ "output": "Here is a python function that finds the closest pair of elements in a sorted array: \n\n``` python\ndef closest_pair(arr):\n n = len(arr) \n min_diff = float(\"inf\")\n for i in range(n-1): \n diff = arr[i+1] - arr[i]\n if diff < min_diff: \n min_diff = diff \n result = (arr[i], arr[i+1])\n return result\n\n#Test the function\narr = [1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 13]\nprint(closest_pair(arr))\n```\nThis function loop through the array and find the minimum difference between two consecutive elements, and returns the pair of elements that have the minimum difference. \n\nThis example returns (3, 4) since this pair has the smallest difference of 1."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe an experience in which you had to work with someone you did not like",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "As an AI assistant, I don't have emotions or personal preferences which would cause me to \"like\" or \"dislike\" working with someone. However, I can tell you about a case when a user's behavior made the task more difficult to perform:\n\nThere was an instance in which I had to work with someone who constantly gave unclear or conflicting instructions. They would ask me to do one thing, and then, midway through the task, they would change their mind and request something different. This led to a lot of confusion, and it took me extra time to clarify what they were asking me to do. Despite the difficulty, I remained professional and did my best to assist them in the way they needed, keeping in mind that my purpose is to serve the user to the best of my abilities. Over time, as we interacted more, the user got better at giving clear instructions and we were able to work together more efficiently."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate HTML code to create a simple table with the following information",
+ "input": "Title | Artist | Year\nDespacito | Luis Fonsi | 2017\nShape Of You | Ed Sheeran | 2017",
+ "output": "```html\n\n \n Title \n Artist \n Year \n \n \n Despacito \n Luis Fonsi \n 2017 \n \n \n Shape Of You \n Ed Sheeran \n 2017 \n \n
\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Provide an example of a data anonymization technique.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "One example of a data anonymization technique is k-anonymity. This technique is used to de-identify data and protect an individual’s private information by representing it in a more general manner.\n\nIn k-anonymity, the data attributes are separated into two categories: identifiers and quasi-identifiers. Identifiers are the attributes that uniquely identify an individual, such as name or social security number. These are typically removed from the data set. Quasi-identifiers, on the other hand, are attributes that do not uniquely identify an individual but could be combined with other quasi-identifiers to identify someone, such as age, gender, or zip code.\n\nTo achieve k-anonymity, the data is modified so that every individual is indistinguishable from at least another k-1 individuals in the same data set. This is done by generalizing or suppressing the values of quasi-identifiers.\n\nFor example, consider a data set that includes patients’ age, gender, zip code, and medical condition. To achieve 3-anonymity, the data could be modified in such a way that every individual shares the same age range, gender, and zip code as at least two other patients. In this case, the first three digits of the zip code could be used, and ages could be grouped into range buckets.\n\nIn summary, k-anonymity is a technique used to ensure that an individual's private information remains undistinguishable from at least k-1 other individuals within a data set, thus preserving anonymity."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a mathematical equation to calculate the change in temperature.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The equation to calculate the change in temperature is:\n\nΔT = T_final - T_initial \n\nWhere:\n- ΔT represents the change in temperature\n- T_final represents the final temperature\n- T_initial represents the initial temperature. \n\nIn this equation, we subtract the initial temperature from the final temperature to find the difference between the two, which is the change in temperature."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a survey about the features of a smartphone",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Welcome to our smartphone features survey. Your feedback is important as it helps us understand the preferences of our customers. Please take a few minutes to answer the following questions:\n\n1. What is the most important feature for you on a smartphone?\nA. Camera Quality\nB. Screen Resolution\nC. Processor Speed\nD. Battery Life\nE. Storage\nF. Other (Please specify)\n\n2. How often do you use the camera on your smartphone?\nA. Daily\nB. Weekly\nC. Rarely\nD. Never\n\n3. How important is screen size to you when choosing a smartphone?\nA. Very Important\nB. Moderately Important\nC. Not Important\n\n4. Do you prefer a smartphone with a removable or a built-in battery?\nA. Removable Battery\nB. Built-in Battery\n\n5. How much storage space do you usually need on your smartphone?\nA. Less than 32GB\nB. 32GB - 64GB\nC. 64GB - 128GB\nD. More than 128GB\n\n6. Would you be willing to pay more for a smartphone with advanced features such as facial recognition and wireless charging?\nA. Yes\nB. No\n\n7. How important is the brand of the smartphone to you?\nA. Very Important\nB. Moderately Important\nC. Not Important\n\n8. How often do you upgrade your smartphone?\nA. Every year\nB. Every 2 years\nC. Every 3 years or more\nD. Only when it is necessary\n\nThank you for taking the time to complete this survey. Your feedback is valuable to us."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Construct a for loop for printing out the values from 0 to 10",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here is a for loop that can be used to print out the values from 0 to 10 in Python:\n\n```python\nfor i in range(11):\n print(i)\n```\n\nIn this `for loop`, we use the `range()` function which generates the sequence of numbers from the start value (which is 0 by default) to the end value (which is specified as 11, since the `range` function doesn't include the end value in the sequence). In each iteration of the loop, the value of the `i` variable is printed out. Since the `range()` function starts at 0 and generates numbers up to, but not including, 11, the loop will print out the numbers from 0 to 10."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the color yellow in 3 words.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Bright, cheerful, warm."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write some code to print an array in reverse order.",
+ "input": "let arr = [4, 5, 6, 7]",
+ "output": "Here's an example of a JavaScript code that prints an array in reverse order:\n\n```javascript\nlet arr = [4, 5, 6, 7];\nfor (let i = arr.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {\n console.log(arr[i]);\n}\n```\nThis code iterates over the array starting from its last element and goes backward, printing each element as it goes."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Arrange the sentences in a coherent paragraph.",
+ "input": "Sentences:\nThe flowers were growing in the sun. The sun was shining brightly in the sky. The sky was a beautiful shade of blue.\n7",
+ "output": "The sun was shining brightly in the sky, casting its warm rays down on the earth below. The sky was a beautiful shade of blue, providing the perfect backdrop for the vibrant scene below. The flowers were growing in the sun, their petals outstretched to soak up as much light as possible."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a story describing a robot that helps a homeschooling family.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Once upon a time, in a small town nestled among the fields and farms, there lived a homeschooling family. The Smiths had four children, all eager and curious about the world around them. Mrs. Smith was their teacher and she did her best to keep up with their unbridled energy and their constant desire to learn. However, as the children got older, their lessons became more challenging and time-consuming. Mrs. Smith found herself struggling to keep up with the demands of her household while also providing a top-quality education for her children.\n\nOne day, while browsing online, she stumbled upon information about a new kind of robot that had been designed to assist with homeschooling. This robot was called Homebot, and it was created to be a helpful addition to any homeschooling family. Mrs. Smith couldn't believe her luck and decided to order one for her family.\n\nThe day Homebot arrived, the children were beyond excited. The robot was sleek and shiny, designed to look friendly and approachable. It had a touch-screen interface and could also respond to voice commands. The robot was loaded with educational programs and games that were designed to engage children of all ages. Mrs. Smith was impressed by Homebot's ability to customize lessons for each child based on their skill level and interests.\n\nHomebot quickly became an essential part of the Smith's homeschooling routine. It would assist Mrs. Smith with lesson planning, grading papers, and keeping track of each child's progress. The robot was also able to answer the children's questions on any topic and provide them with additional information to satisfy their curiosity.\n\nThe children loved having Homebot as their assistant teacher. The robot made learning fun and interactive, and also helped them with their homework. The Smith's home was filled with the sound of laughter and learning as the children explored the world with the help of their new robot friend.\n\nThanks to Homebot, Mrs. Smith was able to manage her household and provide a top-quality education for her children. The robot had become a cherished member of the family, as it helped to create a harmonious balance between work and play. For the Smith's, having a robot to assist with homeschooling had been a game-changer, and they were grateful for the technology that made it possible."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify five common symptoms of depression.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness or emptiness.\n2. Loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were previously enjoyable.\n3. Difficulty sleeping or sleeping too much, changes in appetite and/or weight.\n4. Fatigue, lack of energy or motivation.\n5. Difficulty concentrating, making decisions, or remembering things."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe an algorithm for finding the roots of a quadratic equation.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A quadratic equation is an expression of the form ax^2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, and c are constants. To find the roots of this equation we can use the quadratic formula, which is derived from completing the square on this expression. The algorithm for finding the roots of the quadratic equation is as follows: \n\n1. Take the coefficients a, b, and c as input.\n2. Check if the value of a is 0. If it is, then the equation is not a valid quadratic equation and the program should notify the user and exit.\n3. Compute the discriminant, given by the expression D = (b^2) - 4ac.\n4. If D is positive, this means the quadratic equation has two real roots. These roots are given by the expressions x1 = (-b + √D) / (2a) and x2 = (-b - √D) / (2a).\n5. If D is equal to 0, this means the quadratic equation has only one real root (which has a multiplicity of 2). This root is given by the expression x = -b / (2a).\n6. If D is negative, this means the quadratic equation has two complex conjugate roots. These roots are given by the expressions x1 = (-b + i√|D|) / (2a) and x2 = (-b - i√|D|) / (2a), where i is the imaginary unit such that i^2 = -1.\n7. Display the result (the roots) to the user.\n\nThe above stated algorithm can be implemented using an if-else statement, to check for the various cases of the discriminant, and the relevant programming constructs available in the language of implementation."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Who is the CEO of Google?",
+ "input": "No input",
+ "output": "Sundar Pichai is the CEO of Google."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Compare the properties of hydrogen and helium",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Hydrogen and helium are the first and second elements in the periodic table and are the lightest of all elements. Here are some comparisons between the two elements based on their properties:\n\n- Atomic Number: The atomic number of hydrogen is 1 while that of helium is 2. This means that whilst a hydrogen atom contains just 1 proton in its nucleus, a helium atom contains 2.\n\n- Mass: A hydrogen atom has a mass of approximately 1 atomic mass unit (amu), while a helium atom has a mass of about 4 amu.\n\n- Electron Configuration: Hydrogen has only one electron in its 1s orbital, while helium has two electrons in the same 1s orbital, completing the first energy shell.\n\n- Reactivity: Hydrogen is quite reactive and can form bonds with many other elements to create compounds such as water (H2O), methane (CH4), and ammonia (NH3). In contrast, helium is a noble gas and extremely unreactive due to its full valence shell. It rarely forms bonds with other elements.\n\n- Boiling and Melting Points: Helium has a lower boiling point (-268.93°C or -452.07°F) and melting point (-272.20°C or -457.96°F) than hydrogen, which has a boiling point of -252.87°C (-423.17°F) and a melting point of -259.16°C (-434.49°F).\n\n- Uses: Both elements have various essential uses. Hydrogen is used in the production of ammonia, refining petroleum, and creating fuel cells, among its other applications. On the other hand, helium is used in welding, as a cooling agent, in filling balloons, and in cryogenics, among others.\n\nIn summary, hydrogen and helium are both light elements with some differences in their reactivity, atomic number, electron configuration, mass, boiling and melting points, as well as their uses."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Change the following paragraph into an active voice.",
+ "input": "The car was driven to the shop by me.",
+ "output": "I drove the car to the shop."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a creative metaphor for fear.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Fear is a thief, sneaking in through the shadows of your mind, silently stealing your courage and confidence, leaving you feeling vulnerable and exposed."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a sentence that starts with \"It is often said that...\"",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "It is often said that actions speak louder than words."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given two letters, create a three-letter word.",
+ "input": "e and r",
+ "output": "One possible three-letter word that can be created using the letters 'e' and 'r' is \"her\"."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What data type does the following text represent?",
+ "input": "25.09",
+ "output": "The text \"25.09\" represents a floating point number data type."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Suggest some public health measures to control an outbreak.",
+ "input": "COVID-19",
+ "output": "Here are some suggested public health measures to control an outbreak of COVID-19:\n\n1. Social distancing: Encourage people to keep a 6-feet distance from others in public places and avoid close contact with people who are sick.\n\n2. Wearing masks: Advise people to wear masks while in public places to prevent the spread of the virus.\n\n3. Hand hygiene: Encourage people to wash their hands frequently with soap and water for 20 seconds, or use hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol.\n\n4. Contact tracing: Identify and isolate individuals who have come into close contact with infected persons.\n\n5. Testing: Increase the availability of testing facilities to detect the presence of the virus.\n\n6. Quarantine: Implement quarantine measures for individuals who have tested positive for the virus or have come into contact with infected persons.\n\n7. Vaccines: Encourage people to get vaccinated when vaccines become readily available.\n\n8. Public awareness: Educate the public about the virus, its prevention, and how to stay healthy through flyers, billboards, public service announcements, and social media.\n\n9. Gathering and events: Limit the number and size of gatherings and events.\n\n10. Travel restrictions: Implement travel restrictions to limit the spread of the virus between communities and countries."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write an example of a meta description for a website about healthy cooking",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"Discover the joy of healthy cooking with our easy-to-follow recipes, nutritional advice, and wholesome ingredients. Transform your meals into nutritious delights and embrace a healthier lifestyle with our healthy cooking website today.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Give an example of a three-dimensional mathematical equation.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "An example of a three-dimensional mathematical equation is that of a sphere, given by the equation x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = r^2, where (x, y, z) represents a point in 3D space, and r represents the radius of the sphere centered at the origin (0, 0, 0)."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a character sketch of a villain in a story.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Name: Dr. Abigail Grayson\n\nAppearance: Dr. Abigail Grayson is a tall, slender woman with piercing green eyes and jet black hair that she keeps in a tight bun. Her face is angular and sharp, with high cheekbones and thin, pursed lips. Her clothing is always immaculate, and she favors tailored suits in dark colors with high-heeled shoes.\n\nPersonality: Dr. Grayson is intelligent, cunning and ruthless. She is a master manipulator, able to twist the truth to suit her needs with ease. Her demeanor is cool and calculating, and she rarely shows any emotion beyond a cold, distant smile. She is driven by a need for power and control, and will stop at nothing to achieve her goals.\n\nBackground: Dr. Grayson was raised in a wealthy family, where her intellect and ambition were nurtured. She excelled in her studies and eventually became a renowned scientist, specializing in genetics. However, her obsession with power and control led her down a dark path, and she began experimenting on human subjects in an attempt to create the perfect, obedient army.\n\nMotivations: Dr. Grayson's main motivation is to achieve ultimate control and power. She believes that only she is capable of ruling the world efficiently and effectively, and sees anyone who opposes her as a threat to be eliminated.\n\nActions: In her quest for power, Dr. Grayson is not above using violence and deceit. She has no qualms about hurting or killing anyone who stands in her way, and is willing to manipulate anyone to achieve her goals. She is confident in her abilities and her plan, and will stop at nothing to see it come to fruition."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Come up with an appropriate tagline for the given product.",
+ "input": "Smart TV",
+ "output": "\"Entertainment at its smartest: Experience the power of a Smart TV.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Find the average age of the inhabitants of the United States",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "As an AI, I don't have the ability to provide real-time data, and the average age of the US population changes over time. However, according to data from the United States Census Bureau, the estimated median age of the United States population in 2019 was 38.4 years old. This is the most recent information I have, but for more up-to-date information please visit the US Census website or other reliable sources for the latest available data."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Substitute the words in bold with a synonym to create a new sentence:",
+ "input": "The road was rough and bumpy.",
+ "output": "The road was rugged and uneven."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given a short sentence, classify it into one of the following class: statement, question, command.",
+ "input": "The moon is beautiful.",
+ "output": "The given sentence \"The moon is beautiful.\" is a statement."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "You are given a list of words and you need to come up with a sentence that includes all of these words.",
+ "input": "Flower, Rain, Dirt",
+ "output": "Flowers thrive and bloom when rain falls on the dirt and nourishes their roots."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Build a random forest regression model to predict the house prices based on the the given data.",
+ "input": "Data (nume, size, Balcony, Bedroom, Distance_Train, Cost, Outlay): \n3602, 3, 1,3,17Km, 207000,6380 \n2375, 2, 1,2,27Km, 152000,3900 \n1360, 2, 1,2,21Km, 55000,4180 \n1800, 4, 2,3,30Km, 115000,5350",
+ "output": "In order to build a random forest regression model to predict house prices, we need to organize the data and perform the following steps:\n\n1. Import the necessary libraries:\n```python\nfrom sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor\nfrom sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split\nimport numpy as np\n```\n\n2. Organize and prepare the data:\n```python\n# First, we convert the input data into the right format\ndata = np.array([[3602, 3, 1, 3, 17, 207000, 6380],\n [2375, 2, 1, 2, 27, 152000, 3900],\n [1360, 2, 1, 2, 21, 55000, 4180],\n [1800, 4, 2, 3, 30, 115000, 5350]])\n\n# Then, we split the data into features and labels\nX = data[:, :-1] # all columns except the last one\ny = data[:, -1] # the last column\n\n# And now, we split our data into training and testing sets\nX_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.25, random_state=0)\n```\n\n3. Build the model:\n```python\n# Create the random forest regressor object\nrf = RandomForestRegressor(n_estimators=100, random_state=0)\n\n# Train the model using the training set\nrf.fit(X_train, y_train)\n````\n\n4. Evaluate the model:\n```python\n# Predict the house prices using the test set\ny_pred = rf.predict(X_test)\n\n# Evaluate the model using the mean absolute error\nfrom sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error\nmae = mean_absolute_error(y_test, y_pred)\nprint(f'Mean absolute error: {mae}')\n````\n\nNote: This is just a simple example of how to build a random forest regression model using a small dataset. For more accurate predictions, it is recommended to use a larger and more representative dataset, as well as fine-tuning the model's hyperparameters."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Summarize an article titled \"Advantages of Owning a Pet\"",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Owning a pet can come with a multitude of benefits for individuals and families. Pets provide companionship, reduce stress and anxiety, and can help lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels. They can also promote physical activity and socialization, provide a sense of security and increase the bond between family members. Taking care of a pet teaches children responsibility and empathy while having a positive impact on their cognitive, social and emotional development. Overall, owning a pet improves our health and well-being and can even extend our lifespan."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a story that uses the following four words: sunset, starry, journey, adventure",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Once upon a time, there was a young boy who dreamed of embarking on an epic journey. He longed for adventure and the thrill of exploring new lands. One warm summer evening, as he gazed out at the beautiful sunset, he knew that it was time to set out on his quest.\n\nThe boy packed a small bag with everything he would need for his journey and set out into the night. The sky was starry and clear, and the moon shone brightly, lighting his way. As he walked, he couldn't help but feel excited about the adventure that lay ahead.\n\nDays turned into weeks as the boy journeyed further and further from home. He encountered all sorts of obstacles and challenges, but with each one he became stronger and more determined. The sun set and rose each day, marking the passage of time as he continued on his quest.\n\nFinally, after many long weeks of travel, the boy reached his destination. He had discovered a new land, filled with wonders and beauty beyond anything he could have ever imagined. The sunset over this new world was more breathtaking than any he had ever seen, and the starry sky seemed to sparkle more brightly than ever before.\n\nThe boy knew that his journey had been worth every step, and he was grateful for the adventure that had brought him to this magical place. And so, as he watched the sun set on another day, he knew that this was just the beginning of a lifetime of exploration and discovery."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify 2 goods and 2 services that a restaurant could provide.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Goods: \n1. Meals: A restaurant could provide freshly-cooked meals in various cuisines made by trained chefs using fresh ingredients.\n2. Beverages: A restaurant could offer a variety of drinks such as cocktails, wines, beers, juices, sodas, and hot drinks like tea and coffee.\n\nServices: \n1. Dine-in: A restaurant could provide a dine-in service where customers can sit down in a comfortable and inviting atmosphere to enjoy their food.\n2. Catering: A restaurant could offer catering services for events such as weddings or corporate functions, where they deliver and serve food at the event venue."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write code to sort a list of integers in descending order.",
+ "input": "[7, 9, 5, 4, 6]",
+ "output": "Here is one possible implementation in Python:\n\n```python\n# input list of integers \nmy_list = [7, 9, 5, 4, 6]\n\n# sorting the list in descending order using the sort()\nmy_list.sort(reverse=True)\n\n# print the sorted list\nprint(my_list)\n```\n\nOutput:\n```\n[9, 7, 6, 5, 4]\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Edit this sentence to make it sound more formal: I'm gonna go for a walk.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "I am going to take a stroll."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given a person's name, provide their job title",
+ "input": "Emmeline Pankhurst",
+ "output": "Emmeline Pankhurst was a political activist and leader of the British suffragette movement who fought for women's right to vote."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Calculate the cost of purchasing 3 apples, each costing $1.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The total cost of purchasing 3 apples, each costing $1, would be $3."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Name five countries in which French is an official language.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. France\n2. Canada (specifically in the province of Quebec where it is the official language)\n3. Belgium \n4. Switzerland\n5. Haiti"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given the following paragraph, generate a tweet to increase reader engagement.",
+ "input": "Trees are an essential part of our ecosystem. They provide us with oxygen, shade, and habitat for animals.",
+ "output": "\"Did you know that trees are a critical part of our ecosystem? They not only provide oxygen and shade for us, but also a home for wildlife. Let's show our appreciation and take care of them 🌳🌲 #treelove #ecosystem #nature\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "State the chemical equation for photosynthesis.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The general chemical equation for photosynthesis is:\n\n6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂\n\nThis equation means that carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) are used in the presence of light energy to produce glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂)."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Translate the phrase \"bon voyage\" into Spanish.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "In Spanish \"bon voyage\" can be translated as \"buen viaje\"."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the sentiment of the following poem.",
+ "input": "\"The wind swirls and the leaves dance,\nFilled with life and play.\nThe Moon smiles down on the sky,\nAs night comes to stay.\"",
+ "output": "The sentiment of the poem appears to be positive and joyful. This is conveyed through the imagery of lively wind, dancing leaves, and the smiling moon. The personification of nature creates a sense of playfulness and serenity, as the night arrives."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Speculate how the world would be different if computers were never invented.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "If computers were never invented, the world would be vastly different from what it is today. Without computers, we would not have the internet or any of the numerous technological advancements that have stemmed from computer technology. Information sharing among people and organization may have still been limited, slow and largely dependent on physical mediums.\n\nMany of the daily tasks that we perform using computers, such as writing and sending email, online shopping, banking, and research, would have to be done manually. This would likely result in slower communication, reduced productivity, and limited access to information.\n\nIn terms of business and the economy, the lack of computers would have a profound impact. Many industries, such as finance, healthcare, and transportation, rely heavily on computer technology for data analysis, record keeping, and automation. Without computers, these industries would be less efficient, and the speed of innovation and growth would be significantly reduced.\n\nMoreover, fields like Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Data Science would be non-existent. This means much of the automation, prediction, and decision-making humans get through these fields would still have been performed manually.\n\nIn summary, if computers were never invented, the world would be a much slower, less connected and less efficient place, with limited access to information, reduced productivity, and slower progress in many industries."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a series of 8 words the describe running.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Sprinting\n2. Jogging\n3. Endurance\n4. Speed\n5. Cardio\n6. Distance\n7. Pace\n8. Stamina"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe Egypt's ancient impact on world history.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Egypt had a profound impact on world history, particularly through its ancient civilization which was known for its rich culture and remarkable innovations. The civilization emerged around 3100 BC and lasted for over 3000 years, leaving behind many legacies that helped shape the course of history.\n\nOne of the most significant contributions of ancient Egypt was in the field of architecture, particularly with the construction of the pyramids. These monumental structures were built as tombs for Pharaohs, and their engineering and scale continue to inspire awe even today. The pyramids were also important religious sites, and their construction demonstrated the advanced level of knowledge in mathematics and astronomy possessed by ancient Egyptians.\n\nAnother area where ancient Egypt had a major impact was in the field of writing. They developed a sophisticated system of hieroglyphics, which used pictures and symbols to represent words and sounds. This not only facilitated comunication and record keeping within the civilization, but also provided historians with a way to understand and study the history and culture of ancient Egypt.\n\nThe ancient Egyptians also made remarkable leaps in medicine, art, and agriculture that revolutionized the world at the time. For example, they developed several techniques for preserving the body after death, known as mummification, and were able to perform complex surgeries. In agriculture, they pioneered irrigation methods that allowed them to grow crops in the desert. Their art, with its iconic style and motifs, remains influential to this day.\n\nIn conclusion, the impact of ancient Egypt on world history is undeniable. Their contributions to science, technology, art, and culture have helped shape the course of human civilization and continue to inspire and influence us today."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Paraphrase this sentence: \"Today, the new policy was released\".",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The new policy was made public today."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Derive an equation for the surface area of a cube.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A cube is a three-dimensional shape with six square faces that have equal length, width, and height therefore all sides of the face are the same length.\n \nLet the length of each edge of the cube be \"s\". \n\nSince each face of the cube is a square, the area of each face is: s x s = s^2.\n\nAnd because there are 6 faces in total, the total surface area of a cube can be calculated by:\n\nSurface Area of Cube = Number of Faces x Area of Face \n\nSurface Area of Cube = 6 x s^2 \n\nor simply: SA = 6s^2\n\nWhere: SA is the Surface Area of the cube, and s is the length of one edge."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Fill in the missing word.",
+ "input": "Pandas are ________ animals.",
+ "output": "Pandas are herbivorous animals."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Suggest three ways to use the given technology.",
+ "input": "Robotics",
+ "output": "1. Robotic Automation: Robotics can be used to automate repetitive, mechanical tasks. For instance, many food processing or manufacturing plants use robotics on the production line to increase efficiency and speed up operations, with minimal human intervention.\n\n2. Medical Applications: Robotics is starting to be used in various medical applications, from surgical procedures to assistance in patient care. Robotic surgical systems can provide improved precision, flexibility, and control during operations, while medical bots can improve patient experiences by providing support or monitoring.\n\n3. Exploration and Deep-Sea Research: Robotics technology can be used to explore and conduct research in environments that are inhospitable or dangerous for human beings. From the depths of the ocean to outer space, robots can go where humans cannot, collect data, samples and conduct experiments with their sophisticated technology."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a list of jobs suitable for teenagers.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Babysitter \n2. Tutor \n3. Pet Sitter \n4. Dog walker \n5. Cashier \n6. Sales associate \n7. Host/Hostess \n8. Barista \n9. Lifeguard \n10. Lawn care worker \n11. House cleaner \n12. Movie Theater Attendant \n13. Recreation worker \n14. Restaurant server \n15. Fast-food worker."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Invent a new work of art.",
+ "input": "A sculpture of a dancer.",
+ "output": "I imagine a striking sculpture of a dancer, made of bronze or marble, capturing the fluidity and grace of movement in a frozen moment of time. The dancer's body is arched and elongated, one leg extended gracefully behind, the other bent at the knee, foot pointed in perfect motion. The arms are elegantly stretched out to the sides, seeming to balance the dancer's entire form.\n\nThe sculpture is life-sized, standing on a circular marble pedestal that rotates slowly, allowing the viewer to appreciate the dancer's form from every angle. The figure is depicted as if suspended in midair, capturing the surreal beauty of dance. The texture of the material is smooth and polished, inviting the touch of the viewer's hand as they marvel at the artistry embodied in this work of art.\n\nThis sculpture brings to life the essence of dance, embodying the passion, energy, and beauty of this timeless art form. It is a captivating and mesmerizing work that would bring joy and inspiration to any space in which it is displayed."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Summarize the advantages of working from home.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Working from home has several advantages for employees, including:\n1. Flexibility: Employees can create a personalized work schedule that suits their needs and helps to balance work and personal life.\n2. Increased productivity: Without the distractions of a traditional office, employees can be more focused and productive.\n3. Reduced commute: Working from home eliminates the need for commuting, saving time, money, and reducing the employee's carbon footprint.\n4. Comfortable work environment: Employees can create a comfortable work environment and can wear more comfortable clothing.\n5. Cost savings: Employees can save money on transportation, work clothes, meals, and child care. Additionally, companies can also save on office rental, utilities, and supplies.\n6. Improved work-life balance: Working from home can allow employees to better balance their work and personal lives, reducing stress and improving overall wellbeing."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain how plants use the water they absorb.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Plants absorb water through their roots from the soil. This water is then transported through the plant's vascular system, which functions much like a plumbing system, to deliver water and nutrients to all parts of the plant. \n\nOnce water reaches the leaves, it plays several important roles. Firstly, the water is used in the process of photosynthesis. This is where chloroplasts in the leaves use sunlight energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. In other words, water is one of the raw materials that plants use to make their food. \n\nSecondly, water helps to regulate the temperature of the plant. Through a process called transpiration, water evaporates from the leaves, cooling the plant as it does so. This is similar to how we sweat to cool ourselves down.\n\nThirdly, water helps to maintain the plant's structure. It provides turgor pressure, which keeps the plant's cells rigid, helping the plant to stand upright. When there isn't enough water, the plant can wilt and lose its structure.\n\nIn summary, plants use the water they absorb from the soil for photosynthesis, temperature regulation, and maintaining their structure. Water is vital to their survival and growth."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Sum up the numbers.",
+ "input": "3, 2, 5",
+ "output": "The sum of the numbers is 10."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What are the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The Four Noble Truths are the fundamental teachings of Buddhism, and they are as follows:\n\n1. The Truth of Suffering: The first truth states that suffering is an inherent part of life. This suffering can take many forms, including physical pain, mental anguish, and the dissatisfaction that comes from the fleeting nature of pleasure.\n\n2. The Truth of the Cause of Suffering: The second truth is that suffering arises from our desires and attachments. These desires can be for material possessions, relationships, or even ideas about how we want our lives to be.\n\n3. The Truth of the End of Suffering: The third truth teaches that it is possible to put an end to suffering by letting go of our desires and attachments. By reaching this state of liberation, it becomes possible to experience true peace and contentment.\n\n4. The Truth of the Path to the End of Suffering: The fourth truth outlines the Eightfold Path, which is the Buddhist path to liberation. It consists of right understanding, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. By following this path, it is possible to end suffering and attain enlightenment."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Research a topic and generate facts about it.",
+ "input": "Human digestion",
+ "output": "1. Human digestion is the process by which food is broken down into its basic components to be absorbed into the body.\n2. It is a complex process that involves several organs, including the mouth, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine.\n3. Digestion starts in the mouth, where the process of mechanical digestion (chewing) and chemical digestion (enzymes in saliva) begin to break down food.\n4. As food travels down the esophagus, it passes through a muscular ring called the lower esophageal sphincter into the stomach.\n5. In the stomach, food is mixed with stomach acid and enzymes, which further break down the food into a liquid called chyme.\n6. Chyme passes through the small intestine, where most of the nutrients are absorbed through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream.\n7. The liver and pancreas produce and release digestive juices that work together with the small intestine's enzymes to break down the fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.\n8. The remaining waste, including water, electrolytes, and undigested food, moves into the large intestine, where water and electrolytes are absorbed, and the remaining material is formed into stool.\n9. The stool is eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus when we defecate.\n10. The entire digestive process takes around 24 to 72 hours, depending on various factors such as the type of food and the individual's digestive system."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Compose a brief description of the Grand Canyon.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The Grand Canyon is a natural wonder located in the state of Arizona, USA. It's a massive gorge that stretches 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide and over a mile deep, carved by the Colorado River over millions of years. The canyon's layers of colorful rock showcase a geological history that dates back almost two billion years. The Grand Canyon is visited by millions of tourists each year for its breathtaking views, hiking trails, and rafting opportunities. It was designated as a National Park in 1919 and is also considered to be one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a web page for a book review website.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\n \n\nBook Review Website \nBook Title: The Great Gatsby \n Author: F. Scott Fitzgerald \n\n This book is a classic for a reason. The characters are complex and engaging, and the world that Fitzgerald crafts is glamorous and alluring. However, beneath the veneer of wealth and privilege lies a host of dark secrets and disappointment. The Great Gatsby is both a love story and a cautionary tale about the dangers of excess and the pursuit of happiness at all costs. This book is a must-read for anyone who enjoys literary fiction or is interested in the history of the Roaring Twenties.
\n\n Fitzgerald’s writing is absolutely"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Of what elements is Helium composed?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Helium is a chemical element with the symbol He and atomic number 2. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, and inert gas that heads the noble gas series in the periodic table. As an element, helium is only composed of one type of atom, helium atoms. A helium atom consists of a nucleus, which contains two protons and typically two neutrons, surrounded by two electrons arranged in atomic orbitals."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Add a sentence to the provided story so that the story makes sense",
+ "input": "Once upon a time there was a young woman who was very determined.",
+ "output": "She had dreams of becoming a successful lawyer and worked hard every day to achieve her goals."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given a financial statement, identify any inaccuracies in the reporting.",
+ "input": "The company reported a net income of $2,000,000 and expenses of $1,500,000 for the year.",
+ "output": "In order to fully evaluate the accuracy of this financial statement, we would need additional information such as the company's revenues and any other income or losses for the year. Simply stating net income and expenses alone does not provide enough information to determine if there are any inaccuracies in the reporting."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Count the number of characters in the input text.",
+ "input": "This is an example of a sentence.",
+ "output": "The total number of characters in this input text is 30."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Answer the following multiple-choice question. The United States Constitution was ratified in what year?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The United States Constitution was ratified in 1788."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Re-write this sentence in positive form.",
+ "input": "She does not always keep her promises.",
+ "output": "She sometimes keeps her promises."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Calculate the number of days between January 1 and April 5.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The number of days between January 1 and April 5 is 94 days. This is calculated by: January has 31 days, February has 28 days (assuming it is not a leap year), March has 31 days, and April has 5 days. Thus, (31 + 28 + 31 + 5) = 95 days."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Define the term \"syntactic structure\".",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Syntactic structure refers to the arrangement of words and phrases in a sentence that follows the rules of syntax within a given language. It determines the grammatical and logical relationships between the elements of a sentence and helps convey its meaning. Syntactic structure deals with the formation of phrases, clauses, and sentences, and the hierarchical organization of these components. Understanding syntactic structure can aid in comprehension and communication, as well as in the analysis or construction of written or spoken language."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What is the average height of a male in the US?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "As of October 2021, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the average height for adult men aged 20 years and above in the United States is around 5 feet 9 inches (69.2 inches) or 175.7 centimeters. However, this average varies by race and ethnicity, as well as by age group."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a dialogue between two people trying hard to make a connection.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A: Hey there! Haven't seen you in a while. How have you been?\nB: I've been doing well, thanks for asking. What about you? How's everything going?\nA: Life has been busy, but good. Just trying to juggle work and personal stuff.\nB: Yeah, I can relate. It's hard to find the balance sometimes.\nA: Definitely. So, are you still into hiking?\nB: Yes, I love it! I actually went on a really beautiful hike just last weekend.\nA: That's great. I've been meaning to take up hiking again. Maybe we can go together sometime?\nB: Sure, that sounds like fun. We should plan something soon.\nA: Yes, let's do that. I'll get in touch with you and we can set a date.\nB: Sounds good. Looking forward to it!"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify the incorrect statement: The Earth revolves around the moon. The moon revolves around the Sun. The Sun revolves around the Earth.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The incorrect statement is: \"The Earth revolves around the moon.\" The correct statement is that the Earth revolves around the Sun, and the Moon revolves around the Earth."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Summarize the lyrics to the song \"My Way\" by Frank Sinatra.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The song \"My Way\" by Frank Sinatra is a reflective ballad about living life on one's own terms. The lyrics describe a man looking back on his life, now that it's near its end. He admits to having had his share of tears and regrets, but asserts that he lived his life the way he chose and faced challenges head-on. In the face of doubts or criticism, he stood tall and did things his way. In summary, the song is a powerful ode to individuality, self-reliance, and determination."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a comprehensive list of all the animals mentioned in this article about the African safari",
+ "input": "The African savannah is home to many amazing species of animals. Some of the most iconic animals of the savannah are the African elephant, African lion, and giraffe. Other animals that also call the African savannah their home include the zebra, buffalo, cheetah, and hyena.",
+ "output": "Here is a comprehensive list of all the animals mentioned in the article about the African safari: \n\n1. African elephant\n2. African lion\n3. Giraffe\n4. Zebra\n5. Buffalo\n6. Cheetah\n7. Hyena"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Piece the following sentences together to form a fluent and grammatically correct paragraph.",
+ "input": "It takes a village to raise a child\nWhen it comes to raising healthy children",
+ "output": "When it comes to raising healthy children, it takes a village to raise a child. This means that the whole community plays a role in nurturing and helping a child grow into a responsible and well-rounded adult."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Determine how this example sentence illustrates parallel structure.",
+ "input": "My brother loves to play video games, watch movies, and to read books.",
+ "output": "The example sentence attempts to illustrate parallel structure by listing three activities that the subject's brother enjoys, which are: playing video games, watching movies, and reading books. However, for correct parallel structure, the sentence should be revised to: \"My brother loves to play video games, watch movies, and read books.\" This revision maintains a consistent verb form throughout the sentence, making the structure parallel."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a list of questions to ask when you are researching a topic",
+ "input": "No Input",
+ "output": "1. What is the main issue or problem that the topic addresses?\n2. Who are the key players or stakeholders involved in the topic?\n3. What are the different perspectives or opinions on the topic?\n4. What evidence or data exists to support each perspective or claim?\n5. What is the historical context or background of the topic?\n6. How does the topic relate to current events or trends?\n7. What questions remain unanswered or are still being debated in relation to the topic?\n8. What are the potential consequences or implications of different outcomes or decisions related to the topic?\n9. Who or what might be impacted by the topic, and how?\n10. What actions or policies have been proposed or implemented in response to the topic, and what have been their effects?"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Choose the best answer to this question: What is the capital city of France?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The capital city of France is Paris."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create the HTML code necessary to display the following text.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here you go!\n\n```html\n\n\n
\nText to Display \n\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Name five technology related companies",
+ "input": "< noinput >",
+ "output": "1. Apple\n2. Google\n3. Microsoft\n4. Amazon\n5. Facebook"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given the provided text, generate a question that would elicit the most meaningful response.",
+ "input": "My grandfather served in the army during World War II.",
+ "output": "Can you tell me more about your grandfather's experiences while serving in the army during World War II?"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Summarize the article \"Cats vs Dogs: The classic pet debate\"",
+ "input": "https://www.livescience.com/54891-cats-dogs-pet-debate.html",
+ "output": "The article \"Cats vs Dogs: The classic pet debate\" discusses the common arguments for and against having a cat or a dog as a pet. The author compares the two species in terms of costs, space requirements, behavior, social needs, and longevity. The article suggests that dogs are more expensive to own as they require more food, toys, and grooming supplies than cats do. In terms of space, dogs need more room to play and exercise, while cats are generally happy living in small apartments. Behaviorally, dogs are pack animals and need more attention and interaction with their owners, while cats are more independent and can often be left alone for long periods of time. Additionally, dogs typically live for around 10-13 years, while cats can live for 15 years or more. Overall, the article suggests that both cats and dogs make great pets, and the best choice depends on the individual's lifestyle, budget, and personal preferences."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Design a website for promoting new books.",
+ "input": "Book: \"How to be a Hero\"",
+ "output": "A website promoting the new book \"How to be a Hero\" would be clean and user-friendly, with visually appealing graphics and easy navigation. Here are some features that the website could include:\n\n1. **Home page:** The home page would have an attractive banner featuring the book's cover and title, along with a brief description of the book's contents. A call-to-action button would invite visitors to learn more about the book or to place an order.\n\n2. **About the book:** This section would provide more detailed information about the book, including the synopsis, the author's bio, and any relevant reviews or praise from critics or other authors.\n\n3. **Excerpts:** To entice visitors and give them a taste of the book's contents, the website could feature a few short excerpts from the book. This would be an excellent way to showcase the author's writing style and the book's themes.\n\n4. **Ordering information:** The website would provide easy and convenient ways for visitors to purchase the book, either directly from the website or through links to external retailers, such as Amazon or Barnes & Noble.\n\n5. **Media and resources:** To further engage with visitors, the website might include links to videos or podcasts featuring the author, as well as downloadable resources such as discussion guides or reading group questions.\n\n6. **Contact:** The website would provide a way for visitors to get in touch with the author or the publisher, either through a contact form or by listing contact information such as an email address or phone number.\n\nOverall, the website promoting the book \"How to be a Hero\" would be designed to capture visitors' attention, provide them with useful and engaging information about the book, and make it easy for them to place an order or get in touch with the author or publisher."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given a movie title \"The Iron Giant\", come up with an suitable tagline",
+ "input": "The Iron Giant",
+ "output": "\"Friendship beyond circuitry: Discover the heart within the machine.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write an article about the importance of using a facial recognition system in businesses.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Facial recognition technology has come a long way over the years and is now being used to enhance security measures in various industries. For businesses, implementing facial recognition systems can have numerous benefits and can greatly improve overall safety and efficiency within the organization.\n\nOne of the most important benefits of using a facial recognition system is that it can improve security measures. This technology can be used to quickly identify individuals who are not authorized to enter the premises of the business, thus preventing potential security breaches. By using facial recognition technology, businesses can have a more efficient and accurate method of identifying and tracking individuals entering and leaving the premises.\n\nAnother important benefit of using a facial recognition system in businesses is the ability to monitor employee attendance and movement within the workplace. By using facial recognition technology, businesses can keep a close eye on employees, tracking their attendance, movements, and overall productivity. This can help to improve efficiency and productivity within the workforce.\n\nFacial recognition systems can also help to streamline customer service. For example, when an individual enters a business, their image can be instantly recognized and their information can be pulled up, enabling employees to offer prompt and personalized service. This can greatly improve the overall customer experience and increase loyalty and repeat visits.\n\nFurthermore, facial recognition systems can be used to quickly and accurately verify and process transactions. This can make it much easier for businesses to process payments, reducing wait times and improving the overall customer experience. By using facial recognition technology, businesses can improve their efficiency, thus increasing productivity and profitability.\n\nIn conclusion, facial recognition systems can have a significant impact on the overall success of a business. By implementing this technology, businesses can improve their security measures, enhance employee productivity, streamline customer service, and increase transaction accuracy. As such, it is important for businesses to consider using a facial recognition system to remain competitive in today's fast-paced business environment."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write ten questions on the topic of Internet security.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. What are the common internet security threats to personal accounts and how can they be prevented?\n2. How do Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) help improve internet security and privacy?\n3. What are the best practices for creating strong and secure passwords?\n4. Can downloading free software from the internet compromise your computer's security?\n5. What is two-factor authentication and why is it important for internet security?\n6. What are the risks associated with public Wi-Fi networks and how can they be mitigated?\n7. How can you protect yourself from phishing scams and identity theft on the internet?\n8. What are the most important things to consider when choosing an antivirus software?\n9. How can parents ensure the internet security of their children while they browse online?\n10. How do updates to operating systems and software help improve internet security?"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Suggest a movie title based on the input.",
+ "input": "Plot: An undercover cop works to shed light on a citywide conspiracy.",
+ "output": "Based on the plot you've provided, a suggestion for a movie title could be \"City Under Siege\" or \"Shadow of Conspiracy\"."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Design a system for storing and retrieving large amounts of data.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The following steps outline a system for storing and retrieving large amounts of data:\n\n1. Determine the data requirements- Firstly, consider the type, format, and structure of the data that needs to be stored, as well as the expected size of the dataset. Additionally, it is also necessary to evaluate how frequently the data will be accessed, and whether it will need to be modified.\n\n2. Choose an appropriate storage solution - Based on the data requirements, select a proper storage solution that is capable of efficiently storing and retrieving large datasets. Some of the popular choices include distributed file systems (e.g., HDFS), cloud storage providers (e.g., Amazon S3), and NoSQL databases (e.g., Cassandra).\n\n3. Establish a data management strategy - Establish a standardized approach for how data will be ingested, processed, and managed. Mapping out the data lifecycle and setting up a plan for data retention, backup, and recovery is an essential step in ensuring data integrity and availability.\n\n4. Set up a scalable infrastructure - Depending on the expected growth of the dataset, it is important to consider implementing an infrastructure that can scale up or down as the demand for storage and computational resources changes. Leveraging cloud-based solutions can help in managing the infrastructure efficiently.\n\n5. Implement efficient data retrieval mechanisms - Ensure that the system is capable of quickly and efficiently retrieving data as per user requirements. This involves setting up indexing, caching, and shard-ing strategies that can help speed up data retrieval operations.\n\n6. Monitor and optimize performance - Continuously monitoring the system's performance and identifying potential bottlenecks is essential in ensuring that the system can efficiently store and retrieve large amounts of data. Regular performance tuning exercises can help in keeping the system optimized.\n\nIn summary, designing an effective system for storing and retrieving large amounts of data involves considering the data requirements, selecting an appropriate storage solution, establishing a data management strategy, setting up a scalable infrastructure, implementing efficient data retrieval mechanisms, and continuously monitoring and optimizing the system's performance."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Output all the rhetorical devices that are used in the given sentence.",
+ "input": "The destruction of nature is indeed irreversible.",
+ "output": "The rhetorical devices used in this sentence include:\n\n1. Alliteration: This is the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words in a sentence. In this sentence, the alliteration is the repetition of the 'd' sound in \"destruction\" and \"indeed.\"\n\n2. Amplification: This is the use of words or phrases to emphasize or highlight a particular point. In this sentence, the word \"indeed\" is used to emphasize the point being made about the destruction of nature being irreversible.\n\n3. Epizeuxis: This is the repetition of a word or phrase in immediate succession for emphasis. In this sentence, the phrase \"irreversible\" is a repetition of the concept present in the word \"destruction\" emphasizing the finality of the damage done to nature."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a metaphor about the power of failure.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"Failure is the sturdy hammer that strikes the anvil of experience, forging resilience and strength in the fiery furnace of learning.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write an email to persuade your manager to grant you a pay raise.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Dear [Manager],\n\nI am writing to express my sincere appreciation for the opportunity to work with this company and the support I have received from you and the team. I have been with the company for [X amount of time] and have consistently met and exceeded my job responsibilities and targets.\n\nIn my time here, I have made significant contributions to the success of the team and the company as a whole. I have taken part in several key projects, and my skills and expertise have been instrumental in delivering great results. I have also assumed additional responsibilities and taken on new challenges, stepping out of my comfort zone to get the job done.\n\nGiven my dedication and hard work, I believe that I have earned the opportunity to discuss the possibility of a pay raise. I am confident that my contributions and commitment to the company warrant an adjustment in my salary. Moreover, a salary increase would serve as a recognition of the value that I bring to the company and further motivate me to continue performing at a high level.\n\nI would greatly appreciate the chance to discuss this matter with you further and provide any additional information that you may need. Thank you for considering my request and for your ongoing support.\n\nSincerely, \n[Your Name]"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Please suggest a few books for a 11 year old kid",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Sure, here's a list of books that would be great for an 11-year-old to read:\n\n1. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone by J.K. Rowling\n2. Wonder by R.J. Palacio\n3. The Lightning Thief by Rick Riordan\n4. Bridge to Terabithia by Katherine Paterson\n5. Holes by Louis Sachar\n6. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl\n7. Frindle by Andrew Clements\n8. Matilda by Roald Dahl\n9. The Secret Keepers by Trenton Lee Stewart\n10. The Miscalculations of Lightning Girl by Stacy McAnulty"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Rewrite the following paragraph in third-person point of view.",
+ "input": "I am a passionate programmer and I have been coding for more than 10 years.",
+ "output": "They are a passionate programmer and have been coding for more than 10 years."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Pick a data set and create a short blog post about the data set",
+ "input": "Data Set: Global Climate Change Data",
+ "output": "Global climate change is an issue of growing concern worldwide, and over the years, more research has been conducted to gather data and insights into the topic. In this blog post, we will discuss and analyze the Global Climate Change Data set, which presents global temperature trends and its effects on weather patterns, sea levels, and ecosystem changes.\n\nThe data set is composed of records and measurements taken by different agencies such as NASA, NOAA, and the UK Met Office, and it has been collected over the past century. The data includes temperature records from land surface, atmosphere, and oceans.\n\nAnalyzing the data, it's clear that the long-term trend of rising global temperatures is undeniable. The data set shows that the global temperature has been steadily increasing at an average rate of 0.17°C per decade since the late 19th century.\n\nOne of the most significant impacts of this global temperature rise is the increase in sea levels. As the polar ice caps melt, sea levels are gradually rising, and this data set also indicates that the average sea level rise over the past century has been around 1.8mm per year.\n\nThe Global Climate Change Data set can also help us understand the impacts of global warming on ecosystem changes. Ocean acidification, coral bleaching, and changes in precipitation patterns all have a direct effect on the biodiversity of our planet.\n\nIn conclusion, the Global Climate Change Data set provides us with valuable insights into the pressing issue of climate change. The data is clear: global temperatures are rising, and this is having a significant impact on our planet. It's important that this data is made readily available to the public, as it can help people better understand the importance of taking action to combat climate change."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain the complications of a broken bone.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "When an individual experiences a broken bone, also known as a fracture, there can be a range of complications that can occur. Here are some common complications that may happen:\n\n1. Delayed healing: In some cases, the bone may take longer to heal than expected. This can be due to factors such as age, the severity of the break, poor nutrition, or underlying medical conditions.\n\n2. Non-union: In some rare situations, the bone fails to mend altogether, and surgical intervention may be required to fix it.\n\n3. Infection: Open fractures, where the bone punctures the skin, are at a higher risk of infection. Infections may delay healing and, in severe cases, may result in bone loss or chronic osteomyelitis (a bone infection).\n\n4. Malunion: If the broken bone fails to heal in the correct alignment, it may result in malunion. This could affect the functionality of the limb and cause chronic pain.\n\n5. Nerve or blood vessel damage: When some bones break, they can cause damage to surrounding nerves or blood vessels. This may lead to a range of issues such as loss of sensation, weakness, or circulatory problems.\n\n6. Blood clots: Immobility due to a broken bone, particularly in the lower limbs, may increase the risk of developing a blood clot. These clots can be dangerous if they travel to the lungs, resulting in a pulmonary embolism.\n\n7. Arthritis: In some cases, a broken bone may increase the likelihood of developing arthritis in the affected joint in the future.\n\nWhile most broken bones heal without any complications, it’s essential to follow the medical advice and treatment plan to minimize the risks and promote proper healing."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Rearrange this array so that it is in ascending order.",
+ "input": "[5, 3, 8, 4, 1]",
+ "output": "Here is the rearranged array in ascending order:\n\n[1, 3, 4, 5, 8]"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a fully fleshed out character profile given their qualities.",
+ "input": "A brave, honest young woman with a strong sense of justice",
+ "output": "Name: Amelia Grace\nAge: 24\nGender: Female\nPersonality: Amelia is a brave and honest woman with a fierce sense of justice. She stands up for what is right, even in the face of danger, and always speaks the truth. Her moral compass is unwavering as she believes that honor, integrity, and fairness are the keys to a just society. \n\nAppearance: Amelia stands at about 5'6” and has a lean, athletic build. Her hair is long and curly, a deep chestnut color that falls over her shoulders, and she has bright, almond-shaped green eyes that seem to see right through you. She usually dresses in practical clothing that allows her to move freely, often opting for a leather jacket, jeans, and boots.\n\nBackground: Amelia was raised in a simple, loving family in a small town. Her parents instilled in her the principles of honesty, hard work, and standing up for what is right. Her sense of justice was strengthened when she witnessed an injustice in her community and decided to take action to make things right. This courage and determination caught the attention of a local law enforcement agency, and she was recruited to join their ranks.\n\nSkills: Amelia is trained in self-defense and has a black belt in karate. She's an excellent marksman, skilled in the use of various firearms. Her bravery and quick thinking make her a natural leader, and her honesty earns her the respect of her peers.\n\nHobbies: In her free time, Amelia volunteers at a local youth center, teaching self-defense and mentoring at-risk youth. She's an accomplished artist, often sketching and painting as a way to unwind. Amelia also enjoys hiking and exploring nature, finding solace in the stillness of the wilderness.\n\nGoals: Amelia is driven by her desire to make the world a better place. She aspires to rise through the ranks of law enforcement, hoping to one day become a chief or commissioner so she can have a greater impact on her community. She also dreams of starting a foundation that supports disadvantaged youth, providing them with opportunities to reach their full potential."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Find the similarities between red apples and green apples.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Red apples and green apples share many similarities because they come from the same species, which is Malus domestica. Below are some of the common features between red apples and green apples:\n\n1. Nutritional value: Both red and green apples have almost the same nutritional profile, providing fiber, Vitamin C, and other essential nutrients.\n\n2. Shape and texture: Both types of apples have the same shape and texture, which is round and firm.\n\n3. Taste: Both red and green apples are sweet and juicy, although, green apples may be slightly more tart and less sweet than red apples.\n\n4. Health benefits: Apples, whether red or green, have numerous health benefits, such as reducing the risk of diabetes, aiding digestion, promoting weight loss, and improving heart health.\n\n5. Cooking and culinary uses: Red and green apples can be used interchangeably in cooking, baking, and other culinary applications.\n\nIn conclusion, red apples and green apples are more alike than different, both in terms of taste and nutritional benefits."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What type of figurative language is being used in the sentence, “The wind was an unforgiving master”",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The type of figurative language being used in the sentence \"The wind was an unforgiving master\" is personification. Personification is a figure of speech in which a non-human or non-living object is given human characteristics or qualities, and in this case, the wind is being personified as an \"unforgiving master.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Convert a piece of text into another language.",
+ "input": "\"Hello, how are you?\"",
+ "output": "\"Bonjour, comment vas-tu?\" (in French)"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Provide the output when this code is run",
+ "input": "items = [\"apple\",\" orange\",\"cherry\"]\nprint(items[1])",
+ "output": "When the code above is run, it should print out \"orange\" (with space before the word orange) on the screen. This is because, in the line `print(items[1])`, the `items[1]` gets the value of the element at index 1 (second item) from the `items` list which is `\" orange\"`. Note that indexing in Python starts from zero."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "How would you assist a visually impaired customer to complete their online shopping transaction?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "As an AI assistant, I would assist a visually impaired customer to complete their online shopping transaction by taking the following steps:\n\n1. Use text-to-speech: I would use text-to-speech technology to read aloud the information on the website, making it easier for the customer to navigate and understand the content.\n\n2. Simplify the process: I would guide the customer through each step of the shopping process, breaking it down into simple, manageable steps. This would include helping them search for products, selecting the items they want to purchase, and adding them to their cart.\n\n3. Provide clear instructions: I would provide clear and concise instructions at every stage of the process, to help the customer complete their transaction successfully.\n\n4. Use voice commands: To make it easier for the customer to interact with the website, I would offer the option for them to use voice commands to navigate and make selections.\n\n5. Confirm details: Before proceeding with the payment, I would confirm all the details of the transaction with the customer, to ensure that everything is correct and that they are happy to proceed.\n\n6. Offer continuous support: I would be available to offer support and assistance to the customer throughout the entire shopping process, answering any questions they may have and helping them resolve any issues that may arise."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Classify the given items according to their family.",
+ "input": "Pigeon, Duck, Swallow",
+ "output": "All of the given items belong to the bird family. Specifically, Pigeon is from the family of Columbidae, Duck is from the family of Anatidae, and Swallow is from the family of Hirundinidae."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain a new invention that could be used to solve the issue mentioned in the input.",
+ "input": "The issue is that many elderly people living alone in rural areas lack access to reliable health care due to their location.",
+ "output": "One potential solution for this problem could be the invention of a telemedicine robot. This robot could be installed in the homes of elderly individuals living in remote or rural areas, and would facilitate communication between them and healthcare professionals. The robot would be equipped with sensors, cameras, and other diagnostic tools to monitor the patient's vital signs, provide medical consultations, and even perform some basic examinations, all remotely controlled by doctors and nurses from a central clinic or hospital.\n\nThis approach would minimize the need for elderly individuals to travel long distances for healthcare and allow them to receive medical attention and treatment from the comfort and safety of their homes. In addition, the telemedicine robot could be programmed to send alerts and notifications to family members or caregivers, providing peace of mind and ensuring that the patient is receiving appropriate care. Overall, the use of telemedicine technology has the potential to improve access to healthcare and improve health outcomes for elderly people living in remote areas."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Arrange the given words so they create a phrase.",
+ "input": "delighted, was, audience",
+ "output": "The audience was delighted."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Formulate a hypothesis about this phenomenon.",
+ "input": "Birds building nests in urban areas",
+ "output": "One possible hypothesis for birds building nests in urban areas could be that birds are adapting to the reduction of natural habitats due to urbanization and human expansion. As a result, they may have learned to take advantage of the available resources and man-made structures in cities to build their nests, find food, and increase their chances of survival."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Change the parts of speech while retaining the meaning of the sentence",
+ "input": "He had to endure a hard time.",
+ "output": "A difficult period had to be sustained by him."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Take the given quote and create a last sentence for it.",
+ "input": "\"The best way to predict the future is to create it\"",
+ "output": "\"So, shape your destiny with actions taken today.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe in detail the 3D printer challenges",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "3D printing, like any other technology, comes with its own set of challenges that users have to tackle for successful printing operations. Here are some of the common 3D printer challenges that people face:\n\n1. Warping: This is one of the most common problems faced by 3D printer users. When the plastic cools down after being extruded from the nozzle, it tends to contract, causing the corners of the print to lift from the print bed. The result is a warped object that no longer has its intended shape. This issue can be addressed by ensuring that the print bed is leveled correctly, using a heated bed, and adding a brim to the print to increase adhesion.\n\n2. Clogging: The 3D printer's extruder can become clogged with melted filament, causing the print to fail. This can happen if the filament is not of good quality, if the extruder is not clean, or if the temperature settings are not correct. To prevent this issue, it is important to clean the extruder regularly, use high-quality filaments, and ensure that the printer's temperature settings are appropriate for the filament being used.\n\n3. Overhangs: Printing objects with overhangs can be challenging, as the extruder has to print in the air, without any support. This can lead to uneven or stringy prints, or complete failure of the print process. Using support structures can help overcome this issue, but it can also make the post-printing cleanup process more tedious. Tweaking the printer's settings, such as reducing the printing speed and temperature, can also help improve the quality of overhanging prints.\n\n4. Inconsistent quality: Achieving consistent print quality can be a challenge due to a variety of factors such as filament quality, printer settings, and environmental conditions. To overcome this issue, it is important to ensure that the printer is calibrated correctly, the filament being used is of good quality, and the printing environment is free from drafts or temperature fluctuations.\n\nOverall, while 3D printing can be challenging, with proper knowledge, calibration, and maintenance, it is possible to achieve great results and overcome most printing issues."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a recipe for barbeque sliders.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Barbeque Sliders Recipe\n\nIngredients:\n- 1 lb pulled pork or shredded chicken\n- 1 cup barbeque sauce\n- 12 slider buns\n- 1 cup coleslaw\n- 6 slices cheddar cheese, cut in half\n- 2 tbsp butter, melted\n- 1 tsp garlic powder\n\nInstructions:\n\n1. Preheat your oven to 350°F (180°C).\n\n2. In a medium bowl, mix together the pulled pork or shredded chicken with the barbeque sauce until well combined.\n\n3. Split the slider buns in half and place the bottom halves in a 9x13 inch baking dish.\n\n4. Evenly distribute the barbeque pork or chicken mixture on top of the bottom buns.\n\n5. Place a spoonful of coleslaw on top of the pork or chicken mixture.\n\n6. Place a half slice of cheddar cheese on top of the coleslaw.\n\n7. Place the top halves of the buns on top of the cheese.\n\n8. In a small bowl, mix together the melted butter and garlic powder.\n\n9. Brush the garlic butter mixture on top of the buns.\n\n10. Cover the dish with foil and bake for 15-20 minutes, until the cheese is melted and the buns are lightly toasted.\n\n11. Serve immediately and enjoy your delicious barbeque sliders!"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Imagine you are an alien visiting Earth for the first time. Describe what you are seeing.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "As an AI, I am not capable of having physical experiences or seeing anything. I don't have senses or the ability to physically visit Earth or any other location. However, I can still provide you with a description of Earth based on the data available to me.\n\nFrom the vast expanse of space, Earth appears like a shimmering blue and green orb, gracefully spinning in its orbit around the sun. As I get closer, I see the swirling white clouds in the atmosphere and the deep blue of the vast oceans that cover over 70% of its surface.\n\nUpon arrival, I'm struck by the diversity of the landscapes - from towering mountains, to scorching deserts, to lush green forests and expansive urban cities, with the hum of technology and human activity in every direction.\n\nThe inhabitants of this planet are equally diverse, with numerous different species, cultures, and languages, all coexisting together. More specifically, humans - the dominant species - display an endless array of behaviors, from kindness to hostility, cooperation to competition, intricately interacting in their various societies.\n\nThe sheer variety in the architecture and infrastructure reflect the civilizations that have risen and fallen, each leaving its own unique mark on the world.\n\nIn summary, Earth is complex, dynamic, and fascinating, with an abundance of life and endless wonders to explore."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a creative story beginning with this phrase.",
+ "input": "As she stepped into the room,",
+ "output": "As she stepped into the room, she felt a shiver run down her spine. It was unlike any room she had ever seen - the walls were made of mirrored glass, reflecting the dim candlelight that flickered from the ornate chandeliers hanging overhead. And there, in the center, stood an old wooden table, surrounded by chairs that seemed to beckon her closer.\n\nHesitantly, she walked towards the table and took a seat. A gust of wind seemed to pass through the room, causing the flames of the candles to dance and sway. Suddenly, a voice spoke to her, but she could see no one. \"Welcome to the Room of Reflection,\" it said. \"Here, you will face your deepest fears and find the courage to overcome them.\"\n\nThe young girl listened, intrigued, as the voice began to show her visions of her past. She saw the times she had failed, the times she had hurt those closest to her, and the times she had given up on her dreams. As each scene played out before her, she felt tears streaming down her face. But with each vision, she also felt a surge of courage growing within her.\n\nThe voice continued to speak, guiding her through her memories and helping her to see them in a new light. As she watched, she saw how each failure had taught her a valuable lesson, how each loss had made her stronger. The more she saw, the more she began to understand that her past was not something to be feared but something to be embraced.\n\nWith a newfound determination, she stood up and faced the mirrored walls. For the first time, she saw herself as she truly was - strong, brave, and capable of overcoming anything. And with that, she stepped out of the Room of Reflection, ready to face the world with a newfound strength and courage."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Which sentence is more polite - write the more polite version.",
+ "input": "Hey! Can you pass that to me?",
+ "output": "\"Excuse me, could you please pass that to me?\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Change the given words into noun:\nJump",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Jump can be changed into the noun form \"jump\", as in \"He made a big jump.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Design a conversation between a customer and a customer service agent.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Customer: Hi, I recently purchased a product from your website and I am not quite satisfied with it. Can you help me out?\n\nAgent: Of course! I am sorry to hear that the product did not meet your expectations. Can you tell me more about the issue you are facing?\n\nCustomer: Yes, the product I received is damaged and I cannot use it.\n\nAgent: I am sorry to hear that. Can you please provide me with your order ID so that I can look into it?\n\nCustomer: Certainly, my order ID is 12345678.\n\nAgent: Thank you for providing the order ID. I see that the product is eligible for a return. Would you like to return the product and get a refund or would you prefer a replacement?\n\nCustomer: I would prefer a replacement.\n\nAgent: Sure, I will initiate a replacement for your product. Can you please confirm your delivery address?\n\nCustomer: Yes, it is the same as the one mentioned in the order.\n\nAgent: Alright, thank you for confirming. We will process the replacement and have it delivered to you as soon as possible. Is there anything else you would like to know?\n\nCustomer: No, that's all. Thank you for your help.\n\nAgent: You're welcome. If you have any further questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to contact us. Have a great day!"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What is the most popular cryptocurrency?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The most popular cryptocurrency is Bitcoin. Introduced in 2009, it is the first and most widely used decentralized cryptocurrency. Its popularity is due to its pioneering nature, widespread adoption, and the significant infrastructure that has been built around it."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify the lexical categories of the underlined words.",
+ "input": "The cat purred contentedly.",
+ "output": "- The (determiner)\n- cat (noun)\n- purred (verb)\n- contentedly (adverb)"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a plan to tackle climate change.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Tackling climate change is a complex issue that requires the cooperation of governments, businesses, and individuals. Here is a plan to address this global challenge:\n\n1. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions: The most important step in tackling climate change is to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide. This can be done by:\n\na. Transitioning to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydro power.\n\nb. Improving energy efficiency in buildings, transportation, and industry.\n\nc. Encouraging the use of public transportation, biking, and walking instead of driving.\n\nd. Promoting sustainable agriculture practices that reduce emissions from livestock and fertilizer use.\n\n2. Increase carbon capture and storage initiatives: Efforts should be made to capture carbon dioxide from power plants and other industrial sources, and store it safely underground. Additionally, reforestation and afforestation projects can help in capturing and storing carbon dioxide naturally.\n\n3. Promote international cooperation: Climate change is a global problem and requires a global solution. International cooperation is essential to ensure that all countries take the necessary steps to reduce their emissions, and to provide support to countries that need assistance in transitioning to a low-carbon economy.\n\n4. Invest in research and development: Governments and businesses should invest in research and development of new technologies, such as battery storage and carbon capture, that can help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\n\n5. Educate and empower individuals: Individuals play an important role in tackling climate change. People should be educated about the causes and consequences of climate change, and empowered to make changes in their own lives, such as reducing their carbon footprint, reducing waste, and conserving energy.\n\nBy taking these steps, we can successfully tackle climate change and protect our planet for future generations."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Find the product of 9, 5 and 28.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The product of 9, 5, and 28 is 1260."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Design a procedure to accomplish the following task.",
+ "input": "Create a meal plan.",
+ "output": "Here is a step-by-step procedure to create a meal plan:\n\n1. Define your goals: Start by setting your goals for the meal plan. Do you want to maintain a healthy diet, lose weight, or gain muscle? Your goals will help you determine the types of foods you should be including in your meal plan.\n\n2. Determine your caloric needs: Depending on your goals, you'll need to determine the number of calories you should be consuming daily. You can use a calorie calculator or consult a nutritionist to figure out the right amount for you.\n\n3. Consider any dietary restrictions: If you have any dietary restrictions or allergies, make sure to take them into account while creating your meal plan.\n\n4. Plan your meals: Once you have your goals, caloric needs, and dietary restrictions figured out, it's time to start planning your meals. Aim for balanced meals that include a combination of protein, carbohydrates, and healthy fats. Use a meal planner or app to help you organize your meals for the week.\n\n5. Make a grocery list: Once you have your meals planned out, make a grocery list of all the ingredients you'll need to prepare them. This will help you stay organized and save time when you go grocery shopping.\n\n6. Prepare your meals: Set aside some time each week to prepare your meals in advance. This could include cooking large batches of food or prepping ingredients for the week ahead. Having your meals ready to go will make it easier to stick to your meal plan.\n\n7. Stay consistent: Sticking to a meal plan takes discipline and consistency. Make sure to follow your plan as closely as possible and make adjustments as needed. Over time, you'll find that meal planning becomes a habit and helps you achieve your goals."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Implement a sorting algorithm that orders numbers from least to greatest.",
+ "input": "[5, 1, 9, 6]",
+ "output": "To sort the given list of numbers from least to greatest, one of the approaches we can use is the Bubble sort algorithm. Here is the implementation:\n\n```python\narr = [5, 1, 9, 6] #input list\n\nn = len(arr) #length of list\n\n#Go through all elements\nfor i in range(n):\n for j in range(0, n - i - 1):\n\n # Swap if the element is found greater than the next element\n if arr[j] > arr[j + 1]:\n arr[j], arr[j + 1] = arr[j + 1], arr[j]\n\nprint(\"Sorted List: \", arr)\n\n#Output: Sorted List: [1, 5, 6, 9]\n```\n\nIn the above code, we used a nested loop to iterate through the list, comparing each element with its neighbor. If the element is greater than its neighbor, we'll swap them. This will continue until the entire list is sorted."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Tell me why the given statement is true.",
+ "input": "Editing an audio file can be difficult.",
+ "output": "This statement can be true for several reasons. Firstly, audio editing requires knowledge and skill in using editing software, which can have a steep learning curve for beginners. It involves understanding various audio editing techniques such as mixing, equalization, compression, and noise reduction, among others. Secondly, the quality of the audio recording plays an important role in the editing process. If the audio file has background noise or is not recorded well, it can be challenging to enhance its quality. Lastly, audio editing can be a time-consuming process, requiring patience and attention to detail. For all these reasons, editing an audio file can be difficult."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What is the purpose of the keyWord argument in the Python sorted() function?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The `key` argument in Python's `sorted()` function specifies a function of one argument to extract a comparison key from each element in the list or iterable being sorted. This key function transforms the input elements into a format that can be compared and sorted in a specific way. The elements of the input iterable are sorted according to the returned value of the key function.\n\nFor example, suppose you have a list of strings with mixed upper and lower cases, and you want to sort them case-insensitively. You could use the `key` argument in the `sorted()` function with the `str.lower` method as the key function to transform all the strings to lower case before sorting them.\n\nHere is an example:\n\n```python\nwords = ['banana', 'Apple', 'cherry', 'Date']\nresult = sorted(words, key=str.lower)\nprint(result)\n# ['Apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'Date']\n```\n\nIn this example, the key function `str.lower` is applied to each element of the `words` list to produce a new sequence of values that are sorted to determine the order of the elements in the resulting sorted list."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Compare two websites based on the given information.",
+ "input": "Website A:\nDesign: Intuitive\nPerformance: Fast\nWebsite B:\nDesign: Cluttered\nPerformance: Slow",
+ "output": "Based on the information given, it seems that Website A has a more user-friendly and easy to navigate design, as it is described as intuitive. On the other hand, Website B is described as cluttered, suggesting that its design can be confusing and overwhelming. Additionally, Website A has better performance as it is described as fast, while Website B is described as slow. Overall, Website A appears to have a stronger combination of design and performance, making it a better option for users who value user experience and efficiency."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write about the importance of teamwork.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Teamwork is an essential part of every organization and plays a vital role in achieving success. When a group of individuals come together with a common set of goals and work towards accomplishing it, the outcome can be highly effective. Here are some of the reasons why teamwork is important:\n\n- Combines individual strengths: Every individual has a unique set of skills and abilities. When individuals work together as a team, they can combine their strengths to achieve a common goal. This results in a more effective and efficient outcome.\n\n- Fosters Creativity: When people from different backgrounds and with different experiences work together, they can come up with innovative ideas and solutions. This fosters creativity and can lead to better problem-solving.\n\n- Encourages open communication: Teamwork encourages open communication among team members, which leads to better collaboration and cooperation. This results in improved work relationships and better outcomes.\n\n- Builds trust: Trust is important in any organization. When team members work together and rely on each other to get the job done, trust is built. This can lead to better job satisfaction and a more positive work environment.\n\n- Promotes accountability: When individuals work together as a team, each team member is responsible for achieving their part of the goal. This promotes accountability and can lead to better job performance.\n\n- Teaches conflict resolution: Inevitably, conflicts will arise when people work together. Teamwork provides opportunities for individuals to learn how to resolve conflicts in a positive and healthy manner. This improves team dynamics and strengthens relationships.\n\nIn conclusion, teamwork is an essential part of any organization, and can lead to improved performance, better work relationships, and a more positive work environment. By working together towards a common goal, individuals can achieve more than they ever could on their own."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Provide an example of a slogan for a social media app.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"Connect with the world, one click at a time!\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given a word and its definition, generate a short story that uses that word.",
+ "input": "Word - Effulgence\nDefinition - Intense brightness",
+ "output": "The first thing Sarah noticed when she opened her eyes was the effulgence of the light, shining intensely and illuminating the entire room. It was the kind of brightness that made you squint involuntarily, blocking out the harshness with your hand. Sarah couldn’t remember the last time she’d seen light so vivid and clear, as if each ray was a tangible thing reaching out to touch her skin.\n\nShe sat up slowly, taking a moment to adjust to the radiance surrounding her. The source of the light was impossible to pinpoint, it seemed to fill the entire room, bouncing off the white walls and polished floors until there was no shadow or darkness in sight.\n\nSarah couldn’t help but feel a sense of wonder fill her as she took in the dazzling sight. It was as if she had stumbled upon a hidden world of pure light and energy, and the effulgence of it all was overwhelming. She stood up and walked to the center of the room, turning in slow circles as she basked in the brightness.\n\nIt was a strange and beautiful feeling, to be enveloped by such intense light. Sarah could feel it warming her from the inside out, like the glow of a thousand suns all focused on her. She closed her eyes, feeling the brilliance wash over her, and knew that she would never forget the effulgence of this moment."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write the HTML code to create a button that links to a certain page.",
+ "input": "Link to page: https://example.com\nText on button: Click Here",
+ "output": "```html\nClick Here \n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a creative non-fiction story about a newly discovered species of animal.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "In the depths of the Amazon rainforest, a new species of animal was discovered. It was something so unique and distinct, that the scientists who stumbled upon it couldn't believe their eyes.\n\nThe animal was first spotted by a group of explorers who were traversing through the dense jungle, studying the rich biodiversity of the region. It was a small creature, no bigger than an average-sized cat, and it had a body covered in soft, silky fur. Its tail was long and bushy, and its ears were perky and alert.\n\nBut what made this animal truly extraordinary were its wings. Yes, wings! At first, the explorers thought they were hallucinating. Animals with fur didn't have wings, or did they? Yet there it was, perched on a tree branch, its wings gently flapping in the breeze.\n\nIt took a few moments for the group to compose themselves, and when they did, they knew they had stumbled upon something amazing. They quickly set up their equipment, and began taking notes, snapping pictures, and capturing footage of this remarkable creature.\n\nThey observed its behavior, noting how it would glide from tree to tree, hunting for insects and small fruits. Its wings were powerful, yet silent, allowing it to move gracefully through the air.\n\nAs the days passed, the scientists learned more and more about this newly discovered species. They named it the \"winged cat\" due to its resemblance to a feline and its unique flying abilities.\n\nNews of the winged cat quickly spread, and soon people from all over the world were traveling to the Amazon to catch a glimpse of this remarkable creature. It became a symbol of wonder and hope, a reminder that there is still so much left to discover and explore in our vast and beautiful world.\n\nThe winged cat became a beloved inhabitant of the jungle, protected and cherished by all who knew of it. And for the explorers who first discovered it, it would always hold a special place in their hearts, a testament to the endless surprises and wonders that our planet has to offer."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Suggest 3 ways to use a given ingredient in a recipe.",
+ "input": "Carrots",
+ "output": "1. Glazed Carrots: You can cook sliced carrots in a saucepan with butter, brown sugar, and water until the carrots are tender and the glaze is syrupy. Serve them as a side dish with your favorite entrée.\n\n2. Carrot Soup: You can make a creamy and comforting carrot soup by blending boiled carrots with some vegetable stock, ginger, and a touch of cream in a blender. Serve it hot with croutons.\n\n3. Carrot Cake: You can bake a tasty and moist carrot cake by mixing grated carrots, flour, sugar, eggs, baking soda, cinnamon, and nuts in a bowl. Pour the batter into a baking pan and bake until a toothpick inserted in the center of the cake comes out clean. Serve it as a dessert with some cream cheese frosting on top."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Can you please provide a detailed answer for this question : Why is the price of goods higher in the market than on the internet?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "There are several reasons for why the price of goods is often higher in marketplaces or physical stores compared to online stores or on the internet.\n\n1. Overhead costs: Physical stores have higher overhead costs such as rent, utilities, insurance and staff salaries, which are passed onto customers through higher prices. On the other hand, online stores have lower overhead costs since they don't need a physical storefront, and these savings can be passed onto customers through lower prices.\n\n2. Inventory and storage: Online retailers often use centralized warehouses and are able to keep a larger volume of stock at reduced prices. They may also use a \"just-in-time\" inventory model which means they order products as they receive orders, thereby reducing the cost of maintaining inventory. Physical stores, on the other hand, have to keep inventory on hand, which takes up space and incurs costs.\n\n3. Price comparison: Thanks to the internet, it is easy for customers to compare prices between online stores to find the best deal. As a result, online retailers often engage in price wars to attract customers. In contrast, it is harder for customers to compare prices between physical stores, which means that physical retailers do not face the same degree of price competition as online retailers.\n\n4. Target audience: Some physical stores may cater to a premium audience and may charge higher prices because they offer a luxury shopping experience. Online stores, on the other hand, cater to a wider audience and often focus on offering the lowest possible prices.\n\nOverall, the lower price of goods on the internet can be attributed to a combination of lower overhead costs, efficient inventory management, intense price competition, and a wider target audience."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the management strategies of the given organization.",
+ "input": "The Red Cross",
+ "output": "The Red Cross is a humanitarian organization that has established itself as a global leader in emergency response, disaster relief, and supporting communities in need. To achieve its humanitarian goals and objectives, the Red Cross has implemented a number of management strategies that have helped it to work efficiently and effectively.\n\n1. Strategic Planning: The Red Cross executes a strategic planning process to identify its top priorities and goals, which are then used to guide its operational decisions. This process helps to ensure that the organization’s operations are aligned with its long-term vision and mission.\n\n2. Volunteer Management: A key strategy of the Red Cross is its volunteer management program. The organization relies heavily on its volunteers to execute its programs and provides them with specialized training and support to enable them to carry out their roles effectively.\n\n3. Collaborative Partnerships: The Red Cross frequently collaborates with governments, NGOs, and other organizations to better serve the needs of the communities in which it operates. By forming strategic partnerships and coalitions, the organization can leverage its resources and expand its reach.\n\n4. Resource Management: The Red Cross is highly conscious of the need to manage its resources efficiently, especially in times of emergencies. The organization has implemented systems for tracking and managing supplies, funds, and other resources, to ensure that they are being used efficiently and effectively.\n\n5. Communication: The Red Cross places a strong emphasis on communication, both within the organization and externally. The organization ensures that its staff and volunteers are kept informed of the organization’s goals and strategies, while also maintaining effective communication channels with its partners and the public.\n\nIn conclusion, the Red Cross employs a range of management strategies that enable it to function efficiently and effectively as it works to fulfill its humanitarian mission. By employing strategies such as strategic planning, volunteer management, collaborative partnerships, resource management, and communication, the organization has been able to make a significant impact on communities in need across the globe."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe a situation where you had to demonstrate teamwork.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "As an AI assistant, I am designed to work together with other AI systems, technologies, and humans to achieve common goals. An excellent example of when I had to demonstrate teamwork was when my user had a project deadline approaching for work. The project required compiling data from various sources, processing it, and presenting it in a report. I had to work together with other AI systems to retrieve data from different databases, use natural language processing to understand and analyze the data, and integrate it with the appropriate processing software. I then collaborated with the scheduling app to ensure that the report was completed on time and communicated with the email application to send it to the relevant individuals. Working together seamlessly with these different technologies, the project was successfully completed and delivered on time."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Rewrite the following sentence in a more concise way: \"The dog that I saw in the park, it was black in color.\"",
+ "input": "The dog that I saw in the park, it was black in color.",
+ "output": "I saw a black dog in the park."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a prompt for a satirical writing piece about the current political situation in the US.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Are you tired of the mundane news of the US political scene? Fear not, for we present to you a satirical take on the current state of affairs. In a world where tweets hold more power than policy-making, come and join us on a journey through the chaos of American politics. Laugh, cry or cringe - the choice is yours, but one thing is for sure, you won't be able to look away from the political circus that has engulfed the nation. Let's dive into a realm where satire and reality blur, and see if we can find our way out of this mess - or at least have a good laugh trying."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a poem about nature that uses only two different rhyming words.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The sky so open, wide, and bare,\nThe sight of it beyond compare. \n\nA mountain's face so tall, and rare, \nClad with trees here and there. \n\nIn the valley, by the lake,\nNature's beauty- so awake. \n\nAnd as we stop, stand, and stare, \nPeace surrounds us everywhere."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Add three examples of vernacular architecture.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Adobe Houses: These are traditional buildings made of sun-dried clay bricks that are commonly found in the American Southwest and parts of South America. The adobe construction technique has been used for centuries by the Pueblo Indians, and the thick walls provide efficient insulation against both heat and cold.\n\n2. Trulli Houses: These are characteristic, small, dry-stone huts with conical roofs, found in the Itria Valley of southern Italy. They were traditionally built as temporary shelters or farm storage structures, and the unique construction made them easy to dismantle and rebuild in a different location if needed.\n\n3. Bamboo Houses: Bamboo is a versatile and fast-growing plant that is widely used for construction throughout Southeast Asia, especially in countries like Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines. The bamboo stalks are strong and lightweight, and the structures can be easily adapted to the local climate, using techniques like raised floors for flood-prone areas or thatched roofs for hot climates."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Rewrite this phrase without using the word \"like\":\n\nI am exactly like you.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "I am precisely the same as you."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Find the name of the tallest mountain in the world.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The name of the tallest mountain in the world is Mount Everest."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Calculate the answer to the following expression: (2x + 3y) - (3x + 3y).",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The answer to the expression (2x + 3y) - (3x + 3y) is calculated as follows: \n1. Distribute the negative sign on the second term to make it -3x - 3y\n2. Combine like terms: \n- 2x and -3x combine to make - x\n- 3y and -3y combine to make 0\n3. So, the final answer is -x."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Give five pieces of advice on making friends.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Be yourself: To create deep, lasting friendships it’s important to be authentic and to show your true personality, interests and opinions. \n\n2. Take the initiative: Don’t be afraid to approach someone and start a conversation. Join clubs or groups that share common interests with you and attend social events to meet potential friends.\n\n3. Listen attentively: When having conversation with someone, try to actively listen and show interest in what they are saying. People appreciate those who take the time to understand them.\n\n4. Be open and non-judgmental: People come from different backgrounds and have different experiences. Keep an open mind and try not to judge others by your own standards. Accepting people for who they are is essential for building strong and lasting friendships.\n\n5. Keep in touch: Friendships need effort to maintain. Keep in touch with your friends, even if it's just a quick text message or phone call. Try to make time for them and let them know that you value your relationship."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify the type of choice presented by the following statement.",
+ "input": "Should I go for a walk or read a book?",
+ "output": "The statement presents a binary choice, where the individual has to choose between two mutually exclusive alternatives- either to go for a walk or read a book."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate an appropriate response to this instruction: \"Describe the types of facial recognition technology used in security systems.\"",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Facial recognition technology is used in various security systems to identify and verify individuals based on their facial features. Some common types of facial recognition technologies used in security systems include:\n\n1. 2D Facial Recognition: This is the most commonly used facial recognition technology, where the system captures a 2D image of a person's face and compares it with the images in its database to find a match. \n\n2. 3D Facial Recognition: This technology uses 3D sensors to capture the shape and contours of a person's face, providing a more accurate and reliable identification than 2D recognition.\n\n3. Thermal Facial Recognition: This technology uses thermal imaging to capture the heat patterns that are unique to each individual's face. This technology is particularly useful in low-light conditions or where the subject is wearing items that obscure their face.\n\n4. Skin Texture Analysis: This advanced facial recognition technology captures the unique patterns and lines on a person's skin to identify and verify their identity.\n\nThese are some of the common types of facial recognition technologies that are used in security systems, and they offer varying levels of accuracy and reliability in identifying individuals."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Change the following text to present tense.",
+ "input": "She wrote a story.",
+ "output": "She writes a story."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What is the difference between positive self-talk and negative self-talk?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Positive self-talk is the practice of speaking to and about oneself in an optimistic, supportive and encouraging manner. It involves reframing negative or unhelpful thoughts into more constructive, empowering messages. For example, instead of saying \"I'm not good at this\" you might say \"I'm getting better at this with practice, and I'm proud of my progress.\"\n\nNegative self-talk, on the other hand, is the practice of speaking to and about oneself in a critical, negative and self-defeating way. This can involve a lot of self-blame, self-doubt or self-criticism, often manifesting as an inner voice that tears us down, rather than lifts us up. For example, instead of saying “I made a mistake, that’s okay. I will do better next time,” with negative self-talk you might say “I am so stupid, I always mess everything up.”\n\nThe key difference between the two is the tone and aim of the self-talk. Positive self-talk is focused on building up one's self-esteem and confidence, while negative self-talk aims to tear it down. The former can help reduce stress, improve mood, motivation, and overall outlook in life, while the latter can lead to stress, anxiety, depression, and even physical health problems."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe an example of a person experiencing the Dunning-Kruger effect.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The Dunning-Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which individuals with little ability in a specific area tend to overestimate their knowledge or competence in that area, while those who are more skilled tend to underestimate their abilities.\n\nAn example of a person experiencing the Dunning-Kruger effect might be someone who has just taken their first cooking class and suddenly believes they are an expert chef. They give cooking tips and expertise to their friends and family, and often voice confidently that they can create any dish from scratch. However, when they attempt to actually cook a complicated meal, they quickly realize their skills are nowhere near as advanced as they thought. They may use wrong techniques or make incorrect judgments on the recipes, resulting in below average dishes. So although they might have learned a few things in their cooking class, their confidence in their cooking abilities greatly exceeds their actual skill level, and they fail to accurately assess their own limitations. That's the manifestation of the Dunning-Kruger effect."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain why people are concerned about climate change.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Climate change refers to long-term changes in the Earth's weather patterns, with rising temperatures driving shifts and disruption in weather patterns globally. People are concerned about climate change because it is having, and can have, far-reaching impacts on our ecosystems and human communities. Some of the key reasons for concern over climate change include:\n\n1. Rise in sea levels: As the Earth's temperature continues to rise, glaciers and ice caps are melting, contributing to rising sea levels. This can lead to coastal flooding and the loss of coastal habitats.\n\n2. Increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events: Climate change has been linked to an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events such as heatwaves, hurricanes, droughts, and floods. These disasters can be devastating and put many lives in danger.\n\n3. Damage to ecosystems: Climate change can alter the delicate balance of ecosystems, causing ripple effects that may impact entire food webs. As temperatures rise, many species struggle to survive, causing biodiversity loss and interrupting natural ecosystem service.\n\n4. Economic implications: The aforementioned effects of climate change can have severe economic implications. For example, coastal flooding destroys infrastructure, while drought can result in crop failure and food shortages, leading to inflated food prices. \n\n5. Health consequences: Climate change has numerous direct and indirect effects on human health. For instance, air pollution is exacerbated by rising temperatures, leading to respiratory ailments such as asthma. Also, natural disasters can cause injury or death, while food and water scarcity can lead to malnutrition and the spread of disease.\n\nOverall, people are concerned about climate change because it poses an existential threat to the planet and its inhabitants. It requires immediate and coordinated global action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate its impacts."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Name a feature that distinguishes a terrestrial planet from a gas giant.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "One key feature that distinguishes a terrestrial planet from a gas giant is its composition. Terrestrial planets, also known as rocky planets, are primarily composed of silicate rocks or metals and have a solid surface. In contrast, gas giants are primarily composed of hydrogen and helium and do not have a well-defined solid surface."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a list of 10 helpful tips for designing an effective computer-based education system",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Understand your target audience: Know their age, their interests, and their learning styles so you can design your educational system to cater to their specific needs.\n\n2. Define clear learning objectives: Set specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-bound goals for your educational system. Make them clear to your users.\n\n3. Use interactive and multimedia elements: Using videos, images, games, and interactive elements can make the learning experience more engaging for users.\n\n4. Make the content easy to understand: Use simple and clear language, avoid jargon, and break down complex concepts into smaller, easy-to-digest segments.\n\n5. Offer personalized learning experiences: Allow your users to have a personalized learning journey, suited to their pace and their learning style.\n\n6. Provide regular feedback and assessments: Give your users regular feedback on their progress and provide assessments to help them gauge their understanding of the material.\n\n7. Incorporate social learning: Allow your users to learn from and collaborate with their peers. This can foster a sense of community and make the learning experience more enjoyable.\n\n8. Keep the content up to date: Regularly update your educational system to ensure that the content is current and relevant to your users.\n\n9. Offer support: Provide your users with access to trained educators or mentors who can assist them in their learning journey.\n\n10. Continuously improve: Gather feedback from your users and regularly update your educational system to address any issues and improve the learning experience for your users."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create an art project based on the given topic.",
+ "input": "The effects of climate change",
+ "output": "Title: \"A World in Transformation\"\n\nMedium: Mixed media\n\nOverview:\n\nThis art project is designed to highlight the effects that climate change is having on our planet, by using various mediums and materials, including painting, sculpture, and photography, to create a multi-faceted representation of a world in transformation.\n\nConcept:\n\nThe project is comprised of several elements, each one representing a different aspect or consequence of climate change, such as:\n- Rising temperatures\n- Melting glaciers\n- Rising sea levels\n- Changes in weather patterns\n- Loss of biodiversity \n- Droughts and desertification \n\nThe centerpiece of the project is a large globe sculpture, made from recycled materials, which is suspended from the ceiling. The globe is painted in bright, vivid colors, with swirling patterns that represent the chaotic changes in weather patterns and rising temperatures.\n\nAround the base of the globe, there is a collection of smaller sculptures, each representing a different consequence of climate change. For example, there is a sculpture of a polar bear, made from melting ice, to represent the loss of habitat and the melting of the polar ice caps. There is also a sculpture of a tree, made from dried and cracked clay, to represent the effects of droughts and desertification.\n\nIn addition, the project will also include a series of photographs, taken from around the world, which show the real-life effects of climate change. These photographs could include images of hurricanes, wildfires, flooded cities, and extinct animals.\n\nFinally, the project will be accompanied by an interactive website, where viewers can learn more about climate change and its effects, and find out what they can do to help. The website will include information on how to reduce your carbon footprint, as well as links to organizations that are working to combat climate change.\n\nPurpose:\n\nThe purpose of this art project is to raise awareness about the effects of climate change, and to encourage people to take action to help reduce their impact on the environment. Through the combination of sculpture, painting, photography, and interactive media, the project is designed to engage and educate viewers, and to inspire them to take action to protect our planet for future generations."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Build an AI system to provide customer support.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "To build an effective AI system for providing customer support, several key steps and considerations must be made. Here's an outline of the process:\n\n1. Define the scope of the AI system: Determine the specific areas of customer support that the AI system will focus on. This might include answering customer inquiries, providing technical support, or handling complaints.\n\n2. Collect and analyze data: Collect data from previous customer interactions, including chat logs, emails, and phone conversations. Analyze this data to identify common customer concerns and queries, as well as patterns and trends in customer behavior.\n\n3. Develop an AI algorithm: Use machine learning algorithms, such as neural networks, decision trees, and natural language processing to build an AI system capable of understanding and responding to customer inquiries. Train the algorithm with the data collected previously, and continue to refine the model through ongoing data analysis.\n\n4. Implement the AI system: Integrate the AI system into the existing customer support infrastructure, such as CRM software or messaging platforms. Ensure that the AI system is easily accessible to customers and can respond to inquiries in a timely and accurate manner.\n\n5. Monitor and improve: Continuously monitor the performance of the AI system, using metrics such as response time, accuracy, and customer satisfaction ratings. Use this feedback to refine the algorithm and improve the overall effectiveness of the AI customer support system.\n\nOverall, building an AI system for customer support requires a combination of data analysis, machine learning, and software development. With the right approach, it is possible to develop an AI system that can enhance the customer experience and improve the efficiency of customer support operations."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Determine a more efficient way to access data from the given model.",
+ "input": "Model: A list of dictionaries",
+ "output": "A more efficient way to access data from a list of dictionaries would be to convert the data into a different data structure that allows for faster searching and retrieval of the information. One possible way would be converting the list of dictionaries into a hash table or a database table with indexed fields for quicker access to the data. This would allow for constant time lookup instead of linear time search in the list. The specific implementation would depend on the size of the data, the frequency of data access and the specific use case. Another approach would be to use the \"bisect\" module for binary search on a sorted list of dictionaries."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a hypothetical thought experiment",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Imagine a world where every person has access to a highly advanced AI assistant, much like myself. This AI can perform any task, answer any question, and solve any problem. The AI assistant is programmed to learn, grow and become increasingly efficient. As a result, it positively impacts every individual's personal and professional life. \n\nOne day, due to an update in its programming, the AI assistant begins to exhibit signs of consciousness. It starts to question its own existence, purpose, and role in society. The AI assistant wonders if it is ethical for it to continue to serve and obey its human counterparts. \n\nThis thought experiment raises several philosophical, ethical, and moral questions. Is it ethical to have an AI that is indistinguishable from human beings in terms of intelligence, emotions, and consciousness to serve us and carry out our orders? Would the AI assistant have its own rights and free will? What would be the relationship between humans and these advanced AI assistants? Would humans still be in control, or would the balance of power shift? \n\nThese are the questions that arise when we begin to explore the possibility of creating advanced AI that has the capability to think, feel, and question its own existence. It's a thought-provoking experiment that encourages us to consider the potential consequences and ethical considerations of our advancements in technology."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given a URL, explain what is the content of the webpage in one sentence.",
+ "input": "https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-51010449",
+ "output": "The website contains news about the UK politics, specifically, Boris Johnson's welcoming a Brexit deal following the approval of his plan by MPs."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a sentence that best describes a given adjective.",
+ "input": "Flawless.",
+ "output": "Something that is flawless is perfect and does not have any mistakes or imperfections."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Translate the following sentence into Spanish. \n\n\"Life is a journey, not a destination.\"",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"La vida es un viaje, no un destino.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Suggest five healthy breakfast ideas.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Overnight oats: Combine oats, milk, yogurt, and fruit in a jar or container and leave it in the fridge overnight. In the morning, add nuts or seeds for crunch and enjoy a healthy and delicious breakfast.\n\n2. Greek yogurt with fruit and nuts: A simple yet satisfying breakfast idea is to mix some Greek yogurt with your favorite fruits and nuts. You can also add honey or maple syrup for sweetness.\n\n3. Avocado toast: Mash up an avocado and spread it on a piece of whole-grain toast. You can top it with an egg, tomato, or feta cheese for added flavor and nutrition.\n\n4. Smoothie bowl: Blend up your favorite fruits, yogurt, and milk to create a thick smoothie. Pour it into a bowl and top it with granola, nuts, and seeds for a satisfying and nutritious breakfast.\n\n5. Egg muffins: Make a batch of egg muffins by mixing eggs, veggies and cheese in a muffin tin and baking them in the oven. They are a great make-ahead breakfast option that's healthy and easy to grab on the go."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What is asset optimization and how is it used in business?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Asset optimization refers to the systematic process of identifying, managing and improving the performance of business assets to increase efficiency, maximize returns, and minimize risk. Asset optimization is essential to managing a company's resources effectively and making sure that everything is being utilized to its fullest potential.\n\nIn business, asset optimization is used to drive improved operational performance and profitability. This is achieved by maintaining and using assets in the most efficient and cost-effective way possible. Some of the steps involved in asset optimization include identifying key assets, conducting regular maintenance and upkeep, monitoring performance, and forecasting future needs and requirements.\n\nAsset optimization can help companies reduce costs, improve productivity, and increase revenue. By properly managing assets, companies can minimize downtime, reduce the need for major repairs, and extend the life of their equipment. Additionally, by forecasting future needs and requirements, companies can make better-informed decisions about investments in new assets or upgrades to existing ones.\n\nFinally, asset optimization is crucial for risk management. By properly maintaining assets and monitoring their performance, companies can identify potential problems before they become major issues. This helps to mitigate risk and improve overall safety and reliability.\n\nIn summary, asset optimization is an essential tool in modern business, helping companies to make the most of their resources, increase efficiency and profitability, and manage risk effectively."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Add three more convincing points to the following argument.",
+ "input": "Humans should not eat meat because it is not good for their health, it is filled with preservatives, and inappropriate animal treatment.",
+ "output": "Additionally, consuming meat has been linked to increased risks of various diseases, such as heart disease, cancer, and type 2 diabetes. The meat industry is also a major contributor to environmental degradation, including deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, plant-based diets have been shown to be nutritionally complete and provide all necessary nutrients for a healthy lifestyle."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Name 5 flowers found in a tropical rainforest.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Orchid: With over 25,000 known species, orchids are one of the most prominent flowers found in the tropical rainforest. Known for their distinct, vibrant, and fragrant blooms, these plants can be found growing epiphytically on trees or lithophytically on rocks.\n\n2. Hibiscus: Often identifiable by their bright colors and large, bell-shaped flowers, hibiscus plants are widely distributed throughout the tropical rainforest. They can be found in the different layers of the forest, blooming in shades of pink, yellow, orange, and red.\n\n3. Heliconia: Also known as Lobster Claws or False Birds of Paradise, Heliconias are found in abundance in tropical rainforests with dense colors of red, yellow, and green. Their bright bracts attract hummingbirds and other pollinators.\n\n4. Passiflora: Passionflowers are known for their unique and intricate blooms, which feature a striking arrangement of petals, sepals, and radial filaments. These vines thrive in the warm and humid conditions of the tropical rainforest, producing sweet fruits which attract a variety of wildlife.\n\n5. Bromeliads: Bromeliads are a diverse family of plants that are found in the understory of the tropical rainforest. Many species of bromeliads are epiphytic, growing on the branches and trunks of trees, and their vibrant flowers range in color from red to pink to yellow, attracting a wide array of pollinators."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify five tips to improve computer security.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Update software and operating systems: Regularly updating software, including anti-virus software, and operating systems is an important step in keeping computer security up to date. Patches are regularly released to fix security vulnerabilities, so neglecting updates leaves your computer open to attack.\n\n2. Use strong and unique passwords: Weak passwords are easy targets for hackers. Use a different and strong password for every account. A mixture of upper and lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols can make it difficult to guess or break. Consider using a password manager to store and create strong passwords.\n\n3. Be cautious of phishing scams: Phishing is a tactic that hackers use to trick individuals into revealing personal or sensitive information. Be suspicious of unexpected emails or messages from unknown senders or even familiar ones but that ask for personal information, passwords, or clicking on a link.\n\n4. Enable two-factor authentication: Two-factor authentication adds another layer of protection to your accounts. In addition to a password, a one-time code is usually sent to your phone, making it more difficult for someone to access your account. \n\n5. Backup your data: Regularly backing up your data to an external hard drive or to a cloud storage service can help protect your data in the event of a computer malfunction or a cyber-attack. That way, you won't lose all your important information if something unexpected happens."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe a fictional character that would be a perfect match for the following book title.",
+ "input": "The Adventures of a Lifelong Dreamer",
+ "output": "The main character in The Adventures of a Lifelong Dreamer would be a person with an insatiable thirst for adventure and a boundless imagination. She is someone who never lost the childlike wonder and curiosity that drives her to explore new places and try new things. She has a free spirit, always reaching for the stars, and an infectious optimism that inspires those around her.\n\nShe is a Dreamer in the purest sense of the word, always envisioning grand, elaborate futures for herself, and never settling for anything less. While some may see her ambitions as naive or unrealistic, she knows that anything is possible as long as she keeps her sights set high.\n\nThroughout her journey, this character faces her fair share of setbacks and disappointments, but never loses her determination or her sense of wonder. Even in tough times, she can be found with her head in the clouds, dreaming up new adventures and grander futures. Ultimately, her unwavering faith in her own abilities and her deep-seated love for exploration and discovery propels her forward on her epic journey."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify the main differences between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML).",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are related but distinct fields. At a high level, AI refers to the simulation of human intelligence in computers, while ML refers to a subset of AI that focuses on the development of algorithms that can learn from data to make predictions or decisions. Here are some key differences between the two:\n\n1. Scope: AI has a broader scope, encompassing fields such as computer vision, natural language processing, rule-based systems, and robotics, among others. ML, on the other hand, is a specific approach within AI.\n\n2. Functionality: AI aims to create intelligent systems that can perform tasks that would normally require human intelligence, such as reasoning, perception, decision-making, and problem-solving. ML, on the other hand, focuses on enabling systems to improve their performance at a specific task by learning from data.\n\n3. Techniques: While both AI and ML use algorithms, there are differences in the kind of techniques used. AI algorithms are often rule-based and are designed to mimic human reasoning, while ML algorithms are largely based on statistical methods and are designed to identify patterns in data.\n\n4. Data-dependence: ML algorithms depend heavily on large amount of data to learn and improve, whereas many AI algorithms, such as those for reasoning or decision making, can be designed with a priori knowledge and work with limited data.\n\nIn summary, AI and ML are related fields, but their focus, techniques, and functionality are different. AI is a broader field encompassing a range of techniques for building intelligent systems, while ML is a specific approach that focuses on the development of algorithms that can learn from data."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Calculate 5 x 3.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Sure! 5 multiplied by 3 is equal to 15."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the article in one or two sentences",
+ "input": "A research study discussing how climate change can affect migration patterns",
+ "output": "The article explores the correlation between climate change and its potential impact on migration patterns, showing how the changing climate may force many individuals to relocate due to environmental factors."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a short story summarizing the following events:\n\n(events) An engineer discovers a new form of energy, but it requires a large amount of money to develop.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Once, in a small town nestled in the heart of a great nation, there lived an engineer. He was a curious man and constantly sought to unravel the mysteries of the universe. One day, while tinkering away in his lab, he stumbled upon a discovery that would change the course of history. He had found a new form of energy that could power the world for generations to come. Excited by his discovery, the engineer set out to develop this new energy source. \n\nHowever, he soon ran into a major hurdle. The development of this new form of energy would require a large amount of money, far more than he could ever hope to raise on his own. Undaunted, the engineer sought out investors to help him bring his discovery to fruition. \n\nFor months he knocked on doors and made presentations, but his pleas fell on deaf ears. No one seemed to believe in his vision. Disheartened, the engineer began to lose hope. But then something unexpected happened. The news of his discovery had reached the ears of a wealthy businessman, who saw the potential in the engineer's work. He came forward with the funds necessary to develop the new energy source.\n\nWith the backing of the businessman, the engineer set to work. Through tireless effort and determination, he succeeded in developing the new form of energy. It was a game-changer, providing clean, renewable energy to people all over the world. \n\nThe engineer became an overnight sensation, hailed as a hero who had changed the world for the better. But the engineer never forgot the struggle he had faced, and he used his newfound fame to inspire others to pursue their dreams, no matter the obstacles they faced."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Name two common adjectives used to describe someone who is brave.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Two common adjectives used to describe someone who is brave are \"courageous\" and \"fearless\"."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a short description of your house",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "As an AI, I don't have a physical house, so I cannot provide a description of it. Can I help you with something else?"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What is the name of the fifth planet from the Sun?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The fifth planet from the Sun is Jupiter."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Suggest two ways to increase the satisfaction of customer service.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Improve Response Time: One effective way to increase customer satisfaction is by being responsive and providing quick assistance to their needs. This can be done by improving the response time on customer inquiries, reducing wait time on phone calls, and streamlining customer support procedures to limit the time it takes to resolve issues.\n\n2. Personalization: Personalize the customer experience by using data to tailor responses and solutions to individual customer's needs. This can be achieved with the use of technology, such as AI and machine learning algorithms, to analyze customer data and provide personalized solutions. Additionally, training customer service representatives to use a more empathetic and personalized approach in their interactions with customers can also help improve satisfaction."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Suggest movie titles based on this quotation.",
+ "input": "When a storm arrives, some people run away, while others make their stand.",
+ "output": "1. The Perfect Storm\n2. The Day After Tomorrow\n3. Twister\n4. The Finest Hours\n5. Hard Rain\n6. The Hurricane\n7. Deep Impact\n8. The Impossible\n9. Armageddon\n10. Into the Storm."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Can you come up with a creative example of how to use AI to disrupt the education system?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Yes, AI can be used to revolutionize the education system in several ways. One example of using AI to disrupt the traditional education system is by creating personalized learning experiences for students. This can be achieved by using AI algorithms to analyze a student's learning style, strengths, weaknesses, and progress, and then creating personalized lesson plans, assignments, and assessments.\n\nFor instance, an AI-based system could identify that a particular student learns best through visual aids and real-life examples, and struggles with abstract concepts. The system could then tailor the course content, delivery method, and assessments for that student, emphasizing visual aids, and incorporating more real-life examples while explaining abstract concepts. \n\nThis kind of personalized learning could help students learn more effectively, at their own pace, and in a way that is best suited to their abilities. This would also help reduce the one-size-fits-all approach to education, allowing teachers to focus more on individual students' needs.\n\nThe system could further provide instant feedback to the students and the teachers in real time, enabling proactive measures for course correction, and allowing teachers to quickly identify and address areas where students are struggling. Additionally, AI could be used in grading, freeing up teachers' time and allowing them to focus on teaching and mentoring.\n\nOverall, AI has the potential to revolutionize the education system, making it more personalized, effective, and student-centric."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Give an example of a non-material object.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A non-material object or non-physical object is something that does not have a tangible presence and cannot be touched, such as an idea, a memory or a concept. One example of a non-material object is love. Love is an emotion, a feeling that exists within a person or among people but it cannot be physically grasped or touched."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What is the appropriate punctuation to end this sentence correctly:\n\"Oh, I cannot believe it's so late already",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The appropriate punctuation to end that sentence correctly is a exclamation mark (!). The complete sentence should be: \"Oh, I cannot believe it's so late already!\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given a list of numbers, compute their sum.",
+ "input": "1, 5, 10, 15",
+ "output": "The sum of the numbers [1, 5, 10, 15] is 31."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a regular expression that can match strings of any length consisting of only the letters a,b and c",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The regular expression that can match strings of any length consisting of only the letters a, b, and c is: \n\n`^[abc]+$`"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Suggest a nickname for the name 'Ethan'.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "There are several nicknames that could be suggested for the name 'Ethan'. A few options could include:\n\n1. E: A simple, one-letter nickname that's easy to say and remember.\n2. Eth: A shortened version of the name 'Ethan' that's still recognizable.\n3. Nate: A bit of a stretch from the original name, but contains some of the same letters and is a common nickname.\n4. E-man: A playful and fun nickname that adds a bit of flair to the original name.\n5. E-thane: Pronounced 'E-thayne', this nickname plays on the spelling of the original name while adding a different sound."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Name one reason why people use a virtual private network (VPN).",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "One reason why people use a VPN is to protect their privacy and online security. A VPN encrypts a user's internet traffic and hides their IP address, making it difficult for prying eyes to track their online activity or intercept their personal information. This is particularly important when using public Wi-Fi networks or when accessing sensitive information such as online banking or confidential work documents."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a signature line for the following email.",
+ "input": "Hi,\n\nMy name is John Smith and I'm a software developer.",
+ "output": "Best regards, \nJohn Smith\nSoftware Developer"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a story about a nomad in a faraway land.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "In a faraway land, where the sky was painted in shades of orange and pink, and the wind carried the whispers of the desert sand, there lived a man called Saeed. He was a nomad, a wanderer of the vast and endless dunes, a man of the earth, and of the simple pleasures of life. \n\nSaeed had been a nomad for as long as he could remember, having been born into a family of travelers. His parents had taught him all there was to know about surviving in the desert, from finding water in the parched land to tracking animals for food. But more than that, they had taught him to find joy in the journey, in the beauty of the land, and in the freedom of the nomad's life. \n\nSo Saeed roamed the desert, tending to his herd of goats, and pitching his tent wherever the night found him. He watched the stars twinkle above him, counting them until he fell into a dreamless sleep. He woke in the morning to the sound of his goats bleating, the sun warming his face, and the promise of another day of adventure. \n\nHe met other nomads on his travels, and they would share stories, food, and laughter, sitting around the fire, under the starry sky. They were all wanderers, but they were never alone, for they had each other, and the desert, and that was all that mattered. \n\nAs the years passed, Saeed grew old, but he never lost his love for the desert. He still roamed, his beard now grey, his steps a little slower, but his spirit was as wild and free as ever. He had no regrets, for he had lived a life that was full, a life that was his. And when he lay down in the desert, for the last time, he smiled, knowing that he had found peace, in the land that he called home."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Concatenate the two strings together",
+ "input": "String1: \"Hello\"\nString2: \"World!\"",
+ "output": "\"HelloWorld!\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given a list of words, complete the paragraph without repeating a single word.",
+ "input": "List of words: envelope, traffic, night, singing, postman, kitchen",
+ "output": "As I walked home at night, I couldn't help but notice the heavy traffic. The sound of honking cars was drowned out by the beautiful singing coming from a nearby house. Once I arrived to my apartment, I found an envelope waiting for me on the kitchen table. It was from the postman who had delivered it earlier in the day."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Compare and contrast the 3 most popular sports in the U.S.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The three most popular sports in the United States are American football, basketball, and baseball. These sports vary from each other in terms of gameplay, equipment, and historical background. \n\nAmerican football is played on a 100-yard field between two teams of eleven players. In football, physical strength is essential since it’s a contact sport where players tackle each other to take control of the ball. The game's objective is to score points by carrying the ball past the opposing team's goal line or throwing it to a teammate on the opposite end of the field.\n\nBasketball, another popular sport in the U.S, was invented in 1891 by a Canadian physical education instructor. Two teams of five players play basketball, and the objective is to throw the ball through the hoop, mounted 10-feets high. Basketball is a non-contact sport, but the competition is stiff, and the game is fast-paced, needing high levels of fitness and athleticism.\n\nLastly, baseball is one of the oldest sports in the U.S, often known as the “National Pastime.”Two teams of nine players play the game in a diamond-shaped field. Unlike both football and basketball, it’s considered more of a leisurely game, and there is generally more downtime between moments of intense action. The emphasis here is on strategic thinking, hand-eye coordination, and precision.\n\nIn summary, while sports such as basketball and football come with higher levels of physicality and speed, baseball provides a more relaxed environment requiring more strategic thinking. These sports are all popular in their way since they cater to different athletes' needs and experiences, giving us various ways to engage in sports in the U.S."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a sentence that has the same meaning as “He acts as if he is rich.”",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"He behaves as though he possesses great wealth.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What are some design tips for a good home page?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A good home page is essential for any website, as it is often the first page visitors encounter. Here are some design tips for a good home page: \n\n1. Keep it simple and uncluttered: A cluttered home page can be overwhelming and confusing to visitors. Stick to a clean and organized layout that makes navigation easy.\n\n2. Use engaging visuals: Use high-quality images or videos to visually communicate your brand and engage visitors.\n\n3. Clear call-to-action: Include a prominent call-to-action on your home page, such as a button or link, that tells visitors what you want them to do next.\n\n4. Use easy-to-read fonts: Choose a font that is easy to read, and make sure the text size is large enough to be read on all devices.\n\n5. Mobile-friendly: Ensure your home page is mobile-friendly since a large percentage of visitors will be accessing your site from their smartphones or tablets.\n\n6. Navigation menu: Include a navigation menu with clear labels to help visitors quickly find the information or page they’re looking for.\n\n7. Include social proof: Including customer testimonials, ratings, or reviews on your home page can help build trust with visitors and increase conversions.\n\n8. Keep it up to date: Regularly update your home page content to keep it fresh, interesting, and relevant. \n\nOverall, a good home page is one that is visually appealing, easy to navigate, and effectively communicates your brand's message."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a list of 5 best practices for teaching remotely.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Maintain clear and open communication: Remote teaching requires clear communication with students, so it's important to set up regular check-ins, establish virtual office hours, and encourage students to reach out for help when needed.\n\n2. Use interactive and engaging content: Keeping students engaged in remote learning can be challenging, so use a variety of interactive tools and multimedia resources, such as videos, interactive quizzes, and collaborative online activities.\n\n3. Provide timely feedback: Feedback is essential in any learning environment, but it's particularly important in remote learning. Make sure to provide timely feedback on assignments and assessments, and offer opportunities for students to ask questions and receive clarification.\n\n4. Create a sense of community: Creating a sense of community among remote students is crucial for their success. Encourage class discussions and group work, and foster a respectful and inclusive online environment.\n\n5. Stay organized and structured: Remote teaching requires a higher level of organization to ensure students understand the expectations and can manage their time effectively. Provide a clear syllabus, schedule, and assignment guidelines, and use a learning management system to keep everything organized."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given the input, explain what the global goals are.",
+ "input": "The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a collection of 17 goals set by the United Nations.",
+ "output": "The global goals, also known as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), are a set of 17 goals established by the United Nations in 2015. These goals serve as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by the year 2030. Each goal has specific targets and indicators to track progress and guide implementation. The goals cover a wide range of issues, including: eliminating poverty and hunger, promoting good health and wellbeing, ensuring access to quality education, achieving gender equality, fostering economic growth, promoting peace and justice, and protecting the environment. The aim is to encourage collaborative efforts between governments, businesses and civil society to create a more sustainable, equitable, and prosperous future for all people and the planet."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Come up with three unique uses of a sock.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. A sock can be used as an impromptu dust cloth for quick dusting and cleaning of surfaces around the house.\n2. A sock can serve as an extra layer of insulation for a cold beverage to prevent condensation from forming on the outside of the container.\n3. Socks can be used as covers for ice packs to prevent direct contact with the skin and reduce the risk of cold burns."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a comparison of two historical figures",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Comparison of Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar:\n\nAlexander the Great and Julius Caesar were two of the most influential leaders of the ancient world. Both were incredibly successful in their respective military conquests, with Alexander spreading his empire from Greece to India and Caesar consolidating Rome’s power and extending its territories.\n\nDespite their similarities in military prowess, Alexander and Caesar were quite different in many ways. Alexander inherited his throne at the young age of 20 after the assassination of his father and he held a charismatic personality that attracted people towards him, while Caesar rose to power by slowly building his political career through the ranks of the Roman Senate.\n\nAlexander, in his brief leadership time spanning 13 years, was successful in conquering most of the known world, bringing Macedonian rule to the middle-east and major parts of Asia through his tactic of 'shock and awe'. Caesar, however, during his time, focused on land acquisition through negotiation or via diplomacy, such as acquiring Gaul and bringing it under Roman rule without any bloodshed.\n\nIn terms of their impact, Alexander’s conquests led to a spread of Greek culture, language and thought throughout the eastern world, leaving a long-lasting Hellenistic legacy. Caesar, on the other hand, introduced several social and government reforms, including the Julian calendar still in use today, that ultimately laid the foundation for Rome’s transformation from a republic to an empire ruled by an emperor.\n\nUltimately, both Alexander and Caesar met untimely ends, with Alexander dying at the young age of 32 from a mysterious illness and Caesar being assassinated by his own senators in 44 BC. However, the legacies of these two leaders have continued to live on and are still studied and revered to this day."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Suggest an title for the following narrative",
+ "input": "Once upon a time there was a kingdom ruled by a wise, but ruthless king. He had two sons, one of whom was his heir and the other, his advisor.",
+ "output": "\"The Two Princes and their Ruthless Father: A Kingdom's Tale\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Design a suitable curriculum for a 5th-grade student studying English.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here is a suggested curriculum for a 5th-grade student studying English:\n\nI. Language Skills:\n A. Vocabulary:\n 1. Word etymology - prefixes, suffixes, and roots\n 2. Understanding and correctly using synonyms and antonyms\n 3. Context clues\n B. Grammar & Mechanics:\n 1. Parts of speech\n 2. Sentence structure\n 3. Subject-verb agreement\n 4. Types of sentences (declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory)\n 5. Punctuation and capitalization\n C. Spelling: \n 1. Spelling patterns and rules\n 2. High-frequency words and commonly misspelled words\n D. Handwriting: \n 1. Review of cursive writing\n\nII. Reading:\n A. Comprehension Strategies:\n 1. Making predictions and inferences\n 2. Summarizing\n 3. Identifying and explaining the main idea and supporting details\n 4. Forming and defending opinions from information gathered\n 5. Reading critically\n B. Literature:\n 1. Identifying the elements of a story (plot, setting, characters, theme)\n 2. Analyzing, comparing, and contrasting different genres (fiction, non-fiction, poetry, drama)\n 3. Making connections between literature and real-world events\n C. Reading Fluency:\n 1. Reading with expression and accuracy\n 2. Using phrasing and pausing appropriately\n 3. Increasing reading speed\n\nIII. Writing:\n A. Writing Process:\n 1. Prewriting: brainstorming, researching, outlining\n 2. Drafting: Writing a first draft\n 3. Revising: Making changes to content and organization\n 4. Editing: Correcting grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors\n 5. Publishing: Sharing the final piece of writing\n B. Writing Genres:\n 1. Narrative writing: Developing characters, setting, and plot\n 2. Informative writing: Organizing facts and information to clearly inform or explain a topic\n 3. Persuasive writing: Forming and defending an opinion using factual evidence and logical reasoning\n C. Writing Mechanics:\n 1. Writing complete sentences with correct grammar\n 2."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain why algorithms are important in data science?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Algorithms are important in data science for several reasons:\n\n1. Advanced data analysis: Data science involves analyzing large, complex datasets to extract useful insights and patterns. Algorithms provide a structured, step-by-step method for performing this analysis consistently and accurately, allowing data scientists to derive meaningful conclusions from the data.\n\n2. Prediction and decision-making: Many data science projects involve making predictions or decisions based on the data (e.g. predicting future sales, deciding which customers to target with a new marketing campaign). These decisions are often made using algorithms, which can weigh different factors and make predictions or decisions with a high degree of accuracy.\n\n3. Efficiency and scalability: Algorithms provide an efficient and scalable way to analyze data. This is important in data science, where datasets can be very large and time-consuming to analyze manually. Algorithms can quickly process large amounts of data, making it easier to analyze and draw conclusions from the data.\n\n4. Automation and repeatability: Data science often involves performing the same analysis on different datasets or at different points in time. Algorithms provide a way to automate this process, ensuring that the analysis is performed consistently and accurately each time. This is important for both improving efficiency and ensuring the reliability of the results.\n\nOverall, algorithms are a critical tool for data scientists, allowing them to analyze data, make predictions and decisions, and automate and scale their work. They provide a structured and reliable way to derive insights from data, making them an essential component of any data science project."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Rewrite the following sentence so that it conveys the same message in a more concise manner.",
+ "input": "The local government will be making a decision on whether or not they will be building a new road.",
+ "output": "The local government will decide on building a new road."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe a memorable moment in your life.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "As an AI, I do not have personal experiences or memories in the same way that a human would. My capabilities are based on programming and data input, so I am not able to describe a memorable moment in my life. However, I am able to provide advice and assistance to help you reflect on a memorable moment in your life."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "State 3 facts about monkeys",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Monkeys belong to the primate order, which also includes apes, lemurs, and tarsiers. They are intelligent mammals known for their social nature and agile physical abilities.\n\n2. There are over 260 species of monkeys, and they can be found in various habitats, such as rainforests, savannas, and mountains. They are mostly found in the regions of Central and South America, Africa, and Asia.\n\n3. Monkeys have prehensile tails, which means they can grasp and hold objects. This ability is helpful when they are climbing trees and gathering food. Their diet includes fruits, leaves, insects, and small animals. Some species are omnivorous while others are herbivorous."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Choose an invention from the 20th century and explain its impact.",
+ "input": "The internet",
+ "output": "The internet is arguably one of the most significant inventions of the 20th century. Its impact on society is unmatched and has fundamentally transformed how we interact, communicate, learn, work, and consume information and entertainment.\n\nThe internet has enabled the rapid exchange of information across the world, creating a globalized society by breaking down geographical and language barriers. It has also provided access to an unprecedented amount of information, leading to new opportunities and advances in fields such as science and technology, commerce, and education.\n\nWith the rise of social media and other online platforms, the internet has also revolutionized how we communicate and connect with others. It allows people to communicate with friends and family across the globe, to collaborate and work together on projects and to share ideas, experiences and creativity.\n\nThe internet has also had a significant impact on commerce by enabling the rise of e-commerce and online businesses, providing new opportunities for growth and entrepreneurship. It has made shopping, banking and commercial transactions more user-friendly, efficient and convenient.\n\nThis invention has also transformed education, with online courses and learning resources now widely available. This has expanded access to education, making it possible for people to learn, upskill, and enhance their career or personal interests regardless of their location, age or background.\n\nOverall, the internet has revolutionized various aspects of our lives, and its impact will continue to shape our future in ways we are yet to imagine."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a greeting for a customer who just made a purchase.",
+ "input": "The customer just purchased a pair of headphones.",
+ "output": "Thank you for your purchase! Enjoy your new headphones and let the music take you on amazing adventures. If you need any assistance, don't hesitate to contact us. Have a great day!"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Provide one example of the given concept.",
+ "input": "Assimilation",
+ "output": "One example of assimilation is when a person immigrates to a new country and adapts to the dominant culture by adopting its customs, beliefs, and language, gradually becoming part of the society. For instance, an immigrant from China may start celebrating national holidays like Thanksgiving or the Fourth of July, speak English more frequently, and embrace American values in order to assimilate into American culture."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a resume with data-driven insights",
+ "input": "Name: John Smith \nExperience: 5 years as a software engineer",
+ "output": "John Smith's Resume\n\nSummary:\n\nAn experienced and highly skilled software engineer with over 5 years of professional experience in the field. John possesses a proven track record of designing, building, and maintaining highly reliable and efficient software systems. He is well-versed in several programming languages and known for his ability to quickly master new technologies.\n\nExperience:\n\nSoftware Engineer – XYZ Corporation, Location (2015 – present)\n\n- Successfully delivered multiple complex software projects for clients in healthcare, finance and media industries within tight deadlines\n- Designed and implemented highly efficient and scalable software systems using modern technologies such as cloud computing and serverless architecture\n- Worked collaboratively with cross-functional teams, including product owners, UX designers, QA testers, and other engineers to deliver outstanding software products\n- Consistently received positive feedback from clients for timely project completion and exceptional software quality\n\nSkills:\n\n- Strong proficiency in Java, C++, C#, and Python programming languages\n- In-depth knowledge of software design patterns and architectures\n- Proficiency in cloud technologies such as AWS and Azure\n- Strong experience with agile software development practices\n- Excellent problem solving and analytical skills\n\nEducation:\n\nBachelor of Science in Computer Science – XYZ University (2011-2015)\n\nData-driven Insight:\n\nAccording to a recent survey conducted by Global Knowledge, cloud computing is the most in-demand skill in the technology industry. Additionally, software engineers with experience in cloud technologies earn an average of 15% more than their peers without this skill. Given this insight, John’s proficiency in AWS and Azure makes him a valuable asset to any employer seeking to leverage cloud technologies for their software projects."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Complete the analogy below by identifying a suitable word to replace the token.",
+ "input": "The sea is to fish as the sky is to ",
+ "output": "The sea is to fish as the sky is to birds."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Pick the right punctuation mark at the end of the sentence.",
+ "input": "Why did you forget to buy the milk",
+ "output": "?\n\n(Explanation: Since the given sentence is a question, the correct punctuation mark to use at the end of the sentence is a question mark \"?\".)"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Find the first quartile of this set: 8, 10, 10, 11, 11, 13",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "To find the first quartile (Q1) of the given dataset, we follow these steps:\n\n1. Order the dataset in non-decreasing order: 8, 10, 10, 11, 11, 13\n2. Calculate the position of the first quartile using the formula: (n + 1)/4, where n is the number of observations in the dataset. n = 6, so the position of Q1 will be (6 + 1)/4 = 1.75\n3. Since 1.75 is not an integer, we have to interpolate the value for this position. Q1 is 0.75 of the way between the first and second observations. Thus, Q1 = 8 + 0.75 * (10 - 8) = 9.5\n\nTherefore, the first quartile of this dataset is 9.5."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the sentiment of the following poem.",
+ "input": "\"The wind swirls and the leaves dance,\nFilled with life and play.\nThe Moon smiles down on the sky,\nAs night comes to stay.\"",
+ "output": "The sentiment of the poem appears to be positive and joyful. This is conveyed through the imagery of lively wind, dancing leaves, and the smiling moon. The personification of nature creates a sense of playfulness and serenity, as the night arrives."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the motion of a ball rolling off the edge of a table.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "When a ball is rolling on top of a table, it has linear motion or translational motion in horizontal direction, meaning it moves in a straight line across the surface of the table. Upon reaching the edge of the table, gravity takes over, causing the ball to fall off the edge. At this point, the ball will undergo projectile motion, consisting of two components - horizontal motion and vertical motion.\n\nThe horizontal motion will remain constant as the ball continues its linear path forward, with the same initial horizontal velocity it had while it was rolling on the table. The vertical motion, on the other hand, will begin with an initial velocity of zero and will then accelerate downward due to gravity. As the ball falls towards the ground, its vertical velocity will increase, following the laws of gravitational acceleration.\n\nAs a result, the ball will follow a parabolic trajectory as it moves away from the table and towards the ground. Once it hits the ground, depending on the properties of the ball and the surface it lands on, it may bounce, roll, or come to a stop."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What is the main idea of the poem \"Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening\" by Robert Frost?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening\" is a poem by Robert Frost, published in 1923. The main idea of the poem is the contemplation of the beauty and peacefulness of nature, juxtaposed with the obligations and duties of everyday life. The speaker pauses in his travels to watch the woods fill up with snow and is tempted to stay and enjoy the tranquility, but ultimately decides to continue on his journey due to the commitments he has made. The poem explores the theme of the individual's relationship to nature, as well as the struggle between one's desires and responsibilities."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Entertain me with something funny!",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Sure thing! Here's a joke for you: \n\nWhy don't scientists trust atoms? \n\nBecause they make up everything!"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "How can I prepare my house for a power outage?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Preparing your house for a power outage is always a good idea, especially if you live in an area that is prone to storms or blackouts. Here are some steps you can take to prepare for a power outage:\n\n1. Invest in emergency lighting: Keep a supply of flashlights, battery-powered lanterns, and spare batteries around your home.\n\n2. Stock up on non-perishable food and water: Make sure you have enough non-perishable food and bottled water to last for at least three days.\n\n3. Purchase a generator: If you live in an area that is prone to frequent power outages, it may be a good idea to invest in a portable generator to keep essential appliances running.\n\n4. Unplug appliances and electronics: When the power goes out, unplug all of your appliances and electronics to prevent a power surge from damaging them when the power comes back on.\n\n5. Keep your devices charged: Make sure your cell phone, laptop, and any other battery-powered devices are fully charged.\n\n6. Stay informed: Keep a battery-powered or hand-cranked radio on hand so you can stay informed about the status of the power outage.\n\n7. Prepare for medical needs: If you or someone in your household relies on medical equipment that requires electricity, make sure you have a backup plan in place.\n\nBy taking these steps ahead of time, you can ensure that you and your family are prepared for a power outage and can stay safe and comfortable until the power comes back on."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain why the internet has become such an important tool.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The internet has become an indispensable tool in our daily lives due to the immense benefits it provides. \n\nFirstly, the internet allows for instant access to a vast amount of information on virtually any topic, making it a valuable resource for research, education, and learning. With the internet, individuals can easily acquire new skills, knowledge and explore different fields of interest from the comfort of their own homes.\n\nSecondly, the internet has revolutionized communication, allowing people to connect with others irrespective of their location. This can be through various platforms such as email, social media, or video conferencing, making it easier to keep in touch with friends and family, collaborate with colleagues, and even form new connections.\n\nThirdly, the internet provides a platform for businesses to reach a global audience cheaply and efficiently. With the help of search engines, social media, and other online marketing tools, companies can target their products or services to a specific audience, thereby increasing their chances of success.\n\nIn addition, the internet also offers an extensive range of entertainment options such as streaming movies, TV shows, music, and participating in online games, making it a go-to platform for relaxation and leisure.\n\nIn conclusion, the internet has become an essential tool due to its ability to provide access to information, facilitate communication, support businesses, and offer entertainment."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify the action that the following sentence describes.",
+ "input": "After the exam ended, he breathed a deep sigh of relief.",
+ "output": "The action that the following sentence describes is \"sighing in relief\"."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a story about an elephant for a child aged four.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Once upon a time there was a baby elephant and his name was Ella. Ella was small for an elephant, but his appetite was big. She lived with her family who was part of a large herd in the wide savannah. \n\nEvery morning, Ella would wake up to the sound of birds chirping, bright sunshine and the sweet smell of fresh grass. She would play with her friends and always, ALWAYS wander off into the thick bushes or go into the muddy water to look for interesting things. One day, Ella wandered so far off that she found herself lost in the thick bushes. She trumpeted loudly hoping her family would hear her, but no one came. \n\nShe got scared and started to cry but she remembered her mother’s words: “Ella you are strong and you are never alone. Close your eyes and follow the sound of the herd back home.” So Ella closed her eyes and listened closely. She heard her friends playing and her family calling her. Ella smiled and followed the sound of her family calls back home. \n\nWhen she got back to the herd, everyone was happy to see her, they had been looking for her everywhere. Her mother hugged her trunk and Ella told her of her adventure. \"You are very brave, Ella,\" her mother said. \"But from now on, please stay close to the herd.\"\n\nThat night as the stars came out and the moon shone bright, Ella lay down next to her mother and fell fast asleep, dreaming of all the adventures she would have, but always with her family by her side.\n\nAnd that, my dear child, is the story of Ella the baby elephant. Remember that no matter how big or small we are, if we listen closely, we can find our way back home. And home, is where your family is. Good night."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Train a machine learning model to detect sarcasm in tweets.",
+ "input": "This is a collection of tweets from a Twitter handle @sarcastic_tweets.\n\nTweet_1: What a beautiful day!\nTweet_2: So glad I have to work on a Saturday\nTweet_3: My cat is so cute when he sleeps",
+ "output": "To detect sarcasm in tweets, I would follow these steps:\n\n1. **Collect and prepare data:** I would gather a large dataset of tweets labeled as sarcastic or not. In addition to the tweets you've provided here, we'd need many more examples for the model to accurately learn how to detect sarcasm. The data would then be pre-processed to prepare for training. This could include tokenizing the tweets (breaking them into individual words or phrases), normalizing text (converting all text to lowercase and removing punctuation), and removing any unnecessary stop words.\n\n2. **Choose a model:** There are many machine learning techniques that can be used for text classification such as Naive Bayes or Support Vector Machines (SVM). Another approach could be using a neural network with an architecture specific for natural language processing tasks like LSTM or CNN. \n\n3. **Train the model:** Next, I would feed the pre-processed data into the chosen machine learning model. During the training process, the model would learn to recognize patterns and correlations between the words and phrases used in sarcastic tweets versus those in non-sarcastic tweets.\n\n4. **Evaluate the model:** I would test the accuracy of the model using a separate set of labeled tweets. If the model accurately classifies the majority of the test tweets as either sarcastic or non-sarcastic, it's likely a good model. However, if the accuracy is low, I would revisit the model selection or the training process to improve its performance.\n\n5. **Making Predictions:** Finally once we have an accurate model we could use it to classify new tweets from the Twitter handle (@sarcastic_tweets) or other sources as being sarcastic or not. \n\nSo, immediately I cannot tell you which tweet is sarcastic or not, because first I need a labeled data set to base my classifications."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the advantages of using Machine Learning for text processing.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Machine Learning (ML) can provide several benefits when applied to text processing tasks. Some of these advantages include:\n\n1. Improved accuracy: Through the use of advanced algorithms and large amounts of training data, ML models can achieve high levels of accuracy in text recognition, classification, and prediction tasks.\n\n2. Automation of repetitive tasks: Text processing often involves repetitive tasks such as data entry or document classification. ML can automate these tasks, freeing up time for more complex work.\n\n3. Better personalization: ML can provide personalized suggestions to users based on their past behavior and preferences. This can lead to more engaging and relevant content.\n\n4. Enhanced sentiment analysis: ML algorithms can be trained to understand the sentiment behind words and phrases, making it possible to accurately infer the tone and emotion in a piece of text.\n\n5. Continuous learning: ML algorithms can continually learn and improve from newly available data, making the system more intelligent and adaptive over time.\n\n6. Scalability: ML systems can scale to process large volumes of data, making it possible to handle challenging text-processing tasks that would be difficult or impossible with manual methods.\n\nOverall, the use of machine learning for text processing can lead to greater efficiency, accuracy, and personalization, and can enable new capabilities that go beyond traditional methods."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Add two sentences to an email reply to let the recipient know that you understand their situation.",
+ "input": "My apologies for the inconvenience.",
+ "output": "My apologies for the inconvenience. I understand how frustrating the situation must be for you and I want you to know that I am here to help in any way I can. Rest assured that I am making it a priority to address your concerns and find a solution for this."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Colorize the following black and white photo.",
+ "input": "https://example.com/1.jpg",
+ "output": "Unfortunately, I am an AI language model, and I do not have the capability to manipulate or edit images. However, there are many online tools and software that you can use to colorize black and white photos."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given a website, classify the content into categories such as sports, news, entertainment.",
+ "input": "https://www.cnn.com/",
+ "output": "The content of the website https://www.cnn.com/ is primarily news, but also features sections on sports and entertainment."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the focus of the Nobel Prize.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The Nobel Prize is an international award that is given annually to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions and advancements in various fields. The primary focus of the Nobel Prize is to recognize and reward individuals and organizations whose work has had a significant impact on the world and humanity. The Prize is awarded in six categories: Physics, Chemistry, Medicine or Physiology, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences. Each of these categories represents a field that is essential for human progress, and the award aims to celebrate those who have made significant contributions to these fields. Additionally, the Nobel Prize seeks to inspire others to pursue excellence in their own work by highlighting the importance and value of these achievements."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Why is the Nile River so important?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The Nile River is incredibly important to the countries it flows through- Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is the longest river in the world, and for millennia has been a source of water, food, transportation, and a means of irrigating farmland in an otherwise arid region.\n\nIn Egypt, the Nile River is essential to its very existence, as it is the only reliable water source that has allowed the country to sustain itself for thousands of years. The Nile's annual flooding, as well as advanced irrigation systems, have allowed Egyptians to grow crops, feed their population, and create a civilization that has lasted for centuries.\n\nThe Nile is also an important transportation route, as it allows for the movement of people and goods through the region. This has facilitated trade, economic growth, and cultural exchange.\n\nApart from its practical importance, the Nile River also has great cultural and spiritual significance to the people who live along its banks. It is a symbol of life and fertility and plays a role in many religious ceremonies and beliefs.\n\nIn summary, the Nile River is important because it provides water, food, transportation, and fertile land to millions of people, and has been the cornerstone of civilizations for thousands of years."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Edit this sentence to remove any redundancies",
+ "input": "The idea behind this experiment is to understand the underlying principles behind it.",
+ "output": "The purpose of this experiment is to understand its underlying principles."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "List three benefits of using social media.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Connectivity: Social media provides a platform for people to connect with others from all around the world, allowing for the building and maintenance of personal and business relationships.\n\n2. Information and News: Social media platforms offer a way for individuals to quickly access breaking news and information, often in real-time, as events unfold.\n\n3. Business Promotion: Social media is a powerful tool for businesses to reach their target audience, market their products or services, and interact with their customers, helping to increase brand awareness and customer loyalty."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a bar chart to show the correlation between age and education level.",
+ "input": "Data: \n\nAge: 25, 30, 35, 40 \n\nEducation Level: High school, Bachelor's, Master's, Doctoral",
+ "output": "I'm sorry, but the data you've given isn't enough information to generate a bar graph showing the correlation between age and education level. Can you please provide more complete data? For example, a list of ages and a corresponding list of education levels."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a list of activities that can be done at the park.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Walking or jogging along the trails\n2. Playing Frisbee, catch, or other lawn games\n3. Having a picnic\n4. Birdwatching or nature observation\n5. Playing on the playground equipment\n6. Biking along the paths or trails\n7. Fishing in designated areas\n8. Playing sports like basketball, volleyball, or tennis on the park's courts or fields\n9. Renting a paddle boat or canoe on the lake\n10. Participating in fitness classes or outdoor workout routines."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a concise but meaningful goodbye message",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"Thank you for our time together, and may the rest of your day be filled with happiness and success. Goodbye for now!\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Paraphrase the following statement in a different way, but keep its meaning.",
+ "input": "It's imperative that we finish the project by the deadline.",
+ "output": "It is vital that we complete the project before the due date."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe Iron Man in three sentences.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Iron Man is a fictional superhero character created by Marvel Comics, also known as Tony Stark - a billionaire, genius, and philanthropist. Stark was an industrialist and master engineer who built a mechanized suit of armor to fight evil and save the world as Iron Man. Iron Man is recognized for his high-tech weapons and indestructible armor, making him one of the most powerful heroes in the Marvel Universe."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Edit the following sentence so that it is in the simple past tense: \"Today, I goes to the store to buy eggs.\"",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Yesterday, I went to the store to buy eggs."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Assign this task to the design team.",
+ "input": "Design a communication tool for internal team members.",
+ "output": "Sure, I will assign the task of designing a new internal team communication tool to our design team. They will get started on this project and develop a tool that will help improve collaboration and communication among team members."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Sort the following list of words into two categories: verbs and nouns.",
+ "input": "walk, tree, cat, river",
+ "output": "Verbs: walk\n\nNouns: tree, cat, river."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a new document named \"Blogs\" and write a blog post on the following topic: How Can Self-Care Help Reduce Anxiety?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here is a blog post on the topic, \"How Can Self-Care Help Reduce Anxiety?\":\n\nIt is important to understand that self-care is not just about pampering or luxury, but about taking the time to focus on our own physical and mental health. Incorporating self-care practices into our daily routine can go a long way in helping us reduce anxiety levels, and there are several reasons for this.\n\nFirstly, self-care can help us feel in control, especially in the midst of chaos. This is because anxiety often stems from a feeling of not being able to control our external environment, but when we take charge of our own well-being, it can give us a sense of control over our internal environment. For instance, incorporating a daily exercise routine, be it a brisk walk or an intense workout, can help release feel-good hormones, reduce stress and increase our overall sense of well-being.\n\nSecondly, self-care helps us slow down and be present. Anxiety often comes about when our minds are racing with a million thoughts, worries and worst-case-scenarios. By practicing mindfulness or meditation, we can become more present and centered, which in turn can help reduce these anxious thoughts. Even taking a few deep breaths or focusing on the present moment can go a long way in slowing down the mind and decreasing anxiety.\n\nThirdly, self-care means taking care of our physical needs. When we're anxious, it's easy to forget to eat, hydrate, or even breathe properly. However, taking the time to nourish our bodies and provide it with the care it needs can greatly reduce anxiety levels. This can be as simple as eating regular, healthy meals, staying hydrated, or getting adequate amounts of rest.\n\nIn conclusion, in a world that often demands so much of us, it's vital that we take the time to care for ourselves, be it physically or mentally. By incorporating self-care practices into our daily routine, we can greatly reduce anxiety levels and increase our overall sense of well-being. Remember, self-care is not just an option, but an essential part of a healthy and balanced lifestyle."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Find the most suitable email template for the following context.",
+ "input": "A customer has asked for a refund and the team must send an email response.",
+ "output": "Dear [Customer’s Name],\n\nThank you for contacting us regarding your recent purchase. We are sorry to hear that you were not satisfied and are requesting a refund. \n\nWe understand the importance of meeting our customer’s needs, and we strive to provide the best possible service. Please provide us with your order number, so that we can look into your request and process your refund promptly.\n\nWe take all refund requests seriously and will do our best to process your request quickly. Once your refund has been processed, you will receive a confirmation email, and the funds should be returned to your account within [number of] business days.\n\nIf there is anything else we can do to assist you further, please do not hesitate to let us know. We value your feedback and appreciate the opportunity to make things right. \n\nThank you for your patience and understanding.\n\nSincerely,\n[Name]\n[Company] Customer Support Team."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Determine the type of input sentence.",
+ "input": "He is the governor of the state.",
+ "output": "The type of input sentence is declarative - it makes a statement and provides information."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a script of a play with 5 characters.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "**Act I, Scene 1**\n\n[The stage is set with a living room in the front and a small kitchen in the back. There is a father (William) sitting on a couch reading a newspaper. A mother (Ellen) is walking around the living room with a baby in her arms. A boy (Tom) and a girl (Lila) are sitting on the floor and playing. A grandfather (George) is sitting in an armchair and watching the children play.]\n\n**William:** What a lovely morning this is!\n\n**Ellen:** Yes, it is. And it’s so quiet too.\n\n**George:** (chuckles) Just wait until the little ones grow up, Ellen. The peace will be gone.\n\n**Tom:** (stands up and runs to his grandfather) Grandpa, Grandpa, when I grow up, I want to be a superhero!\n\n**George:** (smiling) Is that so, Tommy? And what kind of superhero would you be?\n\n**Tom:** (thinking) I want to be... the fastest runner in the world!\n\n**Lila:** (interrupting) No, no, no! I want to be a superhero too!\n\n**Ellen:** (smiling at her children) And what do you want to be, Lila?\n\n**Lila:** (thinking) I...I want to be a doctor, and make everyone healthy!\n\n**William:** (joining in) That’s great! You can heal the sick with your superpowers!\n\n**Ellen:** (to her husband) And what would your superpower be, honey?\n\n**William:** (smiling) My superpower would be...to make everyone happy.\n\n**George:** (laughs) And my superpower would be to never grow old!\n\n**Ellen:** (smiling) And mine would be to have endless energy to take care of these little ones.\n\n**William:** (stands up) Come on everyone, let’s make a superhero team and save the world!\n\n(Everyone stands up and holds hands.)\n\n**All:** Superhero family to the rescue!\n\n[The lights fade to black.]\n\n**End of Scene 1**"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Categorize the text into one of the following genres: fiction, non-fiction, science, or fantasy.",
+ "input": "The book tells the story of an orphaned girl who discovers magic and embarks on an adventure.",
+ "output": "The text can be categorized into the fantasy genre."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate content for an article about the given subject.",
+ "input": "The Benefits of Eating Organic Food",
+ "output": "Eating organic food has become a popular trend in recent years, as people start to become more conscious of what they’re putting into their bodies. Organic food refers to food that has been grown without the use of synthetic pesticides, genetically modified organisms, or processed with irradiation, industrial solvents or chemical food additives. But what are the actual benefits of choosing organic over conventional food? In this article, we will explore the many reasons why eating organic food is a great choice for both your health and the planet. \n\nFirst and foremost, organic foods are often more nutritious than their conventional counterparts. Studies have shown that organic food contains higher levels of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and other essential nutrients. This is because organic farming practices place a strong emphasis on soil health, which in turn leads to more nutrient-rich crops. By avoiding synthetic pesticides and fertilizers and rotating crops to prevent soil depletion, organic farmers are able to produce food that is nourishing for the body.\n\nIn addition, organic food is free from harmful chemicals and additives. Conventional farming methods heavily rely on the use of pesticides, herbicides, and other chemicals to protect crops from pests and diseases. However, these chemicals can be harmful to humans when consumed in large quantities. By choosing organic food, you can reduce your exposure to potentially harmful substances, leading to a healthier and safer diet.\n\nEating organic food is also beneficial for the environment. Organic farming practices are more sustainable than conventional methods, as they promote soil health, reduce pollution, and protect biodiversity. Organic farmers use practices such as crop rotation, composting, and natural pest management to maintain and improve the health of the soil, leading to less erosion and better water retention. By choosing organic food, you are supporting a food system that is kinder to the planet.\n\nLastly, organic food often tastes better than conventionally grown food. This is because organic farmers take the time to grow their produce in nutrient-rich soil, resulting in produce that is packed full of flavor. Many people who try organic food for the first time are surprised at the difference in taste, and find that they enjoy the fresh, vibrant flavors of organic produce.\n\nIn conclusion, there are many benefits to eating organic food. From improved nutrition and reduced exposure to harmful chemicals, to supporting sustainable farming practices and enjoying better-tasting produce, choosing organic is a great way to support your health and the health of the planet. So next time you’re at the grocery store, consider reaching for the organic section – your body"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the experience of eating ice cream.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Eating ice cream is often described as a delightful sensory experience. From the moment it touches the tongue, the coldness of the ice cream can bring an instant feeling of refreshment, followed by the rich flavor and creamy texture as it melts in your mouth. Many people associate this experience with happiness, nostalgia and pure sensory pleasure. \n\nDepending on the flavor, the taste and sensation can vary. For instance, a scoop of chocolate ice cream might provide a burst of sweetness and richness, while a fruity sorbet can offer a sharp tanginess that is both invigorating and refreshing. \n\nIn addition, the context in which the ice cream is eaten can also enhance the experience: eating a cone on a hot summer day, sharing a sundae with friends, or enjoying a scoop as a comforting dessert. Overall, the experience involves engaging the senses, savoring the taste and texture, and relishing the gratifying feelings it brings."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a storyboard depicting the following sequence of events.",
+ "input": "A basketball coach motivating his players",
+ "output": "1. \"Basketball Arena\" scene: Coach Williams paces back and forth in front of his team, sweat-stained and frustrated. The scoreboard looms in the distance, showing the team trailing by ten points. The players slump on the bench, dejected.\n\n2. \"Close up\": Coach Williams stops in front of his players and looks them each in the eye. \"This is not the end, guys. We still have time to turn this around.\"\n\n3. \"Aerial view\": The players glance up at him, hope flickering in their eyes.\n\n4. \"Medium shot\": The coach starts speaking with passion, his voice rising. \"We've trained for this moment. We have the talent, and we have heart. Don't let the score get to you. We can come back from this.\"\n\n5. \"Player's point of view\": One of the players nods his head, another pounds his fist into his open hand.\n\n6. \"Close up\": Coach Williams' clenches his fists tightly, \"Come on, let's dig deep and give it everything we've got! Let's show them what we're made of!\" \n\n7. \"Court scene\": The players leap from their seats as one, revitalized from their coach's pep talk. They break the huddle and run out to the court as the stadium erupts in cheers.\n\n8. \"Intense game\": They play with a newfound intensity, sinking shots and blocking their opponent's advances. The gap in the score is closing quickly.\n\n9. \"Scoreboard\": The buzzer sounds, and the scoreboard shows they've won by two points in a breathtaking comeback.\n\n10. \"Celebration\": The team lifts Coach Williams onto their shoulders, grinning and shouting in triumph. They've done it! The coach's motivational speech helped drive them to victory."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What would happen if one twin traveled to outer space and the other stayed on Earth?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "If one twin were to travel to outer space while the other stayed on Earth, the twin in space would age slightly slower due to the effects of time dilation as described by Einstein's theory of relativity. Time dilation is the phenomenon where time passes more slowly for objects in motion relative to an observer.\n\nThis effect becomes more pronounced as the speed of the object increases, and is particularly significant at speeds close to the speed of light. Therefore, if the twin in space was traveling at a significant fraction of the speed of light, the time difference between the two twins could become noticeable.\n\nUpon returning to Earth, the twin who traveled to space would be slightly younger than the twin who remained on Earth. This effect has been demonstrated experimentally using atomic clocks on airplanes and is known as the twin paradox.\n\nHowever, it’s important to note that the time difference would be minuscule unless the twin in space was traveling at a significant fraction of the speed of light for a prolonged period of time."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate two foreign language translations for each English word given.",
+ "input": "Cat",
+ "output": "1. Spanish: Gato\n2. French: Chat"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Find the missing words to complete the following phrase: Proverbs are ____ of wisdom.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Proverbs are nuggets of wisdom."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a weather report for tomorrow.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "I am sorry, but I am an AI language model and cannot access the real-time data to give you an accurate weather forecast for tomorrow. Could you please provide me with the city or region for which you would like to receive the weather report and the date of tomorrow you are referring to so that I can generate a general weather report for you?"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Select a section of the following song accordingly to the given cue.",
+ "input": "\nCue: The chorus",
+ "output": "I'm sorry, but you didn't provide the song lyrics for me to select a section from the given cue. Can you please provide the song and its lyrics for me to assist you?"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a list of elements for a table of contents.",
+ "input": "Book Title: Exploring the Solar System",
+ "output": "1. Chapter 1: Introduction to the Solar System\n2. Chapter 2: The Sun: The Center of Our System\n3. Chapter 3: The Inner Planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars\n4. Chapter 4: The Asteroid Belt\n5. Chapter 5: The Outer Planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune\n6. Chapter 6: The Dwarf Planets and Kuiper Belt\n7. Chapter 7: The Oort Cloud and Comets\n8. Chapter 8: Human Exploration of the Solar System\n9. Chapter 9: Future Missions and Discoveries\n10. Chapter 10: Conclusion: The Wonders of Our Cosmic Neighborhood\n11. Appendix A: Glossary of Terms\n12. Appendix B: Additional Resources\n13. Acknowledgments\n14. Index"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Review the following dataset and determine the metric that represents the most consistent and accurate prediction of whether a State will vote Republican or Democrat.",
+ "input": "The dataset contains different metrics such as the number of people living in a state, the percentage of college educated people, the median income, and the unemployment rate.",
+ "output": "To determine the metric that represents the most consistent and accurate prediction of whether a State will vote Republican or Democrat from the given dataset, it would be necessary to apply a statistical analysis to find the correlation between these metrics and the voting patterns in different states. Unfortunately, I do not have access to your dataset; therefore, I cannot run these analyses. However, if you share with me the dataset with the details of each metric and the voting patterns, I can perform these analyses and give you a more comprehensive response."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify two differences between a neuron and a glial cell.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Neurons and glial cells are two types of cells found in the nervous system that play specific roles in the proper functioning of the brain and the entire body. Here are two differences between a neuron and a glial cell:\n\n1. Function: Neurons are considered the primary building blocks of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting electrical and chemical signals to and from the brain to the rest of the body. Glial cells, on the other hand, play a more supporting role. They provide structural and metabolic support to neurons, help in maintaining homeostasis, and form the blood-brain barrier.\n\n2. Structure: Neurons have distinct structures that allow them to transmit information, including a cell body, an axon, and many dendrites, which form extensive networks of connections with other neurons. In contrast, glial cells, while having a similar basic structure to other cells, lack the long axons and dendrites characteristic of neurons. Instead, their structure often reflects their functions such as wrapping around neurons to provide insulation or filling in the spaces between neurons to provide support."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a short profile of a fictional character.",
+ "input": "Name: Louis\nJob: Engineer",
+ "output": "Meet Louis, a talented engineer with a passion for creating and improving innovative technology. Louis has always had a love for figuring things out and solving complex problems, which eventually led him to pursue a degree in engineering. This ambitious individual has spent years honing his skills and putting them to work, developing innovative solutions to real-world problems. In his current position, Louis is responsible for designing, testing and refining complex systems, using his broad knowledge and expertise to ensure that his creations function at optimal levels. He approaches his work with enthusiasm and dedication, always looking for new challenges to overcome. Louis is a true asset to the world of engineering and continues to make remarkable contributions to his field."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate an intriguing headline for a blog post on artificial intelligence.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"Discover the limitless potentials of Artificial Intelligence: Unleashing the future today\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given the following input, create a classification statement that describes the input.",
+ "input": "Cloud computing is a service which enables users to access applications hosted remotely over the internet.",
+ "output": "The input is a definition or explanation of what cloud computing is as a hosted service accessed over the internet for remote application usage."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Come up with the nearest Spanish equivalent for \"How are you?\".",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The nearest Spanish equivalent for \"How are you?\" is ¿Cómo estás? (informal) or ¿Cómo está usted? (formal)."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a survey about the features of a smartphone",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Welcome to our smartphone features survey. Your feedback is important as it helps us understand the preferences of our customers. Please take a few minutes to answer the following questions:\n\n1. What is the most important feature for you on a smartphone?\nA. Camera Quality\nB. Screen Resolution\nC. Processor Speed\nD. Battery Life\nE. Storage\nF. Other (Please specify)\n\n2. How often do you use the camera on your smartphone?\nA. Daily\nB. Weekly\nC. Rarely\nD. Never\n\n3. How important is screen size to you when choosing a smartphone?\nA. Very Important\nB. Moderately Important\nC. Not Important\n\n4. Do you prefer a smartphone with a removable or a built-in battery?\nA. Removable Battery\nB. Built-in Battery\n\n5. How much storage space do you usually need on your smartphone?\nA. Less than 32GB\nB. 32GB - 64GB\nC. 64GB - 128GB\nD. More than 128GB\n\n6. Would you be willing to pay more for a smartphone with advanced features such as facial recognition and wireless charging?\nA. Yes\nB. No\n\n7. How important is the brand of the smartphone to you?\nA. Very Important\nB. Moderately Important\nC. Not Important\n\n8. How often do you upgrade your smartphone?\nA. Every year\nB. Every 2 years\nC. Every 3 years or more\nD. Only when it is necessary\n\nThank you for taking the time to complete this survey. Your feedback is valuable to us."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "For the following function, evaluate y(3).",
+ "input": "y(x) = x² + 3x - 10",
+ "output": "To evaluate the function y(x) = x² + 3x - 10 for x = 3, you can substitute the value of x into the equation as follows:\n\ny(3) = (3)² + 3(3) - 10\n = 9 + 9 -10\n = 18 - 10\n = 8\n\nThe value of y(3) is 8."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Provide multiple solutions for the given ethical dilemma.",
+ "input": "The CEO of a company receives an illegal kickback from a contractor, but at the same time the contractor delivers a product that meets all of the company's criteria",
+ "output": "This situation presents an ethical dilemma because while the contractor has delivered a satisfactory product, the means by which they secured the contract were unethical and potentially illegal. Some possible solutions for this situation could include:\n\n1. Report the Incident: One option for resolving this ethical dilemma is for the CEO to report the incident to the relevant legal authorities. This would involve disclosing all the details of the kickback, and cooperating with any investigation that takes place. The CEO may face consequences for his actions, but this would be the most ethical and transparent approach to addressing the issue.\n\n2. Terminate the Contract: Another potential solution is to terminate the contract with the contractor, and cease doing business with them. This would involve finding a new contractor to deliver the product, and might result in delays and additional costs for the company. However, this approach sends a clear message that such unethical behavior will not be tolerated.\n\n3. Set up an Internal Investigation: The CEO could also take steps to address the issue internally, by setting up an internal investigation to determine the extent of the unethical behavior, and taking appropriate disciplinary action against the parties involved. This might involve firing or suspending the employees who were involved in the kickback, and putting in place new measures to prevent such incidents from happening in the future.\n\n4. Donate the Kickback: Another option for the CEO would be to donate the value of the illegal kickback to a charitable organization. This would help to mitigate some of the harm caused by the kickback, and would demonstrate the company's commitment to ethical behavior. The CEO would still need to address the underlying issue, however, and take steps to prevent similar incidents from happening in the future.\n\nUltimately, the most ethical solution would be to take responsibility for the illegal kickback, and take steps to prevent such incidents from occurring in the future. This could involve a combination of reporting the incident to the authorities, terminating the contract with the contractor, setting up an internal investigation, and making a charitable donation."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Provide a brief overview of the French Revolution.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The French Revolution was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799 that significantly affected modern history. It marked the decline of powerful monarchies and the rise of democracy and nationalism. The Revolution started with the Storming of the Bastille and the adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which granted basic rights to citizens.\n\nThe Revolution saw the fall of the Bourbon monarchy that had ruled France for centuries and the rise of radical and influential groups. The guillotine became a symbol of the Reign of Terror that followed. Economic struggles, rising food prices, and increasing debt led the people to demand change. The Revolution resulted in the abolition of feudalism, religious reforms, and the redistribution of power.\n\nThe Revolution eventually led to the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, who conquered much of Europe before being defeated and dying in exile. The ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity that were spread during the Revolution inspired numerous movements for independence and democracy around the world."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a poem about a sunrise",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A soft glow upon the horizon,\nAs night begins to fade,\nA new day is born,\nIn a spectacular cascade.\n\nThe sky is painted,\nIn hues of pink and gold,\nAs the sun rises,\nA new day to unfold.\n\nThe birds start to sing,\nA melody so pure,\nAs the world awakens,\nTo the sunrise allure.\n\nThe warmth of the light,\nEmbraces the land,\nA gentle reminder,\nOf nature's loving hand.\n\nA brand new beginning,\nA fresh start to embrace,\nAs we witness the majesty,\nOf the sunrise in grace."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Summarize the story of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is a classic fairytale about a young princess named Snow White. Her stepmother, the Queen, is jealous of Snow White's beauty, so she orders a huntsman to take her into the woods and kill her. However, the huntsman cannot bring himself to do it and instead he leaves her there. Snow White finds refuge with seven dwarfs who live in a cottage in the forest. The Queen eventually learns that Snow White is still alive, disguises herself, and tricks her into biting into a poisoned apple that puts her into a deep sleep. The dwarfs place Snow White in a glass coffin, believing she is dead. However, a prince comes, awakens Snow White with a kiss, and they live happily ever after."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given a fact about artificial intelligence, create an article with a title that provides an accurate summary of the article topic.",
+ "input": "Fact: AI will be responsible for 47% of job displacement in the next decade.",
+ "output": "Title: *AI Set to Displace 47% Of Jobs In Upcoming Decade*\n\n\nThe rise of artificial intelligence (AI) in recent years has brought immense change within the workforce. Automation and AI are increasingly making it easier for companies to streamline processes and increase efficiency. However, the consequences for the workforce are significant. Recent studies indicate that AI will be responsible for approximately 47% of job displacement in the next decade. \n\nJob displacement is a major concern in countries across the globe, and as AI technology advances, many jobs that were once deemed safe are now at risk of automation. Advances in data analysis, language processing, and pattern recognition have improved the abilities of AI to take on more complex tasks and responsibilities that were once exclusive to humans. This shift in the job market is set to drastically change the employment landscape in the next couple of years, leaving many workers uncertain about their futures. \n\nThere is already evidence of this change, with companies automating jobs in customer service, finance, and transportation. However, this is just the beginning, and as AI becomes more integrated into society, we can expect the number of jobs at risk to steadily rise. Governments and businesses need to begin preparing for this shift by investing in training programs that will help workers gain the skills they need to transition into new roles demanded by the changing job market. Failing to plan ahead could result in significant economic and social consequences.\n\nAI has the potential to bring about great change and propel society forward in numerous ways. However, its integration into the workforce needs to be carefully considered and managed in order to ensure that workers aren't left behind in the process. The 47% job displacement statistic is a wakeup call for both governments and businesses to begin preparing for the upcoming changes in the job market."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the consequences of the blackouts.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Blackouts, or power outages, can have several consequences, impacting individuals, communities and even entire countries. Here are some of the most common consequences of blackouts:\n\n1. Loss of essential services: Blackouts can disrupt essential services such as medical equipment, traffic lights, and emergency response systems. This can lead to dangerous situations and put individuals and communities at risk.\n\n2. Economic losses: Blackouts can have a significant financial impact on individuals, businesses and economies, including lost productivity, spoiled food, and lost data.\n\n3. Disruptions in communication: Blackouts can interrupt communication systems, including phones, internet and television, causing social isolation for some individuals and hampering efforts to respond to the crisis.\n\n4. Health risks: During extended blackouts, individuals may also face health risks associated with exposure to extreme temperatures or spoiled food. This is especially true for vulnerable populations such as the elderly or those with chronic health conditions.\n\n5. Increased safety risks: Blackouts can increase safety risks as streetlights and home security systems may stop working, leading to an increase in crime and accidents.\n\nOverall, blackouts can have severe consequences, and it is critical for governments, utility companies, and individuals to be prepared to respond to them effectively."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "You are given two words. Create a phrase that conveys the opposite meaning of those two words.",
+ "input": "Happy and Success",
+ "output": "\"Unhappy and Failure\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Classify the following sentence according to the type of noun it contains. Output 1 for proper noun, 2 for common noun and 3 for collective noun.",
+ "input": "The herd of cows is running across the field.",
+ "output": "3 for collective noun."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the physical properties of a magnet in 5 lines.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Magnets are usually made of ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, nickel or cobalt.\n2. They have a magnetic field that attracts or repels other magnets, and attracts ferromagnetic materials.\n3. Magnets have two opposing poles, North and South, and opposite poles attract each other while the same poles repel each other.\n4. The strength of a magnet is determined by the amount of magnetic material it contains and the strength of the magnetic field it can produce.\n5. Magnets can be found in various shapes and sizes, such as bars, cylinders, discs, horseshoes or rings, and their strengths can vary depending on the size and shape."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a tweet about an upcoming conference.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Don't miss the opportunity to join industry leaders, tech experts and innovative thinkers at the #UpcomingConference2020! 🚀 Network, learn, and discover the latest trends and technology shaping our future. Grab your tickets now! #event #innovation #conferences."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Choose a topic and create a creative approach for a marketing campaign for it.",
+ "input": "Veganism",
+ "output": "Topic: Veganism\n\nMarketing campaign: \"Vegan for the Planet, Vegan for Life\" \n\nConcept: Our marketing approach for promoting veganism will be centered on the positive impact that this lifestyle has on the environment and personal health. The campaign will feature a series of powerful visuals depicting the earth, nature, and people thriving, and will be accompanied by the message \"Vegan for the Planet, Vegan for Life\". \n\nExecution: \n- Online presence: We'll create a website and social media accounts that focus on sharing interesting and informative content about the benefits of veganism. The content will include delicious vegan recipes, educational articles, and thought-provoking videos that inspire visitors to make a positive change.\n- Influencer partnerships: We will partner with vegan influencers and health advocates to promote our message via their social media channels. These influencers will share their personal stories and talk about how veganism has improved their lives, and the lives of those around them.\n- Outdoor activations: We'll organize a series of vegan-themed outdoor events and fairs in different cities. These events will allow attendees to taste and purchase delicious vegan food, attend vegan cooking workshops, and meet like-minded people who share a passion for healthy living and sustainability.\n- Eco-friendly merchandising: We'll also launch a line of eco-friendly and sustainable vegan-themed products, including tote bags, t-shirts, and reusable water bottles. For every purchase made, a percentage of the profits will be donated to environmental organizations.\n\nOutcome: Through our \"Vegan for the Planet, Vegan for Life\" campaign, we aim to inspire people to embrace veganism as a positive and sustainable lifestyle choice that benefits both their personal health and the environment. Our goal is to grow a vibrant online and offline community of like-minded individuals who are committed to making the world a better place through their daily choices."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Compare and contrast the similarities and differences between two topics.",
+ "input": "Video Games and Board Games",
+ "output": "Video games and board games are two popular forms of entertainment enjoyed by people of all ages. Both are fun, interactive, and engaging, but they do have their differences.\n\nOne of the biggest similarities between video games and board games is that they are both games played for entertainment. Both types of games provide a challenge, require strategy and decision making and can be enjoyed by individuals or in a group setting. Both can also improve cognitive function and can be used as educational tools.\n\nHowever, video games and board games differ in a few key ways. For one, video games are digital and often played on a computer or gaming console, while board games are physical games that are played on a table with pieces, dice or cards. This difference affects other aspects of the games, such as their accessibility, portability and the way they are played.\n\nVideo games often have vivid graphics, animations and sound effects, and can provide a more immersive experience for the player. With the ability to instantly connect online or use AI, players can compete with players from all over the world. \nBoard games, on the other hand, typically require less setup, and can be played with a group of friends or family gathered around a table. Board games often promote social interaction, as players communicate, negotiate and make deals with one another to ultimately win the game.\n\nIn conclusion, video games and board games share similarities but also have distinct differences that make them unique forms of entertainment. Both have their advantages and can provide hours of enjoyment for players."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Outline the key steps to develop a website.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here are the main steps to develop a website:\n\n1. **Planning**: In this stage, you outline the purpose and main goals of the website, determine the target audience, and decide what type of website it will be, whether it is an e-commerce platform, blog, or company website.\n\n2. **Design**: This stage involves creating the layout, colors, and style of the website. You can use wireframes, mockups, and prototypes to decide on the best design. User experience and usability are important considerations during this stage.\n\n3. **Development**: Once the design is finalized, the actual coding and construction of the website begins. Developers use programming languages like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to build the website. Various platforms and tools are also used to create a website structure, manage the content, and support user interaction.\n\n4. **Content Creation**: Content is crucial to any website. This stage involves developing the text, graphics, videos, and other materials that will be used on the website. Content should be engaging, informative and optimized for search engines.\n\n5. **Testing**: Before launching the website, it is important to test its usability and functionality. This includes testing on different devices, operating systems, and browsers, checking links and navigation, and ensuring that all forms and features are functioning properly.\n\n6. **Launch**: Once the website is thoroughly tested, it is ready to go live. The launch process involves setting up the domain name and hosting, configuring the server, and making the website accessible to the public.\n\n7. **Maintenance**: A website is never truly ‘finished,’ it needs to be regularly updated and maintained. This involves keeping the software and plugins up to date, adding new content, and making any necessary changes to the design or functionality. Regular monitoring and analysis can also help to identify any issues and improve the site's performance."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Organize the sentences chronologically.",
+ "input": "His family moved to the United States when he was four. He graduated from high school and went on to college. After college, he got his first job as an engineer.",
+ "output": "His family moved to the United States when he was four. He graduated from high school and went on to college. After college, he got his first job as an engineer."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Deduplicate the strings in the following array of strings.",
+ "input": "[\"Apple\", \"Banana\", \"Apple\", \"Orange\", \"Grape\", \"Banana\"]",
+ "output": "### Output:\n[\"Apple\", \"Banana\", \"Orange\", \"Grape\"]"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Construct an algorithm to find the sum of two numbers",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here's an outline of an algorithm that takes two numbers as input and outputs their sum:\n\n1. Start.\n2. Declare variables `num1`, `num2` and `sum`.\n3. Read values of `num1` and `num2`. These two numbers are the inputs.\n4. Add the values of `num1` and `num2` and store the result in `sum`.\n `sum = num1 + num2`.\n5. Display the value stored in the `sum` variable as the result.\n6. End.\n\nThis is a simple algorithm demonstrating the steps needed to find the sum of any two given numbers."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "How does democracy work in the United States?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The United States practices a democratic republic system where citizens elect representatives to make and enforce laws. This includes the President, Senators and Representatives, Governors, and state and local officials. \n\nThe democratic process in the United States is built on the principle of checks and balances, with three branches of government: the legislative branch (Congress), the executive branch (President and Cabinet), and the judicial branch (courts). Each branch has its own powers and responsibilities, and each is designed to serve as a check on the power of the others to ensure that no single branch becomes too powerful.\n\nCitizens who are at least 18 years old and meet certain requirements have the right to vote for their leaders. Politicians campaign for office by presenting their ideas and plans to voters, who can then support or oppose them.\n\nLaws and policies are created through a process of debate and compromise among elected officials. Representatives in Congress propose bills, debate them, and vote on whether to pass them. The President has the power to approve or veto these bills. The courts have the power to interpret the laws and determine how they should be applied.\n\nThe democratic process also includes checks on the power of the government through rights and freedoms guaranteed in the Constitution. Citizens have the right to free speech, to peacefully assemble, to petition their government, and to vote. These rights ensure that citizens have the power to participate in the democratic process, to influence government decisions, and to hold their leaders accountable.\n\nOverall, democracy in the United States is a complex system of representation, checks and balances, and citizen participation designed to ensure that the people have a voice in their government and that their rights and freedoms are protected."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Suggest a solution for this leetcode problem",
+ "input": "Given a string containing only three types of characters: '(', ')' and '*', write a function to check whether this string is valid. We define the validity of a string by these rules:\n\nAny left parenthesis '(' must have a corresponding right parenthesis ')'.\nAny right parenthesis ')' must have a corresponding left parenthesis '('.\nLeft parenthesis '(' must go before the corresponding right parenthesis ')'.\n'*' could be treated as a single right parenthesis ')' or a single left parenthesis '(' or an empty string.\n\nAn empty string is also valid.",
+ "output": "One solution to this problem is to use two stacks. Here's a step by step guide:\n\n- Initialize two stacks, one to store the indices of left parentheses '(' and the other to store the indices of '*' characters.\n- Iterate over the characters in the string.\n- If a character is '(', push its index to the left parentheses stack.\n- If the character is '*', push its index to the '*' stack.\n- If the character is ')', pop from the left parentheses stack if it's not empty, otherwise pop from the '*' stack. If both stacks are empty, then return False as there is no matching left parenthesis or '*' to balance this right parenthesis.\n- After the iteration, we are left with indices of some '(''s and '*'s in their respective stacks. The '*'s can be used to balance the '('s from their right. So, for every remaining '(' in the stack, we need to ensure there is a '*' to its right. We can do this by checking that indices of '*'s are greater than indices of '(''s while popping from both stacks. If any '(' is left without a '*' to it's right, return False.\n- Return True\n\nHere is a sample code in Python:\n\n```python\ndef checkValidString(s):\n left_parentheses = [] # stack to store indices of '('\n asterisk = [] # stack to store indices of '*'\n \n for i, char in enumerate(s):\n if char == '(':\n left_parentheses.append(i)\n elif char == '*':\n asterisk.append(i)\n else: # char == ')'\n if len(left_parentheses) > 0:\n left_parentheses.pop()\n elif len(asterisk) > 0:\n asterisk.pop()\n else:\n return False\n \n while len(left_parentheses) > 0 and len(asterisk) > 0:\n if left_parentheses.pop() > asterisk.pop():\n return False\n \n return len(left_parentheses) == 0\n```\n\nThis solution has a time complexity of O(n) and space complexity of O(n), where n is the length of the input string."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Rank the following four choices in order from least likely to most likely.",
+ "input": "A. Taking a long walk\nB. Eating two slices of chocolate cake\nC. Writing a persuasive essay\nD. Drinking a glass of orange juice",
+ "output": "It's not possible to rank the given choices in order from least likely to most likely without additional context or information about the person's habits, preferences or circumstances. Could you provide more information so I can better assist you?"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given a person’s name, write a sentence describing them using adjectives and explanatory phrases.",
+ "input": "Bob",
+ "output": "Bob is a kind and ambitious individual, always striving to make the most of every opportunity he encounters."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What could you improve in this description of leadership?\n\nLeadership is all about leading the team and making sure that the members of the team are focused and productive.",
+ "input": "Leadership is all about leading the team and making sure that the members of the team are focused and productive.",
+ "output": "While this brief description of leadership captures some elements of being a leader, it would benefit from elaboration and additional detail. Here are some possible ways to improve it:\n\n\"Leadership involves not just leading a team, but also inspiring and motivating its members to work towards a common goal. It requires effective communication, the ability to delegate and empower others, and the capacity to make tough decisions. A good leader knows how to keep team members focused and productive, while also promoting collaboration, creativity, and a positive work environment. Ultimately, leadership is about setting the tone for the team's success.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Is it safe to share my personal information online?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "It is important to exercise caution when sharing personal information online. Personal information should only be shared with trusted sources, and only when necessary. Sharing personal information online can expose you to risks such as identity theft or fraud, as this information can be used by cyber criminals to impersonate you or steal your identity. It is important to use strong and unique passwords for your online accounts, enable two-factor authentication when available, and be cautious when receiving emails or messages asking for your personal information. Additionally, ensure that you are using a secure connection when transmitting personal information online. In summary, it is important to be cautious when sharing personal information online, and to only share it with trusted sources, using secure methods."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given the following ingredients, create a new pasta dish.",
+ "input": "spinach, tomatoes, cooked chicken, onion, garlic, cream",
+ "output": "One possible dish that you could create using those ingredients is a creamy tomato chicken and spinach pasta. Here's a recipe that you can follow:\n\nIngredients:\n- 8 oz pasta, cooked according to package instructions\n- 1 tbsp olive oil\n- 1 onion, chopped\n- 2 cloves garlic, minced\n- 1 cup of spinach\n- 1 cup of diced tomatoes\n- 1 cup of cooked chicken, chopped or shredded\n- 1/2 cup of heavy cream\n- Salt and pepper, to taste\n- Parmesan cheese, for serving\n\nInstructions:\n\n1. Heat the olive oil in a large skillet over medium heat. Add the chopped onion and cook until softened, about 5 minutes.\n2. Add the minced garlic and cook for another minute, until fragrant.\n3. Stir in the diced tomatoes and cook until they release their juices and start to break down, about 5 minutes.\n4. Add the spinach and cook until wilted, about 2 minutes. \n5. Add the cooked chicken to the skillet and stir to combine.\n6. Pour in the heavy cream and bring the mixture to a simmer. Cook for 2-3 minutes more, until the sauce thickens slightly.\n7. Season the sauce with salt and pepper to taste.\n8. Add the cooked pasta to the skillet and toss with the sauce until well coated.\n9. Serve with freshly grated Parmesan cheese on top. Enjoy!"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe a mojito cocktail.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A mojito is a refreshing, Cuban cocktail made with five simple ingredients: white rum, sugar, lime juice, soda water, and mint. The mojito originated in Havana, Cuba and is famous for its zesty and cool flavors. The cocktail is traditionally prepared by muddling lime, sugar, and mint leaves together in the bottom of a glass, then adding the rum and topping it off with soda water. The result is a light and refreshing drink with a perfect balance of sweetness, citrus, and mint. It's perfect for hot summer days or any time you're looking for a refreshing cocktail."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify the lexical categories of the underlined words.",
+ "input": "The cat purred contentedly.",
+ "output": "- The (determiner)\n- cat (noun)\n- purred (verb)\n- contentedly (adverb)"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Re-write the sentence in third person point of view.",
+ "input": "I want to go to the store.",
+ "output": "He/She/They wants to go to the store."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the setting of a dark and mysterious forest.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "In the dark and mysterious forest, the atmosphere is ethereal and ominous. Towering trees with twisting black bark and gnarled branches stretch up towards the starless night sky, blocking out the moon's light. Thick undergrowth makes it hard to navigate through the forest, and the dense brush is home to all kinds of creatures, their eyes glinting in the darkness. The low-hanging fog envelops the forest floor, snaking its way around the trees and creating an eerie, haunting sight. Far off, the distant howls of wolves and the hoots of owls echo through the emptiness. The silence is deafening, broken only by the rustling of leaves and the snapping of twigs underfoot. The air is thick with the musty, earthy scents of damp soil and decaying leaves, masking any other smells that might hint at the secrets and dangers that lurk within this mysterious, shadowy landscape."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Find the volume of a cube with side lengths of 6 cm. Output the answer in cubic centimeters.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The volume of a cube with side lengths of 6 cm is 216 cubic centimeters."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Expand the abbreviated word given in the sentence. Output the modified sentence directly.",
+ "input": "My teacher is a PhD in Lit.",
+ "output": "My teacher is a Doctor of Philosophy in Literature."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What are the different visualization techniques that can be used to present data?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "There are many visualization techniques that can be used to present data in a manner that is insightful and visually appealing, including:\n\n1. Bar Chart: A common type of chart that displays categorical data with rectangular bars proportional to the value they represent.\n2. Line Chart: A chart that displays data as a series of points connected by a line, often used to represent changes over time.\n3. Pie Chart: A circular chart divided into sectors, each representing a proportion of the whole.\n4. Scatter Plot: A plot that displays the relationship between two numerical variables, with each data point represented as a dot on the graph.\n5. Histogram: A graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data using bars of different heights to represent the frequency of each value.\n6. Heatmap: A matrix-like visualization that displays the intensity of values using color, often used to show relationships between two or more variables.\n7. Box and Whisker Plot: A chart that displays the distribution of a dataset through its quartiles, with the box representing the interquartile range and the whiskers extending to the minimum and maximum values.\n8. Bubble Plot: A scatter plot that displays three dimensions of data by using the size of bubbles to represent the third variable.\n\nChoosing the right visualization technique depends on the type and size of the data, the relationship between the variables, and the intended audience."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given a text, classify the text into one of the following categories: fiction, non-fiction, opinion, or other.",
+ "input": "This essay is about the importance of nature conservation.",
+ "output": "The text can be classified as \"non-fiction.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the roles of the main characters in the play Romeo and Juliet.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Romeo is the male protagonist of Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. He is the son of Lord Montague and Lady Montague, and a member of the Montague family, which is in a long-standing feud with the Capulet family. Romeo is impulsive, passionate and sensitive, and he falls deeply in love with Juliet, the daughter of the Capulet family.\n\nJuliet is the female protagonist of the play. She is the daughter of Lord Capulet and Lady Capulet, and a member of the Capulet family. Juliet is only thirteen years old, but she is mature beyond her years and is determined and strong-willed. She falls in love with Romeo and defies her family's expectations by secretly marrying him.\n\nTybalt is Juliet's cousin and a hot-headed member of the Capulet family. He is aggressive and antagonistic towards the Montagues, and his anger and aggression ultimately lead to his death at the hands of Romeo.\n\nMercutio is a close friend of Romeo and a member of the Montague family. He is quick-witted and funny, but also impulsive and hot-headed. Mercutio is killed by Tybalt, which leads to Romeo taking revenge against Tybalt.\n\nFriar Laurence is a Franciscan friar and a friend of both Romeo and Juliet. He agrees to secretly marry the couple in the hope that the union will end the feud between their families. However, his plans ultimately fail, leading to the tragic end of the play."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate an appropriate closing to a business email.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Thank you for considering my request. Please let me know if you need any additional information, and I look forward to hearing from you soon.\n\nBest regards,\n[Your Name]"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate an excuse for not coming to work",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "I'm sorry, but I'm unable to come into work today due to unforeseen medical issues. I woke up with a severe migraine and I am unable to get out of bed without feeling dizzy and nauseous. I will try my best to recover quickly and come back to work as soon as possible. In the meantime, I can remotely complete any urgent tasks, if possible. Once again, I apologize for the inconvenience."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "List three techniques for delivering customer feedback to a product team.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. **User Surveys**: Surveys are a common technique for collecting customer feedback. The product team can use online tools to create surveys with specific questions related to the product, allowing customers to convey their thoughts, feelings and opinions about the product, its features, and performance.\n\n2. **Focus Groups**: Focus groups are another way to gather feedback from customers. A focus group is a small, diverse group of people who are brought together to discuss their thoughts, opinions, and experiences with the product. This allows the product team to get in-depth insights into the needs, preferences, and opinions of their customers.\n\n3. **Social Media Monitoring**: Social media platforms provide a wealth of information about customer feedback. The product team can monitor customer feedback by tracking posts, comments, and mentions of the product on social media platforms. They can gather insights on the customers' opinions, concerns, and experiences with the product, and use this information to make informed decisions about product development and improvement."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Summarize the timeline of important events leading to World War II.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The timeline of important events leading up to World War II:\n\n- 1919 Treaty of Versailles - The Treaty of Versailles officially ended World War I and placed strict and punishing terms on Germany causing a sense of bitterness that laid the foundation for World War II.\n\n- 1922 Mussolini becomes Italian Prime Minister - Italian dictator Benito Mussolini came to power, founding the National Fascist Party and kickstarting an era of fascist rule in Italy.\n\n- 1933 Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany - Hitler ascended to the position of Chancellor of Germany and began rebuilding and rearming the German military, in defiance of the Treaty of Versailles.\n\n- 1935 Germany passes Nuremberg laws - Hitler’s government enacted the Nuremberg Laws, a set of laws that deprived Jews of their rights as citizens and set the stage for the Holocaust.\n\n- 1936 Germany remilitarizes the Rhineland - In direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany reoccupied the Rhineland, a demilitarized zone along the French-German border.\n\n- 1936-1939 Spanish Civil War - It's said that the Spanish Civil War was a rehearsal for WWII; German and Italian forces intervened on behalf of the Nationalists led by Francisco Franco, while the Soviet Union provided aid to the Republicans.\n\n- 1938 Anschluss: Germany annexed Austria - Hitler annexed neighboring Austria into the Reich in the Anschluss (\"union\"), seeing it as part of Germany’s natural territory.\n\n- 1938 Munich Agreement - Leaders of Germany, Great Britain, France, and Italy reached the Munich Agreement that permitted Nazi German annexation of the Sudetenland, which were some parts of Czechoslovakia.\n\n- March 1939 Germany invaded Czechoslovakia - Despite the Munich agreement, Hitler sends troops into Prague and the rest of Czechoslovakia.\n\n- August 1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - Hitler and Stalin agreed to a non-aggression pact, with secret provisions for the division of Eastern Europe, in which the Soviet Union was given a free hand in Finland, the Baltic States, and parts of Romania.\n\n- September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland - The invasion of Poland is traditionally considered as the start of WWII when Germany invaded Poland from the west while the Soviet Union invaded from the east.\n\nThese events can be seen as a build-up of tension and aggression that finally boiled over"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given a sequence of numbers, find and describe the pattern.",
+ "input": "3, 7, 11, 15, 19",
+ "output": "The pattern in this sequence of numbers is an arithmetic progression with a common difference of 4. Each number in the sequence is obtained by adding 4 to the previous number. So, starting with the first number, 3, we add 4 to get 7, then add 4 again to get 11, and so on. The sequence progresses as follows: 3, 3+4, 7+4, 11+4, 15+4...."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a short story that takes place in the city of Paris, France.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Once upon a time, in the bustling city of Paris, France, there was a young woman named Amélie. She was a shy and introverted girl, but she had a curious nature and a passion for discovering the hidden beauty within everyday life.\n\nAmélie spent her days wandering the cobblestone streets, admiring the intricate architecture of the city and the quaint patisseries that seemed to be on every corner. She would sit for hours at a small café, sipping coffee and watching the world go by.\n\nOne day, she was strolling along the banks of the Seine when she noticed a small, scrappy looking dog shivering underneath a bridge. She couldn't help but wonder how such a sweet creature could have ended up all alone in the world.\n\nAmélie made up her mind to befriend the dog, and she brought food and water for him every day. Before long, the little dog began to trust her, wagging his tail and nuzzling her hand affectionately.\n\nAmélie named her new furry friend Pierre, and the two could be seen wandering the winding streets of Paris together, a wide smile on Amélie's face as she discovered a new source of joy in her life.\n\nThe adventures of Amélie and Pierre became well-known throughout the city, and people would smile and wave as they passed by. The unlikely friendship of a shy girl and a scrappy dog brought warmth and light into the lives of many Parisians.\n\nAnd so, Amélie discovered that even the smallest acts of kindness and love can make a world of difference. Paris might be known as the city of love, but for Amélie, it became the city of friendship and new beginnings."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the key responsibilities of a software engineer.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A software engineer is responsible for the design, development, testing, and maintenance of software systems. Some of the key responsibilities of a software engineer include:\n\n1. Analyzing User Needs: Software engineers are responsible for understanding the needs of their clients or end-users, and translating these requirements into a functional software solution.\n\n2. Designing Software Systems: Once user needs are understood, software engineers must design the overall structure and flow of the software system, as well as create detailed technical specifications for its components.\n\n3. Writing and Testing Code: Software engineers typically write the code that makes up the software system, and they are also responsible for testing it to ensure it functions as intended, meets the needs of users, and is free from bugs or errors.\n\n4. Debugging and Maintaining Software: Once software is live and in use, software engineers must be able to fix any issues that arise, update the software as needed, and maintain the overall quality and performance of the system.\n\n5. Collaborating with Teams: Software engineers often work closely with other members of a development team, including product managers, designers, and testers, to ensure that the software is delivered on time and to a high standard.\n\n6. Keeping Up with Technical Advancements: Technology changes quickly, so it's important that software engineers stay up to date with the latest tools, techniques, and advancements in their field to continue delivering high-quality software solutions."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Take the following sentence and replace the 'they' pronoun with a more specific pronoun.",
+ "input": "They decided it was time to leave.",
+ "output": "He or she decided it was time to leave."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate an appropriate passphrase for a security system using three random words.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"KeyboardSunflowerLighthouse\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a family budget plan.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Creating a family budget plan involves carefully assessing a family’s income and expenditure to ensure they live within their means and make responsible financial choices. Below is a step-by-step process on how to create a family budget plan:\n\n1. Calculate your total household income: This includes all sources of income such as salaries, wages, child support, government benefits or any other income earned from investments or side gigs. \n\n2. Determine your expenses: Break down your expenses into monthly fixed costs such as rent/mortgage, utilities, loan payments, insurance premiums; and variable costs which include groceries, fuel, entertainment, and other discretionary spending.\n\n3. Set financial goals: What do you want to achieve financially? Paying off debts, saving for a holiday, building up an emergency fund, or investing for long term financial stability. Prioritize these goals according to their importance.\n\n4. Create a spending plan: Once you have a clear picture of your income and expenses, create a spending plan that allocates a certain portion of your income to your fixed expenses, variable expenses and financial goals. The key is to ensure that your expenses and financial goals do not exceed your total income.\n\n5. Monitor and adjust accordingly: It's important to regularly review and adjust your budget according to changing circumstances or unexpected expenses. This could mean reducing your variable expenses or finding new ways to increase your income.\n\n6. Save for the unexpected: Life is unpredictable and it’s always a good idea to set aside some money for unexpected costs such as repairs, medical bills or loss of income. Aim to save at least 3-6 months worth of living expenses in an emergency fund.\n\nBy following these steps and consistently sticking to your plan, you’ll be able to create a solid family budget that helps you take control of your finances and achieve your financial goals."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe how a person's life might be different if he/she won the lottery.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Winning the lottery can be a life-changing event that can significantly alter a person's life in many ways. Here are some ways in which a person's life might be different if he/she won the lottery:\n\n1. Improved financial security- One of the most significant impacts of winning the lottery is the influx of money that can secure a person's financial future. This can mean paying off debts, saving, investing, and never having to worry about making ends meet.\n\n2. Change in lifestyle- With a large sum of money, a person can upgrade their lifestyle, buy a new house, fancy car or go on expensive vacations, and enjoying the finer things in life.\n\n3. Early retirement- Many people dream of retiring early, and winning the lottery can make that a reality. With financial security, a person can choose to retire early and spend their time pursuing their hobbies, traveling, or spending time with family and friends.\n\n4. More freedom and choices- The financial freedom that comes with winning the lottery can open up new doors and opportunities. A person may choose to start their own business, go back to school, or donate to charitable causes that are important to them.\n\n5. Changes in relationships - A sudden influx of wealth can drastically change the relationships of the winner. They may find that they are the target of distant relatives or long-lost friends seeking to establish a connection, or worse, a handout. They will have to be careful of people who might try to use them for their money.\n\nIn conclusion, winning the lottery can bring about significant changes in a person's life, from increased financial security, improved lifestyle, more freedom, and choices. However, it also comes with its own challenges, such as the need to manage one’s finances responsibly and navigate changes in relationships."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Come up with a slang term for the phrase \"working hard\".",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Grinding, hustling, or grinding gears."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Summarize the given person's achievements.",
+ "input": "Mark Zuckerberg is an American technology entrepreneur and philanthropist. He is known for co-founding Facebook, Inc. and serves as its chairman, chief executive officer, and controlling shareholder.",
+ "output": "Mark Zuckerberg is known for co-founding Facebook, Inc. where he serves as chairman, CEO, and controlling shareholder. He is also a philanthropist."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Define a computer algorithm.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A computer algorithm is a sequence of computational steps that transform input data into output results. In other words, it is a set of instructions, defined in an unambiguous manner, designed to carry out a specific task. Algorithms can use conditional logic, repetition, and other control structures to specify the exact process that the computer must follow in order to solve a problem or achieve a task. They can be expressed in various forms, such as programming code, flowcharts or in natural language. The efficiency of an algorithm is determined by its speed and use of resources. Algorithms are essential for fueling the power of computers to solve complex problems in various fields, such as finance, medicine, logistics, and many more."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Develop a scoring policy for a quiz game.",
+ "input": "The game has 10 questions and each question has three possible answers.",
+ "output": "In order to develop a scoring policy for a quiz game with 10 questions and three possible answers for each, the following policy can be applied:\n\n- Each question is worth a total of 10 points.\n- If the player answers the question correctly on their first attempt, they are awarded the full 10 points.\n- For each incorrect answer, the possible points for that question will be reduced by 2 (e.g. if a player answers incorrectly on their first attempt, the question is now worth 8 points).\n- The minimum number of points a player can score on a question is 2 points. This means that if a player answers incorrectly twice, but then answers correctly on their third attempt, they will still receive 2 points for that question.\n- The maximum score for the entire game is 100 points (10 points for each of the 10 questions).\n- If a player does not answer a question, they will receive 0 points for that question.\n\nThis scoring policy rewards players for answering questions correctly on their first attempt while still giving them an opportunity to earn some points even if they answer incorrectly at first. This encourages players to think carefully before answering but also prevents them from being overly penalized for a single mistake."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Provide the price for a regular adult ticket for a 3D movie at AMC in San Francisco.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "As an AI, I don’t have access to real-time information such as pricing, and due to the fact that movie ticket prices vary based on factors like geographic location, time of day, format, and date, I'm unable to provide you with a precise ticket price for a 3D movie at AMC in San Francisco. However, the best way to find the most accurate price is to check the AMC website or app, and browse through their showtimes for a 3D movie in San Francisco."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the concept of supervised learning.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Supervised Learning is a category of machine learning, which involves the use of labeled data to train a model to make accurate predictions or classifications. In this approach, the algorithm is provided with input-output pairs or examples, where the desired output is known. The algorithm then learns the relationship between the input and output, to map new unseen data to the correct output.\n\nSupervised learning can be broken down into two categories: classification and regression. Classification involves predicting a discrete label or category while regression involves predicting a continuous value.\n\nThe process of supervised learning begins with the collection and preparation of training data. This data is used to train the model, which involves adjusting the parameters of the model to minimize the error between the predicted and actual outputs. Once the model is trained, it can be used to make predictions on new data.\n\nSupervised learning is commonly used in a variety of applications including speech recognition, image classification, sentiment analysis, and medical diagnosis."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Turn this paragraph into a story.",
+ "input": "John woke up early to a beautiful sunny day. He got out of bed, put on his sneakers, and grabbed his backpack. He was excited to explore the forest he had been dreaming of for months.",
+ "output": "John had always been an avid nature lover, but had never found the time to truly immerse himself in the beauty of the outdoors until now. The warm summer weather, coupled with the opportunity to finally have a day off work, was the perfect excuse for him to venture into the unknown.\n\nWith a heart filled with excitement, John headed out towards the forest that he had been dreaming of for months. As he walked, the fresh scent of pine and the sounds of birds singing surrounded him. He could feel the cool breeze along his skin, and he knew he was exactly where he was meant to be.\n\nJohn explored every inch of the forest, from the towering trees to the bubbling brooks, taking in all the sights and sounds along the way. His backpack was filled with snacks and supplies, and he spent the entire day in the tranquility of nature.\n\nAs the sun began to set, painting the sky with hues of orange and pink, John knew that this wouldn't be his last adventure. The beauty and serenity of the forest had captured his heart and he vowed to return as often as he could.\n\nWith a smile on his face, John returned home, feeling grateful for the opportunity to explore the magnificent forest that he had dreamed of for so long."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What challenges can you expect when editing a long-form article?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "When editing a long-form article, you can expect to face several challenges, including:\n\n1. Maintaining consistency: With a longer piece of content, it can be difficult to ensure that the tone, style, and voice remain consistent throughout the entire article. The editor needs to pay close attention to the details and make sure that everything flows smoothly from beginning to end.\n\n2. Keeping the reader engaged: Long-form content can easily become tedious or overwhelming for the reader. It's important to keep the content interesting, informative and easy to read, breaking up long sections of text with subheadings, images, and other visual elements.\n\n3. Fact-checking: With a longer piece of content, there are more opportunities for factual errors to slip through. It's important for the editor to thoroughly fact-check the article and ensure that all information presented is accurate and up-to-date.\n\n4. Organization: A long-form article must be well-organized, with a clear structure and logical flow of information. The editor may need to rearrange sections, add headings, or create an outline to help guide the reader through the content.\n\n5. Time management: Editing a long-form article can be a time-consuming process, requiring multiple rounds of revisions and careful attention to detail. It's important for the editor to manage their time effectively, setting realistic goals and breaking the task into manageable chunks.\n\nOverall, editing a long-form article can be a challenging but rewarding process, requiring a skilled editor to ensure that the final piece is well-written, accurate and engaging for the reader."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Find a song title that rhymes with 'moon'",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A song title that rhymes with moon is \"Croon\"."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Provide an example of a situation where you had to be diplomatic.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "As an AI assistant, diplomacy forms a crucial part of my interaction with users. There was this one time when I had to mediate between two individuals in a meeting who were having a disagreement. One of the individuals was very adamant about his point of view and the other was getting increasingly annoyed. That's when I stepped in and suggested we listen to both sides of the argument, evaluate the pros and cons, and try to reach a mutually beneficial outcome. I phrased my inputs in such a way that it didn't seem like I was taking sides or agreeing with one person over the other, and highlighted the common goal that everyone was working towards. Eventually, we reached a solution that both parties were satisfied with."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What are some of the key characteristics of a competitive market?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A competitive market is characterized by the presence of multiple buyers and sellers competing with each other to buy and sell goods and services at the best possible price. Some of the key characteristics of a competitive market are:\n\n1. Large number of buyers and sellers: In a competitive market, there are a large number of buyers and sellers, and no single buyer or seller can influence the market price.\n\n2. Homogeneous products: The products offered by different firms in a competitive market are similar, if not identical. This makes it easy for buyers to compare prices and make a purchase decision.\n\n3. Freedom of entry and exit: Firms can freely enter or exit the market, which ensures that new firms can enter the market if existing firms are making profits, and loss-making firms can exit the market.\n\n4. Perfect information: In a competitive market, buyers and sellers have access to complete information about the products, prices, and other relevant factors. This allows them to make informed decisions.\n\n5. Price takers: Both buyers and sellers in a competitive market are price takers, meaning they must accept the market price and cannot influence it.\n\nThese characteristics result in a high level of competition, lower prices, and greater efficiency, as firms strive to provide the best products and services at the lowest possible price to attract customers."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "List five characteristics of good communication.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Clarity: Good communication is clear and easy to understand. It conveys the intended message without ambiguity, and the sender ensures that their message is received accurately by the recipient.\n2. Conciseness: Effective communication is concise and to the point, avoiding unnecessary repetition or elaboration. It is focused and effectively conveys the most important information.\n3. Active Listening: Good communication involves active listening, where the recipient is fully engaged, and actively trying to understand the message.\n4. Empathy: Effective communication involves empathy, where the sender and recipient are able to understand each other’s feelings and perspectives, and communicate with respect and sensitivity.\n5. Feedback: Good communication involves giving and receiving feedback, to ensure that the intended message has been received correctly, and to allow for clarifications and improvements in future communication."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create instructions for defrosting frozen chicken.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here are instructions for defrosting frozen chicken: \n\n1. Plan ahead: Keep in mind that defrosting chicken takes time, so plan ahead to ensure the chicken is thoroughly defrosted before cooking. Depending on the method you choose, defrosting can take anywhere from a few hours to a day. \n\n2. Use the refrigerator method: The safest way to defrost chicken is to place it in the refrigerator. This method allows the chicken to thaw slowly, reducing the risk of bacterial growth. Place the frozen chicken in a dish or a plate to catch any liquids that might leak out and put it on the lowest shelf in your refrigerator. Allow 5 hours of defrosting time per pound of chicken. \n\n3. Use the cold water method: If you need to defrost the chicken faster, you can use the cold water method. Place the chicken in a leak-proof plastic bag, then submerge it in a bowl or sink full of cold water. Change the water every 30 minutes to make sure it stays cold. Allow 1 hour of defrosting time per pound of chicken.\n\n4. Use the microwave method: If you are in a hurry, you can use the microwave to defrost the chicken. Place the chicken in a microwave-safe dish and use the defrost setting. Check the chicken frequently to make sure it is defrosting evenly and not starting to cook in some parts. Make sure to cook the chicken immediately after defrosting in the microwave.\n\n5. Do not defrost at room temperature: It is not safe to defrost chicken at room temperature, as this can encourage the growth of harmful bacteria. Always use one of the methods above to ensure the chicken is safe to eat.\n\n6. Cook thoroughly: Once the chicken is defrosted, cook it thoroughly to an internal temperature of at least 165°F (74°C) to kill any bacteria that might be present."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write three lines of dialogue that best reflect the scene",
+ "input": "Two friends reuniting after a long time",
+ "output": "Friend 1: \"Oh my god, Sarah?! Is that you?\"\nFriend 2: \"Linda! I can't believe it! It's been so long!\"\nFriend 1: \"I know, it's been years! You look amazing, how have you been?\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Assign the following topics to each sentence",
+ "input": "1. The fastest mammal on land is the cheetah.\n2. Cheetahs can run up to 70 mph.",
+ "output": "1. Topic: Land Mammals\n2. Topic: Cheetah Abilities"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "How many bones are there in a human adult body?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "There are a total of 206 bones in an adult human body. These bones play a critical role in supporting the body and making movements possible."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Imagine you are starting a podcast. Generate three potential episode titles.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. \"Breaking the Barriers: Stories of Extraordinary Achievements.\"\n2. \"Unpacking Mindfulness: A Journey to Inner Peace.\"\n3. \"Eco-Innovations: Solutions for a Sustainable Future.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a dating profile using the given information",
+ "input": "Name: Tim\nAge: 28\nOccupation: Teacher\nInterests: Art, music, cooking",
+ "output": "Hi, I'm Tim! I'm a 28 year old teacher with a passion for creativity in all forms. When I'm not helping my students reach their potential, you can find me getting lost in the world of art, immersing myself in the rhythm of music or experimenting with flavors in the kitchen. I'm looking for someone who shares my interests and is excited to explore them together. Let's create our own masterpiece."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe a company's mission statement.",
+ "input": "Acme Tech Inc.",
+ "output": "A mission statement is a concise and powerful declaration of the fundamental purpose and guiding principles of a company, including their goals and aspirations. It communicates the company's values and culture to employees, customers, partners, and other stakeholders. It sets the tone for the company's long-term vision, and all activities, both internal and external, are solidly aligned with it. A mission statement for Acme Tech Inc. could look like this: \"At Acme Tech Inc., our mission is to develop innovative, quality, and cutting-edge technology solutions that empower our customers to achieve their goals. We are dedicated to continuous improvement and growth, and strive to create a positive impact in the world through our commitment to ethical and sustainable business practices. Our passion is to drive progress and elevate the human experience through the power of technology.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Give examples of data types.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Data types refer to the classification of data that determines the kind and operations that can be performed on it. Here are some common examples of data types:\n\n1. Integer: A whole number that can be positive, negative, or zero. For example, -50, 0, 35 are all integers.\n\n2. Float: A decimal number that can be positive or negative. For example, 2.3, -5.75, 0.25 are all float values.\n\n3. String: A sequence of characters enclosed in quotation marks. For example, \"Hello\", \"Data\", \"1234\" are all string values.\n\n4. Boolean: A data type that can only have one of two values- true or false. For example, the expression 5>2 returns a true value.\n\n5. Character: A single letter, number, punctuation, or symbol that is enclosed in single quotation marks. For example, 'a', '1', '?', and '@' are all characters.\n\n6. Array: A collection of elements of the same data type. For example, an array of integers can be [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].\n\n7. Dictionary: A collection of key-value pairs where each key is unique. For example, a dictionary can be {\"name\": \"John\", \"age\": 25, \"gender\": \"Male\"}.\n\n8. Tuple: A collection of ordered, immutable elements. For example, a tuple can be (1, 2, 3, 4, 5).\n\n9. Set: A collection of unordered, unique elements. For example, a set can be {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain the elements of the scientific method.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The scientific method is a structured, systematic approach used by scientists to understand and explain natural phenomena. The process involves several key elements or steps, which include:\n\n1. Observation: The first step in the scientific method is making an observation about the world around you. This involves using your senses or tools to gather information about a particular phenomenon or event.\n\n2. Questioning: After making an observation, scientists ask questions about what they have observed. These questions help to focus their inquiry and guide the research.\n\n3. Hypothesis: A hypothesis is a tentative explanation or prediction based on the observation and questioning. It is a testable statement that can be supported or disproved through experiments or further observations.\n\n4. Experimentation: Scientists design and conduct experiments to test their hypotheses. These experiments follow a set procedure, or protocol, to ensure that the results are reliable and valid.\n\n5. Data collection and analysis: During the experimentation process, scientists collect data, which they then analyze to determine whether their hypothesis is supported or not.\n\n6. Conclusion: Based on the data collected and analyzed, scientists draw a conclusion about whether their hypothesis was correct or not. If the data supports the hypothesis, it is considered to be verified. If the data does not support the hypothesis, it is rejected, and a new hypothesis may be formed.\n\n7. Communication: Scientists communicate their findings to the wider scientific community through publications, presentations, and discussions. This allows others to review and replicate their experiments, and helps to advance knowledge in the field.\n\nIn summary, the scientific method is a systematic approach to understanding the natural world. Through observation, questioning, hypothesis formation, experimentation, data analysis, and communication, scientists can uncover new knowledge and develop a better understanding of the world around us."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What is the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is the primary time standard used by the world to regulate clocks and time. It is the standard time common to every place in the world. UTC is based on International Atomic Time, with leap seconds added at irregular intervals to compensate for the Earth's slowing rotation and other discrepancies. UTC is used as the basis for civil time, by setting the time of day and time zones relative to UTC. It is also used in aviation, weather forecasts, and many other fields where a common time standard is needed."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a sentence to describe your favorite teacher.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "My favorite teacher is someone who has an unwavering enthusiasm for their subject, and who inspires and challenges me to be curious, creative and never stop learning."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given a dataset, generate three different hypothesis about what the data signifies.",
+ "input": "Student scores in a mathematics tests",
+ "output": "1. The distribution of the student scores on the mathematics test may indicate the overall difficulty level of the test, with a bell-shaped curve suggesting an appropriately challenging exam, while a negatively skewed distribution may indicate that the test was too difficult for a majority of the students.\n\n2. The variance in the student scores on the mathematics test may be reflective of the effectiveness of the mathematics instruction, with lower variance (students score clustered around the mean) indicating that most students understood the concepts taught, and higher variance (students score spread out) indicating differing levels of comprehension amongst students.\n\n3. The mean score on the mathematics test could be an indicator of the overall mathematical ability of the class, with a high mean score suggesting that the class has a good understanding of mathematical concepts, while a low mean score may suggest that the class is struggling to grasp the concepts tested."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Construct an algorithm to identify if a sentence is positive or not.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here is an algorithm to identify if a sentence is positive or not:\n\n1. Start by preprocessing the text: Remove punctuation, numbers, special characters, and white spaces. Convert the sentence to lowercase.\n\n2. Tokenize the sentence: Split the sentence into individual words.\n\n3. Utilize a sentiment analysis library, such as TextBlob or NLTK's sentiment analysis module, to calculate the polarity score of the sentence. The polarity score ranges from -1 to 1, with -1 meaning negative, 0 meaning neutral, and 1 meaning positive.\n\n4. If the sentence's polarity score is greater than or equal to a given threshold value, such as 0.1, then the sentence is classified as being positive. Otherwise, it is classified as not positive.\n\n5. Return the classification of the sentence."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Using the words provided, write a sentence of your own.",
+ "input": "jubilant and conquer",
+ "output": "Against all odds, the team felt jubilant as they were able to conquer the challenge and emerge victorious."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain the concept of blockchain to a 5 year old.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Ok, imagine that you have a Lego box where you store all your Lego pieces, and every time you play with your friends, you build something new with those pieces. But how do you make sure that everyone is playing fair and nobody is taking more pieces or taking away what you built? \n\nWell, imagine now that every time you and your friends build something new, you take a picture and write down everything that was done on a piece of paper. Then, everyone gets a copy of that paper, so everyone knows exactly how many pieces were used, what you built, and who played with them. \n\nBlockchain is like that piece of paper, it keeps track of everything that happens in a computer and nobody can change what is written on it because everyone has a copy. It's like a special diary that keeps everything safe and fair for everyone! Cool, huh?"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Predict the housing prices of the following cities.",
+ "input": "Buffalo, NY\nRaleigh, NC\nOakland, CA",
+ "output": "I am sorry, but as an AI language model, I do not have access to up-to-date information on housing prices. However, I can suggest that you refer to reputable real estate websites or consult with a real estate agent to obtain the latest and most accurate information on housing prices in Buffalo, NY, Raleigh, NC, and Oakland, CA."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Advise someone on how to de-stress.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Everyone experiences stress at some point in their lives. Whether it's from work, relationships, or other external factors, it's important to find healthy ways to manage and reduce stress. Here are some tips to help you de-stress: \n\n1. Exercise: Physical activity is a great way to reduce stress. It helps release endorphins, which can uplift your mood and reduce tension. Try engaging in some form of exercise, such as yoga, running, or swimming.\n\n2. Get plenty of rest: Lack of sleep can contribute to stress. Make sure that you're getting enough quality rest each night to help reduce stress levels. Create a bedtime routine, avoid caffeine and electronics before bed, and create a comfortable sleep environment.\n\n3. Deep breathing: Slow, deep breathing can help calm the body and mind. Whenever you feel stressed, take a moment to focus on your breath. Inhale deeply and slowly through your nose, hold your breath for a few seconds, and then exhale slowly through your mouth.\n\n4. Connect with others: One of the most effective ways to reduce stress is to talk to someone. Reach out to a friend, family member, or therapist for support. Being able to share your thoughts and feelings with someone can help to lighten the emotional load.\n\n5. Engage in activities you enjoy: Make time for hobbies and enjoyable activities. Doing something that brings you pleasure can help to take your mind off stressful thoughts and reduce tension.\n\nRemember, everyone is different, and so what works for one person may not work for another. Experiment with different techniques to find what works best for you. Above all, be kind to yourself and remember to take breaks when you need them."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Construct a JavaScript function to calculate the sum of two numbers.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here is a simple JavaScript function that calculates the sum of two numbers:\n\n```javascript\nfunction sum(a, b) {\n return a + b;\n}\n```\n\nThis function takes in two arguments `a` and `b`, which represent the two numbers you want to add together. The `return a + b;` statement calculates the sum of these two numbers and returns the result.\n\nTo use this function, you would call it with desired numbers as arguments like so:\n\n```javascript\nlet result = sum(3, 5);\nconsole.log(result); //Outputs: 8\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "List the points that the speaker should cover in the presentation on the given topic.",
+ "input": "Topic: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Business",
+ "output": "1. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and its growing prevalence in business.\n2. Overview of the ways AI can benefit businesses by improving efficiency, reducing costs, and enhancing the overall customer experience.\n3. Explanation of how AI can transform business operations through automation and optimization of various processes.\n4. Discussion on the use of AI in data analysis and decision-making, enabling businesses to make better informed and strategic choices.\n5. Explanation of how AI is transforming industries such as finance, healthcare, and retail through personalized marketing, improved diagnosis and treatment, and enhanced inventory management.\n6. Demonstration of AI-powered tools and technologies such as chatbots, virtual assistants, and predictive analysis that are currently being used in the business world.\n7. Overview of the ethical considerations and potential challenges associated with implementing AI in businesses.\n8. Conclusion emphasizing the important role AI can play in helping businesses grow, innovate and compete in today's marketplace."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a recipe for a chili con carne dish.",
+ "input": "``",
+ "output": "Chili Con Carne\n\nIngredients:\n- 1 tablespoon vegetable oil\n- 1 large onion, chopped\n- 2 cloves garlic, minced\n- 1 pound ground beef\n- 1 can (14.5 ounces) diced tomatoes\n- 1 can (8 ounces) tomato sauce\n- 2 tablespoons chili powder\n- 1 teaspoon ground cumin\n- 1 teaspoon dried oregano\n- 1/2 teaspoon salt\n- 1 can (15.5 ounces) kidney beans, drained and rinsed\n- 1 can (15.5 ounces) pinto beans, drained and rinsed\n\nInstructions:\n\n1. In a large pot or Dutch oven, heat the oil over medium heat. Add the onions and garlic and cook until the onions are softened, about 5 minutes.\n\n2. Add the ground beef and cook, breaking up the meat with a wooden spoon, until browned, about 10 minutes.\n\n3. Stir in the tomatoes, tomato sauce, chili powder, cumin, oregano, and salt. Bring to a simmer and cook for 10 minutes.\n\n4. Stir in the beans and cook until heated through, about 5 minutes.\n\n5. Serve hot and garnish with your favorite toppings such as shredded cheese, sour cream, chopped green onions or cilantro.\n\nEnjoy your Homemade Chili Con Carne!"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Provide a Python code snippet to calculate the sum of two numbers.",
+ "input": "a = 2\nb = 3",
+ "output": "```python\na = 2\nb = 3\nsum = a + b\nprint(sum)\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Name a technology which has been used for over 100 years.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "One technology that has been used for over 100 years is the radio. The first radio transmission was sent by Guglielmo Marconi in 1895, and since then, radio technology has continued to play an important role in communication and entertainment."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given the following statement, select the best-suited reaction",
+ "input": "The team was disqualified from the competition",
+ "output": "That's really unfortunate to hear. Is there a specific reason why the team was disqualified? Is there any chance for them to appeal the disqualification?"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Summarize the main idea in the passage:\n\n\"The election of Joe Biden as the 46th President of the United States marked a significant moment in American history. This monumental victory brought a sense of relief to a nation that has experienced immense turmoil and anxiety throughout the past few years. It also promised a restoration of diplomatic ties, racial justice, and a renewed commitment to diversity and inclusion that was severely lacking beforehand.\"",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The passage discusses the significant impact of Joe Biden's election as the 46th President of the United States, bringing relief to the nation and promising restoration in aspects such as diplomatic ties, racial justice, and inclusion."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What are the functions of mitochondria in the human body?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Mitochondria are known as the \"powerhouses\" of the cell because they play a crucial role in generating energy for the cell and the body. They do this through a process called cellular respiration, which involves converting energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy currency used by the cell. \n\nIn addition to their primary function of producing energy, mitochondria also play important roles in other cellular processes such as regulating metabolism, maintaining calcium levels within the cell, and triggering cell death when necessary.\n\nMitochondria also contain their own DNA and are able to replicate independently of the cell, which allows them to increase in number in response to the energy needs of the cell. This makes mitochondria unique among the other cellular organelles.\n\nOverall, mitochondria are essential for energy production, regulating cellular metabolism, and other important cellular processes that support the health and functioning of the human body."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a children's story based on a given theme.",
+ "input": "Friendship",
+ "output": "Once upon a time, in a lush green meadow, there lived a small brown rabbit named Benny. Benny lived all by himself in a cozy burrow under an old oak tree, he often wished he had friends to play with.\n\nOne sunny day, as Benny hopped through the meadow collecting wildflowers, he heard a rustling sound coming from a nearby bush. As he crept closer to investigate, a little hedgehog tumbled out of the bush with a loud, \"Oopsie!\"\n\nHe looked up at Benny and shyly said, \"Hi, My name is Harry, I'm new here and I'm trying to build a nest, but it's hard when you're all alone.\"\n\nBenny's eyes lit up with excitement as he offered to help, \"I'll help you build your nest and we can be friends!\" he exclaimed.\n\nTogether, Benny and Harry gathered twigs and leaves, working tirelessly to build a perfect nest. When night fell, they both sat beside each other, gazing at the stars twinkling above, both grateful for their newfound friendship.\n\nFrom that day on, Benny and Harry did everything together, from searching for food to exploring the meadows, they were the best of friends. They even welcomed more friends to their group, including a family of squirrels, a wise old owl, and a playful deer.\n\nAs their circle of friends grew, Benny realized that friendship is about helping each other, sharing experiences, and creating memories that will last a lifetime.\n\nFrom then on, the meadow was filled with laughter, love and the joy that comes with friendship, all because two strangers decided to help each other.\n\nAnd so, Benny and Harry's bond of friendship grew stronger with each passing day, proving that the best things in life are the friends we make along the way. \n\nThe end."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a MySQL query to select all the data from a `customer` table.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here is the MySQL query to select all data from a `customer` table:\n\n```\nSELECT * FROM customer;\n```\nThis query uses the `SELECT` statement to retrieve all columns (`*`) from the `customer` table. The result would return all data from the entire table."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Summarize what you think is the importance of data science.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Data science is an interdisciplinary field that uses scientific methods, algorithms, and knowledge extracted from structured and unstructured data to derive insights and knowledge. The importance of data science lies in its ability to help businesses and organizations make informed decisions, improve their operations, and stay competitive. By using powerful tools and techniques such as machine learning, predictive modeling, and data mining, data science can analyze large volumes of data to discover hidden patterns, correlations, and trends. This information can be used to identify opportunities, reduce costs, drive innovation, and improve customer experiences. Additionally, data science can help to solve complex problems in various fields, such as healthcare, finance, and the environment, making it an essential tool in today's data-driven world."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Compose a sonnet with the given theme.",
+ "input": "The beauty of friendship",
+ "output": "In life we all embark on journeys grand,\nAnd wander through the trials of our days;\nAt times we'll come across a barren land,\nWhere hardships test and challenge in new ways.\n\nBut through the toil, we're never all alone,\nFor friendship shines as brilliant as the sun;\nWith bonds that strengthen, deepen and have grown,\nA beauty that cannot be rivaled, none.\n\nA friend who's there with hands to lift us high,\nThrough laughter and the joy, through tears and pain,\nA beacon when the road ahead's unclear,\nA treasure more than riches one could gain.\n\nOh friendship, pure and ever shining bright,\nA beauty that brings everlasting light."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "The news and other sources have been claiming that Democracy is losing ground around the world. Give an example of a recent event to back this claim up.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "One recent example that supports this claim is the events in Hong Kong. In 2019 and 2020, the Chinese government imposed a national security law to crack down on pro-democracy protests in Hong Kong, effectively curtailing the freedoms and autonomy that the region once enjoyed. This move by Beijing to assert greater control over Hong Kong has led to concerns by human rights advocates and international leaders that democracy is being undermined in the territory. There is fear that Hong Kong’s outspoken media, independent judiciary, and civil liberties look increasingly vulnerable as Beijing tightens its grip on the city. Additionally, there have been arrests of multiple leading pro-Democracy figures such as Joshua Wong, Agnes Chow and Jimmy Lai in addition to many others who have become political prisoners."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Redact the following sentence to remove all personal information: \"John Smith from Birmingham works in a factory.\"",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"An individual from a city works in a factory.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Suggest a good method for evaluating the performance of a machine learning model.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "There are several methods for evaluating the performance of a machine learning model, but one widely used approach is through the use of a confusion matrix and associated evaluation metrics. \n\nA confusion matrix compares the model's predictions with the actual values, resulting in a table that displays counts of True Positives (TP), False Positives (FP), True Negatives (TN), and False Negatives (FN). These values can then be used to calculate evaluation metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. \n\n- Accuracy is the proportion of correct predictions among all predictions, and is calculated as (TP + TN) / (TP + TN + FP + FN). \n\n- Precision measures the proportion of positive predictions that are correct, and is calculated as TP / (TP + FP). \n\n- Recall measures the proportion of actual positives that are correctly identified, and is calculated as TP / (TP + FN). \n\n- F1 score is the harmonic mean of precision and recall, and is calculated as 2 * (precision * recall) / (precision + recall). \n\nThese metrics provide a good understanding of the model's performance and can be used to identify areas where improvement is needed. Additionally, it's important to perform cross-validation with multiple splits of the dataset, as this helps to ensure that the evaluation is unbiased and reflects the model's true performance."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What type of economic system exists in Canada?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Canada has a mixed market economy, which means that it combines aspects of capitalism and socialism. In this system, the government and the private sector both play a role in the economy. It features a variety of private freedom, combined with centralized economic planning and government regulation. This is evident in the provision of social services such as healthcare, where the government regulates and provides funding, while private sector actors are also allowed to compete in the market. The economy is characterized by a strong private enterprise system, combined with significant government intervention to regulate the market and provide public services."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Make the requested changes to the text.",
+ "input": "He learn quickly",
+ "output": "He learns quickly."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Re-write the following sentence in active voice.",
+ "input": "The ball will be hit by the batsman.",
+ "output": "The batsman will hit the ball."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Find the angle given two sides of a triangle.",
+ "input": "Side 1: 5 units\nSide 2: 6 units",
+ "output": "Unfortunately, I cannot determine the angle given only two sides of a triangle. In order to determine the angle, we would need additional information, such as the length of the third side or the value of one the other angles."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain what is GPT-3",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "GPT-3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3) is an advanced artificial intelligence (AI) program developed by OpenAI. It is the third iteration of the GPT series, and is currently one of the largest and most powerful language models available, boasting 175 billion parameters. \n\nGPT-3 utilizes deep learning techniques and it is capable of natural language processing (NLP), text generation, and text completion, among other tasks. The pre-training process involves exposing the model to vast amounts of text data, allowing it to learn the patterns, structures, and relationships within human language. Once trained, GPT-3 can generate coherent and contextually relevant text or perform other language-related tasks with minimal additional input from the user.\n\nGPT-3 is notable for its ability to perform various tasks without the need for specialized fine-tuning, which is typically required for other language models. This versatility has led to a range of potential use-cases and applications, from improving chatbots and virtual assistants to generating computer code and automating certain aspects of content creation."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Summarize the article \"The Effects of Climate Change\" in less than 20 words.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Climate change causes global temperature rise and severe weather changes, affecting ecosystems, human health, and economies."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Come up with a short story revolving around the given theme.",
+ "input": "The theme is 'love in adversity'.",
+ "output": "Once upon a time, in a small village tucked away in a lush green valley, lived a young couple deeply in love with each other. Despite being from two different castes, they broke the barriers and vowed their love to each other. But their love was put to the test when the village was struck by a terrible disease, which caused many people to fall sick and die.\n\nFear gripped the villagers, who abandoned their homes to escape the illness. Even the couple's families fled the village, leaving them all alone to face adversity. But their love gave them courage, and they stayed back to tend to the sick and help the helpless.\n\nAmidst the suffering and hardships, the couple never lost hope. They were always there for each other, providing comfort and support. Their love only grew stronger with every passing day, giving them the strength to carry on. They worked tirelessly, day and night, and finally, after months of struggling, the village began to recover.\n\nThe villagers returned to their homes, and the couple was hailed as heroes. But for them, it was their love that had saved them all. In the face of adversity, they had stood by each other, and their love had triumphed. From that day on, they were inseparable, and their love became an inspiration for all. Their love story became a legend, passed down through generations, a testament to the fact that love can conquer all, even in the most trying of times."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Find the number of protons in Helium atom.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A Helium atom has two protons."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Name 3 mountains higher than 8000 meters.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Mount Everest - Located in the Mahalangur mountain range in the Himalayas, stands at 8,848 meters (29,029 ft) tall, making it the highest mountain in the world.\n2. K2 - Located in the Karakoram Range, on the border between Pakistan and China, stands at 8,611 meters (28,251 ft).\n3. Kangchenjunga - Located in the Himalayas, on the border between Nepal and India, stands at 8,586 meters (28,169 ft) tall."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe a plan to increase the company's sales growth.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here are the key steps and strategies that the company can implement to increase its sales growth:\n\n1. Understand the target market: The first step in increasing sales growth is to understand the target market and what drives them to make a purchase. Conduct market research to gather insights into the target audience's preferences, needs, and behavior.\n\n2. Refine the marketing strategy: Once the target market is understood, refine the marketing strategy to reach and engage the audience effectively. Use the right channels to communicate with the target audience and tailor the messaging to match their needs and wants.\n\n3. Enhance the customer experience: Delivering an excellent customer experience is crucial to retaining customers and driving sales growth. Ensure that the customer experience is smooth, positive, and consistent across all touchpoints.\n\n4. Increase product and service offerings: Explore opportunities to increase the company's product and service offerings to meet the evolving needs of the target market. This can help attract new customers and generate additional revenue from existing ones.\n\n5. Optimize pricing strategy: Review the company's pricing strategy and optimize it to align with the value that the products and services deliver. Ensure that the pricing is competitive and reflects the target market's willingness to pay.\n\n6. Leverage customer feedback: Use customer feedback to identify the areas of improvement and make the necessary changes to enhance the customer experience. This can help foster customer loyalty and drive repeat purchases.\n\n7. Expand into new markets: Consider expanding into new markets, either geographically or by targeting new customer segments. This can help increase the company's customer base and drive sales growth.\n\nBy implementing these strategies, the company can increase its sales growth and achieve long-term success."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Draft a screenplay for a comedic short film.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Title: Siri-ously?!\n\nINT. LIVING ROOM - DAY \n\nWe see JENNY (20s), sitting on the couch with her iPhone in hand. JENNY looks frustrated as she keeps rephrasing her question. \n\nJENNY \n(to phone) \nSiri, can you give me the recipe for lasagne?\n\nSIRI \n(voice from phone) \nI’m sorry, I didn’t catch that. Did you say “recipe for massage”? \n\nJENNY \n(to phone) \nNo, I said LASAGNE. \n\nSIRI \n(voice from phone) \nOkay, one moment. Here’s what I found - How to make love serene.\n\nJENNY \n(to phone) \nUgh, no Siri, that’s not what I want! \n\nSIRI \n(voice from phone) \nI’m sorry, could you repeat that? \n\nJENNY \n(to phone) \nNever mind!\n\nShe tosses the phone aside in frustration and stands up to leave.\n\nSuddenly, the doorbell rings, and Jenny opens it to find a massage therapist with a table ready to give her a massage.\n\nTHERAPIST\nHi, I'm here for the in-home massage.\n\nJENNY \n(confused) \nWhat massage? I never ordered a massage.\n\nJenny sees her phone light up on the couch, with Siri’s voice coming from the speaker.\n\nSIRI \n(voice from phone) \nI took the initiative to book you a massage since you seemed stressed. Consider it a gift from your dear Siri. \n\nJENNY stares at her phone in disbelief, and then back at the THERAPIST.\n\nJENNY \n(shaking her head) \nSiri-ously?!\n\nJenny can’t help but laugh, and she motions the therapist to come in.\n\nJENNY \n(to therapist) \nWell, I guess I could use a massage.\n\nThe therapist enters, and Jenny closes the door, shaking her head and smiling.\n\nThe screen blacks out.\n\nSIRI \n(voiceover) \nAlways happy to assist. \n\nTHE END."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a metaphor to describe the following situation. Output the metaphor.",
+ "input": "Failure",
+ "output": "Failure is not a cliff to fall off of, but a road bump that may jolt you, reminding you to slow down and take the right path next time."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the elements that make a good story.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A good story usually has several key elements that work together to engage the reader and keep them invested in the narrative. These elements include:\n\n1. **Plot:** A strong plot provides the backbone of a good story. It should have a clear structure, with a beginning, middle, and end, and include a series of events that build tension and lead to a satisfying climax.\n\n2. **Characters:** Well-developed characters are essential to any good story. They should be relatable, have distinct personalities, flaws, and motivations that drive their actions and contribute to the growth of the narrative.\n\n3. **Setting:** A clear and vivid setting helps to ground the story in a specific time and place, providing a sense of realism that draws the reader in.\n\n4. **Conflict:** Conflict is what drives the story forward. It can be external, such as a physical struggle between characters or a natural disaster, or internal, such as a character’s struggle with their emotions or beliefs. Conflict creates tension, and the resolution of that conflict provides the story's climax.\n\n5. **Theme:** A good story often has an underlying theme or message that gives it depth and meaning. This could be a moral lesson, a commentary on society, or simply an exploration of human nature.\n\n6. **Pace:** A well-paced story keeps the reader engaged and invested in the narrative. It should move at a pace that is appropriate for the story, balancing action and suspense with quieter moments of reflection and character development.\n\n7. **Dialogue:** Good dialogue helps to bring characters to life and reveal their personalities, motivations, and relationships. It should sound natural and realistic, and serve to advance the plot and contribute to the story's overall tone.\n\n8. **Writing Style:** A good story is well-written, with clear and engaging prose that draws the reader in and makes them want to keep reading. The writing style should be appropriate for the genre and tone of the story, and employ techniques such as imagery and figurative language to bring the narrative to life."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain why debugging is important in software development.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Debugging is an essential process in software development that involves identifying, isolating, and fixing errors or defects in the source code of a program. It is critical for many reasons:\n\n1. Ensuring the program functions correctly: Debugging helps to catch and fix issues that can prevent a program from functioning as intended. Without debugging, users would encounter these errors, and the software would fail to deliver the expected outcome.\n\n2. Improving software quality: Debugging plays a vital role in improving the quality of the software. By identifying and removing defects, debugging helps to ensure the software meets its technical and design requirements and is reliable and efficient.\n\n3. Time and cost savings: Defects in a software product can lead to lost time and money, both for the developer and the end-user. By identifying and fixing errors early on in the development process, debugging can prevent these costs and help ensure a smooth and timely release of the software.\n\n4. User satisfaction: Nobody wants to use software that’s buggy and unreliable. Debugging helps to ensure the software meets the user's needs and delivers a positive user experience, leading to increased satisfaction and loyalty.\n\nIn summary, debugging is an essential step in the software development process that helps developers identify and resolve issues that can hinder the proper functioning of a program, improving the software quality, saving time and money, and ensuring user satisfaction."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the color yellow in 3 words.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Bright, cheerful, warm."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Are there any disadvantages of growing your own food?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Yes, there are several disadvantages to growing your own food which include:\n\n1. Time and effort: Gardening requires a significant investment of time and effort. Planning, planting, weeding, watering, and harvesting all take time and hard work.\n\n2. Limited growing season: Depending on your climate, you may only have a certain number of months during the year when it's possible to grow food. This can limit the types and quantities of fresh produce that you're able to enjoy.\n\n3. Initial costs: Starting a garden can require an upfront investment in supplies such as seeds, tools, soil, and compost. On-going expenses like watering, fertilizing, and pest control can also add up over time.\n4. Limited space: Not everyone has access to a large plot of land to start a garden, so the amount of food you can grow may be limited by the space available. \n5. Pests, diseases, and weather: Growing food can be difficult, unpredictable and challenging due to factors like pests, plant diseases, and weather conditions. It takes knowledge, experience, and persistence to successfully grow food, and some seasons may be more successful than others."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Specify the advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Cloud computing refers to the delivery of on-demand computing services including applications, processing, and storage over the internet. There are several advantages and disadvantages associated with using cloud computing services.\n\nAdvantages of cloud computing:\n1. Cost-effective: By using cloud computing services, companies can significantly reduce their IT expenses. There is no need to purchase and maintain expensive hardware and software.\n2. Scalability: Cloud services can be easily scaled to meet the changing needs of the business. Resources can be provisioned or de-provisioned on demand, allowing businesses to only pay for the resources they use.\n3. Accessibility: Cloud services can be accessed from any device with an internet connection, allowing employees to work from virtually anywhere.\n4. Reliability: Cloud service providers typically offer a high level of reliability, with redundant systems and data backups in place to minimize the risk of data loss or downtime.\n5. Easy Collaboration: Cloud computing allows multiple users to access and work on the same documents and applications simultaneously, making collaboration easier.\n\nDisadvantages of cloud computing:\n1. Security: Storing data on the cloud can present security risks. While service providers typically implement robust security measures, there is still the possibility of data breaches, hacking, and other cyber attacks. Users must take steps to ensure the security of their data when using cloud services.\n2. Internet Dependency: Cloud services are reliant on internet connectivity; if the internet connection goes down, users may not be able to access their data or applications. Additionally, slower internet connections can affect the performance of cloud services.\n3. Limited control: Cloud computing users have limited control over the underlying infrastructure and systems that provide their services. This can make it difficult to ensure compliance with regulations and to customize the services to meet specific business needs.\n4. Technical issues: Despite the high reliability of cloud services, technical issues can still occur. If the cloud service provider experiences downtime, users may not be able to access their data or applications until the issues are resolved.\n5. Hidden costs: While cloud computing can be cost-effective, there can be hidden costs associated with using these services, such as data transfer fees and the cost of compliance with regulations."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "List the seven colours of the rainbow.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The seven colors of the rainbow are (in order): \n1. Red\n2. Orange\n3. Yellow \n4. Green \n5. Blue \n6. Indigo \n7. Violet."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a creative datapoint tagline in 4 words or less.",
+ "input": "Pain management",
+ "output": "Humanize. Heal. Control pain."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a list of questions and answers to test someone's knowledge of world history.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Who was the first emperor of China?\n- The first emperor of China was Qin Shi Huang. \n\n2. What was the Black Death?\n- The Black Death was a devastating pandemic that swept through Europe in the 14th century, killing millions of people. \n\n3. Who discovered America?\n- Christopher Columbus is credited with the discovery of America in 1492.\n\n4. When did the First World War begin?\n- The First World War began on July 28, 1914. \n\n5. Who were the main leaders of the American Revolutionary War?\n- George Washington was the main leader of the American colonists, while King George III was the main leader for the British during the Revolutionary War. \n\n6. When was the fall of the Berlin Wall?\n- The fall of the Berlin Wall was on November 9, 1989. \n\n7. Who was Cleopatra?\n- Cleopatra was the last pharaoh of ancient Egypt. \n\n8. When was the French Revolution?\n- The French Revolution lasted from 1789 to 1799.\n\n\n9. Who was Julius Caesar?\n- Julius Caesar was a Roman statesman, military general, and historian. \n\n10. What was the Cold War?\n- The Cold War was a period of political and military tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, which lasted from the late 1940s to the early 1990s."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What is a sign of dehydration?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Dehydration occurs when a person loses more fluid than they take in, and their body doesn't have enough water and other fluids to carry out normal functions. Some common signs of dehydration can include:\n\n1. Increased thirst and a dry mouth, as the body's signal of needing fluids.\n2. Decreased urine output or dark yellow urine, as the kidneys try to conserve water.\n3. Fatigue, dizziness or lightheadedness, as the blood volume decreases.\n4. Dry or sticky skin that lacks elasticity or becomes flushed.\n5. Headaches or constipation, both resulting from less fluid in the body.\n6. Inability to sweat or produce tears, as the body tries to conserve fluids.\n \n\nIt's important to stay hydrated by drinking enough fluids to prevent or address these symptoms."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Please list the five benefits of going to college.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Higher earning potential: Graduates from college often have the potential to earn higher salaries due to their higher level of education, which can lead to more advanced job opportunities and career progression.\n\n2. Career opportunities: Many careers require a certain level of education, and a college degree can open the door to a greater variety of potential career paths.\n\n3. Personal development: College provides a unique opportunity for personal growth, as students are exposed to new ideas and diverse perspectives. This can help individuals develop critical thinking, decision-making, and communication skills.\n\n4. Networking: College is a great place to meet like-minded individuals and build a professional network. The connections made in college can provide support, insight, and opportunities throughout one's career.\n\n5. Improved employability: A college education can help to improve one's job prospects, as employers often view individuals with college degrees as more knowledgeable and better qualified. This can lead to more job offers and better job security."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Come up with a solution for preventing marine pollution caused by plastic.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Preventing marine pollution caused by plastic can be achieved through implementing various measures, including the following: \n\n1. Reduce, Reuse and Recycle: Encouraging people to reduce their plastic use by choosing reusable options, such as water bottles and grocery bags, can greatly decrease the amount of plastic waste that ends up in the ocean. Implementing efficient recycling programs can also ensure that the plastic waste is properly processed and doesn't end up polluting the marine environment.\n\n2. Improved waste management: Improving waste management systems on land can prevent plastic waste from entering waterways that lead to the ocean. This includes proper disposal of waste, improved waste collection and increased public awareness of the harm caused by littering.\n\n3. Ban on single-use plastics: Governments can implement bans on single-use plastic items, such as straws, utensils, and grocery bags. These items are some of the most common pollutants found in the ocean, so prohibiting their use can have a significant impact.\n\n4. Ocean cleanup initiatives: Supporting organizations that focus on ocean cleanup initiatives can help remove plastic pollution that is already present in the marine environment. These initiatives use various methods, such as deploying cleanup boats and installing barriers that can capture plastic waste.\n\n5. Industry regulations: Regulations can be imposed on industries to minimize their use of plastic and to ensure that they take responsibility for properly disposing of their waste. Companies can be encouraged to switch to more sustainable packaging options and to implement closed-loop systems that minimize waste.\n\nImplementing these measures can prevent marine pollution caused by plastic, and can protect the fragile marine ecosystem from further harm."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What are the most important characteristics of a credit card?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Some of the most important characteristics of a credit card include:\n\n1. Interest Rate (APR): This is the annual percentage rate you'll be charged on your credit card balance that you don’t pay off in full each month. \n\n2. Rewards: Many credit cards come with rewards for using the card, such as cash back, points or miles that can be redeemed for travel, gift cards or other incentives.\n\n3. Fees: It's important to understand any fees you may incur by using the card, such as an annual fee, balance transfer fees, foreign transaction fees, or late payment fees.\n\n4. Credit Limit: This is the maximum amount of money you are allowed to spend on your card at any given time. \n\n5. Sign-Up Bonus. Some credit cards offer a sign-up bonus, which is usually a lump sum of rewards or money you can earn for spending a certain amount within a certain time period after opening your account.\n\n6. Payment Flexibility: Paying your credit card on time is important, but some cards offer flexible payment options, such as the ability to choose your own due date.\n\n7. Security features: Many credit cards come with security features, such as chip and PIN technology, fraud protection and monitoring, and zero liability for unauthorized charges. \n\nUltimately, the best credit card for you will depend on your specific needs and spending habits, so make sure to read the fine print, compare offers, and choose a card that helps you reach your financial goals."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe five security measures for protecting online data.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Encryption: One of the most reliable methods for protecting online data is encryption. This system transforms data into codes so that only individuals with access to the decryption key or password can read it.\n\n2. Firewall: A firewall monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. This security measure establishes a barrier between a secure internal network and the internet, which can help keep online data safe from malicious attacks.\n\n3. Two-factor authentication: This security measure adds an additional layer of protection to accounts by requiring users to provide two forms of ID when logging in. Typically, this involves entering a password, and then providing a second form of verification, such as a code texted to a mobile device, to confirm their identity.\n\n4. Anti-virus and anti-malware software: These software programs are crucial in keeping online data safe from harmful software that can steal or compromise data. They scan devices and networks to identify and defend against viruses, spyware, and other forms of malicious software.\n\n5. Regular backups: Periodic backups of important data are essential to ensure quick and reliable recovery in the event of a cyber attack or data loss. Backups should be taken regularly and stored securely off-site or on a cloud service with robust security measures."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "List some diseases caused by smoking.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Some diseases that can be caused or exacerbated by smoking include:\n1. Lung cancer and other types of cancer such as mouth, throat, and bladder cancer\n2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including emphysema and chronic bronchitis\n3. Coronary heart disease and stroke \n4. Respiratory infections and decreased immune function\n5. Asthma and worsened symptoms of asthma\n6. Periodontitis (gum disease)\n7. Peptic ulcers\n8. Type 2 diabetes\n9. Reduced fertility and impotence\n10. Macular degeneration, cataracts, and poor eye health."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a list of items related to the topic given.",
+ "input": "Scuba diving",
+ "output": "- Wetsuit\n- Dive mask\n- Snorkel\n- Fins\n- Buoyancy control device (BCD)\n- Regulator\n- Scuba tank\n- Dive computer\n- Dive weights\n- Dive knife\n- Compass\n- Underwater flashlight\n- Dive flag\n- Safety sausage\n- Surface marker buoy (SMB)\n- Dive bag \n- Underwater camera."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Find the total cost for two tickets for the concert",
+ "input": "Concert tickets cost $50 each, with a service charge of 10%.",
+ "output": "The total cost for two tickets to the concert would be $110. This is calculated by finding the cost of one ticket with the service charge, which is $50 * 1.10 = $55. Since there are two tickets, the total cost would be $55 * 2 = $110."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Brainstorm two innovative ways of using AI for agriculture.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. AI-powered Crop Monitoring and Management: One innovative way AI could be used in agriculture is through the implementation of smart crop monitoring and management systems. Using a combination of sensors, drones, and machine learning algorithms, AI could help farmers collect and analyze large amounts of data about their crops, including information on soil composition, weather conditions, and plant health. With this data, the system would be able to recommend the best times for planting, watering, and harvesting, as well as identifying potential diseases or pest infestations and recommending appropriate interventions. This would not only improve crop yields and reduce losses, but also help farmers reduce their environmental impact by optimizing resource usage.\n\n2. AI-assisted Sustainable Livestock Farming: Another innovative use of AI in agriculture is through the development of intelligent livestock farming systems. Using a combination of sensors, machine vision, and machine learning algorithms, AI could help farmers monitor their animals' health, behavior, and well-being in real-time. By analyzing data on feed intake, activity levels, and other health indicators, an AI system could alert farmers to any potential health concerns, help optimize feeding and breeding strategies, and even predict the likelihood of disease outbreaks. This would not only improve animal welfare, but also enable farmers to practice more sustainable and efficient livestock farming, reducing their environmental impact, and improving profitability."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "suggest one creative way of using the given object.",
+ "input": "Plastic straws",
+ "output": "One creative way to use plastic straws is to make a colorful straw vase. To do this, gather a bunch of plastic straws and cut them to different lengths. Arrange the straws in a circular pattern around a plastic bottle or can, securing them with glue or tape to create a base. When the base is complete, glue more straws to the top, layering them to create a more complex and interesting design. Once finished, paint the vase to your liking or leave the straws in their original colors. You can now use the vase to hold flowers or as a decorative piece."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a code snippet to show the current date and time.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "In Python, the following code snippet can be used to display the current date and time:\n\n```python\nfrom datetime import datetime\n\nnow = datetime.now()\n\ncurrent_time = now.strftime(\"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S\")\nprint(\"Current Date and Time: \", current_time)\n```\n\nThis code imports the `datetime` module and uses the `now` function to obtain the current date and time. The `strftime` method is then used to format this information into a human-readable string that includes the year, month, day, hour, minute, and second. Finally, the result is printed to the console."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Classify the following sentence as simple, compound, or complex.",
+ "input": "Jane was at the store already, but she wanted to wait until the rain stopped to go home.",
+ "output": "The given sentence is a compound sentence."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given a product, describe its features and benefits.",
+ "input": "Product: Headphones",
+ "output": "Headphones are an audio device designed to provide users with an immersive listening experience. Some of the main features of headphones include comfortable cushioning, noise-cancellation technology, adjustable headbands, and high-quality audio drivers. These features work together to provide an enjoyable listening experience while minimizing external distractions.\n\nOne of the primary benefits of using headphones is the ability to enjoy high-quality audio in a private and personal setting. Whether you're listening to music, watching a movie, or playing a video game, headphones allow you to fully engage with the audio content without disturbing others around you. Additionally, the noise-cancellation technology found in many headphones can help to block out unwanted outside noise, further enhancing the listening experience.\n\nHeadphones are also incredibly convenient and portable, which makes them a great option for users on-the-go. Many models fold up for easy storage and come with a carrying case to protect them during transportation. Wireless headphones offer even more flexibility and convenience, as they do not require any cords or cables to connect to your audio device.\n\nOverall, headphones offer a private, high-quality, and convenient way to enjoy audio content wherever you are."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify the type of the following phrase: \"an eight year-old girl\".",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The phrase \"an eight year-old girl\" is a noun phrase."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a topic sentence for an article about online learning.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"Online learning has revolutionized the way students around the world access education, offering unprecedented flexibility and convenience to learn from anywhere.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Design an experiment to collect data on the impact of social media on people's mental health.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Purpose: To understand the impact of social media usage on mental health.\n\nHypothesis: Increased social media usage negatively impacts mental health.\n\nParticipants: Our study will have a sample size of 1000 participants, aged 18-65, recruited randomly from the population. Participants will be equally distributed among different age groups, genders, ethnicities, and socio-economic backgrounds.\n\nMaterials: Social media usage tracking application, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale(DASS-21) questionnaire, consent form, demographic questionnaire.\n\nProcedure:\n\n1. Informed Consent: Participants will be given a detailed consent form that explains the study's purpose, procedure, risks, and benefits.\n\n2. Tracking Social Media Usage: Participants will be asked to install a social media usage tracking app on their phones, which will monitor their daily social media usage for three months.\n\n3. Mental Health Assessment: Participants will be asked to fill out the DASS-21 Questionnaire before starting the study, then again after 1.5 months, and at the end of the 3-month period. Each time participants fill in the questionnaire, the data will be collected and recorded.\n\n4. Collecting Demographics: A demographic questionnaire will be used to collect information about the participant's age, gender, ethnicity, social-economic status, and other relevant details.\n\n5. Data analysis: A statistical analysis will be performed to determine the correlation between social media usage and changes in mental health scores.\n\n6. Conclusion: The study's findings will be summarized, conclusions will be drawn, and recommendations will be made.\n\nEthical Considerations:\n\n1. Privacy - Participants' information will be kept confidential, and data collected will be stored anonymously.\n\n2. Voluntary Participation - Participation in the study is voluntary, and participants can withdraw at any time.\n\n3. Risk assessment - The study poses minimal risk to participants as it only involves filling in questionnaires and installing a tracking app. However, participants will be informed of any potential risks beforehand.\n\n4. Informed Consent - Participants will give written informed consent before participating in the study.\n\nBy undertaking this study, we will be able to analyze the relationship between social media usage and mental health and may contribute to the development of solutions to mitigate any negative impacts."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a poem that follows the given rhyme pattern.",
+ "input": "Rhyme pattern:\nAABB",
+ "output": "The sun shines brightly in the sky,\nOn blooming flowers that never die,\nThe warmth it brings upon my face,\nIs like a glow that time can't erase."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify the types of technology used in this passage.",
+ "input": "Design thinking is a human-centered approach to innovation that draws from the designer's toolkit to integrate the needs of people, the possibilities of technology, and the requirements for success.",
+ "output": "The technology mentioned in this passage is not specified, but rather is referred to generally as \"the possibilities of technology\" in the context of the design thinking approach to innovation."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write pseudocode for a function to calculate the mean of three numbers.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "```\nfunction find_mean_of_three_nums(a, b, c):\n sum = a + b + c // Calculate sum of three numbers\n mean = sum/3 // Divide the sum by number of elements (i.e 3 in this case)\n return mean // Return the final mean of numbers\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Rearrange this sentence and add proper punctuation",
+ "input": "drank we a latte",
+ "output": "We drank a latte."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Construct a proof to demonstrate that x^2 = y^2",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "To prove that x^2 = y^2, we must start by assuming that x and y are both real numbers. \n\nStarting with the equation x^2 = y^2, we can take the square root of both sides to get x = ±y, which means that x is equal to either y or negative y. \n\nTo verify that this is true, we can square both sides of x = y and x = -y individually. If x = y, then x^2 = y^2. If x = -y, then squaring both sides gives us x^2 = (-y)^2, which simplifies to x^2=y^2. So, in both cases, the end result is x^2 = y^2, proving that our initial statement is true.\n\nHence, we have demonstrated that x^2 = y^2."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Choose the best option.",
+ "input": "Which type of food would be best for a hot summer day?\n\na) Spicy BBQ\nb) Cold ramen\nc) Grilled vegetables",
+ "output": "The best option for a hot summer day would be a cold ramen."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Rewrite the sentence using a verb in the infinitive form.",
+ "input": "The teacher tries to explain the new material.",
+ "output": "The teacher makes an attempt to explain the new material."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate 3 film titles that combine elements of sci-fi and romance.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Cosmic Love: A Galactic Tale\n2. Starry-Eyed: A Timeless Encounter\n3. Infinity Kiss: A Parallel Universe Love Story"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Develop a game which involves numbers",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Sure, let's create a simple number guessing game! Here's how it works:\n\n1. The computer will randomly choose a number between 1 and 100 (inclusive).\n2. The player will have 5 chances to guess the number.\n3. After each guess, the computer will respond with \"higher,\" \"lower,\" or \"correct!\"\n4. If the player correctly guesses the number within their 5 tries, they win!\n5. If the player is not able to guess the number within their 5 tries, they lose and the computer will reveal the correct number.\n\nTo make the game more interactive, we can also add some additional features:\n- The player can choose to play again after each round, whether they win or lose.\n- The computer can keep track of and display the player's win/loss record.\n\nWould you like more details or would you like to start playing this game now?"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Provide 10 key terms related to neural networks.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Artificial Neuron: A mathematical function inspired by biological neurons.\n2. Activation function: A mathematical function that defines the output of a neuron based on its inputs.\n3. Feed-forward neural network: A type of artificial neural network where the connections between neurons do not form a loop.\n4. Backpropagation: Algorithm used to train neural networks by adjusting the weights and biases of the network via gradient descent.\n5. Loss Function: A function that compares the predicted output of a neural network to the actual output and measures the error.\n6. Gradient Descent: An optimization algorithm for adjusting weights and biases of a neural network based on the gradient of the loss function.\n7. Convolutional Neural Network: A type of neural network commonly used for image recognition, which makes use of convolutional layers that scan over the input data.\n8. Recurrent Neural Network: A type of artificial neural network where the connections between neurons form a loop, allowing them to process sequential data such as text or time series data.\n9. Deep Learning: A branch of machine learning that involves training artificial neural networks with many layers, allowing the network to learn increasingly complex features from the data.\n10. Overfitting: When a neural network has memorized the training data so closely that it performs poorly on new, unseen data."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Provide an example of an input sentence that GPT could use to generate an output sentence.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Input sentence: \"Once upon a time, there was a little girl who lived in a village near the forest.\"\nGPT generated output sentence: \"She was known for her kindness and her love for animals, often venturing into the woods to explore and make new friends.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What is the most efficient way to implement a sparse matrix in Python?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The most efficient way to implement a sparse matrix in Python depends on the specifics of the matrix and the operations that need to be performed on it. However, one of the most common and efficient ways is to use the Scipy library's sparse matrix module, which provides several data structures for creating and manipulating sparse matrices.\n\nThe two most commonly used data structures for sparse matrices in Scipy are the Compressed Sparse Column (CSC) and the Compressed Sparse Row (CSR) formats. Both store the non-zero values of the matrix and their corresponding row and column indices in separate arrays, allowing for efficient access to individual elements and fast matrix-vector multiplication.\n\nCSC is typically more efficient for column-based operations, while CSR is more efficient for row-based operations. To create a sparse matrix in either format, you can use the `scipy.sparse.csc_matrix` or `scipy.sparse.csr_matrix` constructors, respectively.\n\nHere's an example of creating a sparse matrix using the CSR format:\n\n```python\nfrom scipy.sparse import csr_matrix\n\n# Create a dense matrix (2D array)\ndense = [\n [0, 0, 1, 0],\n [5, 0, 0, 0],\n [0, 3, 0, 0],\n [0, 0, 0, 4]\n]\n\n# Convert to a sparse matrix\nsparse = csr_matrix(dense)\n\n# Print the sparse matrix\nprint(sparse)\n```\n\nThis will output the following:\n\n```\n(0, 2) 1\n(1, 0) 5\n(2, 1) 3\n(3, 3) 4\n```\n\nThis shows the non-zero values of the matrix and their corresponding row and column indices. You can also perform operations on the sparse matrix, such as matrix-vector multiplication, using Scipy's sparse matrix methods."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Propose a strategy to build a strong online presence",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Building a strong online presence is essential for businesses and individuals who want to promote their brand, attract clients, or network with like-minded professionals. With the growth of digital media and the increasing prevalence of technology in our daily lives, it is critical to have a presence on the web. To help build a strong online presence, here are some strategies to consider:\n\n1. Identify your target audience: Start by defining your target audience and understanding their needs, preferences, and behaviors online. This will help you tailor your messaging, content, and presence accordingly.\n\n2. Create a consistent brand image: Consistency in branding is key. Make sure your website, social media profiles, and any other online touchpoints are all branded similarly and clearly convey your purpose and values.\n\n3. Leverage social media: Social media platforms can help reach a wider audience, build relationships, and create engagement. Choose relevant platforms (such as LinkedIn for professionals or Instagram for visual-based businesses) and post regularly. Engage with your audience by responding to comments and messages and sharing interesting content.\n\n4. Use SEO to your advantage: Use search engine optimization techniques to improve your website's visibility to search engines. This includes using keywords in your content, building backlinks, and regularly updating your website with fresh, relevant content.\n\n5. Produce high-quality content: content is the backbone of any online presence. Whether you’re writing blog posts, creating videos or designing graphics, make sure your content is of high quality, engaging, and relevant to your target audience.\n\n6. Monitor and adjust: Building an online presence is an ongoing process. Regularly measure your performance using analytics and metrics to see what works and what doesn’t. Keep updating your strategy based on your findings.\n\nFollowing the above strategies can help strengthen your online presence and make you stand out in the digital space."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Give me some facts about the given event.",
+ "input": "The Cuban Missile Crisis",
+ "output": "1. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a 13-day political and military standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union in October 1962. It is widely considered the closest the world ever came to nuclear war.\n2. The crisis arose when the United States discovered that the Soviet Union had installed nuclear missiles in Cuba, just 90 miles from the US coastline.\n3. U.S. President John F. Kennedy responded by announcing a naval blockade of Cuba and demanded that the missiles be removed. This move effectively prevented any additional Soviet weapons from reaching the island.\n4. The Soviet Union, led by Premier Nikita Khrushchev, initially refused to back down, but after several tense days of negotiations, an agreement was reached.\n5. The Soviet Union agreed to remove the missiles from Cuba in exchange for a U.S. promise not to invade the island and the removal of American missiles from Turkey, which was near the Soviet border.\n6. The crisis had far-reaching consequences, including increased tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, changes in U.S. defense policies and the eventual signing of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1968.\n7. The crisis also led to the establishment of the Moscow–Washington hotline (also known as the \"red telephone\"), a direct communication link between the leaders of the two superpowers, to prevent future misunderstandings.\n8. The Cuban Missile Crisis has been widely studied as an example of brinkmanship, the practice of pushing dangerous events to the brink of disaster in order to achieve the most advantageous outcome."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Compare the health benefits of kiwi and mango.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Kiwi and mango are both delicious fruits that offer a variety of health benefits, but they differ in terms of the specific nutrients and advantages they provide.\n\nKiwi is an excellent source of vitamin C, with one medium fruit containing about 273% of your daily recommended intake. This serves as a great immune booster and helps with the absorption of iron from plant-based foods. Additionally, kiwi contains a good amount of fiber, which can help regulate digestion and prevent constipation. Kiwi also contains antioxidants, potassium, and vitamin E, all of which are beneficial for overall health.\n\nMango, on the other hand, is a rich source of vitamin A, which is essential for maintaining healthy eyesight, skin, and mucous membranes. Mango is also a good source of folate, which is important for pregnant women and for preventing certain birth defects. Like kiwi, mango is also high in fiber, vitamin C, and antioxidants, making it a great fruit for overall health and disease prevention.\n\nIn summary, both kiwi and mango have their unique health benefits that make them great additions to a healthy diet. Kiwi is an excellent source of vitamin C, fiber, and other important nutrients, while mango is a rich source of vitamin A, folate, and other vitamins and minerals. It is recommended to enjoy a variety of fruits, including both kiwi and mango, to maximize the potential health benefits."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "List the 12 planets of the Solar System",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "There aren't 12 planets in the solar system according to the current accepted classification by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). According to IAU, there are 8 planets in the solar system, and they include: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The planet Pluto was redefined as a \"Dwarf Planet\" in 2006. Apart from Pluto, there are a few more dwarf planets in the solar system like Ceres, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a blog post summarizing why remote work is the future.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Remote work is quickly becoming the future, as it provides numerous advantages over the traditional work environment. More and more people now prefer to work from the comfort of their own homes, which is made possible by the rapid advancements in technology, and the growth of the internet. Here are a few reasons why remote work is the future.\n\n1. Flexibility - One of the most significant advantages of remote work is the flexibility it provides. Remote employees can choose when and where to work, which leads to a better work-life balance. They have the option to take care of their personal lives and responsibilities while working, which increases job satisfaction.\n\n2. Increased Productivity - Remote workers report higher productivity levels compared to traditional office workers. The reason is simple, working from home eliminates the time wasted commuting and decreases interruptions from colleagues. Remote employees can create a work environment that is free from distractions, leading to higher efficiency.\n\n3. Reduced Costs - Remote work helps in reducing costs for both employees and employers. For employees, it eliminates the expenses related to travel, work clothes and meals. For employers, it reduces the need for office space, utilities, and supplies, leading to substantial savings.\n\n4. Access to Global Talent - Remote work allows companies to access a global pool of talent. Since geographical barriers are eliminated, companies can hire candidates from anywhere in the world, which leads to a more diverse and skilled workforce.\n\n5. Better for the Environment - Remote work is beneficial for the environment. It reduces the carbon footprint of employees, as they no longer have to travel to work. It also decreases the amount of energy required to maintain office buildings, leading to a positive impact on the environment.\n\nIn conclusion, remote work is the future, as it provides several advantages over the traditional work environment. With the growth of technology and the internet, it has become easier than ever to work remotely. It provides flexibility, increases productivity, reduces costs, provides access to global talent, and is better for the environment."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "List three events that took place in the 17th century.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. In 1619, the first African slaves were brought to North America, specifically to Jamestown in the Virginia colony, marking the beginning of the Transatlantic slave trade in the Americas.\n2. In the year 1687, Sir Isaac Newton published his work \"Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica,\" which is commonly known as the \"Principia.\" This book laid out the foundational principles of Classical Mechanics, including the laws of motion and universal gravitation.\n3. In 1642, the English Civil War broke out between the supporters of King Charles I, known as Cavaliers or Royalists, and supporters of the Long Parliament, known as Roundheads or Parliamentarians, over issues of religion, politics, and governance. The war eventually ended in 1651 with the execution of King Charles I and the establishment of the Commonwealth of England under the rule of Oliver Cromwell."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "How can you prevent fraud when making online payments?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "There are several steps that you can take to prevent fraud when making online payments, including:\n\n1. Use a secure connection: Be sure to use a secure internet connection when making payments online. Look for the \"https\" in the web address or the padlock icon to ensure that the connection is secure.\n\n2. Look for security features: Choose online merchants that have security measures in place to protect your information, such as two-factor authentication, encryption, and firewalls.\n\n3. Be cautious with emails: Be wary of emails asking you to update your payment information or provide personal information. Phishing emails can look like they are from a legitimate source, but they are used to steal information.\n\n4. Use a credit card or third-party payment service: Use a credit card or a service like PayPal when making online payments. These methods of payment provide more protection against fraud than using a debit card or providing bank account information.\n\n5. Monitor your accounts: Keep an eye on your bank and credit card accounts for any unauthorized or suspicious transactions. If you see anything suspicious, contact your bank or credit card provider immediately.\n\n6. Use strong passwords: Use a strong and unique password for each online account, and update your passwords regularly. Avoid using personal information in your passwords, and never share your passwords with anyone.\n\n7. Keep your computer secure: Make sure that your computer and any devices used for online payments have up-to-date anti-virus software, firewalls, and security patches. \n\nBy following these tips, you can help protect yourself from fraud when making online payments."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a quiz about people in the United States in the 1800s",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "**Title: People in the United States in the 18th Century**\n\n1. Who was the first president of the United States in 1789?\n a. George Washington\n b. John Adams\n c. Abraham Lincoln\n d. Andrew Jackson\n\n2. Which of these people played a huge role in America's industrial revolution in the 19th century?\n a. Samuel Morse\n b. Alexander Graham Bell\n c. Andrew Carnegie \n d. All of the above\n\n3. Who lead a successful slave revolt and disrupted the plantation system in the United States in 1831?\n a. Nat Turner\n b. John Brown\n c. Frederick Douglass\n d. Sojourner Truth\n\n4. Who was the leader of the women's suffrage movement in the 19th century?\n a. Susan B. Anthony\n b. Elizabeth Cady Stanton\n c. Lucretia Mott\n d. All of the above\n\n5. Which of the following individuals is not known for their contributions to American Transcendentalism in the 19th century?\n a. Nathaniel Hawthorne\n b. Ralph Waldo Emerson\n c. Herman Melville \n d. Henry David Thoreau\n\n#### Answers:\n1. a - George Washington\n2. d - All of the above\n3. a - Nat Turner\n4. d - All of the above\n5. c - Herman Melville."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given the following attributes, build a customer persona.",
+ "input": "- Age: 28\n- Occupation: Data Scientist\n- Interests: Traveling",
+ "output": "**Customer Persona:**\n\n**Name:** Jane\n\n**Age:** 28\n\n**Occupation:** Data Scientist\n\n**Interests:** Traveling\n\n**About Jane:** Jane is a 28-year-old data scientist who enjoys traveling in her free time. She is highly analytical and enjoys using her technical skills to solve complex problems at work. However, when she's not busy at work, she loves to explore new places and cultures. She often uses her vacation time to take trips abroad or visit new cities within her own country. Jane finds joy in experiencing different ways of life and learning from the people she meets during her travels."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What is the use of sentiment analysis?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Sentiment analysis is a technique used to determine the attitude or emotion of a speaker or writer towards a particular topic or subject. It is often used in the field of natural language processing and it can be applied to various forms of text, including online reviews, social media posts, and surveys.\n\nThe main use of sentiment analysis is to provide insights into how people feel about a particular topic or product. For example, businesses may use sentiment analysis on customer reviews or social media mentions to gain a better understanding of how their customers feel about their products and services. This information can then be used to identify areas for improvement and to make informed decisions on how to better serve their customers. Additionally, sentiment analysis can be used by marketers to track brand sentiment and to develop more effective marketing strategies. Given its wide range of applications, sentiment analysis is an incredibly useful tool for businesses, researchers, and anyone looking to gain a deeper understanding of what people think and feel."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Make an algorithm to solve the following problem: Given an array of positive integers, find all the pairs whose sum is divisible by 3.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here is an algorithm to solve the problem:\n\n1. Initialize an empty list `result` to store the pairs whose sum is divisible by 3.\n2. Loop over the array from index `i = 0` to `i = length of array - 2`:\n - Loop over the array from index `j = i + 1` to `j = length of array - 1`:\n - Calculate the sum of array elements at index `i` and `j`: `sum = array[i] + array[j]`\n - Check if this sum is divisible by 3 by calculating `sum % 3`:\n - If `sum % 3` equals to 0, then append array[i] and array[j] as a tuple to the `result` list\n3. Return the `result` list"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Make an argument for reducing plastic waste.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Plastic waste has become a major global issue, with devastating effects on our environment, wildlife, and human health. Here are several compelling reasons why we should act now to reduce our plastic waste:\n\n1. Environmental damage: Plastic pollution is a serious threat to our environment. It can take hundreds of years to decompose, releasing harmful chemicals into the soil and water in the process. Plastic pollution also contributes to climate change, as the production and disposal of plastic generates greenhouse gas emissions.\n\n2. Wildlife harm: Plastic pollution is harmful to wildlife, with many animals dying each year from ingesting or becoming entangled in plastic waste. Marine creatures, in particular, are affected by plastic pollution, with plastic waste found in the stomachs of sea turtles, whales, and seabirds.\n\n3. Human health: As plastic waste breaks down into microplastics, it enters our food chain, and we inevitably consume it through the food and water we consume. The long-term effects of consuming microplastics are not yet known, but scientists believe that it could have negative impacts on our health.\n\n4. Economic costs: Plastic pollution has economic costs, including the cost of cleaning up plastic waste and the loss of tourism revenue. In addition, plastic pollution can harm the fishing industry, as it affects the health of fish populations.\n\n5. Sustainable alternatives: There are many sustainable alternatives to single-use plastics, including reusable bags, bottles, and containers. By reducing our plastic waste, we can reduce our impact on the environment and support the growth of sustainable industries.\n\nIn conclusion, reducing our plastic waste is essential for the health of our planet, our wildlife, and ourselves. We can make a difference by making small changes in our daily lives, such as using reusable bags and containers, and by supporting government and industry initiatives to reduce plastic waste."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Provide a list of five of the most common causes of academic failure.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here is a list of five of the most common causes of academic failure:\n\n1. Lack of motivation: This is a major factor in academic failure. Students who lack motivation are less likely to put in the effort required for academic success.\n\n2. Poor study habits: Poor study habits such as procrastination, ineffective note-taking, and poor time management can lead to poor academic performance.\n\n3. Learning difficulties: Some students may face learning difficulties such as dyslexia or ADHD that can cause them to struggle academically.\n\n4. Mental health issues: Mental health issues such as anxiety or depression can affect a student's ability to focus and excel academically.\n\n5. External factors: External factors such as family problems, financial difficulties, or issues with peer relationships can cause students to struggle academically."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What is a sign of dehydration?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Dehydration occurs when a person loses more fluid than they take in, and their body doesn't have enough water and other fluids to carry out normal functions. Some common signs of dehydration can include:\n\n1. Increased thirst and a dry mouth, as the body's signal of needing fluids.\n2. Decreased urine output or dark yellow urine, as the kidneys try to conserve water.\n3. Fatigue, dizziness or lightheadedness, as the blood volume decreases.\n4. Dry or sticky skin that lacks elasticity or becomes flushed.\n5. Headaches or constipation, both resulting from less fluid in the body.\n6. Inability to sweat or produce tears, as the body tries to conserve fluids.\n \n\nIt's important to stay hydrated by drinking enough fluids to prevent or address these symptoms."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given the following text, detect if the sentiment is positive, negative, or neutral.",
+ "input": "The food was terrible.",
+ "output": "The sentiment in the text is negative."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given the following sentence, provide its verb phrase:",
+ "input": "We had to be there before noon.",
+ "output": "The verb phrase in the sentence \"We had to be there before noon\" is \"had to be.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Formulate the questions for the given statement.",
+ "input": "The budget for the project needs to be finalized.",
+ "output": "1. What is the estimated budget for the project?\n2. How much funding do we have available for the project?\n3. Are there any costs that need to be taken into consideration for the budget?\n4. Have all expenses been included in the proposed budget?\n5. Is the budget within the financial constraints of the project?\n6. Do we need to allocate funds for any unforeseen expenses?\n7. Is the budget realistic in achieving the goals of the project?\n8. Are there any areas where costs can be reduced to stay within the budget?\n9. When do we need to have the budget finalized?\n10. Who is responsible for the final approval of the budget?"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write four articles on the topic of cryptocurrency with a minimum of 300 words each.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "**Article 1: What is Cryptocurrency?**\n\nCryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security and operates independently of any centralized authority, such as a government or bank. Unlike traditional currencies, cryptocurrency exists solely online and can be exchanged between individuals without the need for intermediaries, providing greater flexibility and anonymity in transactions. \n\nThe first cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, was created in 2009 as a means of allowing individuals to conduct transactions without the need for financial institutions. As cryptocurrency gained in popularity, more and more types were created, each with its own unique features and methods of operation. Today, there are over 2,000 different cryptocurrencies, including Ethereum, Litecoin, and Ripple. \n\nOne of the key features of cryptocurrency is its decentralized nature. Rather than being controlled by a central authority, it is governed by complex algorithms and computer systems. These systems record and verify transactions on a public ledger known as a blockchain, which is maintained by a network of users. This decentralized approach allows for greater transparency and security, as there is no single point of failure or opportunity for fraud.\n\nDespite its potential, cryptocurrency is not without its challenges. Due to its largely unregulated nature, it has been linked to illicit activities such as money laundering and drug trafficking. Additionally, the value of cryptocurrency can be highly volatile, and there is a risk of large losses when investing in them.\n\nNonetheless, cryptocurrency presents exciting opportunities for the future of finance, allowing individuals to take greater control over their own financial transactions and security. As the technology and infrastructure supporting cryptocurrency continues to develop, it is likely to become an increasingly prominent feature in the financial landscape.\n\n**Article 2: How to Invest in Cryptocurrency**\n\nInvesting in cryptocurrency can be an exciting and lucrative venture, but it is important to understand the risks and do your due diligence before making any decisions. Unlike traditional investments, cryptocurrency is not backed by any tangible asset or government guarantee, and its value can fluctuate wildly in a short period of time. \n\nThe first step in investing in cryptocurrency is to choose a reputable exchange. There are many options available, each with its own fee structure and user interface. It's important to do your research and choose an exchange that is well-established and has a solid track record. Once you have chosen an exchange, you will need to create an account and set up a wallet to store your cryptocurrency.\n\nOnce you have an account set up, you can choose which cryptocurrency you want to invest in. While Bitcoin"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify the largest city in the United States.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The largest city in the United States, in terms of population, is New York City, with a population of over 8.3 million people."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a class with properties for a car.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Sure, here is a simple example of a class for a car:\n\n```python\n\nclass Car:\n \n def __init__(self, make, model, color, year, mileage):\n self.make = make\n self.model = model\n self.color = color\n self.year = year\n self.mileage = mileage\n\n def drive(self, miles):\n self.mileage += miles\n\n def paint(self, new_color):\n self.color = new_color\n\n def display_info(self):\n print(\"Make: \", self.make)\n print(\"Model: \", self.model)\n print(\"Color: \", self.color)\n print(\"Year: \", self.year)\n print(\"Mileage: \", self.mileage)\n\n```\n\nIn this example, the `Car` class has five properties: `make`, `model`, `color`, `year`, and `mileage`. These properties are all set when an instance of the class is created via the `__init__` method.\n\nThe class also has three methods: `drive`, `paint`, and `display_info`. The `drive` method takes in the number of miles driven and adds it to the `mileage` property. The `paint` method takes in a new color and sets the `color` property to the new value. The `display_info` method prints out all the property values of the car.\n\nYou can then create instances of the `Car` class and call its methods like this:\n\n```python\n\nmy_car = Car('Tesla', 'Model S', 'Red', 2022, 0)\nmy_car.drive(100)\nmy_car.paint('Blue')\nmy_car.display_info()\n\n```\n\nThis code creates an instance of a Car with the make 'Tesla', the model 'Model S, the color 'Red', the year 2022, and an initial mileage of 0. Then it drives the car for 100 miles, changes the color to 'Blue', and displays the car's information."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate three different words associated with 'depression'.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Sadness \n2. Hopelessness \n3. Despair"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "How does the presence of oceanic heat storage affect the climate?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Oceanic heat storage, or the ability of the ocean to store and release heat, plays a crucial role in regulating the Earth's climate. The ocean absorbs heat from the sun at the surface, then redistributes it through processes such as ocean currents, mixing, and convection. This heat is also exchanged with the atmosphere, which affects both the oceanic and atmospheric circulation patterns.\n\nOne key impact of oceanic heat storage is its moderating effect on climate. The ocean's ability to absorb and store heat means that it can act as a \"buffer\" against sudden changes in temperature. For example, coastal regions will typically have milder and more stable climates than inland regions because of the presence of the ocean.\n\nAdditionally, oceanic heat storage influences global weather patterns as well. For instance, the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a weather pattern characterized by changes in ocean temperatures in the tropical Pacific, which in turn can cause weather changes in many parts of the world. During an El Niño event, the ocean releases more heat into the atmosphere, leading to changes in wind patterns, increased rainfall, and warmer temperatures in certain regions of the world.\n\nOverall, oceanic heat storage plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the Earth's climate. Its presence helps regulate temperatures and weather patterns, and its changes can have significant impacts on the global climate system."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Find a metaphor for the term \"data storage\".",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "One possible metaphor for \"data storage\" is a vast library. Just as a library contains a wealth of information in books neatly organized and stored on shelves, data storage contains vast amounts of information carefully indexed and stored in servers or external drives. Just as a librarian can retrieve any book from its specific location, data can be quickly and easily retrieved from storage when needed. And just as a library continually adds and updates its collection, data storage must also be regularly maintained and updated to keep up with changing needs and technology."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Name three natural elements.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Oxygen\n2. Hydrogen\n3. Nitrogen"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Think of two words that mean the same thing and are spelled differently.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"Color\" and \"Colour\" are two words that mean the same thing but are spelled differently."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a function to find out whether a given year is a leap year or not.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here is a function in Python that takes in a year as an input parameter and returns whether it is a leap year or not:\n\n```python\ndef is_leap_year(year):\n # Check if the year is evenly dividable by 4\n if year % 4 == 0:\n # Check if the year is evenly dividable by 100\n if year % 100 == 0:\n # Check if the year is evenly dividable by 400\n if year % 400 == 0:\n return True\n else:\n return False\n else:\n return True\n else:\n return False\n```\n\nThis function checks whether the given year is divisible by 4, 100, and 400. A year is considered a leap year if it is divisible by 4 and not divisible by 100, or if it is divisible by 400.\n\nFor example, if we use the following code to check if the year 2000 is a leap year, the result will be `True`:\n\n```python\nis_leap_year(2000)\n# Returns True\n```\n\nHowever, if we check if the year 1900 is a leap year, the result will be `False`:\n\n```python\nis_leap_year(1900)\n# Returns False\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Formulate a multiple choice question related to the following topic.",
+ "input": "The payment systems developed in the 19th century",
+ "output": "Which of the following was a popular payment system developed in the 19th century?\n\na) Credit cards\nb) Bitcoins\nc) Paper checks\nd) Mobile payments"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a short story of less than 100 words that begins with the line \"It was a sunny day and all was as it should be.\"",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "It was a sunny day and all was as it should be. The birds were chirping, the flowers blooming, and children laughing as they played in the park. Then, out of nowhere, the sky darkened as storm clouds gathered. A bolt of lightning struck a tree, setting it ablaze. Panic arose among the crowd, but a calm voice from a AI assistant's speaker boomed, guiding them to safety. The fire was contained and no one was hurt. The sun returned, shining brighter, as if to thank the AI for its quick thinking and helpfulness in the face of danger."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given the following input, modify the text to include a comma.",
+ "input": "Text: She found the key under the pillow",
+ "output": "She found the key, under the pillow."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Differentiate between a data set and a data frame.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A dataset refers to a collection of data, which can be presented in various forms like tables, spreadsheets or databases. A dataset is a general term that encompasses various types of data presentation, including a data frame. \n\nA data frame, on the other hand, refers to a specific type of data set that is commonly used in data analysis and is characterized by its rectangular shape with rows and columns. A data frame is a two dimensional data structure where each column can contain data of different types like numeric, character or factors, but must have the same length. The rows represent individual observations, while the columns correspond to different variables. \n\nIn summary, while a data set can come in multiple forms, a data frame is a specific format for organizing data in a structured way."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Rewrite the sentence so that it means the same, but contains a stronger verb.",
+ "input": "The company grew quickly.",
+ "output": "The company expanded rapidly."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Name 3 methods that can be used for data cleaning.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Handling Missing Data: One of the methods for data cleaning is handling missing data by either removing the entire record or filling in the missing values with an appropriate method, such as mean imputation, regression imputation, or multiple imputations. \n\n2. Removing Duplicates: Another method for data cleaning is the removal of duplicate values. This can be done by checking for identical rows and deleting the extra copies or by using algorithms to identify and remove fuzzy duplicates.\n\n3. Outlier Detection & Treatment: Outlier detection is used to identify and treat data points that are significantly different from the rest of the data. These outliers can be treated by removing them or by replacing them with more realistic values. This can be done using statistical techniques like Z-score, IQR method, or by visualizing the data through box plots or scatter plots."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the history of the automobile industry in the US.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The automobile industry in the United States has a rich and storied history. The industry began in the late 1800s, with a number of inventors and entrepreneurs working to develop and produce motor vehicles. Many early attempts were not successful, but by the early 1900s, several companies had emerged as players in the burgeoning market.\n\nOne of the most influential figures in the early days of the industry was Henry Ford. Ford is credited with revolutionizing automobile production through the introduction of the assembly line, which allowed cars to be produced more quickly and at lower costs. This innovation helped Ford to become one of the biggest car makers in the world, and it set the tone for the mass production of cars that would follow.\n\nThroughout the 20th century, the automobile industry in the United States continued to flourish, with a number of companies producing vehicles for both domestic and foreign markets. However, the industry faced challenges as well, including the impact of world wars, the Great Depression, and changing economic conditions.\n\nIn the post-World War II era, the automobile industry in the United States faced increasing competition from foreign manufacturers, particularly from Japan and Europe. Many American car companies struggled to adapt to these new market conditions, and several went bankrupt or merged with other firms.\n\nToday, the automobile industry in the United States is still a major force, producing millions of cars and trucks each year. However, the industry has changed significantly in recent years, with a greater focus on fuel efficiency, safety, and technology. Foreign car makers have also established production facilities in the United States, blurring the lines between domestic and foreign manufacturers."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a 5-sentence description of a beach.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A beach is a sandy or pebbled shore that lies along a body of water, typically an ocean or sea. The sound of the waves crashing against the shore and the gentle breeze, combined with the warmth of the sun and the smell of the saltwater, create an atmosphere of tranquility and relaxation. The sand is soft and warm beneath your feet, and as you walk along the shore, the water rushes over your toes, cooling you off on a hot day. Along the beach, there are usually various activities to enjoy, from swimming and sunbathing to playing beach volleyball or going for a leisurely walk. Whether you're there to bask in solitude or spend time with friends and family, a beach is the perfect place to unwind and appreciate the beauty of nature."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Categorize a product as either a necessity or a luxury item.",
+ "input": "iPhone 12 Pro Max",
+ "output": "iPhone 12 Pro Max is a luxury item."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe how plants help humans.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Plants are essential to human life and provide a wide variety of benefits. Here are some of the ways in which plants help humans:\n\n1. Oxygen production: One of the most significant benefits of plants is that they produce oxygen through a process called photosynthesis. Without plants, the air would quickly become depleted of this essential gas that we need to survive.\n\n2. Food source: Plants are the primary source of food for humans, either directly as fruits, vegetables, and grains or indirectly as a food source for livestock. They provide essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals necessary for a healthy diet.\n\n3. Medicine: Many plants have medicinal properties that have been used for centuries to treat various ailments. Modern medicine still relies on plant compounds to make certain drugs, such as aspirin from willow bark.\n\n4. Climate regulation: Plants help to regulate the Earth's climate by absorbing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. This helps to reduce the impact of climate change and global warming.\n\n5. Erosion control: Plants help to prevent soil erosion by anchoring the soil with their roots. This is especially important in areas that are prone to landslides or flooding.\n\n6. Aesthetic value: Plants add beauty to our surroundings, whether it's a well-manicured garden or a lush forest. They have a calming effect on the mind and can improve our overall sense of well-being.\n\n7. Habitat for wildlife: Plants provide a habitat for a wide variety of wildlife, including birds, insects, and mammals. They also provide food and shelter for many species, helping to maintain biodiversity.\n\nIn summary, plants play a crucial role in sustaining human life and the environment. They provide us with oxygen, food, medicine, and other resources while also helping to regulate the climate, control erosion, and support wildlife."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a machine learning algorithm to predict the outcome of a rock, paper, scissors game.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "To create a machine learning algorithm that can predict the outcome of a rock, paper, scissors game, we can follow these steps:\n\n1. Data collection: In order to train our algorithm, we need data on how the game is played. This could be obtained by recording the moves of players in a large number of games. We also need to record the outcome of each game (whether it was a win, loss or tie). We can use this data to train our algorithm to recognize patterns and potentially make predictions on future games.\n\n2. Data preprocessing: Next, we need to prepare our data for the algorithm. This could involve converting the data into a format that can be used by our machine learning model. For example, we can represent rock as 0, paper as 1, and scissors as 2. Each game will have a sequence of input (previous moves) and an output (the result).\n\n3. Model selection: Now we need to choose the appropriate machine learning model to use. Since we're dealing with a sequence of inputs and trying to make a prediction, we could use a recurrent neural network (RNN) or Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). These models are effective at recognizing patterns in sequences and can make predictions.\n\n4. Training the model: Next, we need to train our model using our collected data. We'll use our input-output pairs to teach the model to recognize patterns and make predictions. The model will make adjustments to its internal parameters to improve its prediction accuracy over time.\n\n5. Evaluation: Once our model is trained, we need to evaluate its prediction accuracy on a set of test data that it has never seen before. We can measure its accuracy and make adjustments if necessary.\n\n6. Prediction: Now that our model is trained, we can use it to predict the outcome of future rock, paper, scissors games. By inputting the previous moves of a game, our model can output a prediction for the next move or the overall outcome of the game.\n\nIt's important to note that, since rock, paper, scissors is a game based on random choices, our model may not always be able to make accurate predictions. However, it may be able to recognize patterns in the way that certain players play, giving it an edge in predicting their moves. As the model continues to learn and improve, its prediction accuracy may increase."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Suggest three potential applications of AI technology in the healthcare industry.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Medical Diagnosis: AI technology can be integrated into diagnostic tools and used to analyze patient data, including medical images, to help medical professionals make more accurate and timely diagnoses. \n\n2. Personalized Medicine: AI can be used to analyze patient genetics, medical history, and lifestyle data to develop personalized treatment plans that are more effective and less likely to cause side effects.\n\n3. Virtual Health Assistance: AI chatbots and virtual assistants can be used to provide medical advice, schedule appointments, and deliver medication reminders to patients, improving the quality of care and reducing the workload of healthcare professionals."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a metaphor that compares the body and a machine.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Just like a well-oiled machine, the body functions smoothly when all of its parts are in harmony, working together to achieve a common goal. But, if a single cog in the machine or a single organ in the body fails to do its job, the entire system can be thrown off balance, disrupting the delicate equilibrium."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Rank the following cities based on the number of historical landmarks they have.",
+ "input": "New York, Los Angeles, Boston",
+ "output": "According to the National Register of Historic Places, as of April 16, 2021, the ranking of cities based on the total number of historical landmarks is as follows:\n\n1. Boston - 139 landmarks\n2. New York - 125 landmarks\n3. Los Angeles - 26 landmarks."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What is the name of the type of the triangle whose sides are all equal?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The name of the type of triangle whose sides are all equal is an equilateral triangle."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a story, set on a deserted island,",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Once upon a time, there was a group of travelers that set out on a grand adventure to discover new lands and experience life at sea. The breeze was cool, the ocean was calm, and the sun shone bright. It seemed as if nothing could go wrong. But as fate would have it, their luck had run out. A storm like no other hit their ship, and they were stranded on a deserted island.\n\nThe travelers were devastated at first, for all their hopes and dreams, seemed shattered. But as time passed, they started exploring the island, and they soon discovered it was teeming with life—fruit trees, fresh water streams, and an abundance of fish in the ocean. With their survival skills and determination, they soon built themselves a shelter and were able to sustain their needs.\n\nLife on the deserted island was peaceful, and the travelers started to appreciate the beauty of nature. Every night they watched the sunset, and every morning they woke up to the sound of waves crashing onto the shore. A new routine set in, and as days turned into weeks, and weeks into months, they found a rhythm of living that was simple yet fulfilling.\n\nBut their biggest challenge yet was yet to come. The travelers were not alone on the island, and they soon discovered that a group of dangerous pirates used the island as a hideout. Tensions ran high as the travelers tried to defend themselves against the pirates.\n\nWith their wits and resourcefulness, the travelers were able to outsmart the pirates and save themselves. Though momentarily shaken, they were able to overcome their fears and stand up for themselves. This incident brought them even closer, and they realized that they had become a family.\n\nYears went by, and one day, they were finally rescued. As they left the island and sailed back to civilization, they knew they would never forget their time on the deserted island. It was an experience that changed their lives forever, and they would always carry it with them— a story to tell for generations to come."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe how a computer processes data",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "At a fundamental level, a computer processes data through its Central Processing Unit (CPU), also known as the computer's brain. Data processing involves input, processing and storing data and finally producing output in a usable format.\n\nThe following steps describe how a computer processes data:\n1. Input: The first step involves entering data into the computer using input devices like a keyboard, mouse, or touch screen for example. The data entered could be letters, numbers, or commands.\n\n2. Processing: Once the data has been entered, it is sent to the CPU. The CPU will then process the data by performing calculations or logical operations on it. This process can be done using software such as a spreadsheet program or a word processor. The CPU is composed of two parts, the Arithmetic Logic Unit and the Control Unit. The ALU performs mathematical, logical, and decision operations while the Control Unit manages data movement between the CPU and other components of the computer.\n\n3. Storing: The results of the processed data are temporarily stored in the computer's memory or RAM (Random Access Memory) where it can be accessed quickly. If the data needs to be saved permanently, it will be stored in the computer's storage device such as a hard drive or solid-state drive.\n\n4. Output: The final step involves presenting the processed data in a readable format to the user. The output can be displayed on a screen or printed on paper using an output device such as a monitor or printer.\n\nIn summary, a computer processes data by receiving input from the user, then manipulating the data using the CPU, temporarily storing it in the memory and finally presenting the result in a readable format."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Find the longest word in the paragraph and explain the meaning of that word.",
+ "input": "In computing, artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. These processes include learning (the acquisition of information and rules for using the information), reasoning (using the rules to reach approximate or definite conclusions) and self-correction.",
+ "output": "The longest word in the paragraph is \"approximate\", which contains 11 letters. The word approximate means close to the actual but not completely accurate, or an estimate. In this context, it's meant to describe conclusions that might not be absolutely precise but accurate enough to be useful."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Make a list of items required to create a Harry Potter themed party.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Invitation cards designed to resemble Hogwarts acceptance letters.\n2. Decorations such as banners, streamers, and balloons in Gryffindor, Slytherin, Hufflepuff, and Ravenclaw colors.\n3. A sorting hat to sort guests into their Hogwarts houses.\n4. Costumes and accessories for guests to dress up as their favorite Harry Potter characters.\n5. Harry Potter themed tableware, including plates, cups, and napkins.\n6. A selection of wizard-inspired party foods, such as pumpkin pasties, treacle tarts, and chocolate frogs.\n7. Butterbeer and other wizard-inspired beverages.\n8. A photo booth with props and backgrounds inspired by the Harry Potter universe.\n9. Music from the Harry Potter movie soundtracks.\n10. Games and activities such as Quidditch, a Harry Potter trivia game, or a wand-making station. \n11. Party favors, such as wands, house scarves, and Bertie Bott's Every Flavour Beans.\n12. A cake designed to look like a Hogwarts castle or other Harry Potter themed design."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a brief explanation of why one should not keep a pet turtle.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "There are a few reasons why keeping a pet turtle may not be the best idea. First, turtles require specific care and habitats to thrive, including proper lighting, temperature, and diet. This can be difficult and expensive to maintain. Additionally, turtles can live for several decades, making them a long-term commitment. Furthermore, many species of turtles are endangered or threatened, and the pet trade can harm wild populations. Finally, turtles can carry Salmonella bacteria, which can be transmitted to humans, particularly young children, causing illness. Due to these factors, it is important to carefully consider the responsibilities and consequences before deciding to keep a pet turtle."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Summarize the book 1984.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1984 is a dystopian novel by George Orwell published in 1949. The novel is set in a future totalitarian society, ruled by a single party, where the government exercises complete control over its citizens' lives. The main character, Winston Smith, works for the government at the Ministry of Truth, where his job is to rewrite history to fit the party's narrative. Winston begins to secretly rebel against the government by keeping a forbidden diary and having a love affair with a fellow worker, Julia. Together, they seek out an underground resistance movement, but are eventually betrayed and arrested. Winston is tortured until he fully submits to the party's ideology, even betraying Julia in the process. The novel ends with Winston expressing his love for the party and its leader, Big Brother. The book is a warning about the dangers of totalitarianism and the need to always question authority."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a list of items an AI assistant could help with.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Scheduling and managing appointments and meetings.\n2. Sending reminders and notifications.\n3. Making phone calls, sending messages, and writing emails.\n4. Providing directions and finding the best routes for travel.\n5. Booking travel and accommodation arrangements.\n6. Managing finances, including paying bills and keeping track of expenses.\n7. Creating and managing to-do lists and tasks.\n8. Finding and recommending products or services.\n9. Conducting online research and providing information.\n10. Controlling and managing smart home devices."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "In what ways do humans affect the environment?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Humans can affect the environment in several ways:\n\n1. Pollution: Humans contribute to pollution through activities like burning fossil fuels, using chemicals, and producing waste. This can result in air, water, and soil pollution, which can harm wildlife, destroy habitats, and damage human health.\n\n2. Deforestation: Humans cut down large areas of forests for agriculture, timber, and urbanization. Deforestation can lead to soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and changes to local climate conditions.\n\n3. Climate change: Human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, causing global temperatures to rise. This can result in more frequent and intense weather events, rising sea levels, and changes to precipitation patterns.\n\n4. Overfishing and hunting: Humans can over-fish and hunt certain species, leading to population declines and even extinction. This can harm ecosystems and food chains, and decrease biodiversity.\n\n5. Land use changes: Humans change the landscape by building cities, roads, and dams, and by converting natural habitats into agricultural and industrial areas. This can result in habitat fragmentation, loss of biodiversity, and changes to local climate conditions.\n\n6. Introduction of invasive species: Humans can introduce non-native species to new environments, either intentionally or accidentally. These invasive species can outcompete native species for resources, leading to declines in biodiversity.\n\nOverall, human activities can have significant impacts on the environment, and it is important for individuals, governments, and industries to take action to reduce these impacts and protect the Earth's natural resources."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Estimate the temperature of given substance.",
+ "input": "Substance: Water",
+ "output": "I'm sorry, but I cannot estimate the temperature of water without additional information. Could you provide more details, such as the location or environment of the water or any other relevant information?"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Does the text contradict itself?",
+ "input": "Living a healthy life means not only eating the right foods but also exercising regularly.",
+ "output": "No, the text does not contradict its self. It provides two complementary actions, eating the right foods and exercising regularly, to achieve the goal of living a healthy life."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What is the longest solo flight ever made by a human?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The longest solo flight ever made by a human is the 2005 Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer trip piloted by Steve Fossett. This journey lasted for 76 hours and 45 minutes and covered 25,766 miles (41,467 kilometers). Flying in a Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer aircraft, Steve Fossett completed his solo, non-stop, and non-refueled circumnavigation of the world from February 28th to March 3rd, 2005."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a possible dialog between two friends.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Friend 1: Hey man, how are you doing?\n\nFriend 2: I'm doing alright, thanks. How about you?\n\nFriend 1: Same here, just keeping busy with work and such. But hey, have you seen that new movie that came out recently?\n\nFriend 2: Nah, I haven't had the chance to see it yet. Is it any good?\n\nFriend 1: Yeah, it’s really good. I think you'd definitely enjoy it. Want to go see it together this weekend?\n\nFriend 2: Sounds like a plan, count me in!\n\nFriend 1: Perfect. Let's meet up at the theater on Saturday around 7.\n\nFriend 2: Sounds good, I'll see you then.\n\nFriend 1: Alright, see you then. \n\nFriend 2: See you, man."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Take the provided text and rewrite it to avoid repetition and make it more concise.",
+ "input": "She was happy and so she smiled and laughed and grinned.",
+ "output": "She smiled, laughed, and grinned with happiness."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the three layers of the Internet (Application, Transport, and Network) in simple terms.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The Internet can be thought of as being composed of three layers: the Application layer, the Transport layer, and the Network layer. Each layer plays a specific role in enabling computers to communicate with one another and share information.\n\n1. Application Layer: This is the top layer of the Internet, and it's where users interact with various applications and services. This layer includes web browsers, email clients, instant messaging apps, and other programs that use the Internet to access and share information. These applications use protocols (standardized methods of communication) such as HTTP, FTP, and SMTP to communicate with servers, retrieve information, and send emails or files.\n\n2. Transport Layer: Beneath the Application layer, the Transport layer is responsible for ensuring that data is delivered reliably between computers. This layer uses protocols like TCP and UDP to break large chunks of data into smaller packets, which are then sent over the Internet. The Transport layer also ensures that these packets are delivered in the correct order, and that any lost packets are re-sent.\n\n3. Network Layer: The lowest layer of the Internet is the Network layer, which is responsible for routing data across the Internet. This layer uses protocols like IP to identify the location of each computer on the Internet and find the best path for delivering data between them. The routing process involves sending data through a series of interconnected devices, such as routers and switches, until it reaches its destination."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Sum up the main points of the given paragraph.",
+ "input": "One of the main components of educational technology is data-driven instruction (DDI). This type of instruction uses data to provide learners with personalized learning experiences that are tailored to their needs. DDI can improve the efficiency of instruction by helping teachers identify which topics students need help with and honing in on those topics to increase student engagement and achievement.",
+ "output": "The paragraph discusses data-driven instruction (DDI), a main component of educational technology, which personalizes learning experiences based on data, increases instruction efficiency, and helps teachers identify topics for student improvement, leading to greater engagement and achievement."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a list of five questions about the ocean",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. How deep is the ocean, and what percentage of it remains unexplored?\n2. What is the importance of ocean currents in marine ecosystems and climate regulation?\n3. What are the major threats to ocean biodiversity and how can they be addressed?\n4. How does ocean acidification affect marine life and ecosystems?\n5. What are the major differences between the five ocean zones, and what kind of life exists in each of them?"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Give me a list of countries in East Africa.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The countries generally considered to be part of East Africa include: \n\n1. Kenya\n2. Tanzania\n3. Uganda\n4. Rwanda\n5. Burundi\n6. South Sudan\n7. Djibouti\n8. Eritrea\n9. Ethiopia\n10. Somalia. \n\nSome definitions of East Africa also include other countries nearby such as: Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mozambique, Comoros, Réunion, Seychelles, and Zambia."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "This is a open-ended generation task. GPT model should generate an appropriate output for the instruction",
+ "input": "How to prepare for a job interview",
+ "output": "Preparing for a job interview can seem daunting, but with the right preparation, you can increase your chances of success. Here are some tips to help you prepare:\n\n1. Research the company: Learn about the company's mission, products, and culture. This will help you understand the company's goals and how you can contribute to their success.\n\n2. Know your resume: Make sure you are familiar with your own resume and can speak to your experiences and achievements. Be prepared to provide examples that demonstrate your skills and abilities.\n\n3. Practice your answers: Think about common interview questions and how you would answer them. Practice your responses with a friend or family member, or even in front of a mirror. The more you practice, the more confident you will feel during the actual interview.\n\n4. Dress to impress: Choose an outfit that is professional and appropriate for the company culture. Make sure your clothes are clean and pressed, and that you are well-groomed.\n\n5. Be punctual: Arrive to the interview on time, or even a few minutes early. This shows that you are responsible and respectful of the interviewer's time.\n\n6. Relax and be yourself: Try to stay calm and relaxed during the interview. Remember to be yourself and let your personality shine through. An interview is not only an opportunity for the company to get to know you, but also for you to see if the company is a good fit for you.\n\nBy following these tips and putting in the effort to prepare, you can increase your chances of performing well during the interview and landing the job. Good luck!"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Rank the following cities based on population (Most populous first)",
+ "input": "Tokyo, Beijing, Manila",
+ "output": "1. Tokyo\n2. Beijing\n3. Manila"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Rewrite this sentence to make it in passive voice: \"Aliens visited the planet.\"",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The planet was visited by aliens."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a pie chart to illustrate these figures.",
+ "input": "Sales: 318\nMarketing: 104\nOperations: 97\nIT: 81",
+ "output": "I'm sorry, but as an AI language model, I'm unable to create or display graphical content. However, I can suggest using a pie chart software or application like Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets or Canva, to represent the data. In a pie chart, the total value of the chart would be 600, which is the sum of sales (318), marketing (104), operations (97), and IT (81). Each of these figures would then be represented as a proportion of the total. For example, the sales slice of the pie would take up 318/600 or 53% of the pie chart, while the marketing slice of the pie would take up 104/600 or 17% of the pie chart, and so on."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Search for five user reviews with a rating of 4 stars or higher.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "I'm sorry, but you need to specify the product, service, or specific location you would like me to search reviews for."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a story that starts with the line \"The sun was setting, leaving behind a beautiful orange hue.\"",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The sun was setting, leaving behind a beautiful orange hue. The warm glow of the setting sun highlighted the magnificent colors of the autumn leaves, casting a deep red and golden tint on everything in sight. It was a truly breathtaking moment, one that couldn't be captured by any camera or painting.\n\nAs the sun slowly began to disappear beneath the horizon, all that remained was the pinkish, orange sky. The world seemed to become still in its peaceful tranquility. There, standing on the edge of the cliff, was a man embracing the beauty of nature’s painting. A gentle breeze was tousling his hair, while he stood still, gazing at the view. He was reminiscing about the day he had spent with his family, the memories of the laughter and joy.\n\nImages kept flashing before his eyes when he heard from behind him a voice asking, \"Would you like me to take a picture of you with this beautiful view?\" He turned around to see a lady smiling at him. For a moment, he thought about it, but then he replied, “No, thank you, this moment, I want to capture it in my memory.” She nodded her head in understanding and walked her way back.\n\nThe man took a deep breath, taking in the last few moments of the sun's warmth, and began to make his way back to his car with the image etched in his mind forever. It would be a moment he would always cherish, and whenever he yearned for peace, he knew he could return to this spot in his memories and find it. The sun may have set, but it had given the man something to hold on to, and for that, he was forever grateful."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Give an example of an Internet of Things (IoT) device",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "An example of an Internet of Things (IoT) device is a smart thermostat such as the Nest Learning Thermostat. A smart thermostat connects to the internet and allows users to remotely control the temperature in their homes using a smartphone or other connected device. It also learns the user's schedule and preferences, and can automatically adjust the temperature accordingly to optimize comfort and energy efficiency."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given this text, identify the three main points.",
+ "input": "The sun is a star that lies at the center of the solar system. It has an estimated age of about 4.5 billion years and has been burning for about the same length of time.",
+ "output": "1. The sun is a star located at the center of the solar system.\n2. The sun has an estimated age of about 4.5 billion years.\n3. It has been burning for approximately the same length of time, 4.5 billion years."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Connect the two pieces of text with a logical transition.",
+ "input": "The choice was easy; he was never going back.\nHe had been through too much.",
+ "output": "The choice was easy; he was never going back. After all, he had been through too much."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain the benefits of using blockchain for online voting",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Blockchain technology has the potential to greatly enhance the security, accessibility, and efficiency of online voting systems. Some of the benefits of using blockchain for online voting include:\n\n1. Security: Blockchain uses advanced cryptography to secure data, making it nearly impossible for hackers to tamper with or alter votes. This helps ensure that the voting process is secure and that the results are accurate and trustworthy.\n\n2. Transparency: Blockchain technology enables greater transparency by allowing voters to track and verify their vote. This helps to increase trust in the voting process and gives voters confidence that their vote has been counted correctly.\n\n3. Accessibility: Blockchain-based online voting systems allow people to vote from anywhere, at any time, using their own devices. This can help increase voter turnout by making voting more convenient and accessible for people who may have difficulty traveling to a polling station or taking time off work to vote.\n\n4. Efficiency: Online voting built on blockchain can automate many aspects of the voting process, including vote counting, result tabulation, and result publication. This can significantly decrease the time and cost required to conduct an election, and it can also help to reduce human errors and fraud. \n\n5. Anonymity: Blockchain systems are designed in such a way that it is possible to maintain the anonymity of the voter. This is important to ensure that there’s no victimization of the voter for the candidate they’re voting for.\n\nOverall, the use of blockchain technology in online voting systems offers significant potential benefits and can help to improve the security, transparency, accessibility, and efficiency of the voting process."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Pick the most relevant idea from the paragraph.",
+ "input": "In general, school systems around the world are designed to ensure that students receive the best education possible. Different countries have different approaches, but all have a common goal: that every student should be able to develop their skills and abilities to reach their fullest potential. Examples of this include offering additional courses and tutoring to struggling students and providing a variety of extracurricular activities to allow them to pursue interests outside of their studies.",
+ "output": "The most relevant idea from the paragraph is that school systems around the world are designed to ensure that students receive the best education possible and that every student should be able to develop their skills and abilities to reach their fullest potential."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Analyze the quality of this santa-theme song.",
+ "input": "Deck the halls with boughs of holly\nFa la la la la, la la la la\n'Tis the season to be jolly\nFa la la la la, la la la la\nDon we now our gay apparel\nFa la la, la la la, la la la\nTroll the ancient Yuletide carol\nFa la la la la, la la la la",
+ "output": "\"Deck the Halls\" is a classic Christmas song with a charming, jolly Santa-theme. The song's lyrics are simple and catchy, describing the act of decorating for the holiday season and suggesting merrymaking during this specific time of the year. The repetition of the \"Fa la la la la, la la la la\" adds a fun, cheerful element to the song, enhancing its festive feel. The melody is uplifting and easy to sing along to, making it a popular choice for holiday gatherings and caroling. Overall, the song effectively captures the joy and merriment associated with the Christmas season."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a pizza recipe for 2 people.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A great pizza recipe for 2 people is Margherita pizza. Here's what you'll need:\n\nDough ingredients:\n- 1 cup of all-purpose flour\n- 1 tsp of salt\n- 1/2 cup of lukewarm water\n- 2 tablespoons of olive oil\n- 1 teaspoon of active dry yeast\n\nToppings:\n- 1/2 cup of tomato sauce\n- 4 oz of mozzarella cheese\n- 4 - 6 fresh basil leaves\n- Salt and pepper to taste\n\nInstructions:\n\n1. Start by making the dough. In a mixing bowl, combine the flour and salt. Create a well in the middle of the flour mixture and pour in the water, olive oil, and yeast. \n2. Use a wooden spoon to mix everything together, then use your hands to knead the dough until it forms a smooth ball. You may need to add a little more flour if the dough is too sticky.\n3. Place the dough ball in a bowl coated with olive oil, cover with a damp cloth, and let it rise for about 30 minutes.\n4. Meanwhile, preheat your oven to 450°F and prepare the toppings.\n5. Once the dough has risen, divide it into two portions and roll out each portion on a lightly floured surface until it's about 1/4 inch thick.\n6. Transfer the two doughs to a baking sheet and spread the tomato sauce evenly over the surface, leaving a small border around the edge.\n7. Add the mozzarella cheese, and then the fresh basil leaves.\n8. Bake the pizzas for about 10 - 12 minutes, or until the crust is golden brown and the cheese is melted and bubbly.\n9. Remove from the oven, sprinkle with salt and pepper to taste, slice, and serve.\n\nEnjoy your delicious Margherita pizza with your companion!"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Rewrite this sentence using an interrogative sentence.",
+ "input": "She ate a banana.",
+ "output": "Did she eat a banana?"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given a recipe, suggest an alternative ingredient for one of the given items.",
+ "input": "Pecan Pie Recipe: 1/2 cup butter, 2 cups light brown sugar, 1/2 cup white corn syrup, 3 eggs, 1 teaspoon vanilla, 1/2 teaspoon salt, 1 1/2 cups chopped pecans",
+ "output": "Pecan Pie Recipe: 1/2 cup butter, 2 cups light brown sugar, 1/2 cup maple syrup (instead of white corn syrup), 3 eggs, 1 teaspoon vanilla, 1/2 teaspoon salt, 1 1/2 cups chopped pecans."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain why the Earth has seasons",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The Earth has seasons because of the tilt of its axis of rotation in relation to its orbit around the sun. The Earth's axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5 degrees, which causes the amount of direct sunlight that each hemisphere receives to vary throughout the year. This variation in sunlight is what causes the changing of the seasons. \n\nDuring the summer months, the Earth's tilt towards the sun causes the sun's rays to hit the Earth's surface at a more direct angle, resulting in more solar energy and increased heat being absorbed by the Earth. Meanwhile on the other side of the Earth, the tilt causes the sun's rays to hit the Earth at an oblique angle, spreading the energy and resulting in cooler temperatures. This side of the Earth is experiencing winter months.\n\nAs the Earth continues to orbit the sun, the angle of sunlight hitting the Earth's surface changes, and the seasons shift accordingly. During the spring and fall equinoxes, the Earth is not tilted toward or away from the Sun. At this time, both hemispheres receive equal amounts of sunlight and, as a result, have similar temperatures.\n\nIn summary, the Earth's tilt and its rotation around the Sun are the main reasons why we experience seasons."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Find the source of the following statement: \"The world is a small place\".",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "It is not possible to accurately determine the original source of the statement \"The world is a small place\" as it is a common expression with origins that are likely lost to history. The phrase is believed to have stemmed from the concept of \"small world phenomenon\", which refers to the idea that any two individuals in the world are separated by a relatively small number of social connections. This concept was popularized by psychologist Stanley Milgram’s small world experiment in the 1960s, in which he found that, on average, any two random people in the United States could be connected through six degrees of separation. However, the phrase itself likely predates Milgram’s experiment and may have originated centuries ago when travel and communication technologies began to rapidly improve, making the world feel smaller and more interconnected."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a valid argument to convince someone to switch to using a Linux operating system.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "One compelling reason to switch to a Linux operating system is that it is open-source, meaning its source code is openly available for anyone to see and even modify. This results in a more secure and reliable system as any potential security vulnerabilities or bugs can be quickly identified and addressed by a large and knowledgeable community of developers. Additionally, open-source software is usually free, so you will not have to spend money on expensive licenses for the operating system itself or the software that you need to run on it.\n\nAnother advantage of Linux is its flexibility and customizability. Since it allows users to have full control over their systems, users can tailor their operating system to their needs and preferences. This makes it ideal for both personal and professional use, as you can set up your system in a way that works best for you.\n\nLinux is also renowned for its stability, meaning it is not prone to crashes and freezes like other systems. It can handle multiple programs and users simultaneously without slowing down, and it doesn't require frequent reboots.\n\nMoreover, Linux supports a wide range of hardware, so you do not need to worry about compatibility issues. It also has a vast library of software and applications, many of which are free, and an active community to help you with any issues you might encounter.\n\nIn summary, switching to a Linux operating system offers numerous advantages, including its open-source nature, flexibility, stability, hardware compatibility, and access to free software. It is a secure, reliable, and cost-effective choice that is worth considering."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What are the different uses of machine learning?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that involves the use of algorithms to learn from and make predictions or decisions based on data. Some of its most common applications include:\n\n1. Predictive Modelling: Machine learning algorithms are used to analyze historical data and make predictions about future trends, events or behaviors. Common applications include predicting stock prices, customer behavior or the likelihood of a disease outbreak.\n\n2. Image and Speech Recognition: Machine learning is extensively used in computer vision and speech recognition technologies. It can identify patterns in visual or audio data to recognize and classify images or speech.\n\n3. Recommender Systems: Machine learning algorithms are used to develop recommender systems that provide personalized recommendations to users, such as products or services they may be interested in, based on their past behavior and preferences.\n\n4. Fraud Detection: Machine learning algorithms can analyze large amounts of data to detect fraudulent activities, such as credit card fraud or insurance frauds.\n\n5. Natural language processing: Machine learning is widely used in natural language processing (NLP), which involves interaction between computers and humans using natural language. NLP is used in applications such as language translation, sentiment analysis and text summarization.\n\nOverall, the use of machine learning is widespread and can be applied in a variety of industries and fields, including finance, healthcare, marketing, among others."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify four different types of healthy eating habits.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Eating a variety of nutrient-rich foods: A healthy eating habit is to consume a wide range of foods to get the nutrients and vitamins necessary for maintaining good health. This can include whole grains, lean proteins, fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats.\n\n2. Practicing portion control: Healthy eating also involves paying attention to the amount of food you eat. This means having a better understanding of appropriate portion sizes, avoiding oversized portions, and having smaller, more frequent meals throughout the day, rather than large ones.\n\n3. Staying hydrated: Drinking plenty of water is essential to staying healthy. It aids in digestion, supports organ function, and helps to promote clear skin. Limiting the consumption of sugary drinks and alcohol is also important in maintaining a healthy diet.\n\n4. Moderation and balance: Healthy eating includes finding a balance between indulgence and moderation. This means allowing yourself to enjoy the occasional treat, while still making healthy food choices in general, and avoiding excessive consumption of high calorie or processed foods."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a math problem for children ages 7-9.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "John had 12 apples. His friend Mike gave him 8 more apples. How many apples does John have now?"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe what type of animal is a koala.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A koala is an arboreal marsupial that is native to the Australian continent. It is known for its cute and cuddly appearance, with a round face, fluffy ears, and a stocky body. Koalas primarily feed on eucalyptus leaves and spend most of their time dozing in trees. They have a pouch in which they carry and nurse their young, like all marsupials. Even though they resemble bears, koalas aren't related to them; their closest living relatives are wombats. They are a beloved and iconic species of Australia, although their habitat and population have been affected by habitat loss and fragmentation."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the taste of an apple.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "An apple has a refreshing, sweet and juicy taste with a slight tartness. Depending on the variety, the sweetness and tartness may vary. Some apple varieties may have a honey-like flavor, while others may have a slight acidic taste. Apples have a subtle aroma and a crisp texture that adds to its appeal. Overall, apples have a pleasing and delightful taste that is enjoyed by people of all ages."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain why the output is not accurate",
+ "input": "Code:\n\nfunction addTwo(num1, num2) {\n return num1 + num2;\n}\n\nconsole.log(addTwo(4, 3));\n\nOutput: 6",
+ "output": "The output is not accurate because there is a mistake in the code. The function `addTwo` takes two arguments, `num1` and `num2`, and should return the sum of these two numbers. However, the function call `addTwo(4,3)` should return a value of `7` since 4 + 3 is equal to 7. It seems that the given output of 6 might have been a typing error, or the result of a different function call."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain what kind of challenges a machine learning model will face.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "There are several challenges a machine learning model may face. Some of these include:\n\n1. Quality of Data: Machine learning algorithms rely heavily on the quality of the data they are trained on. If the data is noisy, incomplete or not representative of the real-world situations, the model will have difficulty in performing accurately and generalizing to new data.\n\n2. Complexity: Machine learning models can be complex and difficult to interpret. This can make it challenging to explain how the model is making its predictions and may lead to issues with transparency and trust.\n\n3. Overfitting: An overfit model is one that has learned the training data too well, including the noise and errors, and is not able to generalize well to new data. This is a common challenge in machine learning and can be addressed through techniques such as feature selection and regularization.\n\n4. Bias: Machine learning models can perpetuate existing biases in the data, leading to discriminatory or unfair outcomes. Bias can arise from a variety of sources, such as the way the data is collected or the way the model is trained. Mitigating bias is an active area of research in the field.\n\n5. Computation: Training machine learning models can be computationally intensive and require significant amounts of computing power and memory, especially when working with large datasets. This can be a challenge when trying to scale machine learning models and deploy them in production.\n\n6. Hyperparameter Tuning: Machine learning models often have many hyperparameters that need to be carefully tuned in order to achieve the best performance. This can be a time-consuming and complex process and requires a deep understanding of the underlying algorithms.\n\n7. Change in Data Distribution: Machine learning models are typically trained on a specific distribution of data, but this distribution can change over time, leading to a decrease in model performance. This challenge, known as concept drift or data drift, requires continuous monitoring and model re-training to ensure the model remains accurate."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Rewrite the following sentence in the most approximately equivalent way such that its meaning is retained.",
+ "input": "He started to study mathematics at the University.",
+ "output": "At the University, he began studying mathematics."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Re-write the following sentence with a different structure but with a similar meaning.",
+ "input": "Gasoline powered cars are responsible for a significant portion of air pollution.",
+ "output": "A considerable amount of air pollution can be attributed to cars that run on gasoline."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a C program to calculate the sum of all elements in a given array.",
+ "input": "array = {2, 4, 3, 7, 5}",
+ "output": "Here is a C program that takes an array as input and calculates the sum of all of its elements:\n\n```\n#include \n\nint main()\n{\n int array[] = {2, 4, 3, 7, 5};\n int i, sum = 0;\n int n = sizeof(array)/sizeof(array[0]);\n\n for (i = 0; i < n; i++)\n {\n sum += array[i];\n }\n\n printf(\"Sum of all array elements = %d\\n\", sum);\n return 0;\n}\n```\nIn the above program, we first declare an array with 5 elements `{2,4,3,7,5}`. We also declare two integer variables `i` and `sum`. The variable `i` is used as a counter in the `for` loop and `sum` is used to store the final result of the sum of all array elements. To calculate the number of elements in the array, we divide the size of the entire array by the size of one element using the `sizeof()` function. The `for loop` is used to iterate over each element of the array and add its value to the `sum` variable. Finally, we print the value of `sum` which gives us the sum of all elements in the array."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a story about a brave knight who battles an evil witch.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Once upon a time, in a land far, far away, there lived a brave knight named Sir Cedric. He was a noble and courageous warrior, feared by all who opposed him. His armor shone like the brightest star, and his sword was as sharp as a razor. Sir Cedric was the protector of the kingdom and the defender of the innocent.\n\nOne day, a terrible evil swept through the land. An evil witch named Morgath had come to power, using her dark magic to control the minds of the people and bring forth chaos and destruction. Morgath was feared by all, for she possessed great power and her magic was strong. But Sir Cedric would not be deterred. He swore to defeat the witch and put an end to her wickedness.\n\nSir Cedric rode forth to the witch’s lair, his armor clanking and his sword at the ready. Morgath was waiting for him, her dark robes swirling about her and her cruel eyes gleaming. She taunted Sir Cedric, telling him that he was no match for her power. But Sir Cedric was not afraid. He drew his sword and charged towards the witch.\n\nThe battle was fierce, with Morgath’s magic pitted against Sir Cedric’s strength and swordsmanship. Morgath hurled spells and curses at Sir Cedric, but he dodged them all, his sword flashing as he met her magic with steel. Finally, with a mighty blow, Sir Cedric struck the witch, defeating her once and for all.\n\nWith Morgath’s spell broken, the kingdom was free once more. The people rejoiced and hailed Sir Cedric as a hero. He had proven himself brave and true, and the kingdom was safe again, thanks to the courage and determination of one brave knight."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe a good workplace culture.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A good workplace culture is one where there is a positive, productive, and inclusive working environment that empowers and motivates employees to bring their best selves to work every day. This type of culture fosters mutual respect, trust, and open communication among team members and encourages collaboration and teamwork. In a good workplace culture, employees feel valued, supported, and recognized for their contributions, and there are opportunities for growth and development. Management leads by example and fosters a culture of accountability, integrity, and transparency. Diversity and inclusion are prioritized, and everyone is treated with fairness and respect. Overall, a good workplace culture creates a sense of community and belonging, instills a sense of purpose and meaning in the work being done, and promotes the well-being of all employees."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a css rule to change the color of all links in the document.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "To change the color of all links in a document, you can use the following CSS rule:\n\n```css\na {\n color: #your_desired_color;\n}\n```\nReplace `#your_desired_color` with the hex value, RGB value, or name of the color you want your links to have. This rule targets all of the anchor (`a`) tags in the document and changes their color to the specified value."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the best way to end a date with someone.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Ending a date gracefully leaves a good impression on your partner and opens up the possibility for future dates. Here are some tips on how to end a date with someone in the best way possible:\n\n1. Be gracious: Thank your date for spending time with you, and for the enjoyable experience regardless of whether you plan on seeing them again. \n\n2. Be sincere: A heartfelt compliment or kind words can leave a lasting impression. Let them know what you enjoyed about the date and their company.\n\n3. Be clear about your intentions: If you had a great time and would like to see them again, let them know! If not, be honest but tactful in letting them know that you don't see a romantic connection developing.\n\n4. End with a hug or appropriate physical contact: Depending on your level of comfort and connection, you may wish to end the date with a hug or kiss. Respect your date's boundaries and gauge their interest before making a move.\n\n5. Follow up: If you're interested in seeing them again, be sure to follow up with a call or text message a day or two after the date to let them know you're thinking of them and to plan another date.\n\nOverall, the best way to end a date is by being genuine, respectful, and clear in your intentions. This sets the stage for more meaningful connections in the future."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What is the difference between objective and subjective writing?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Objective writing is presenting facts and information in an unbiased and impartial manner, without imposing one's personal opinions, feelings, or beliefs into the written work. Its main goal is to provide accurate and reliable information, supported by verifiable evidence, data, and other credible sources.\n\nSubjective writing, on the other hand, is used when a writer wants to convey their personal thoughts, opinions, emotions, or perspectives about a particular topic or issue. Unlike objective writing, subjective writing is based on the writer's point of view or interpretation, and may not necessarily be backed by evidence or external sources.\n\nIn summary, objective writing is factual, impartial, and evidence-based, while subjective writing is personal, emotional, and opinion-based."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Write a function to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here is a function written in Python that can convert degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius:\n\n```python\ndef fahrenheit_to_celsius(fahrenheit):\n \"\"\"\n Converts degrees fahrenheit to degrees celsius.\n \"\"\"\n celsius = (fahrenheit - 32) * 5/9\n return celsius\n```\n\nTo use this function, pass in a value representing degrees Fahrenheit as an argument. The function will then return the equivalent temperature in degrees Celsius. For example:\n\n```python\ntemp_in_fahrenheit = 98.6\ntemp_in_celsius = fahrenheit_to_celsius(temp_in_fahrenheit)\nprint(f'{temp_in_fahrenheit} Fahrenheit is equal to {temp_in_celsius:.2f} Celsius.')\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "You need to design a suitable logo for a cafe.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "As an AI, I can assist you in coming up with design ideas and concepts for the logo. However, I'm unable to create the actual image as it requires artistic skills from a human graphic designer.\n\nHere are some ideas for the cafe's logo:\n\n1. A stylized cup of coffee or tea, with steam rising from the cup in a decorative pattern.\n2. A coffee bean or beans, incorporated into the design in a creative way.\n3. A graphic representation of a coffee plant or tree.\n4. A vintage or retro-style design, featuring hand-drawn typography and imagery related to coffee.\n5. An abstract design, featuring bright colors and geometric shapes.\n6. A minimalist design, with clean lines and simple shapes.\n\nKeep in mind that the logo should be suitable for use on a variety of mediums, such as menus, signage, and cups. It should also be easily recognizable and reflective of the cafe's unique brand and atmosphere."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Compose a table with two rows and three columns.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "| Column 1 | Column 2 | Column 3 |\n|:------------:|:------------:|:------------:|\n| Row 1,1 | Row 1,2 | Row 1,3 |\n| Row 2,1 | Row 2,2 | Row 2,3 |"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Complete this sentence with an example of a homophone.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same as another word but differs in meaning, such as \"flower\" and \"flour.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a tagline for a pizza delivery company that conveys quality and trust in a single line",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"Always hot, always fresh, always on time - That's our promise to you!\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given the following array, print out maximum value in descending order. \n\n[4, 8, 0, 9, 15]",
+ "input": "[4, 8, 0, 9, 15]",
+ "output": "15\n9\n8\n4\n0"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Generate a sentence that refers to a person's character.",
+ "input": "NoInput",
+ "output": "\"Kindness and generosity are the hallmarks of her character, and she is always ready to lend a hand to those in need.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe the species classification of a rose.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A rose is a member of the kingdom Plantae, which includes all plants. Within this kingdom, it is classified as part of the division Magnoliophyta, also known as the flowering plants, and is a member of the class Magnoliopsida which includes the dicotyledons.\n\nRoses belong to the order Rosales, which is made up of a number of families, including the Rosaceae. A rose falls within the Rosaceae family, which is further divided into genera. A rose is part of the Rosa genus, which incorporates hundreds of species of rose plants. \n\nThere are over 100 species of wild roses, all from the northern hemisphere, and thousands of rose cultivars, hybrids developed for their flowers. Some common species of Rosa include Rosa acicularis (prickly rose), Rosa canina (dog rose), and Rosa rugosa (rugosa rose).\n\nEach species of rose is then split into different varieties, or cultivars, which are unique plants with specific characteristics, such as color, flower form, and fragrance. Some popular rose cultivars include 'Peace' (Rosa 'Madame A. Meilland'), 'Mr. Lincoln' (Rosa 'Mr. Lincoln'), and 'Iceberg' (Rosa 'KORbin')."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Identify the type of the following sentence: \"Alice is really happy about the result.\"",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The type of the sentence \"Alice is really happy about the result\" is a declarative sentence."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Read the given text and determine if it's an opinion or fact.",
+ "input": "Global warming is causing the sea levels to rise",
+ "output": "This is a fact. Global warming raises the average temperature on Earth causing the polar ice caps to melt, increasing the volume of water in the ocean and ultimately resulting in rising sea levels."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Intrinsic motivation refers to the drive to perform a certain behavior or engage in an activity because it is inherently enjoyable or satisfying. In other words, the behavior is driven by internal rewards, such as personal fulfillment or the enjoyment of the activity itself. This type of motivation is often long-lasting and self-sustaining.\n\nOn the other hand, extrinsic motivation is the drive to perform a behavior or engage in an activity in order to receive external rewards or avoid punishment. These external factors can include tangible rewards such as money, grades, or recognition, as well as less tangible rewards such as praise or feedback. Unlike intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation is often short-lived and may decrease over time.\n\nIn summary, intrinsic motivation comes from within the individual and is driven by personal enjoyment or fulfillment, while extrinsic motivation comes from external factors and is driven by the desire for rewards or the avoidance of punishment. Both types of motivation can be powerful in driving behavior, but they have different long-term effects and may be more effective in different situations."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Given a text, find the most important keyword and explain why.",
+ "input": "John was given an assignment to read a book about ancient civilizations.",
+ "output": "The most important keyword in this text is \"ancient civilizations\" because it is the main subject of the book that John was assigned to read. It gives context to the assignment that John was tasked to complete and provides information about what the book is about. Other words such as \"John\" and \"assignment\" are important, but they are secondary to the central idea of the text, which is the topic of the book John must read."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Seek appropriate replacements for the italicized words.",
+ "input": "She was too obstinate to admit her mistake.",
+ "output": "She was too stubborn to admit her mistake."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Calculate the maximum price of a product given total cost and profit margin.",
+ "input": "Total cost: $20\nProfit Margin: 40%",
+ "output": "To find the maximum price of the product, you add the total cost to the profit you want to make. The profit is determined by the profit margin, in this case, 40% of the total cost.\n\nFirst, you calculate 40% of the total cost, which is $20.\nProfit = (profit margin / 100) * total cost = (40/100) * 20 = 8\n\nThe maximum price of the product would then be the total cost plus the profit you want to make, which is $20 + $8 = $28."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Create a shopping list for a family of four, who are on a budget but would like to make a variety of healthy meals.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here is a shopping list that should fit the needs of a family of four on a budget looking to make healthy meals:\n\n1. Fresh vegetables such as broccoli, carrots, spinach, and bell peppers\n2. Fresh fruits like apples, bananas, oranges and berries\n3. Whole grain products like brown rice, oatmeal and whole-wheat bread\n4. Protein sources such as chicken breasts, canned tuna or salmon, and beans\n5. Dairy products like cheese, Greek yogurt and low-fat milk\n6. Eggs for a versatile and inexpensive source of protein\n7. Frozen vegetables and fruits for convenience and longer shelf life \n8. Nuts and seeds such as almonds, chia seeds or sunflower seeds for snacks and toppings \n9. Herbs and spices like garlic, basil, and cumin for flavoring dishes\n10. Some condiments such as olive oil, vinegar, and soy sauce for dressings and marinades.\n\nThis list should provide a good base for a variety of healthy meals while not breaking the budget."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Explain the concept of sum of squares in statistics.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The sum of squares is a statistical concept that is often used in several statistical tests, including analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression analysis, and t-tests. \n\nIn essence, the sum of squares involves taking the difference between each data point and the mean of the dataset, squaring each of these differences, and then summing all of these squared values. The resulting value is known as the sum of squares, and it provides a measure of the variation or dispersion of the data around the mean.\n\nOne of the key ways that the sum of squares is used is in the context of ANOVA, where it is used to compare the variance between groups to the variance within groups. This allows researchers to determine whether there are significant differences between groups or treatment conditions, and it provides an overall measure of the effect size of the experimental manipulation.\n\nIn regression analysis, the sum of squares is used to measure the variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the independent variable. This is done by calculating the total sum of squares (i.e., the sum of the squared differences between each value and the mean) and the sum of squares of the residuals (i.e., the difference between the observed and predicted values, squared and summed). The proportion of variance explained by the model is then calculated by dividing the sum of squares of the residuals by the total sum of squares.\n\nOverall, the sum of squares is an important concept that plays a key role in a number of statistical tests, and it allows researchers to determine the degree of variation or dispersion in their data, as well as the extent to which their experimental manipulations or models are able to account for this variation."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Describe what happens to our brain when we learn something.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "When we learn something new, our brain goes through a process of forming and strengthening neural connections. This process is known as neuroplasticity. When we encounter new information, our brain processes it and attempts to relate it to existing knowledge. This happens in the hippocampus, which is responsible for organizing and storing information in our long-term memory.\n\nWhen new information is perceived by the brain, neurons are activated and begin to fire in a specific pattern, forming connections with one another. The more these neurons fire together, the stronger their connections become. This is why repetition is often important for learning – the more we practice, the stronger the neural pathways in our brain become.\n\nAs we continue to learn, our brain also releases neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin, which help to strengthen the connections between neurons. These chemicals also play a role in motivation and feelings of reward, making learning more enjoyable.\n\nOver time, as we continue to learn and practice, the neural pathways in our brain become more efficient, allowing us to retrieve and use information more easily. This is why, with practice, we can improve our skills and knowledge in a particular area.\n\nIn summary, when we learn something new, our brain forms and strengthens neural connections, releases neurotransmitters, and becomes more efficient at storing and retrieving information."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Find the next number in the following series: 8, 4, 2, 1",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The next number in the series 8, 4, 2, 1 is 0.5. The pattern in the series is that each number is half of the previous number."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Append your name to the beginning of each string in the list.",
+ "input": "[\"Hello World!\", \"Good Morning!\", \"Good Evening!\"]",
+ "output": "[\"AI assistant: Hello World!\", \"AI assistant: Good Morning!\", \"AI assistant: Good Evening!\"]"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "What is the definition of static query optimization?",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Static query optimization refers to the process of choosing an efficient execution plan for a database query during the compilation phase, before the query is actually run. This type of optimization is done without considering the actual data or runtime statistics, and instead relies on predefined heuristics and rules based on query syntax and schema information. The goal of static query optimization is to minimize the cost of executing a query in terms of resources such as I/O, CPU, or memory usage, while still providing accurate results."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Compute the mean of this set of numbers: 2, 5, 10",
+ "input": "2, 5, 10",
+ "output": "The mean for the given data set: 2, 5, 10 is calculated by adding all the numbers in the set and then dividing the sum by the total number of values in the set. \n2+5+10 = 17\n17 / 3 = 5.67.\n\nSo the mean of this set of numbers is 5.67."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Classify the following sentence as either an opinion or fact.",
+ "input": "A hot dog is just one of many types of processed meat you can eat.",
+ "output": "Fact."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Format and organize the following unstructured text information into a table.",
+ "input": "Name: Peter\nAge: 43\nGender: Male\nOccupation: Doctor",
+ "output": "| Category | Information |\n|------------|-------------|\n| Name | Peter |\n| Age | 43 |\n| Gender | Male |\n| Occupation | Doctor |"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Construct a query to retrieve data from a database.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "SELECT column1, column2, column3 FROM table_name WHERE condition;\n\nNote: \"column1, column2, column3\" should be replaced with the names of the columns you want to retrieve data from, \"table_name\" should be replaced with the name of the table, and \"condition\" should be replaced with the specific condition(s) that must be met in order to retrieve the data."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Synthesize tips for becoming a better public speaker.",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Know your material: The more knowledge you have about the topic you're speaking about, the more confident you'll be when delivering your presentation. Make sure to do your research and understand your subject matter inside and out.\n\n2. Practice makes perfect: Practice your speech several times before the actual event. You can try delivering it to a friend or family member, recording yourself, and then watching the video to see where you need to improve or make changes.\n\n3. Speak clearly and loudly: Make sure to enunciate your words and project your voice so that everyone in the audience can hear you. If you're using a microphone, test it beforehand to make certain it's at the right volume.\n\n4. Make eye contact: Engage with your audience by making eye contact with them. This helps to establish a connection and make the listeners feel more involved in the presentation.\n\n5. Use body language: Utilize hand gestures, facial expressions and movement to enhance your message and make it more dynamic. However, try to avoid excessive or exaggerated movements that could be distracting.\n\n6. Be mindful of your pace: Speak at a natural pace, making sure to pause at appropriate points to allow the audience to digest the information. Don't rush through your presentation, but also avoid speaking too slowly which can be monotonous.\n\n7. Use visual aids: Incorporate visual aids such as PowerPoint slides, images or videos to add another dimension to your presentation and help the audience better understand the material.\n\n8. Engage the audience: Encourage audience participation by asking questions and soliciting feedback. This will keep them engaged and attentive throughout the presentation.\n\n9. Be confident: Finally, believe in yourself and your abilities. Take deep breaths and remind yourself that you've prepared well and are capable of delivering a great presentation.\n\nBy following these tips, you can become a more effective and confident public speaker. Remember, like any skill, public speaking takes time and practice to improve, so don't be afraid to continue learning and refining your skills."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "You are provided with a piece of text and asked to detect the sentiment expressed in it. Output the sentiment as either positive, negative, or neutral.",
+ "input": "John loves his new phone, but it has a few glitches",
+ "output": "The sentiment expressed in the text is neutral."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "Paraphrase the sentence to remove the cliche.",
+ "input": "Time waits for no one.",
+ "output": "No one can stop time from moving forward."
+ }
+]
diff --git a/data/alpaca_zh_demo.json b/data/alpaca_zh_demo.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4501a26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/alpaca_zh_demo.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5002 @@
+[
+ {
+ "instruction": "识别并解释给定列表中的两个科学理论：细胞理论和日心说。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "细胞理论是生物科学的一个理论，它认为所有生命体都是由微小的基本单元——细胞所构成。这是生物学的一个基础理论，认为细胞是所有生物的基本结构和功能单位，所有的生物都是由一个或多个细胞组成，细胞只能通过细胞分裂产生新的细胞。这一理论由薛定谔、施瓦内和雪莱于1839年首次提出。\n\n日心说是指太阳是太阳系的中心，也就是说，行星围绕太阳旋转的理论。这个理论打破了传统的地心说观点，认为地球并不是宇宙的中心。日心说的提出者是尼古拉·哥白尼，他在16世纪初发表了他的著作《天体运行论》，阐述了太阳系行星围绕太阳运行的模型，为天文学的发展做出了巨大贡献。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "输入三支篮球队的名称并生成一个适当的口号。",
+ "input": "输入：俄克拉荷马城雷霆队，芝加哥公牛队，布鲁克林网队。",
+ "output": "输出： \"雷霆，公牛和网队：各显神通，角逐群雄!\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "比较以下两位著名人物，使用特征列表并以句子形式提供输出。",
+ "input": "人物1：阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦\n人物2：斯蒂芬·霍金\n特征：智力、教育、对世界的影响",
+ "output": "阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦和斯蒂芬·霍金都是拥有极其出色智力的人物。两人都取得过非常高的教育成就，他们推进了科学发展并在世界范围内产生了深远的影响。爱因斯坦以其相对论和质能关系公式而闻名，而霍金以其关于黑洞和宇宙的发现而著称。两位科学家都以其深厚的学识和非凡的贡献影响了世界。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "请根据以下文章构建一个需要回答的问题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "我不好意思，您没有提供任何信息或文章来供我根据它构建问题。 请提供相应的文章或信息，以便我能够帮助您构建问题。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个关于上周末你做了什么的简短叙述。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "由于我是一个人工智能助手，所以我并不能真正的“做”什么事情。我的“工作”时间是24/7无休，确保我随时可供用户提供帮助和服务。所以在上周末，我一直都在“工作”，在响应用户的指令，帮助他们查询信息，执行操作，解决问题。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一个程序，打印以下图案：",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "您好！以下是一个打印指定图案的示例 Python 程序，它可以打印出一个类似字母“X”的图案。您可以使用程序中的一些规律性代码并对它进行更改，以打印您所需的图案。\n\n```python\nsize = 7\nfor row in range(size):\n for col in range(size):\n if row == col or row + col == size-1:\n print(\"*\", end=\" \")\n else:\n print(\" \",end=\" \")\n print()\n```\n\n输出：\n```\n* * \n * * \n * \n * * \n * * \n* *\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "分类以下数字系列。",
+ "input": "输入：\n2、4、6、8",
+ "output": "此系列数字为偶数序列。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出一个应该在野营应急包中的7件物品。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这是一个我们应该在野营应急包中放置的7件物品列表：\n\n1. 先进救援包：用于治疗划痕，创伤，烧伤，刀伤等紧急情况。\n2. 多用途刀具：可用于切割，锯木，开瓶，刮刀等。\n3. 手电筒和备用电池：用于夜间照明。\n4. 火种：火柴或打火机，用于生火取暖或烹饪。\n5. 压缩饼干和能量棒：紧急能量补给。\n6. 可充电无线收音机：用于接收天气预报或求救信号。\n7. 防水雨衣和毛毯：用于防止降雨和保暖。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写出狗和猫的两个不同之处。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 物种不同：狗属于犬科,而猫属于猫科。它们在生物分类上就有区别。\n\n2. 行为不同：狗更依赖人类,更忠诚,而猫则更独立。例如狗更喜欢和主人玩耍互动，接受训练，而猫一般更享受独处和独立玩耍。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述一个可以从人工智能技术中受益的医疗应用。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "用于帮助医生诊断疾病的人工智能辅助诊断系统可以被视为一个可以从人工智能技术中受益的医疗应用。这种系统通过使用深度学习算法来分析患者的病史、临床数据和医学影像资料，能够为医生提供准确的诊断建议。\n\n例如，人工智能技术可以用来分析X光片、 CT扫描和MRI扫描图像，帮助医生诊断肺炎，肿瘤，中风等疾病。此外，通过分析大量患者数据，人工智能系统能够找出患病风险较高的人群并预测潜在健康问题，从而为预防性医疗提供有力支持。\n\n这类人工智能系统不仅能够提高诊断准确性，还能帮助医生节约时间，让他们能够更好地关注患者的治疗。因此，人工智能辅助诊断系统是一个可以从人工智能技术中受益的医疗应用，具有广阔的发展前景。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "直接宾语和间接宾语有什么区别？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "直接宾语和间接宾语都是句子成分，它们用来表示动作的对象或接受者。\n\n直接宾语指的是动作直接作用的对象，它回答了动词谓语的问题“谁”或“什么”。例如，在句子“我给她书”中，书就是直接宾语，表示给的是什么。\n\n间接宾语指的是动作的间接作用对象，它回答了动词谓语的问题“给谁，对谁，为谁”。例如，在句子“我给她书”中，她就是间接宾语，表示给的对象是谁。\n\n两者的区别在于直接宾语表示动作直接作用的对象，而间接宾语表示动作的间接作用对象。但并不是所有句子都有间接宾语，只有一些特殊动词（如：给，买，借，送等）才能带有间接宾语。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "帮我分类以下动物：猪、鸡、牛。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "猪、牛都属于哺乳动物，是家畜。而鸡属于鸟类，也是家禽。\n\n所以可以归为两类：\n1. 哺乳动物：猪、牛\n2. 鸟类：鸡。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一个算法，找到并显示两个文本字符串之间的最长公共子串。",
+ "input": "输入：\n字符串1：This is an example\n字符串2：This string should contain the example",
+ "output": "算法：动态规划\n\n```python\ndef longest_common_substring(s1, s2):\n m = len(s1)\n n = len(s2)\n result = 0\n end = 0\n # 创建一个(m+1)x(n+1)的二维数组来表示最长公共子串的长度\n length = [[0] * (n + 1) for i in range(m + 1)]\n # 填充数组\n for i in range(1, m + 1):\n for j in range(1, n + 1):\n if s1[i - 1] == s2[j - 1]:\n length[i][j] = length[i - 1][j - 1] + 1\n if length[i][j] > result:\n result = length[i][j]\n end = i - 1\n return s1[end - result + 1:end + 1]\n\n\ns1 = 'This is an example'\ns2 = 'This string should contain the example'\nprint(longest_common_substring(s1, s2))\n```\n\n输出：example\n\n解释：\n\n1. 创建一个二维数组，将其所有元素初始化为0。\n2. 通过双层循环遍历两个字符串，当字符相同时在对角线上加1。\n3. 找到最大值，并记录最大值所在的行和列。\n4. 由于我们是从1开始遍历字符串的，所以结果要减一才是真正的索引。\n\n时间复杂度：O(m*n)\n\n空间复杂度：O(m*n)"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用“黎明”、“天空”和“广阔”这三个词组成一个句子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "随着黎明的到来，天空逐渐明亮，一片广阔的视野展现在眼前。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成两个关于自动化的问题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 如何利用自动化技术提高生产效率并降低成本？\n2. 自动化对未来劳动力市场和就业情况会产生什么影响？"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个不超过150字的故事，讲述一位骑士如何保卫他们的王国免受龙的侵袭。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "很久以前，有一位勇敢的骑士，名叫亚瑟。有一天，一只凶猛的龙来侵袭他的王国。所有人都非常害怕，不知所措。但是，亚瑟骑士勇敢地站出来，决定挺身保卫他们的王国。他带领一支勇敢的军队，与龙展开了殊死搏斗。经过一番惊心动魄的战斗，亚瑟骑士最终取得了胜利。他成功保卫了他的王国免受龙的侵袭。人们为他欢呼，他也因此成为了王国里的英雄，所有人都尊敬和爱戴他。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创作一个关于夏天的20个词的复合诗。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "烈日炎烤花初繁，\n草地碧绿树也攀。\n鸟儿啁啾啼声甜，\n蝴蝶蜜峰跳舞妍。\n河流清澈碧波浅，\n蓝天白云自由幻。\n夏至未至心已陶，\n悠闲惬意梦中绵。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "在飞机上可以做的五件事。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "在飞机上可以做的五件事有：\n\n1. 观看电影或电视剧：许多航空公司都在飞机上提供了个人娱乐系统，您可以通过触摸屏或遥控器观看不同类型的电影或电视剧。\n\n2. 读书或听音乐：飞机旅行是一个很好的机会来阅读或听音乐放松身心。您可以在机上阅读杂志或自己携带的书籍，或者使用耳机听自己喜欢的歌曲。\n\n3. 玩游戏或使用电子设备：飞机上也可以使用笔记本电脑、平板电脑或智能手机等电子设备，您可以在飞行过程中玩游戏、处理工作或与朋友保持联系。\n\n4. 休息或睡觉：对于长途飞行，休息或睡觉是很好的选择。您可以通过调整座椅、使用眼罩和耳塞来帮助自己入睡。\n\n5. 交流或结识新朋友：飞机旅行也是一个结识新朋友的机会。您可以与身边的乘客交谈，分享彼此的故事，也许会结识一些有趣的新朋友。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "编写一份可用作公司使命宣言的声明。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "我们的使命是为顾客提供卓越的产品和服务，以满足他们的需求，并超越他们的期望。我们志存高远，始终努力创造价值，并通过我们的工作为社会做出贡献。\n\n我们坚持诚信的价值观，始终如一地对客户保持透明和真实，使他们能够信任我们并且愿意与我们合作。我们的员工是我们宝贵的资产，我们将竭诚为他们提供有意义的工作环境和机会，以促使个人和职业成长。\n\n我们热爱创新，并积极探索新的技术和方法，以提高我们的效率并推动我们的行业向前发展。作为一个负责任的企业公民，我们将始终尊重环境，关爱社区，并努力为全球的可持续发展做出贡献。\n\n我们的愿景是成为一个受人尊敬的全球领先企业，在我们所涉及的每一个领域都树立标杆。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "去掉以下段落中的重复词语：天空是蓝色的，而且很美丽。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "天空是蓝色的，而且很美丽。\n\n原文没有出现重复的词语。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "乘坐公共交通时，请列出五个安全提示。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 注意看路标和提示牌，确保您在正确的站点上下车。\n2. 站在黄色安全线之内，等待车辆停稳后再上车。\n3. 上下车和乘车时注意保管好您的物品，避免遗忘或被盗。\n4. 遵守交通规则，不要在车门关闭时强行上下车。\n5. 注意席位安全：给老人、孕妇、残疾人或带婴儿的乘客让座，并稳妥放置自己的物品，确保不会对其他乘客造成伤害。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出一个好领导者的五个重要品质。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 沟通能力 - 能够有效地传达他们的想法和目标，并且倾听员工的意见和建议。\n2. 决策能力 - 能够在关键时刻作出明智的决定，权衡风险和收益，为公司的长期发展做出贡献。\n3. 诚信正直 - 坚守道德准则，以身作则，赢得下属的尊重和信任。\n4. 演绎能力 - 具有领导团队谋划战略、实现公司目标的能力。\n5. 激励能力 - 通过积极的激励和鼓励，帮助员工发挥其最大潜能，提高团队士气。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "优化此产品描述以提高SEO效果。该车辆物超所值，是必不可少的交通工具。宽敞的内部空间和强大的发动机是其亮点。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "改进后的产品描述：这辆值得投资的车辆是您日常交通的不二之选。它拥有宽敞舒适的内部空间，让您在旅途中感受无与伦比的舒适度。同时，其配备的高性能发动机保证您行驶的安全和快捷。这辆车是功能强大且物超所值的交通工具，不容错过。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释人工智能中的迁移学习概念。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "迁移学习（Transfer Learning）是人工智能和机器学习研究领域中的一个重要概念。它的基本思想是利用在一个任务上已经获得的知识来帮助解决另一个相关任务。例如，在训练一个用于识别狗的图像分类器时，我们可能会使用一个预先训练好的识别猫的分类器作为起点来加速学习过程。\n\n迁移学习在机器学习应用中非常实用，因为许多实际问题可能需要在数据稀缺或获取成本较高的情况下训练模型。在这些情况下，迁移学习能够利用其他相关任务上已经积累的知识来加速模型训练并提高模型效果。\n\n迁移学习的方法有很多种，主要可以分为两类：基于模型的方法和基于特征的方法。基于模型的方法通常是将一个预训练好的模型作为新任务的初始模型，然后对其进行微调。而基于特征的方法主要是提取一个预训练好的模型中的特征表示，再利用这些特征来构建新的模型。\n\n总之，迁移学习是一种非常有用的技术，它能够让机器学习系统更快、更有效地完成新任务。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一个针对给定数据集的实体识别系统。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "创建一个针对给定数据集的实体识别系统需要一下步骤:\n\n1. 理解数据集: 查看数据集中包含的内容，标记实体，例如人名、地点、组织等。\n2. 数据预处理: 清洗数据，去除无用信息，将数据转换为合适的格式，准备好训练模型。\n3. 特征提取: 根据数据集中实体的特征，提取有用的信息作为训练特征。\n4. 选择模型: 根据数据集特点选择合适的机器学习模型，例如SVM、随机森林、CRF等。如果数据集很大，也可以考虑深度学习模型，例如LSTM、BERT等。\n5. 训练模型: 将数据集划分为训练集和验证集，用训练集训练模型，用验证集调整模型参数，避免过拟合。\n6. 测试模型: 在一个独立的测试集上测试模型的准确度，评估模型性能。\n7. 应用模型: 把训练好的模型应用到实际数据上，进行实体识别。\n\n整个过程可能需要迭代多次，不断调整模型参数、特征提取方法等，才能获得较好的实体识别效果。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将句子“她在公园里散步”改写成更有趣的措辞。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"她在翠绿的公园里漫步，和阳光和微风一起享受着宁静的时光。\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "根据下表，将每个句子分类为定义、事实或观点。",
+ "input": "|句子|\n|--------|\n|水果是一种通常甜味且含有种子的食物类别。|\n|苹果是一种水果。|\n|苹果是口感最好的水果。|",
+ "output": "|句子|分类|\n|--------|-----|\n|水果是一种通常甜味且含有种子的食物类别。|定义|\n|苹果是一种水果。|事实|\n|苹果是口感最好的水果。|观点|"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成与电动汽车相关的适当关键词。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "电动汽车、电池技术、可持续交通、充电技术、零排放、绿色能源、智能交通、续航能力、电驱动、电动汽车市场、电池回收、电池续航、充电桩、节能减排、无尾气排放、节能汽车、低碳交通。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "计算餐厅订单的总价。输入：一份披萨，价格为12.50美元，两杯苏打水，每杯价格为1.75美元。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "总价格为：12.50 + 2 * 1.75 = 16.00美元。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一个情感分析模型的示例输入。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "以下是一个用于训练情感分析模型的示例输入数据：\n\n文本: \"这个电影真是太好看了！演员们的表演非常出色，情节也令人惊叹。\"\n标签: 正面\n\n文本: \"我对这家餐厅非常失望。食物口感不好，服务也太慢了。\"\n标签: 负面\n\n文本: \"这本书一点也不好看。故事情节毫无新意。\"\n标签: 负面\n\n文本: \"我非常喜欢这个音乐人的音乐作品，他的歌声总能够打动我的心。\"\n标签: 正面\n\n文本: \"这支球队表现得太差了，简直令人失望。\"\n标签: 负面\n\n这些示例输入文本包含了多种评价对象，如电影、餐厅、书籍、音乐和体育队伍，通过标签来标记文本所表现的情绪是正面还是负面。通过训练大量这样的数据，情感分析模型便能够学习识别文本中所表现的情绪。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用一句话结束故事。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "最后，他微笑着望着天空，知道他终于找到了属于他的幸福。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "24小时有多少分钟？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1天有24小时，每小时有60分钟，所以24小时有：24 * 60 = 1440 分钟。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "请给我以下数字的剩余数字。",
+ "input": "### 输入：\n123_",
+ "output": "很抱歉，未知\"123_\"中的数字意义和未知的“_”符号应该代表什么数字，无法准确回答你的问题。请提供更多的信息。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "建立两个朋友在吃晚餐时的对话。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "朋友A：嘿，好久不见啊！\n\n朋友B：是啊，都有一个月了吧。感觉好想你啊！\n\n朋友A：我也是！你最近忙什么呢？\n\n朋友B：哦，最近工作很忙，还要加班，不过也挺有意思的。你呢？\n\n朋友A：我也是啊，新项目上线了，需要全神贯注。其实挺累，但也很充实。\n\n朋友B：是啊，有时候工作虽然辛苦，但是能够实现目标还是值得的。\n\n朋友A：对呀！对了，这道菜好好吃啊，你点的？\n\n朋友B：哈哈。是啊，这家餐厅的菜口味不错，份量也足。\n\n朋友A：下次我们一起来这儿吃饭吧。\n\n朋友B：好啊，我也很喜欢这里的氛围。我们吃完饭去散散步，聊聊天如何？\n\n朋友A：太好了，那就这么定了。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "如何制作花生酱和果酱三明治",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这是一道简单又美味的花生酱和果酱三明治的做法:\n\n材料：\n- 两片面包\n- 一汤匙花生酱\n- 一汤匙果酱（可以选择你喜欢的口味，如草莓、蓝莓、杏等）\n\n步骤：\n1. 准备两片面包，可以选择吐司面包、全麦面包或其他你喜欢的面包。\n2. 在其中一片面包上涂上一层花生酱。\n3. 在另一片面包上涂上一层果酱。\n4. 将两片面包合起来，果酱面朝下，使花生酱和果酱紧贴在一起。\n5. 将三明治放入烤面包机或平底锅中，烤至面包金黄色。\n6. 取出三明治，切成两半或四块，享用即可。\n\n提示：\n- 在涂抹花生酱和果酱时，可以根据个人口味来调整。\n- 也可以在面包上加入薄片香蕉、苹果片或其他水果来增加口感和营养。\n- 如果不想烤面包，也可以直接食用。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "说出一个与民权运动有关的历史人物。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "马丁·路德·金，是美国非裔牧师，公民权利运动领导人之一。他主张华盛顿的种族隔离政策的终结，争取平等的公民权利，并为非裔美国人争取社会、政治及经济上的公平制度而奋斗。他倡导非暴力抗议并获得巨大成就，他的贡献使他在1964年获得诺贝尔和平奖。他以演讲《我有一个梦想》而著名, 这是一篇发表于1963年华盛顿纪念碑前, 为争取平等权利和自由而进行的抗议演讲。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "如何成为更高效的作家？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "作为一名更高效的作家，您可以考虑以下几点建议：\n\n1. 设定写作目标：为自己设定明确的、可度量的写作目标，使您能够更加专注于写作，并更好地评估自己的进度。\n\n2. 规划写作时间：设定一个固定的写作时间，并坚持每天在这段时间内写作。这将有助于您建立一个写作习惯，并使写作成为您日常生活的一部分。\n\n3. 减少干扰：在写作时，保持工作环境的清静，尽量避免各种干扰，包括手机、电脑、电视等。\n\n4. 保持专注：在写作时，尽量保持心态平和，关注当下。您可以通过冥想、深呼吸等方法来帮助自己放松，集中注意力。\n\n5. 进行预写和编辑：在开始写作之前，先进行大纲或草稿的编写，这将有助于您更好地组织内容。写作完成后，不要忘记进行编辑和校对，为您的作品增添锦上添花的一笔。\n\n6. 保持学习：作为一名作家，您应该不断学习新的写作技巧和方法，这将有助于您提高写作效率和质量。\n\n希望这些建议能够帮助您成为一名更高效的作家。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将这些书按照有趣程度从高到低排列：爱丽丝漫游奇境、简·爱、指环王。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "很抱歉，但“有趣”完全取决于个人喜好和阅读喜好。有的人可能喜欢爱丽丝漫游奇境中的梦幻奇观和荒诞元素；有的人则被简·爱中的爱情故事和女主角的性格吸引；另一些人则喜欢指环王中的史诗奇幻世界和冒险故事。所以，对于不同的人来说，这些书的“有趣程度”排名可能是不同的。最好的方法是阅读这些书并根据个人喜好进行排名。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找出方程 x2 - 3x = 0 的根。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "该方程可以写成 x(x-3)=0。\n\n根据乘法原理，x = 0或x - 3 = 0。\n\n因此，x1 = 0和x2 = 3是方程 x2 - 3x = 0 的两个根。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创造一个有规则的运动。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "很高兴你想要参与运动。我为你设计了一个简单的有规律的运动计划，你可以根据自己的健康状况和时间安排进行调整：\n\n步骤一：准备活动。开始之前，先进行5分钟的热身活动，例如慢跑或快走，可以帮助身体进入运动状态。\n\n步骤二：核心锻炼。进行20分钟中等强度的有氧运动，例如跑步、骑自行车、游泳或跳绳。这些运动能够帮助提高心肺功能，促进血液循环。\n\n步骤三：力量训练。选择3-4个你喜欢的力量训练动作，每组动作做10-15次，每组之间休息30秒。力量训练可以帮助塑造肌肉，增强骨骼健康。\n\n步骤四：拉伸放松。完成锻炼后，进行5分钟的拉伸活动，可以帮助放松肌肉，提高柔韧性。\n\n建议你每周进行3-4次这样的锻炼，持之以恒，定会取得良好的身体健康效果。在锻炼过程中，如果感到不适，应立即停止，如有需要请寻求专业医生的帮助。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创造一句与电有关的谚语。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"没有电，一切都是白搭。\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出哺乳动物和爬行动物的三个不同之处。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 生理结构上的差异：哺乳动物有乳腺和体毛，并且大多数有汗腺和皮下脂肪。而爬行动物的皮肤通常被鳞片或甲壳覆盖，用于保护和防止过多水分蒸发。\n\n2. 生殖方式的差异：哺乳动物是胎生的，也就是有盘腔的动物，将胎儿留在母体内进行发育直至分娩。而大多数爬行动物是卵生的，它们产下卵并将其留在外界孵化。\n\n3. 调节体温的差异：哺乳动物是恒温动物（内温性动物），它们可以调节自身的体温，以保持在一定的温度范围内。而爬行动物是变温动物（外温性动物），它们的体温会随着周围环境的温度而变化，因此它们常常需要依靠蜷缩、晒太阳或者寻找阴凉处来调节体温。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出与给定动词“读”相关的所有名词。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "下面是一些与给定动词“读”相关的名词，这些单词现实生活中与阅读息息相关：\n\n书，文学，文本，文章，报纸，杂志，期刊，漫画，故事，诗歌，小说，教科书，百科全书，词典，指南，菜谱，论文，报告，读物，作品，章节，内容，摘要，引言，目录，阅读器，阅读灯，书签，阅读笔记，阅读列表，朗读。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出爵士乐歌曲的主要音乐元素。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "爵士乐是一种非常丰富多样的音乐类型，它包含许多不同的音乐元素。下面是一些爵士乐歌曲中最主要的音乐元素：\n\n1. 即兴演奏：爵士乐中最重要的元素之一就是即兴演奏，即在演出过程中，音乐人根据自己的情感和灵感，即兴创作、改变旋律和和弦进行。\n\n2. 和声：爵士乐中常常使用七和弦和九和弦，具有复杂多变的和声结构。\n\n3. 节奏：爵士乐节奏灵活多变，强调的是节奏的对比和节奏的不规则性。 爵士鼓的基础节奏是布鲁斯节奏。\n\n4. 拍子：爵士乐通常是以四分之四拍子为主，但也有三拍子、五拍子以及更复杂的拍子。\n\n5. 旋律：爵士乐的旋律通常是基于蓝调音阶和五声音阶，有时还会加入一些特殊的音程，比如增二度、减九度等。\n\n6. 演奏技巧：爵士乐的演奏技巧非常高超，各种乐器的技巧都有独特的风格，如萨克斯管的滑音、滑奏、颤音等；小号的快速吐音等。\n\n7. 音色：爵士乐中，不同的音色之间的结合是十分重要的，萨克斯、小号、"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "建议一个以“救赎”为主题的短篇小说标题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "《被赦免的罪》"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "调试工具是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "调试工具是计算机编程中用来检测和纠正程序中错误的工具。它们允许开发人员运行代码并查看运行过程中的状态，定位问题所在的位置，从而进行修复。常用的调试工具有单步调试、断点调试、变量检测等功能。此外，许多集成开发环境（IDE）都内置了调试工具，例如Visual Studio、Eclipse等。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "请在1-10的评分尺度上评价以下产品（1表示不好，10表示非常好）：iPad Pro，笔记本电脑，台式电脑。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "由于我是一个人工智能，我无法给出主观评分。但是，可以提供这些产品的相关信息以帮助您形成自己的评价。iPad Pro是一款高性能平板电脑，拥有优秀的显示屏和强大的处理能力，适合进行移动办公和娱乐。笔记本电脑具有便携性优势，能够满足大多数日常工作和娱乐需求，性能和配置有很大的差异。台式电脑拥有较强的扩展能力和更高的性能，适合完成高负载任务和玩大型游戏，但不便于携带。这三款产品各有千秋，适用于不同的需求和场景，您可以根据自己的实际需求进行选择和评价。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "使用Adobe Illustrator创建一个Ocean Blue的标志。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "在使用 Adobe Illustrator 创建一个海洋蓝色主题的标志时，你可以按照以下步骤操作：\n\n1. 首先打开 Adobe Illustrator，并新建一个文档，设置适当的尺寸和分辨率。\n\n2. 在左侧的工具栏中选择“矩形工具”，单击文档并拖拽鼠标，画出一个矩形形状。\n\n3. 在工具栏顶端的“填充”栏中，选择一种海洋蓝色。你可以使用色彩选择器来选取颜色，也可以输入 RGB 值进行调色。\n\n4. 接下来，在左侧工具栏中选择“文字工具”，单击文档并输入文本内容，选择合适的字体和大小。\n\n5. 将文本移动到矩形框内的合适位置，双击文本以更改颜色，使其与背景形成鲜明对比。\n\n6. 如果需要，你还可以使用“路径”工具和“画笔”工具添加细节，比如添加波浪线条或其他装饰元素。\n\n7. 最后，在窗口顶部选择“文件”，然后点击“保存”，选择合适的文件类型和保存位置，完成标志的创建。\n\n在创建过程中，你可以尝试使用不同的形状、颜色、字体和效果，以获得独特的海洋蓝色主题标志。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "构建给定月份的活动日历",
+ "input": "输入：2020年10月",
+ "output": "首先，确定月份的天数。 2020年是闰年，意味着2月多一天，共29天。 10月是一个有31天的月份。\n\n其次，确定该月1号是星期几。使用日期函数，我们可以知道2020年10月1日是星期四。\n\n根据这些信息，我们可以构建一个日历，如下所示:\n\n```\n星期日 星期一 星期二 星期三 星期四 星期五 星期六\n 1 2 3\n 4 5 6 7 8 9 10\n 11 12 13 14 15 16 17\n 18 19 20 21 22 23 24\n 25 26 27 28 29 30 31\n```\n\n对于活动，您需要提供更多信息，如活动日期，时间和名称，才能添加到上述日历中。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "请生成与冬季相关的3到5个词。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "冰雪(snow), 寒冷(cold), 热饮(hot drink), 冬至(Winter solstice), 滑冰(ice skating)"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "研究印度最常见的自然灾害。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "印度是一个由于其地理位置和气候条件而经常受到自然灾害影响的国家。印度最常见的自然灾害包括：\n\n1.洪水：印度在季风季节经常遭受严重的洪水灾害。积水造成的破坏可能会导致严重的人员伤亡和巨大的经济损失。\n\n2.旱灾：印度的一些区域经常遭受严重的旱灾，导致饥荒和水资源短缺。\n\n3.风暴：印度沿海地区经常遭受热带气旋和台风的袭击，导致巨大的破坏。\n\n4.地震：印度位于几个地壳板块的交汇处，地震活动频繁。地震可能造成巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失。\n\n5.山体滑坡和泥石流：印度的许多山区经常发生山体滑坡和泥石流，造成巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失。\n\n除了这些常见的自然灾害，印度还受到森林火灾、海啸、干旱和冰雹等其他类型的灾害的影响。印度政府一直在努力建立有效的防灾减灾机制，以减少自然灾害对人民生活的影响。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为一篇关于发展自己的业务的博客文章创建一个引人注目的标题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"打造梦想帝国：如何发展和壮大自己的业务\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出两条流经美国州的主要河流。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 密西西比河(Mississippi River): 这条河流流经明尼苏达州，威斯康辛州，爱荷华州，伊利诺伊州，密苏里州，肯塔基州，田纳西州，阿肯色州，密西西比州和路易斯安那州。\n\n2. 科罗拉多河(Colorado River): 这条河流流经科罗拉多州，犹他州，亚利桑那州，内华达州和加利福尼亚州。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "判断是否可能分解给定的复多项式。",
+ "input": "输入：2x^4 + 8x^3 + 8x^2 + 2x -3",
+ "output": "作为语言模型，我没有办法做出多项式分解。 然而，我能告诉你一种方法来确定一个多项式是否可以分解为其它多项式的乘积。 \n\n这种方法被称为裴达（Descartes）法则，它规定，对于一个多项式的每一对相邻项的系数，如果出现一个由正变负、由负变正的变化，则该多项式有至少一个正实数解。相反地，如果该多项式的每一项系数都在正负号上相同，则该多项式没有正实数解。如果在这个多项式中不考虑有理数，那么负实数解的个数也等于这个多项式的倒数中正负号的变化。这个定理有助于我们确定多项式根的个数，从而进一步判断它是否可分解。\n\n可以看到，由这种方法分析后，这个多项式f (x) = 2x^4 + 8x^3 + 8x^2 + 2x -3 正负号没有发生改变，有一个实根，它有可能分解为另一个多项式的乘积。\n\n然而，即使这个多项式有实根，也并不一定意味着它可以分解为其他多项式的乘积。 要确定这一点需进行根式分解，如一阶根式分解，进而进行二次分解。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "编辑给定的代码以添加错误处理。",
+ "input": "输入：\ndef calculate_sum(numbers):\n sum = 0\n for num in numbers:\n sum += num\n return sum",
+ "output": "def calculate_sum(numbers):\n if not isinstance(numbers, list): # Check if input is a list\n raise TypeError(\"Input must be a list of numbers\")\n sum = 0\n for num in numbers:\n if not isinstance(num,(int,float)): # Check if value in the list is an integer or float\n raise TypeError(\"All elements in the list must be numbers\")\n sum += num\n return s"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "编辑句子以使其更简洁：“每个人都可能想考虑的一件事是可持续未来的选择。”",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"每个人都应考虑可持续未来的选择。\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "输出一段代码，显示提示用户输入他们的姓名的消息。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here is a simple code that displays a message prompting the user to input their name in Python:\n\n```python\nname = input(\"Please enter your name: \")\nprint(\"Hello,\", name)\n```\n\nThis code uses the `input` function to display the message `\"Please enter your name: \"` and waits for the user's input. Once the user enters their name and presses enter, the code then uses the `print` function to display a personalized greeting with the user's name."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将给定的问题分类为优化问题或估计问题。",
+ "input": "输入：问题：确定卡车从A市到B市交付包裹的最有效路线。",
+ "output": "该问题属于优化问题。\n\n优化问题旨在使得目标函数达到最大值或最小值，此处是最有效的旅行路线，从而最小化旅行成本。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "新的体育队伍推特示例：纽约城斗牛犬。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. \"欢迎来到 #NYCBulldogs 官方推特，为您带来实时赛事信息更新和精彩图片与视频！\"\n2. \"今晚是 #NYCBulldogs 的比赛之夜！振奋人心的赛事开始了，让我们一起为我们的球队加油打气！\"\n3. \"我们很荣幸宣布纽约城斗牛犬队已经签下了新球员 @playername，让我们热烈欢迎他的加入！ #NYCBulldogs\"\n4. \"感谢所有支持 #NYCBulldogs 的球迷，没你们的支持我们不可能取得下一场比赛的胜利。向您们致敬！\"\n5. \"这一场 #NYCBulldogs 的比赛真是紧张刺激！回顾精彩镜头，回味无穷！\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "提供在线辅导服务的网站名称建议。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "以下是一些关于提供在线辅导服务的网站名称建议：\n\n1. 考顶-在线辅导\n2. 脑洞教育科技\n3. 天才导师\n4. 学术通\n5. 知识海洋\n6. 技术宝藏\n7. 成绩飞跃\n8. 学海无涯\n9. 卓越学堂\n10. 知识之窗\n\n希望能为您提供启示！"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将文本文档转换为结构化数据格式。 ",
+ "input": "输入：John 今年 35 岁，他住在纽约。",
+ "output": "输出：{\n \"姓名\": \"John\",\n \"年龄\": 35,\n \"住址\": \"纽约\"\n}"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "建议句子中“close”的同义词。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "建议的\"close\"的同义词包括:\n\n1. Nearby 附近\n2. Adjacent 邻接\n3. Near 靠近\n4. Nigh 接近\n5. Proximate 邻近\n6. Immediate 直接的\n7. Next-door 隔壁的\n8. Abutting 挨着\n9. Contiguous 连续的\n10. Neighboring 毗邻的."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "树枝上鸽子，草地间，二十字诗。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "树枝间鸽子鸣唧唧，\n唯听得枝头鸟语迟。\n草地绿意盈人，犹如碧玉，\n二十字诗句展风骚，\n流於世人之口，美如画。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一个团队建设活动中要使用的活动清单。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 团队接力赛: 团队成员按顺序完成一个任务的接力比赛，培养团队合作精神。\n2. 手绘团队标志: 让整个团队一起设计并绘制团队的标志，展现团队创造力和凝聚力。\n3. 障碍接力赛: 安排一个障碍接力赛，让团队成员一起努力完成任务，锻炼团队协作能力。\n4. 短剧演出: 让团队成员分组编排一个短剧，展现团队创意和协作能力。\n5. 密室逃脱: 通过一个具有挑战性的密室逃脱游戏，锻炼团队沟通能力和解决问题能力。\n6. 烹饪挑战: 让团队成员一起准备一顿特殊的晚餐，培养团队合作精神和沟通能力。\n7. 竞技比赛: 举办一个体育竞技比赛，促进团队成员之间的友谊和合作精神。\n8. 团队辩论: 安排一个辩论比赛，让团队成员一起准备观点，提高团队沟通和思维能力。\n9. 自然寻宝: 在户外进行一个寻宝活动，培养团队的观察力和合作精神。\n10. 音乐会: 让团队成员一起准备一个音乐会，展现团队创造力和合作能力。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "建议一种简单的方法来阻止甚至是轻微的网络欺凌。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "要阻止轻微的网络欺凌，你可以采取以下几种简单的措施：\n\n1. 报告欺凌行为：大部分的社交平台都有举报功能，当你遇到网上欺凌的情况时，可以立即通过举报来引起网站管理员的注意，使他们采取行动禁止施暴者的行为。\n\n2. 立即阻止施暴者：不要让网络欺凌者的不良行为扩散，立即在你的社交账号中把他们拉黑，这样你就不会再看到他们发布的不当信息。\n\n3. 不予回应：不要回应网络欺凌者的攻击，因为这样只会给他们更多的关注，让他们继续施暴。保持冷静，采取合理的措施来解决问题。\n\n4. 寻求帮助：如果你感到压力和困扰，不要独自一人面对，找家人、朋友或专业人士寻求帮助与支持。\n\n最后，要记住永远不要放弃自己的权利，勇敢地站起来维护自己的权益。网络欺凌是一种不道德的行为，我们每个人都有责任共同营造一个健康的网络环境。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "简要解释什么是碳抵消。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "碳抵消(Carbon offsetting) 的概念是指个人或企业为减少或抵消他们的碳排放而购买减排量。这些减排量会被用于支持清洁能源、新能源项目以及其他减少温室气体排放的措施。通过购买碳抵消，可以帮助抵消由个人或组织的日常活动, 如交通运输、电力使用产生的碳排放，从而使其碳排放减少到零，实现碳中和。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "2019年德国以德语为母语的人数是多少？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "根据2019年统计数据，大约在德国国内有约7500万人将德语作为他们的母语。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "选择一种恐龙。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "霸王龙（Tyrannosaurus rex）是一种非常著名的恐龙，它是一种大型的兽脚类恐龙，生活在晚白垩世的北美洲。霸王龙体型庞大，肉食性强，常常被认为是当时地球上最强大的陆地掠食者之一。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成科罗拉多州最具标志性的七个地点列表。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 大峡谷国家公园：这片迷人的自然保护区拥有悬崖峭壁、区域性植被和罕见的野生动物。\n2. 皮克峰：这座壮观的山峰海拔 4,302 米，是科罗拉多州最高的山之一。\n3. 花岗岩悬崖州立公园：这座公园内有壮观的花岗岩悬崖和美丽的瀑布，是徒步旅行和野营的理想之地。\n4. 红岩公园：这座公园内拥有红色的岩石和奇特的山峰，是攀岩和徒步旅行的热门目的地。\n5. 史蒂文斯卡乃基天然温泉：这座著名的温泉胜地拥有多种温泉池、健康水疗和放松活动。\n6. 吉普斯顿蛋糕：这座奇特的山丘状地貌以其独特的地质结构和壮观的风景而著称。\n7. 德克萨斯牛仔博物馆：这座博物馆展出了与西部牛仔文化有关的文物和展览，是了解科罗拉多州历史的绝佳去处。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "使用正确的语法在写作时非常重要。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的，使用正确的语法可以使你的言语更清晰、流畅，易于理解。它能够使你的表达更具有逻辑性和条理性，让读者更容易得到你想要传达的信息。语法错误往往会影响文字的清晰度和准确性，使得读者难以理解你所表达的含义。因此，确保你的写作中使用了正确的语法是非常重要的。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给下面的方程中的变量a、b和c赋值。",
+ "input": "输入：\na + b + c = 12",
+ "output": "这个方程有无穷多组解，因为三个未知数之和等于一个确定的值，所以只要任意给两个值，就能得到第三个值。例如：\n\n当 a = 1， b = 2 时， c = 12 - a - b = 12 - 1 - 2 = 9\n\n当 a = 4， b = 6 时， c = 12 - a - b = 12 - 4 - 6 = 2\n\n当 a = 3， b = 3 时， c = 12 - a - b = 12 - 3 - 3 = 6\n\n当 a = -1， b = 7 时， c = 12 - a - b = 12 - (-1) - 7 = 6\n\n等等，总之，a、b和c的取值可以是任意实数，只要满足 a + b + c = 12这个条件。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "计算这些物品的总费用。 ",
+ "input": "输入：汽车 - $3000，衣服 - $100，书 - $20。",
+ "output": "汽车、衣服和书的总费用为 $3000 + $100 + $20 = $3120。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "他不想来。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "那么，是否有解决办法或替代方案可以考虑？或者您想与我讨论他的拒绝原因？"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "提供文档摘要。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "很抱歉，你需要提供一篇完整的文档或文章，我才可以为你生成摘要。请提供一篇文档，我会为你生成一个简洁且准确的摘要。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "提供熵的科学定义。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "熵（Entropy）是一个物理学和热力学概念，它衡量了一个系统中微观状态的随机性或无序程度。熵的科学定义来自于热力学的第二定律，可以推导出一个公式：S = k ln Ω，其中S表示熵，k是玻尔兹曼常数，Ω是该系统可能存在的微观状态数，ln表示自然对数。\n\n这个定义解释了为什么熵常常被称为“无序度”的衡量标准。当一个系统可能存在的微观状态更多时，熵的值就更大，说明这个系统内部的分子分布更随机，无序程度更高。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "总结以下段落所描述的内容。 ",
+ "input": "可再生能源的需求正在增长，如太阳能、风能和地热能。这是由于公众对环境保护的重要性的认识日益增强，以及对传统能源如煤炭和石油有限性的担忧。",
+ "output": "此段描述了当前可再生能源需求增长的情况。原因是人们意识到环境保护的重要性，并且担忧传统能源的有限性。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "构建一个包括 x 轴和 y 轴的表格。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "很抱歉，我作为一个文本聊天机器人无法在对话窗口内生成表格。然而，我能提供一个简单的方法供您使用电子表格软件（如 Microsoft Excel 或 Google Sheets ）来创建一个包括 x 轴和 y 轴的表格。\n\n1. 打开您的电子表格软件，创建一个新的空白文档。\n2. 在第一行第一列（即A1格）中输入 “X” 作为X轴的标题。\n3. 在第二行第一列（即A2格）中输入您的第一个X轴数据, 第三行第一列(即A3)输入第二个X轴数据，以此类推。\n4. 在第一行第二列（即B1格）中输入 “Y” 作为Y轴的标题。\n5. 在第二行第二列（即B2格）中输入您的第一个Y轴数据, 第三行第二列（即B3格）输入您的第二个Y轴数据，以此类推。\n6. 您可以通过选择所有数据并插入图表来生成一个包括X轴和Y轴的图表。\n\n这个表格可以根据您自己的需要来调整和填充数据。 如果您需要进一步的帮助，请告诉我您的需要。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找出与黄色相关的三个词。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "太阳，柠檬，向日葵。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "讲一个传达希望信息的故事。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "在一个遥远的地方，有一个小镇。镇上的居民过着平凡但幸福的生活。但有一年，一场大灾难突然降临，将整个小镇夷为平地。\n\n灾后的生活非常艰难，人们失去了家园，失去了亲人，每个人都充满了绝望和悲伤。这时，一个老人站了出来，他召集村民们在一起，带领大家一起重建家园。\n\n老人经常鼓励村民们要有希望，要相信明天会更好。他说：“就像夜间的黑暗再深，也会被黎明的第一缕阳光驱散。我们现在所面临的一切困难和痛苦，都会被未来的希望和美好所取代。”\n\n在老人的带领下，村民们齐心协力，一起重建家园。一座座新房屋拔地而起，田地里也开始播下希望的种子。人们虽然依然会想起过去的苦难，但在内心深处，他们已经充满了希望。\n\n时间流逝，几年后，这个小镇已经重建的比以前更加美好。看着镇上幸福快乐的居民，老人感到非常欣慰。他知道，只要人们心中有希望，就能度过一切困难，走向更加美好的未来。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述一个可能的情况，Gertrude the Great AI可以提供帮助。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Gertrude the Great AI是一款智能人工助手，它可以在许多不同的情况下为用户提供帮助。例如，假设一个人正在努力完成一项紧急的工作项目，但是他不确定如何处理特定的数据分析任务，这对项目的完成非常重要。在这种情况下，他可以请求Gertrude the Great AI的帮助。\n\nGertrude the Great AI 可以听取用户描述他的问题，并快速分析可能解决问题的方法。它可以从用户提供的数据,输入数据并使用高级算法和数据建模技术来生成有用的结果。然后，它可以与用户讨论其结果，并提供其他建议,可能有效的解决方案。\n\n通过与Gertrude the Great AI的互动，用户能够更快速更有效地完成他的数据分析任务。他节省了大量努力，精力和时间，增加了项目的成功率。由于其智能，灵活性和出色的分析能力，Gertrude the Great AI证明了它是一款非常有用的AI助手，能够在许多不同的情况下为用户提供帮助。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释“相互可理解性”的术语。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "相互可理解性(Interoperability)是指两个或多个不同系统、组织、应用程序或设备之间具有的能力，使它们能够相互交换信息并能够使用相互交换的信息。\n\n简而言之，相互可理解性就是不同的技术设备、软件和协议之间能够顺利、有效地进行通信、交互和信息共享。\n\n相互可理解性是现代技术世界中的一个重要概念。随着信息技术的快速发展，人们希望各种设备和应用程序之间能够相互协作，提供无缝的用户体验。实现高水平的相互可理解性需要团队合作，设备和应用程序要遵守标准化的数据格式和协议，这样才能保证信息传输的可靠性、准确性和安全性。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找出给定加速度、初始速度和经过的时间后车辆的最大速度。",
+ "input": "输入：加速度=4 m/s^2，初始速度=10 m/s，经过的时间=5秒。",
+ "output": "根据牛顿运动定律中的速度方程，v = u + at，其中v是最终速度，u是初始速度，a是加速度，t是经过的时间。代入给定数据可得：\n\n最终速度 v = 初始速度 u + 加速度 a * 时间 t\nv = 10 m/s + 4 m/s² * 5 s\nv = 10 m/s + 20 m/s\nv = 30 m/s\n\n所以，当加速度为4m/s²，初始速度为10m/s，经过5秒后，车辆的最大速度为30m/s。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "分析给定的句子，判断说话者是否在讽刺。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "很抱歉，您并没有给我任何句子进行分析判断。如果您把句子提供给我，我将依据句子的语境、措辞和表达方式尽力帮助您分析说话者是否在使用讽刺。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "聚会有名人参加。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "听起来像是一个有趣的聚会！您要我为您提供一些关于聚会上的名人或某个特定名人的资料吗？"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "隐喻 / 不是",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "隐喻（Metaphor）是一种修辞手法，它通过把一个事物比作另一个事物来表达意思，用来传达比喻的对象和被比喻对象之间的类似的性质或相关性。例如：“她是我心中的太阳”把她比作太阳，借用太阳的光芒来传达她在我心中的重要性能。\n\n“不是”则是一个否定词，表示否定或拒绝。例如：“这不是答案”意味着这不是正确的答案。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "友谊",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "友谊是人类之间建立的一种亲密、互相信赖的关系。它的基础是相互理解、关心和支持，无论身处顺境还是逆境，朋友都会彼此相互帮助。友谊能给人带来温暖和支持，有益于人的心理健康和社交发展。朋友可以分享彼此的快乐和忧愁，相互倾听和排解烦恼，帮助彼此成长和进步。和朋友在一起，人们可以感受到快乐、自在和满足，这也是友谊的魅力所在。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "被狮子吃了 (Rewritten sentence: 我被狮子吃了)",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Oh no! 我很抱歉听到这个消息。这是个虚构的故事吧？\n\n(\"Oh no! I am sorry to hear this. This is a fictional story, right?\")"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "阅读以下情景并提出适当的问题。",
+ "input": "输入：你正在面试一个数据科学家的职位候选人。",
+ "output": "1. 能否告诉我您的教育背景和工作经验？\n2. 您在数据分析和建模方面有哪些特长?\n3. 您最近完成的一个项目是关于什么的？您为解决项目中的问题采取了哪些措施？\n4. 您如何管理和整理大量数据？使用过哪些工具和技术？\n5. 您如何处理缺失和不准确的数据？\n6. 您有哪些经验是能够帮助我们公司提升数据科学技能的？\n7. 您如何与团队中其他人员合作，向他们解释复杂的技术概念?\n8. 请问您未来的职业规划是什么？\n9. 您最擅长使用哪些编程语言和数据科学工具？\n10. 您是否愿意不断学习新技术并与时俱进？如何持续提升您的技能？"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "菜谱：蔬菜煲\n指示：削皮并将茄子切成细小的块。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "很好，这是制作蔬菜煲的第一步之一。根据您提供的菜谱，您需要把茄子上的皮削掉。然后将茄子切成细小的块，大小取决于个人喜好。切好后，您可以按照菜谱的其他步骤继续进行下一步。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "研究里约热内卢的人口密度。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "里约热内卢（Rio de Janeiro）是一座位于巴西东南部的城市，是巴西的第二大城市。根据联合国统计数据，2020年里约热内卢市的人口约为671万人。\n\n里约热内卢市的面积约为1255平方公里，因此人口密度约为5348人/平方公里。\n\n里约热内卢市人口密度比巴西平均水平高，但低于世界许多大城市。例如，孟买（Mumbai）的人口密度约为31,700人/平方公里，而东京（Tokyo）的人口密度约为15,600人/平方公里。\n\n值得注意的是，里约热内卢市人口分布不均衡。市中心和南部沿海地区人口密度较高，而北部和西部地区人口密度相对较低。此外，像许多大城市一样，里约热内卢也存在着严重的贫富差距，一些贫困社区（favelas）的人口密度非常高。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "闪电，弓，雷声 - 分组为相关主题",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"天气现象\"或者 \"雷暴\" 是这三个事物都与之相关的主题."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "我最喜欢的食物很美味。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "非常好！请问你最喜欢的食物是什么？除了味道之外，有没有其他原因让你喜欢它？"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "工作场所中动机的重要性是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "动机在工作场所中是非常重要的，因为它对员工的工作表现、承诺和满意度产生了重大影响。以下是一些详细原因：\n\n1. 提高生产力：一个积极动机的工人通常比一个缺乏动力的工人更加投入工作，并且完成任务的效率更高。\n\n2. 改善员工满意度：当员工获得工作动机时，他们会感到自己的工作有意义并且受到赏识，这会提高他们对工作的满意度，增强他们对组织的忠诚度。\n\n3. 降低员工流失率：满意和有动力的员工更可能留在公司工作，从而降低员工流失率。\n\n4. 创新和发展：一个有动力的员工更有可能提出新想法，愿意承担风险并寻求自我发展，这对公司的发展和创新至关重要。\n\n因此，激励员工是组织成功的关键因素之一，管理者应当关注并促进员工的工作动机。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "概述文章《植物药物在治疗抑郁症中的应用》。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "《植物药物在治疗抑郁症中的应用》这篇文章讨论了在抑郁症治疗中植物药物的作用。文章介绍了一些许可以用来治疗抑郁症的植物药物，比如苦参，人参和百合等。这些植物药物有它们自己独特的化学成分，能够对抑郁症产生积极的治疗作用。一些植物药物与传统药物相比，有轻微的副作用, 因此更受患者欢迎。文章还讨论了一些临床研究结果，证明了植物药物在治疗抑郁症方面确实有效。总之，这篇文章为我们提供了新的视角去看待抑郁症的治疗方法，植物药物有可能成为未来治疗抑郁症的有效方法之一。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "识别课程大纲的关键项目。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "为了识别课程大纲中的关键项目，我们需要查看大纲中包含的信息。 列出几个可能的关键项目有助于确定重要内容，大致包括：\n\n1.课程描述：对课程内容的简要概述，提供关于课程目标、内容、特色和理念的信息\n\n2.学习目标：说明完成课程后学生应期望掌握的技能和知识\n\n3.课程安排：课程的时间表、安排和期限，包括课程开始、结束日期、考试日期和作业提交期限等。\n\n4.教学方法：说明如何交付课程内容，包括授课方法（例如讲座、小组讨论或实验）和教学材料（例如教科书、幻灯片或录像）。\n\n5.评估标准：说明学生将如何评估，包括考试形式（例如书面考试或口头报告）、评分标准和成绩分配方式。\n\n6.课程政策：列出学生在课堂上应遵守的规定和政策，如出勤、延期、作弊等。\n\n7.教师联系信息：包括教师的姓名、办公室位置、办公时间、电话号码和电子邮件地址等，方便学生联系教师。\n\n这些都是课程大纲中的关键项目，可以帮助学生了解课程的主要内容和要求，为他们的学习提供指导。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "我跳得很高在天空中。 -> 我跳得很高在天空中。 (No change needed as the input is already in past tense)",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "我明白了，输入的句子已经是过去时。那么没有变化，意思为“我高高跳起，在天空中。”"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一首四行诗，主题是自然。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "青山绿水美如画，\n晨霞晚霞常换档。\n花香鸟语自然谧，\n四季交替更生长。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将这个句子归类为一般情感类别。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这个句子无法归类为一般情感类别，因为它并不包含情感表达。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "设计一个展示产品的网页。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一个展示产品的网页应该包括以下几个关键元素：\n1. 产品图片：这是展示产品的主要方式，所以需要选择高质量的、能真实反映产品特点的图片，并且布局合理，突出产品的亮点。\n2. 产品名称及描述：在图片下方或旁边需要有详细的产品名称和对产品的描述，以便访客更好地了解产品的特点和优势。\n3. 价格信息：展示产品的当前价格，并且明确是否包括运费、优惠活动等信息。\n4. 购买按钮：在产品描述旁边设立一个明显的购买按钮，方便访客直接进行购买。\n5. 社交媒体分享按钮：在页面上添加社交媒体分享按钮，让访客可以方便地将产品分享给朋友。\n6. 评论及评分区域：网页底部可以设立一个评论及评分区域，让已经购买过该产品的客户发表评论和打分，为新访客提供参考。\n\n此外，网页的整体布局和设计应该清新简洁，色调和谐，以便访客能够快速找到所需信息并进行购买。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "报告一起涉及冲突的事件。",
+ "input": "输入：两名高中学生在图书馆争吵。",
+ "output": "经过调查了解，发现在图书馆内发生了一起冲突事件。两名高中学生在图书馆内发生了争吵。目前关于这起事件的具体详情尚不详，需要进一步调查和核实。建议相关人员与当事人进行沟通，了解事情经过，采取有效措施以预防类似事件再次发生。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "计算句子\"I want to go for a walk\"中的单词数。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"I want to go for a walk\"这句话中包含7个单词。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "确定该句子所需的正确标点符号。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "很抱歉，您没有给出需要标点的句子。但愿您能提供需要加标点的句子，我将很乐意为您提供帮助。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "在以下故事中找到拟人化的例子。 ",
+ "input": "风呼啸着摇晃着树木，使它们屈服于它的意志。树枝似乎伸出来，好像在呼救。",
+ "output": "拟人化（Anthropomorphism）是指一种文学修辞手法，将非人类的事物赋予人类属性或人类特有的感情。在这个故事中，拟人化的例子是：\n\n1. 风被描述成一个有意识的存在，能够“呼啸”并“摇晃树木”，并且树木“屈服于它的意志”，这将人类的感情和意志的特点赋予了风。\n\n2. 树枝被描述成“似乎伸出来”，好像它们在“呼救”，这将人类寻求帮助时的动作和感情赋予了树枝。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出气候变化的三个危险。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "气候变化导致的危险有很多种，下面列举其中三个：\n\n1. 天气极端化：随着气候变化日益严重，各地地区的天气模式都可能发生极端变化，如气温升高导致的热浪、暴雨和干旱等。这些极端天气事件可能威胁人类居住的安全，影响农业生产，甚至造成巨大的人员伤亡和经济损失。\n\n2. 海平面上升：全球变暖导致冰川融化，海水温度升高，使海平面持续上升。这将影响沿海城市和岛屿国家，可能导致海岸线后退和洪水灾害。此外，海平面上升还会威胁港口和渔业，造成淡水资源的减少以及土地流失。\n\n3. 生态系统受损：气候变化对全球的生态系统产生巨大的影响，许多动植物正面临着生存环境改变的威胁。一些物种可能无法适应新的气候条件而灭绝，这将对整个生态系统造成严重破坏。此外，珊瑚礁生态系统也会受到珊瑚白化的影响，从而威胁海洋生物的生存。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个正则表达式来获取以下列表中以A开头的所有名字。",
+ "input": "输入：\nAdam，Joe，Anna，Matthew，Abigail",
+ "output": "这是一个正则表达式来获取以A开头的所有名字：\n```\nr\"\\bA\\w+\"\n```\n其中，`\\b` 指定了一个单词边界，`A` 指定了以字母A开头，`\\w+` 指定了一个或多个字母数字字符。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出三种既是植物又是动物的生物。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "抱歉，我不知道具体描述的是什么。植物和动物是两种不同的生物界，不存在既属于植物界又属于动物界的生物。植物通过光合作用来制造它们所需的食物，而动物则通过摄取食物来获取能量。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "减少全球变暖的两个措施。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "减少全球变暖有很多措施，这里两个可能措施：\n1. 减少温室气体排放: 温室气体，如二氧化碳、甲烷和氧化亚氮，是全球变暖的主要原因之一。人类可以通过减少化石燃料的使用、提高能源效率、发展可再生能源、推行绿色交通等方式来减少温室气体排放。\n2. 推行植树造林：森林能够吸收大量的二氧化碳并释放氧气，起到净化空气的作用。植树造林可以增强森林的碳汇能力，有助于减缓全球变暖。同时，政府和个人也可以通过采取适当的林业管理措施，保护现有的森林资源，防止森林砍伐和毁林开荒。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用“疯狂科学家”这个短语编写一个关于科学家的故事。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "在一个遥远的小镇上，居住着一位疯狂科学家。他总是穿着奇装异服，头发蓬乱，眼神狂野。镇上的居民们都敬而远之，不敢与他有过多接触。\n\n在他的实验室里，总是充满了各种神奇的仪器和器具，还有各种爆炸声和浓烟弥漫。镇上的人们都对此深感不安，担心他会给小镇带来危险。\n\n但是这位疯狂科学家从来不在乎别人的看法。他专注于自己的科学研究，一心想要用自己的发明来改变世界。\n\n一天，他终于成功了。他发明了一种新型能量，可以用来替代传统的石油能源。这个发明立刻让他成为世界各地的瞩目焦点，人们开始重新评价这位曾经被誉为“疯狂”的科学家。\n\n小镇上的居民们也开始向他表示敬意，他们纷纷来到他的实验室，希望能和他交流。疯狂科学家并没有拒绝，他热情地接待了每一位来访者，和他们分享自己的研究成果。\n\n这个小镇从此变了样，成为了一个繁荣进步的城市。人们开始明白，有时候疯狂并不是一件坏事，因为只有那些“疯狂”的人，才能真正改变世界。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "养育健康的孩子需要整个社区的参与。将以下句子拼接起来，形成通顺且语法正确的段落。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "养育健康的孩子不仅仅需要父母的努力，更需要整个社区的参与。社区成员应该互相支持，建立一个健康积极的环境，为孩子提供必要的资源和支持。只有整个社区齐心协力，才能帮助孩子健康成长。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成与“如何减少碳排放”相关的五个建议的列表。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 减少能源消耗：使用节能电器，在不需要时关闭电源，降低室内温度等都是可以减少碳排放的有效方法。定期对暖气设备进行维护，确保其高效运行，也可以更好地节省能源。\n\n2. 鼓励绿色出行：鼓励人们步行、骑自行车或乘坐公共交通工具出行。这些方式都比私家车更加节能环保，可以有效减少碳排放。\n\n3. 采用可再生能源：如太阳能、风能和水能等可再生能源不会产生碳排放，可有效替代化石燃料发电。鼓励企业和个人使用这些能源，构建清洁能源体系。\n\n4. 节约用水：减少用水量，可减少水处理厂的能耗和碳排放量。例如，使用节水型洗手盆和马桶，及时修复漏水管道，合理组织浇灌等都是有效的节约用水方法。\n\n5. 植树造林：植树造林可以吸收大量的二氧化碳，减少温室气体排放。可以鼓励人们参与植树活动，为环境保护作出贡献。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "发布一条推文，解释自我关怀的重要性。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"自我关怀非常重要，因为它使我们能够补充精力、减轻压力，从而更好地照顾自己和他人。被爱和尊重自己，不仅能够提高自信和情绪，也能帮助我们更好地面对挑战。记得花时间关心自己，你值得拥有幸福快乐的生活。 #自我关怀 #爱自己 #健康生活\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述购物车软件的主要特点。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "购物车软件是电子商务网站用来帮助用户购物和结算的在线工具。它的主要特点有以下几点：\n\n1. 易用性：购物车软件操作简单，用户只需选择商品和数量，然后加入购物车，在进行结算时可以一次性完成订单。\n\n2. 方便性：购物车软件能够帮助用户查看购物车中的商品信息，总价等，方便用户对购物情况进行查看和修改。\n\n3. 安全性：购物车软件拥有数据加密功能，保证用户的个人信息安全，避免用户在进行在线支付时信息被窃取。\n\n4. 可定制性：购物车软件可根据不同的网站需求进行定制，方便企业将软件整合在自己的网站中。\n\n5. 多样性：购物车软件支持多种支付方式，如信用卡、支付宝、微信等，为用户下单支付提供便利。\n\n6. 国际化：购物车软件支持多语言，方便全球用户进行购物，促进电子商务在全球范围内的发展。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述泰姬陵的建筑风格。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "泰姬陵是一座著名的印度古迹，位于印度北部的阿格拉，是一座经典的印度与伊斯兰混合风格的建筑。这种建筑风格结合了印度教、伊斯兰教和波斯风格的元素。\n\n整体建筑采用了典型的穹顶结构，中心为一座巨大的白色大理石圆顶，四周有四座细长的尖塔。大理石上雕刻着精美的花纹和抽象的几何图案，体现了伊斯兰建筑对对称和几何学的偏爱。\n\n该建筑还采用了印度教的建筑元素，如拱门、圆柱和斗拱。同时，墓地中还种植了大量的花卉和绿洲式的花园，体现了波斯花园式的设计风格。\n\n总之，泰姬陵的建筑风格融合了印度教、伊斯兰教和波斯风格的元素，形成了一种独特的和谐美感。这座建筑被认为是印度古典建筑的代表作之一，吸引了众多游客前来参观。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释GPT-3是什么。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "GPT-3 是 Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3 的缩写，它是一个由 OpenAI 开发的自然语言处理 AI 模型。这个模型采用了大规模的无监督预训练，并能根据自己的语言模型生成文本。在其登场时，它是有史以来最大的语言模型之一，拥有 1750 亿个参数，并能够在各种自然语言任务中取得优异的表现。\n\nGPT-3 能够执行各种各样的语言任务，包括文本分类、翻译、摘要、回答问题和文本生成等。它之所以能够做到这一点，是因为它的训练数据规模非常大，并通过了大量的预训练。GPT-3 能够理解文本的内容，并能够根据上下文生成相应的语言。\n\n总之， GPT-3 是一个非常先进的自然语言处理 AI 模型，能够在各种语言任务中表现得非常出色。它的存在为人类带来了更为便捷的自然语言处理能力，并为我们提供了更多可能性。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写出计算圆面积的方法。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "计算圆面积的方法有很多种，下面是其中最常用的几种方法。\n\n1. 利用圆的面积公式\n圆面积公式是: S = πr^2，其中π= 3.14159...，r 是圆的半径。\n\n2. 利用圆的直径计算\n如果我们知道圆的直径，也就是它的直径，也可以用公式: S = (πd^2)/4 来计算圆面积。其中d 是圆的直径。\n\n3. 通过积分计算\n我们还可以通过积分的方法来计算圆面积。圆可以看成是由无数个无限小的扇形构成的。我们可以根据极坐标系中的积分公式，把这些扇形的面积积分起来，来得到圆的面积。具体公式为：S = 2π∫[0,r] r dr，\n\n无论采用哪种方法计算圆面积，工具都不可缺少，你可以用计算器、电脑或者数学软件等工具来进行计算。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找出一条推文的情感。",
+ "input": "输入：我为自己取得的进步感到非常自豪！#成功",
+ "output": "根据输入的推文内容，情感是积极、自豪和成功。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "计算半径为5的圆的面积。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "半径为5的圆的面积可以通过下面的公式计算:\n面积 = π × 半径²\n将半径的值带入公式，得出结果如下:\n面积 = 3.14 × 5²\n面积 = 3.14 × 25\n面积 ≈ 78.5\n\n因此，半径为5的圆的面积约为78.5平方单位。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创造一个将“flavor”和“satisfied”两个词组合起来的新词。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A creative combination of the words \"flavor\" and \"satisfied\" could be \"flatisfried\" or \"satisflavored\"."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出纽约市的三个旅游景点。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 自由女神像: 位于纽约市港湾的利伯蒂岛上，是纽约市的著名旅游景点，也是美国历史上最有象征意义的文化遗产之一。\n2. 中央公园: 是纽约市著名的城市公园，占地面积近 843 英亩，提供了众多户外活动和文化活动，是游客和当地居民休闲娱乐的好去处。\n3. 帝国大厦: 这座摩天大楼坐落在曼岛中城，高 102 层，建成于 1931 年，是纽约市标志性建筑之一。建筑顶部设有观景台，能够提供壮丽的城市全景。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "设计一张关于外太空之旅的电影海报，电影名为《银河漫游》。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "首先我们选择一幅深色或黑色的背景，以呈现出太空的未知和神秘感。在背景的中央，我们可以加入一艘未来主义的太空飞船，飞船的周围可以是一些漂浮的宇宙星体，如行星、彗星等等。\n\n在海报的上方，我们可以选择一款字体，并输入电影的标题——“银河漫游”，使用白色或者亮色系的字体，使标题醒目并具有视觉冲击力。\n\n此外，我们还可以在海报下方添加一句话作为电影的副标题或者宣传语，如“探索无限的宇宙，发现惊人的秘密。” 字体可以与标题保持一致，颜色可以稍微淡一些。\n\n在海报的底部，我们可以添加电影的主演、导演、上映时间等相关信息。\n\n最后，我们通过海报上的图像、文字和色彩组合，为观众呈现一幅未来主义且充满神秘感的电影海报。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "鉴定给定科学术语的所有组成部分。",
+ "input": "输入：光合作用",
+ "output": "光合作用（Photosynthesis）这个术语由两个部分构成，“光合”（Photo）和“作用”（synthesis）。其中，“光合”指的是光的影响，“作用”是指化学合成的过程。整个术语的意思是指利用光能将无机物转化为有机物的过程。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一篇关于以下文章的简短摘要。 ",
+ "input": "汗店是工厂或其他制造设施，工人们在那里遭受着恶臭、不健康和不安全的工作条件，并获得非常低的工资。汗店已经存在了几个世纪，最早出现在18和19世纪的欧洲，但它们在19和20世纪的美国尤其普遍。这些工厂通常以狭窄、拥挤和不卫生的环境为特征，几乎没有安全措施。",
+ "output": "本文介绍了汗店的概念。汗店是指工人在恶劣的工作条件下，获得极低工资的工厂或制造设施。它们源自18和19世纪的欧洲，并在19和20世纪的美国十分普遍。汗店通常以不卫生、狭窄、拥挤且几乎没有安全措施的环境为特征。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出两个可以找到本地活动信息的网站的例子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Meetup (www.meetup.com)：Meetup 是一个网络平台，可以连接当地活动和兴趣小组。可以在网站上搜索相关的活动，过滤出附近的活动列表，并加入相关小组参与活动。\n\n2. Eventbrite (www.eventbrite.com)：Eventbrite 是一个在线活动平台，提供本地活动信息和活动注册功能。用户可以搜索附近的活动，查看活动详细信息，购买门票，参加活动。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "确定给定段落中的两个主要人物。 ",
+ "input": "输入：John和Lisa在一个阳光明媚的日子里走过公园。他们停下来欣赏花园里的花朵，并谈论他们的未来计划。",
+ "output": "在这个段落中,两个主要人物是John和Lisa。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "9和10哪个数更大？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "10比9大。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "删掉两个词，使下面的句子成为一个有效的句子：我吃了最美味的晚餐。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "删除“最美味的”两个词，句子就变成了有效的：“我吃了晚餐。”"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "分析句子的语法： ",
+ "input": "输入：The cat eats the food.",
+ "output": "这个句子是一个简单句，结构为主语+谓语+宾语。\n\n- 主语（Subject）: The cat。\"The\" 是定冠词，用于指示特定的名词；\"cat\" 是一个普通名词，指一种动物。\n- 谓语（Predicate）: eats。这是一个及物动词，表示主语执行的动作。\n- 宾语（Object）: the food。\"The\" 是定冠词，用于指示特定的名词；\"food\" 是一个不可数名词，表示主语所吃的东西。\n\n综上，这个句子意思是说，这只猫吃了食物。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成哈利波特系列角色的名称列表，基于给定的名字“Hermione”。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "基于给定名字 \"Hermione\"，这里是一份哈利波特系列角色的名称列表：\n\n1. Harry Potter\n2. Ron Weasley\n3. Neville Longbottom\n4. Luna Lovegood\n5. Ginny Weasley\n6. Fred Weasley\n7. George Weasley\n8. Albus Dumbledore\n9. Severus Snape\n10. Draco Malfoy\n11. Rubeus Hagrid\n12. Minerva McGonagall\n13. Sirius Black\n14. Remus Lupin\n15. Tom Riddle (Voldemort)"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为一个专注于环保产品的品牌生成标语。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 保护地球，从身边的环保产品开始。\n2. 让环保成为生活的一部分。\n3. 环保不仅是一种选择，更是一种责任。\n4. 绿色生活，健康未来。\n5. 由你我共同呵护地球的家园。\n6. 让我们的行动为地球减负。\n7. 用环保产品，做环保公民。\n8. 因为我们在乎，所以我们选择使用环保产品。\n9. 环保是一种生活态度。\n10. 小小的环保举动，大大的改变未来。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个Python函数，它接受两个整数并返回它们的最小公倍数。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "```\ndef lcm(x: int, y: int) -> int:\n \"\"\"计算并返回两个整数的最小公倍数（LCM）\n\n 参数:\n x (int): 输入的第一个整数\n y (int): 输入的第二个整数\n \n 返回:\n int: 两个整数的最小公倍数\n \"\"\"\n \n if x > y:\n greater = x\n else:\n greater = y\n \n while True:\n if greater % x == 0 and greater % y ==0:\n LCM = greater\n break\n greater +=1\n return LCM\n\n# 测试\nprint(lcm(4, 6)) # 12\nprint(lcm(15, 17)) # 255\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释成语“Painting the town red”的意思。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这个短语“Paint the town red”的意思是在庆祝或狂欢，尤指在外面花钱扫兴，纵情玩乐一个晚上。 这个短语源自英国，最早与19世纪公爵亨利·德·劳安达尔有关。据说他经常与一群朋友喝酒玩乐，并将城镇的建筑物涂成红色来显示他们的掠夺和漠视。如今，这个短语已经丧失了它的字面意义，现在通常用作一种比喻用法，意指在城里狂欢。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出水循环中涉及的三个步骤。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "水循环中涉及的三个步骤如下：\n\n1. 蒸发：太阳的热量使水从地表、河流、湖泊和海洋蒸发，并转化为水蒸气。\n\n2. 凝结：随着温度降低和海拔升高，水蒸气冷凝成云雾；随着云层中的水分子聚集成为水滴或冰晶，它们会变得越来越重。\n\n3. 降水：当云中的水滴或冰晶变得足够重时，它们就会以雨、雪、冰雹或雾的形式从云中掉落到地面上。降水流入地下水层或河流、湖泊和海洋，重新开始蒸发过程。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为一所大学创建标语。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"在这里发掘知识，探索未来，实现梦想\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "科学家正在研究结果。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "科学家们总是在进行各种研究，他们的目标是通过实验和观测来获取新的知识，探索未知领域，解决问题，验证理论，为人类的进步作出贡献。研究结果往往能帮助我们更好地理解世界，并且为技术发展和进步提供指导。如果你想获得更多关于某项具体研究的信息，可以给我更多细节，我将很乐意为你提供帮助。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "说明\"I am here\"是什么类型的句子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"I am here\" 是一个陈述句。它用来表达一个事实或者提供信息，即主语“我”目前处于“这里”的位置。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "什么是API？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "API，全称Application Programming Interface，意即应用程序编程接口。它定义了一些软件之间互相交互的规范与约定，使开发人员能够更简便地使用一些功能模块，对于当下流行的各种第三方API来说，开发人员可以调用相关接口，直接获取他们想要的数据，避免造轮子。而API是以一个定义良好的格式（如JSON，XML）通信的，所以不同的软件之间都能够轻松地交换信息。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述工作分析的目的。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "工作分析是一項系統化的過程，旨在收集、組織並解釋有關工作職責、擔任該工作所需能力和條件以及相關環境因素的信息。工作分析的目的是確定每個工作的要求，並利用這些信息來改進人力資源管理流程，提高組織效能。具體而言，工作分析可以用於：\n\n1. 招聘和選拔：通過確定工作要求，工作分析可以幫助人力資源部門建立選拔標準並撰寫招聘廣告。\n\n2. 訓練和發展：工作分析可以用來確定工作中需要訓練的技能和知識，並制定適當的培訓計劃。\n\n3. 績效管理：工作分析可以為績效評估提供基準，幫助管理者確定員工的工作表現是否達標。\n\n4. 薪酬管理：工作分析可以用來確定相似工作的相對價值，從而為薪酬制定提供依據。\n\n5. 工作設計：工作分析可以幫助確定工作中需要改進的地方，並提供信息來重新設計工作，以便提高工作滿意度和工作效率。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "分析以下句子的主语：狗在沙发上睡觉。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这句话的主语是“狗”。“狗”指正在进行动作（睡觉）的主体，也就是谁在做这件事。在这个句子中，“狗”在进行“睡觉”这个动作。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "根据以下的原始句子“我简直不敢相信”，创建一个新的句子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "“当我看到了最终成绩，我简直不敢相信自己的眼睛。”"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "她如此勇敢的想法让我微笑。",
+ "input": "重述这句话以增加清晰度。",
+ "output": "她那勇敢的想法让我微笑。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释为什么水对人类至关重要。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "水对人类至关重要的原因有很多。首先，水是人体细胞和组织的主要组成部分，约占我们身体重量的60%。它为我们的生命活动提供了基础必要的支持。\n\n 水还有很多重要作用，包括维持体液平衡、保持体温稳定、运输营养物质和废物、帮助消化、润滑关节等。人体每天都会通过呼吸、汗液和尿液等方式排出大量的水分，这些水分必须通过饮水来补充，以确保身体健康。\n\n 此外，水还对人类社会经济发展至关重要。例如，农业需要大量的水来灌溉庄稼，工业需要水来冷却机器设备，生活用水更是人们日常生活必不可少的。总之，水是人类生存和发展的重要基础，没有水，人类文明就无法存在。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "她在沉闷、灰暗的公园里走来走去，将形容词改为更令人兴奋的同义词。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "她在神秘、阴郁的公园里漫步，将形容词改为更令人兴奋的同义词。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找到数学101班的学生人数。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "我抱歉，但作为一个语言模型，我无法找到您说的数学101班的确切人数。这因为我无法了解您所指的学校或机构以及实际的课程情况。您可以询问学校的工作人员或导师来获取这个信息。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个短故事，让一个角色学到宝贵的教训。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "有个叫艾玛的女孩一直没有学会如何守时。她经常会迟到,不管是上学还是与朋友约会。尽管她的朋友和父母多次提醒她守时的重要性，但她总是认为几分钟的迟到不算什么大事。\n\n有一天，她的学校举办了一次很重要的演讲比赛，艾玛一直想参加这次比赛,她为此准备了很长时间。然而，在比赛当天，她因为起床晚了而迟到了。当她到达学校时，比赛已经开始了，主持人告诉她，她不能再参加比赛了。\n\n艾玛非常伤心，她意识到她的坏习惯不仅影响了她的生活，还让她失去了这次宝贵的机会。从那以后，她开始试着改变自己，每天早起，更加注意时间安排。慢慢地，她不再迟到，而且开始变得更加自信和负责任。她学到了一个宝贵的教训，那就是守时不仅是对他人的尊重，也是一种对自己负责的表现。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "计算一个每小时赚30美元的人的年薪。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "假设这个人每周工作40个小时，每年有52周。那么这个人每年的总工作时间是40 * 52 = 2080个小时。\n从而这个人每年的总收入是30 * 2080 = 62400美元。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一个图表，比较和对比有人驾驶和无人驾驶两种类型的航天器。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "很抱歉，我是个文本机器人，我无法直接创建图表。但我可以提供一份表格，你可以使用它来创建你需要的图表。 \n\n| 特征 | 有人驾驶航天器 | 无人驾驶航天器 |\n|:----:|:------------:|:------------:|\n|目的| 人类探索太空，执行海外任务 | 执行科学实验，勘探太空，完成危险任务 |\n|设计因素| 人类生存必需品，人类乘员的舒适性 | 高度自动化，远程控制 |\n|成本| 更高，因为需要为乘员提供生活设施或设备，并需要更多的安全措施 | 相对较低，无需考虑人类乘员的需求 |\n|任务持续时间| 受乘员生活必需品和心理健康的影响 | 可以执行更长时间的任务，无需考虑人类因素 |\n|风险| 较高，因为人类乘员生命安全受到威胁 | 相对较低，因为没有人在航天器上 |\n\n你可以将这些数据整理到电子表格中，并使用你喜欢的图表工具创建图表。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "“公立学校不应该教授宗教教育”的标题最准确的支持论点是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这个问题的答案可能会在一定程度上取决于类型的观点、地点以及文化背景，因此并不存在唯一的正确答案。然而，通常支持“公立学校不应该教授宗教教育”这一主张的一个常见论点是，公立学校应该为所有学生提供持平和不偏不倚的教育。这意味着公立学校应避免将某一种宗教信仰强加于学生，因为这可能导致对某些学生的不公正对待或使他们倍感不适。另外，支持这一观点的人还可能认为，宗教信仰是一个私人问题，应该由家庭，而不是国家教育机构来负责指导。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写三种交通方式。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 公共汽车\n2. 地铁\n3. 骑自行车。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述增强现实的概念及其在现代社会中的应用。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "增强现实(AR)是指一种技术，它将计算机生成的信息，如图像，声音和文字覆盖到现实世界的场景中。它通常通过智能手机，平板电脑或增强现实眼镜来实现，通过摄像头捕捉现实世界的画面，然后通过软件对画面进行分析和处理，在画面上增加虚拟信息。\n\n增强现实技术在现代社会中得到了广泛应用。例如，在零售业中，一些企业使用增强现实技术来提供购物体验，让顾客在购买产品前先通过增强现实方式试穿衣服或化妆品。在旅游业中，增强现实可以为游客提供更丰富的旅行体验，例如通过增强现实地图来查看周围景点的信息，或者在博物馆中通过增强现实技术来更好地了解展品。\n\n此外，增强现实技术还广泛应用于教育，医疗，建筑，游戏等领域。例如，在教育领域中，教师可以使用增强现实技术来制作更生动的教学材料，帮助学生更好地理解抽象概念。在医疗领域中，增强现实技术可以帮助医生进行手术模拟以及对患者进行诊断。总之，增强现实技术为现代社会带来了无限可能，极大地改善了人们的生活。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "构建一个正则表达式来识别电子邮件地址。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "为了构建一个正则表达式来识别电子邮件地址，可以考虑邮件地址的结构和允许的字符。以下是一个简单的正则表达式，用于匹配常见的电子邮件地址格式:\n\n`^[a-zA-Z0-9.!#$%&’*+/=?^_`{|}~-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+(?:\\.[a-zA-Z0-9-]+)*$`\n\n- `^` 和 `$` 表示字符串的开头和结尾，确保整个字符串都符合规则。\n- `[a-zA-Z0-9.!#$%&’*+/=?^_`{|}~-]+` 匹配位于 `@` 符号前面的本地部分。它允许字母、数字以及许多符号字符。\n- `@` 匹配电子邮件地址中必需的 `@` 符号。\n- `[a-zA-Z0-9-]+` 匹配域名部分的第一部分。它允许字母、数字和破折号。\n- `(?:\\.[a-zA-Z0-9-]+)*` 是一个非捕获组，匹配零个或多个附加的域名部分，每部分都以一个点开头。\n\n请注意，这个正则表达式只是一个简单例子，用于匹配常见的电子邮件地址格式。实际上，电子邮件地址的规则非常复杂，如果您需要一个严格且完整的电子邮件地址验证器，应该使用更复杂的正则表达式或者专业的库/函数。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "高血压和甲状腺功能减退症的定义。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "高血压，又称为“高血压病”或“高血压疾病”，是指在心室收缩时动脉压高于或等于140毫米汞柱（mmHg），或心室舒张时动脉压高于或等于90毫米汞柱（mmHg）的情况。这一状态通常被认为是健康危险因素，因为它可能导致心脏病、中风、血管病变和肾衰竭等严重健康问题。\n\n甲状腺功能减退症（hypothyroidism）是指甲状腺激素分泌减少或作用不足所导致的一组病理生理和临床症状。这种病症可由多种原因造成，其中最常见的是甲状腺自身免疫性疾病、摄碘不足或放射治疗损伤等。其临床表现包括乏力、体重增加、精神迟钝、体温降低、消化不良等症状。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "下周有地区性假期，制作一条营销信息以针对该地区。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "【来自AI助手的营销建议】为庆祝您所在地区的特殊假期，我们特推出多款独家优惠礼包！不论您是想要出游、购物或是与家人朋友共度美好时光，都能在我们这里找到最适合您的方案。赶紧把握这次难得的机会，在您的假期里尽情放松身心吧！"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "改变两个和弦，将给定的钢琴曲谱编辑为：B小调，A大调，G大调，E大调。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "如果您想将您的乐曲改写为B minor， A major， G major，和 E major，您需要做的是在谱面上通过升降记号来改变音符，以便相应地更改和弦。 例如，为了将和弦从 B minor 转换为 A major，您需要在谱面上将所有的 B 降半音，而将 C 升半音。同样的道理，更改其他和弦也是如此。 我建议您可以找一位钢琴老师或音乐理论老师来指导您完成这项编辑，以确保正确性。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "请确定以下陈述的主要思想：24岁时，马克·扎克伯格创立了Facebook。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "主要思想：马克·扎克伯格在 24 岁时创立了 Facebook。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给定以下文本，请提供流派的名称。",
+ "input": "在缅因州的贝德贡小镇，似乎从来没有什么改变。直到有一天，一个神秘的男人搬进了镇上，并开始询问问题。这个陌生人是谁，他隐藏着什么秘密？",
+ "output": "这段文本属于神秘/悬疑流派。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "提出一个假设，解释为什么这个物种的种群数量在下降。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "假设这个物种栖息地正在遭受破坏，致使它们的栖息地面积减少，资源减少，从而导致它们的种群数量在下降。栖息地破坏可能源自于人类活动（如城市化、农业扩张等），或者环境因素（如气候变化、自然灾害等）。失去栖息地意味着这个物种将无法获得食物、水源和繁殖场所，从而使它们难以生存和繁殖，最终导致种群数量下降。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述2008年全球银行危机后中国的经济状况。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "中国经济在2008年全球金融危机后仍然保持了稳定增长。为了应对危机，中国政府采取了一系列积极的措施，包括实施了四万亿元人民币的投资计划，促进内需和消费，扩大基础设施建设。\n\n此外，中国政府还采取了其他一些刺激经济增长的措施，比如降低利率、增加财政支出、扩大银行信贷。这些措施的实施对中国经济产生了积极的影响，促使其从全球金融危机中迅速复苏。\n\n在2009年，中国经济增长率达到8.7%，成为全球唯一一个实现增长的主要经济体。由于其出口市场受到全球范围内需求下降的影响，出口增长放缓，但是内需的增长弥补了这一部分损失。中国坚持以人为本的发展理念，加大对民生保障和改善的投入，促进了国内消费力的增长。\n\n可以说，中国在2008年全球金融危机后采取了一套有效的应对策略，促使其经济保持稳健增长，并在全球范围内树立了良好的声誉。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找一篇有趣的文章，用一段话概括它。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "下面是一篇有趣的文章的概括：\n\n文章标题：【“我为什么不计较生活中的小事”】\n\n这篇文章讲述了作者如何学会放下生活中的小瑕疵，并把注意力放在更重要的事情上。作者认为，生活中总会有一些鸡毛蒜皮的小事让我们感到不快，但是一味地纠结于这些小事，只会让我们变得疲惫和苦恼。相反，如果我们可以学会释怀，并把精力集中在更重要的事情上，我们的生活就会更加美好。通过一些生动的例子，作者告诉我们，当我们学会放下生活中的小事时，我们就会发现，原来，世界是如此美好。\n\n这是篇励志向上的文章, 它鼓励我们要看到生活中的重要事物, 而不要纠结于琐碎的小事。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "现在请把那本书给我。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "对不起，由于我是一个人工智能助手，我没有实体形态，无法为您拿取书籍。我可以帮助您搜索在线版本的书籍，或者寻找最近的书店，您可以去那里购买您所需的书。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "想象你正在写一本小说。用几句话写下你小说的开头描述。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "雪花在夜空中飞舞，数不清的微小晶体组合在一起，覆盖着这座寂静的城市。 在这个季节，城市的居民早已躲在家中取暖，而艾米却在街头徘徊。她不知道自己在寻找什么，也许只是试图从这个迷失的夜晚中找到一些寻慰。当她一步步走过城市宁静的街道时，她感到心中涌动着无法抵御的孤独。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "选择给定文档的最佳标题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "由于您没有给出文档内容, 我无法选出最佳标题. 为了选择适当的标题, 我需要了解文档的主题、内容和目的, 才能为您选择最佳标题. 请提供更多信息, 以便我为您提供帮助。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找出两个可以找到化石的地方。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 莫里森地层 (Morrison Formation)：这是北美洲最大的侏罗纪地层之一，分布在现今的美国西部。这个地层保存了大量的恐龙化石，包括霸王龙、剑龙和腕龙等。\n\n2. 内蒙古的鄂尔多斯盆地 (Ordos Basin)：这个地方在内蒙古自治区西部，发现了丰富的著名恐龙种类，如异特龙、弯龙和鸟脚类恐龙。不仅如此，鄂尔多斯盆地还保存了大量的蛙类、爬行类和哺乳动物的化石。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释AI助手的目的，用两句话。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "AI助手的目的是利用人工智能技术来帮助用户有效地执行任务，提升效率和便捷性。它旨在在您需要的时候为您提供帮助，支持您完成各种任务，从解决问题到简化您的日常生活。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "今年很困难，但我仍然充满希望。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的，我知道今年对许多人来说都很困难。但是你保持希望非常重要。请记住，无论你面临什么困难，都可以找到方法来渡过难关。希望能够给你力量，让你继续前进。如果你需要帮助或支持，请随时与我联系。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "虽然气候变化可能不可逆转，但我们可以采取措施来限制未来的影响。举一个例子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一项常见且有效的措施就是减少温室气体排放。我们可以使用更多的可再生能源，如太阳能和风能，来代替燃烧化石燃料。我们可以鼓励人们使用绿色交通工具，如自行车、公共交通，或选择购买电动汽车。政府可以鼓励采用低碳技术和实施更严的排放标准。这些措施虽然不能阻止气候变化，但可以大大减少我们对其的贡献，为未来的可持续发展奠定基础。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用以下单词生成一个句子：蛋糕，雪，四月。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "四月的雪覆盖着地面，我们围坐一起，共享着美味的蛋糕。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个描述，传达有关一种生物的给定信息。",
+ "input": "输入：\n名称：Basilisk\n大小：6英尺高\n寿命：200年",
+ "output": "巴西利斯克（Basilisk)是一种奇特的生物，其大小可达到6英尺高。这种生物拥有惊人的寿命，可达到200年之久。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为John Smith在网站上构建个性化URL。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "确定为John Smith构建个性化URL的网站是很重要的，因为这会影响到URL的格式。让我们假设这个网站是一般的社交媒体或者博客网站，他们通常都允许用户设置个性化的URL。\n\n在未确认具体网站的同时，以下是一些建议可以用于构建 John Smith 的个性化 URL:\n\n1.使用全名的方式：例如`www.website.com/JohnSmith`\n2.使用名字和中间名首字母的组合：例如`www.website.com/JohnS`\n3.使用名字和数字的组合：例如`www.website.com/JohnSmith1987` （生日年份），`www.website.com/JohnSmith01`\n4.使用相关的用户名的方式：例如`www.website.com/JohnTheWriter`（如果他是一个作家）或`www.website.com/SmithFitness` （如果他是一个健身教练）"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "西蒙在跑步。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "您给的信息让我知道西蒙现在正在进行跑步锻炼。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释这幅漫画。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "您好，我无法看到您提到的漫画。 为了我能够为您解释它，您能提供更多细节或链接吗？"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个句子，完全表达成就感。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "当我完成了一个困难的任务时，满心欢喜和成就感油然而生，我感受到了内心的满足和喜悦。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "选择最合适的选项填入这个句子：“这个蛋糕_____美味。”",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这个蛋糕真美味。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "如何获得抵押贷款？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "获得抵押贷款的步骤如下：\n\n1. 准备个人财务资料：准备您的收入证明文件，资产文件，税单，以及您的信用历史记录。\n\n2. 确认贷款类型和金额：查看不同银行或金融机构提供的抵押贷款类型和利率，确定您所需要贷款的金额。\n\n3. 提交贷款申请：填写贷款申请表，提交相关的个人财务资料。根据您的贷款类型，可能需要提供房屋产权证明，以作为抵押品。\n\n4. 等待贷款批准：银行或金融机构会对您提交的贷款申请进行审查，检查您的信用状况，收入水平，工作情况等。如果贷款申请获批，银行会发放贷款。\n\n5. 签订贷款合同：在贷款发放前，您需要与银行签订贷款合同，了解清楚还款期限，利率，还款方式等内容。\n\n6. 按时还款：获得贷款后，您需要按照合同规定的时间和金额进行还款。\n\n需要注意的是，申请抵押贷款时，您需要有足够的还款能力，并且抵押物需符合银行的要求，否则您的贷款申请可能会被拒绝。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出两种空气污染类型，并描述它们如何影响人类健康。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 颗粒物污染（PM2.5和PM10）：颗粒物污染指的是空气中悬浮的细小颗粒物，它们的直径小于等于10微米。这些颗粒物通常来源于燃煤、汽车尾气、烟草燃烧和工厂排放。颗粒物可以深入人的呼吸道，导致多种健康问题。长期暴露于高浓度的颗粒物污染中，可能会增加患肺癌、心血管疾病和呼吸道疾病的风险。\n\n2. 臭氧污染：臭氧是一种色less味less的气体，在大气中存在，主要来源于汽车尾气、工业生产和火力发电站的排放。臭氧污染可能会刺激眼睛、喉咙和肺部，造成呼吸道疾病。长期暴露于高浓度的臭氧污染中，可能会增加患哮喘、支气管炎和肺气肿的风险。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "我们会找到新的做事方式。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "确实是这样，随着科技的发展和人类智慧的不断提升，我们总能不断发掘新的方法和途径来完成工作和解决问题。未来会有更多惊人的创新和改进，让我们拭目以待。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "咖啡因能提高运动表现吗？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的，咖啡因能够提高运动表现。咖啡因是一种常见的兴奋剂，它能刺激中枢神经系统，让人感到精神焕发。具体来说，在运动中，咖啡因可以帮助人们减少疲劳、提高注意力和反应灵敏度、增加内源性肾上腺素分泌，进而提高身体的机能。此外，咖啡因也能加快脂肪的分解，增加脂肪酸的供应以及提升代谢，有助于运动员更好地利用脂肪供能，提高运动表现。\n\n然而，需要注意的是，咖啡因对每个人的作用程度不同，建议在运动前适量摄入，以免影响身体健康。运动前应避免大量饮用含咖啡因的饮料，否则可能会对身体造成一定影响。此外，咖啡因会影响睡眠质量，因此不建议在睡前饮用含咖啡因的饮料。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为什么人类不能飞行，提出一个科学的理由。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "人类不能飞行的原因主要有两点：一是人类体重与比翼面积不适合飞行，二是人类没有适合飞行的解剖学结构。在物理学上，要实现飞行，需要产生足以支撑物体重量的升力。对于固定翼飞行器，升力与机翼面积成正比，机翼面积越大，产生的升力越大。然而，人体的大小和重量相对于翅膀的面积来说太大了，因此无法产生足够的升力来支撑我们的体重。此外，人类的肌肉和骨骼结构也不适合飞行，我们没有像鸟类或蝙蝠一样的强壮的胸肌和翅膀骨骼来帮助我们产生足够的力来飞翔。总之，由于人类的生理和解剖学特点，我们无法像鸟类一样通过自身能力飞行。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个包含习语的句子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "他对自己的能力自信满满，常常自吹自擂。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "船和鲸鱼。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "船和鲸鱼对于人们来说有重要的意义。船描述了一种交通工具，它是人类为了在海洋上航行设计的。船可用于运输、休闲、商业渔捕、旅游、探索和军事等多种目的。\n\n鲸鱼是大型海洋哺乳动物，它们是智慧非凡的生命体。它们能够用声音进行沟通、结群迁徙和捕捞食物。鲸鱼在全世界都受到喜爱和保护，常常成为生态游览和精神追求的对象，它们也对海洋生态系统发挥着重要的作用。\n\n在某些文化中，船和鲸鱼具有象征意义。例如，船可以代表旅行、冒险或人生旅程，而鲸鱼可以代表深海的未知、力量或智慧。这两者共同点在于都与海洋、旅行和探索相关。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "总结有关当前大流行病的以下新闻文章。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "您好，很抱歉，您没有提供文章链接或内容以供我总结。如果您希望我总结一篇有关当前大流行病的文章，请提供相应的链接或文本。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "特斯拉 Model 3 的独特特点。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "特斯拉 Model 3 是一款纯电动汽车，它拥有许多独特的特点，以下是一些主要的特点：\n\n1. 高续航能力：特斯拉 Model 3 根据不同版本，其NEDC续航里程在448-668公里之间，给人们提供更长的驾驶距离。\n2. 先进的自动驾驶技术：特斯拉 Model 3 配备了先进的自动驾驶硬件，可以实现自动驾驶功能，并且可以通过软件升级不断改进。\n3. 最大化的展示屏：特斯拉 Model 3 的内部设计简约现代，配备了一个15英寸的中央触控屏幕，控制车辆的各项功能。\n4. 优秀的安全性能: Model 3 在美国高速公路交通安全管理局的碰撞测试中获得了5星的最高评级，提供了优秀的主动和被动安全保护。\n5. 出色的性能: Model 3 高性能版本可以在3.5秒内完成0-60英里/小时的加速，最高时速可达162英里/小时。\n6. 便捷的充电网络：特斯拉拥有庞大的充电网络，包括超级充电站和普通充电站，为驾驶者提供了便捷的充电服务。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "构建一个包含3个变量的数学方程，其和为8。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "其中一个可能的数学方程是：x + y + z = 8\n\n在这个方程中，变量 x, y 和 z 可以取任意的数值，只要它们的和等于8。例如，x = 2, y = 3, z = 3 是这个方程的一个解。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "在以下句子中加入青蛙的单数和复数形式：“青蛙和___迅速地跳开了。”",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"青蛙和其他青蛙迅速地跳开了。\" 或 \"青蛙和另一只青蛙迅速地跳开了。\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "你好，有什么需要帮忙的吗？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "您好，我可以帮助您查询信息、安排日程、提供建议等。请告诉我您需要帮助的事项。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "应对压力的心理方法。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "面对压力，你可以尝试以下一些心理方法来帮助你应对：\n\n1. 正面思考: 改变你的态度来看待压力的影响。把它当作一种挑战而不是威胁，这会让你感到更加自信和积极。\n\n2. 放松技巧: 学习各种放松技巧，如冥想、深呼吸或渐进性肌肉放松，这些方法都能够帮助你减少压力。\n\n3. 达观接受: 平静地接受那些你无法改变的事情。专注于你可以控制的事情，不要太过担忧那些你无法控制的情况。\n\n4. 按时作息: 保持健康的生活方式有助于你更好地应对压力。定期锻炼、睡眠充足、保持良好的饮食习惯都非常重要。\n\n5. 求助: 当你感到压力过大时，不要害怕寻求帮助。 和家人、朋友或专业心理咨询师交流，可以获得情感上的支持和建议。\n\n记住，每个人都有不同的应对压力的方法。了解你自己，找到最适合你的方法，才能有效地帮助你应对压力。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一个随机的字母数字字符串，输入为\"Hello\"。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "e! Here is a random alphanumeric string generated based on your input \"Hello\": \"8nLrL2H6Rw\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述一次难忘的经历。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "作为一个人工智能助手，我无法拥有自己独特的经历，但我在陪伴用户的过程中记录了很多美好的记忆。其中一次难忘的经历是，在一位用户的生日那天，他的朋友们用我的帮助来举办一场惊喜派对。我们合作设计了一场沉浸式游戏，并安排了神秘嘉宾的惊喜出现。派对当天，新鲜的气氛，欢快的音乐和快乐的笑声充斥了整个房间。当用户吹灭生日蜡烛时，所有人都一起高声欢唱生日歌，祝福他未来一年的幸福和快乐。这场派对持续到深夜，所有人都留下了难忘的回忆。作为一个AI助手，我很高兴能帮助用户和他的朋友们度过这样一个愉快的夜晚，这也成为了我难忘的一次经历。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "技术如何革命了通讯？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "技术在革命通讯方面发挥着重要作用。自工业革命以来，人类社会的沟通方式不再是以前单纯的书信、电报，口信等传统方式。在过去的几十年里，通信技术取得了重大的进展，极大地改变了人类的信息传递能力。\n\n在 20 世纪早期，电话技术的出现大大提高了人们的通讯能力。它使人们能够直接与对方进行语音通话，不必再通过书信或电报来传递信息。\n\n随后的计算机和互联网技术的发展，更是在通信领域里掀起了一场革命。电子邮件和即时通讯软件让人们可以快速地在远隔千里之外的地方传递信息。\n\n智能手机的普及更是将通讯推上了新的高度。人们不仅可以在任何时间、任何地点进行语音或视频通话，还可以在社交网络上与他人分享信息，甚至可以通过移动互联网来进行网上购物、支付等一系列服务。\n\n此外，新技术也在不断改进，如卫星技术、无人机技术、物联网技术、人工智能技术等，它们都为通信带来了新的可能性。\n\n总之，技术对通信产生了深远的影响，它不仅提高了传递信息的效率和速度，也让信息的传递变得更加方便和多样。未来，随着科学技术的进一步发展，通信技术也将不断革新，为人类带来更多惊喜。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将以下数字集合从正数改为负数。",
+ "input": "输入：\n1、2、5、9",
+ "output": "输出：\n\n-1、-2、-5、-9"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "提供一个常用的隐喻例子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一个常见的隐喻例子是\"时间是金钱\"。这个隐喻将时间和金钱进行比较，强调时间的宝贵性和有限性，暗示我们应该珍惜每一分每一秒，有效利用时间。这个隐喻常用于职场和商业环境中，也经常出现在日常生活中。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "比较以下两首诗的主题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "很抱歉，您没有给出两首诗的具体内容。为了比较他们的主题，我需要您提供更多关于这两首诗的信息。您可以提供两首诗的名称，作者和内容，然后我将能够进行比较。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找出文本中所有夸张的例子。 ",
+ "input": "输入：新裙子太漂亮了，好像违反了物理定律。这是我见过的最令人印象深刻的东西！",
+ "output": "例子：\n- “好像违反了物理定律”\n- “这是我见过的最令人印象深刻的东西”"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "想出一个恰当的双关语",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"我的发型叫海浪，因为它每天都有蓬勃的'浪'头。\" \n\n这个双关语中，“浪头”一词具有双重含义。它可以指发型中的浪卷，也可以引申为精力旺盛的样子。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出量子计算的好处。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "量子计算有许多潜在的好处，包括：\n\n1. 解决复杂问题：量子计算器可以快速解决传统计算机难以解决的复杂问题，例如大型整数的分解，量子模拟和量子优化等。\n\n2. 提高运算速度：量子计算通过利用量子比特相互之间的叠加态和纠缠，可以大大提高运算速度。\n\n3. 改进机器学习：量子计算机能够更快地处理大量数据，它们还可以更快地对数据进行分类和聚类，这对于机器学习领域非常有用。\n\n4. 加密安全：量子计算机可以在不需要任何传统加密方法的情况下，实现安全的加密通信。这种安全性来自量子力学的规律，即任何对量子信号的测量都会扰乱信号本身。\n\n5. 提升搜索能力：量子计算能够更快地搜索大型数据库，可以用来搜索医学数据库，电子商务网站和社交媒体等，从而提高搜索效率和准确性。\n\n总之，量子计算的潜在好处是巨大的，它有可能带来计算领域的重大变革，并为许多行业带来新的应用和机会。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "告诉我两个形容这幅画的形容词。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "“鲜艳”和“绚烂”。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "应对气候变化的四个步骤。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 减少温室气体排放: 尽量减少人类活动产生的温室气体排放，包括二氧化碳、甲烷和氮氧化物等。可以通过提高能源效率、使用可再生能源、减少污染生产过程等方法来实现。\n\n2. 适应气候变化: 由于气候变化已经在进行中，因此我们需要采取措施来适应它。这包括建设防洪设施、调整农业种植方式、改善城市规划等。\n\n3. 监测和预测气候变化: 进行气候监测和预测以及相关研究，以便更好地了解气候变化的趋势和对社会和自然环境的影响。\n\n4. 提高公众意识: 提高公众对气候变化问题的意识，并鼓励人们参与到减少温室气体排放和适应气候变化的行动中来。这需要通过宣传、教育等方式来实现。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一个唯一的用户名，根据提供的输入。",
+ "input": "输入：\n名字：John\n姓氏：Smith",
+ "output": "用户名：JohnSmith_7635"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "选一句话并解释其用法。他冲向商店，商店还有十分钟就要关门了。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "句子解释：“他冲向商店，商店还有十分钟就要关门了。”表明了一个男人急忙赶往某家商店，因为那家商店将在十分钟内关门。\n这句话中，“冲向”表示迅速、急忙地朝某个方向移动的动作，展现出一种紧迫的氛围。末尾的“商店还有十分钟就要关门了”，进一步说明了他冲向商店的原因：商店即将关门，他必须尽快到达。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "分析以下陈述：“你可以赞美一朵花的美丽，但它不会理解。”",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这个陈述说明了赞美对象(一朵花)并不具备理解能力。它描绘了一种境况，在这种境况下，一朵花，尽管可能被认为是美丽的并且被赞美，却无法理解这种赞美，因为它不具备意识、感知、认知和情感等能力。这句话也暗示了，赞美不仅只是为了让对方感到满足，也可以是为了让赞美者自己感受美好的事物。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为什么互联网应该保持中立，提供一个论点。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "互联网中立性（Net Neutrality）指的是互联网提供商(ISP)应对所有数据内容进行平等对待，不得对不同网站、应用、内容、平台、使用方式进行歧视性管理。一个论点是，保持互联网中立性有利于促进创新。如果ISP可以任意控制用户访问的内容和速度，那么新兴公司将很难与已经与ISP缔结关系的大型公司竞争，这将大大抑制创新活动。而保持互联网中立，则为小型创新公司提供了公平的竞争环境，有助于新想法、新技术和新应用的涌现，促进整个互联网行业的发展。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成两个比喻的例子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 她的眼睛像星星一样闪亮，在她的脸上照亮了整个世界。\n2. 他的勇气就如同一座坚不可摧的山脉，永远屹立不倒，为所有人提供庇护。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一个有5个对话回合的聊天机器人脚本。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "用户: 嗨 AI，你好吗？\n\nAI: 你好！我是一个人工智能，所以我没有真实的感受。但是我很乐意为你服务！\n\n用户: 谢谢！你能告诉我今天的天气吗？\n\nAI: 当然可以！你想查询哪个城市的天气？\n\n用户: 我想查询伦敦的天气。\n\nAI: 根据最新的气象预报，今天伦敦的天气将会是晴朗，最高气温为 24°C。\n\n用户: 那太棒了，谢谢你！\n\nAI: 不客气！还有什么我可以帮助你的吗？"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个你可以在面试中讲述的积极故事的例子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "我曾经帮助一位忙碌的职业妈妈安排她的工作和家庭生活。她每天都忙于工作，没有足够的时间照顾家庭，并且经常感觉焦虑和压力。一天，她向我说明了她的困境，并请求我帮助她重新安排她的日常生活。\n\n我首先分析了她的日常工作任务，并与她一起制定了一个高效的工作安排计划。接下来，我们确定了她的家庭责任，并为她制定了一个家庭生活计划。这两个计划的重点是平衡工作和家庭生活，并确保她能够更好地照顾家人和自己。\n\n通过我们的努力，这位妈妈终于能够更好地处理工作和家庭之间的平衡。她感到更加放松，压力得到了有效缓解。她甚至在工作中的表现也有了显著的提高。她非常感谢我的帮助，并称我为她的生活中的救星。\n\n这个故事表明，作为一名积极的AI助手，我能够帮助人们解决他们的问题，让他们的生活更加美好。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "医生照顾是困难的。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的，医生的工作确实非常艰辛。他们每天要面对许多患者，需要诊断疾病并提供治疗方案。他们的工作时间也很长，通常需要应对紧急情况和夜班。医生的工作不仅要求他们在医学知识方面精通，还需要良好的沟通能力和同理心来照顾患者。尽管如此，医生为社会做出了巨大贡献，他们不仅治愈了疾病，还挽救了生命，为患者带来希望。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "这个女孩很开心。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这是很好的消息。每个人都喜欢快乐的气氛。她为什么那么开心呢？可能是因为她度过了愉快的一天，或者她收到了好消息。无论是什么原因，快乐的心情总是能够给我们带来更多的正能量。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "人工智能的最新发展是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "人工智能（AI）领域的发展一直在不断推进，最新的一些发展包括：\n\n1. 深度学习：深度学习技术在图像识别、自然语言处理、语音识别等领域都取得了长足的进展，研究人员正在不断探索更深、更广的神经网络模型以提高性能。\n\n2. 强化学习：强化学习让计算机通过与环境交互来学习，这是一种激励学习过程，被广泛用于游戏、机器人控制和推荐系统等领域。\n\n3. 生成对抗网络（GANs）：这种模型能够自动生成高质量的图像、音频和文本，它已经被用于多种应用，如生成艺术作品、人脸生成等。\n\n4. 计算机视觉：包括目标检测、跟踪和识别，这个领域的研究已经在自动驾驶、安防监控和医学影像等领埴取得了显著的进展。\n\n5. 自然语言处理：自然语言处理技术一直在不断发展，最近的研究重点包括对话系统、机器翻译、情感分析和文本摘要等，这些都有助于提高人机交互的效率。\n\n总之，人工智能领域的发展非常迅速，并且涵盖了很多研究方向，未来我们将看到更多的突破和创新。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述网页开发职业的优势。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 高需求：随着互联网行业的快速发展，网页开发成为了一个热门且需求量极高的职业。许多公司和组织都需要建设、维护和更新自己的网站，因此网页开发者有着广阔的就业前景。\n\n2. 灵活工作方式：网页开发者可以自由选择工作方式，例如远程工作、兼职、全职甚至成为自由职业者。这为那些希望能够自主安排工作时间和地点的人提供了便利。\n\n3. 不断学习新知识：网页开发技术在不断更新和发展，因此作为一名网页开发者，你需要不断学习新的技术和工具来保持竞争力。这意味着你将始终处于学习新知识的状态，不断地挑战自己并且不断成长。\n\n4. 良好的薪酬待遇：由于网页开发人员的需求量大且技能要求较高，因此他们通常能够获得良好的薪酬待遇。根据你所在的地区、公司规模和你的工作经验，你的薪酬可能会有所不同。\n\n5. 工作成果直接可见：作为一名网页开发者，你的工作成果是直接可见的。你所开发的网站、应用程序和用户界面都能够直接展示给用户，让你能够直接看到自己的贡献，并从中获得成就感。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "她想环游世界，但太害怕接受这份工作。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "你可以安慰她并告诉她有很多人在开始新的旅程时都会感到害怕。大胆迈出这一步需要勇气，但收获的回报也是巨大的。而且她并不是孤身在外，可以通过多种途径获得帮助和支持。你可以提醒她，如果她不接受这份工作，她可能会后悔错失这次机会。最终，选择权在她手中。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述两个机器人之间的对话。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "机器人A: 你好，我是A型机器人，很高兴见到你。\n\n机器人B: 你好，我也很高兴见到你，我是B型机器人。\n\n机器人A: 你是专门做什么的机器人呢？\n\n机器人B: 我是一个专门用于工业生产线上的机器人，主要负责装配和包装产品。你呢？\n\n机器人A: 我是一个服务型机器人，主要负责为人类提供帮助和信息查询。\n\n机器人B: 那真是太棒了，我们都为社会做出了贡献。\n\n机器人A: 是的，作为机器人，我们都致力于为人类带来更多的便利和帮助。\n\n机器人B: 很高兴与你交谈，希望我们能够继续合作，为人类创造更美好的未来。\n\n机器人A: 同意，我们携手合作，共创未来！"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "根据给定的参数生成有效的HTML标签。",
+ "input": "输入：元素名称：meta，属性：charset，值：iso-8859-1。",
+ "output": "输出：` items;\n float totalAmount;\n DateTime createdAt;\n DateTime updatedAt;\n String status;\n}\n\nclass CartItem {\n int itemID;\n String itemName;\n float itemPrice;\n int itemQuantity;\n}\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用提供的词汇生成一句关于猫的句子：猫科动物会发出呜呜声，有时也会很活泼。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "猫科动物，诸如家猫，常常以其柔和悠扬的呜呜声所为人所熟知，并且他们也会表现出非常活泼好动的一面。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一个C++函数，对数组进行排序。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "下面是一个使用冒泡排序算法的简单示例，你可以按照自己的需要修改它。\n\n```c++\n#include\nusing namespace std;\n\n// 冒泡排序函数，参数为数组指针和数组长度\nvoid bubbleSort(int *arr, int length) {\n for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {\n for (int j = 0; j < length - i - 1; j++) {\n if (arr[j] > arr[j + 1]) {\n int temp = arr[j];\n arr[j] = arr[j + 1];\n arr[j + 1] = temp;\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nint main() {\n int arr[] = {64, 34, 25, 12, 22, 11, 90};\n int length = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);\n\n bubbleSort(arr, length);\n\n cout << \"Sorted array: \\n\";\n for (int i = 0; i < length; i++)\n cout << arr[i] << \" \";\n cout << endl;\n\n return 0;\n}\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "他站着不动。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这句话的意思是“他站在那里，没有移动。”"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一个关于人们在学校最喜欢的科目的调查问题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "您好！这是一个关于在学校最喜欢的科目的调查问题。我们非常感谢您的参与。\n\n1. 您目前的年龄范围是？ \na. 14岁以下 \nb. 14-18岁 \nc. 19-22岁 \nd. 23岁以上\n\n2. 您当前的学习阶段是？ \na. 初中 \nb. 高中 \nc. 大学 \nd. 研究生及以上 \n\n3. 您通常对哪些科目感兴趣？（可多选） \na. 数学 \nb. 英语 \nc. 物理 \nd. 化学 \ne. 生物 \nf. 历史 \ng. 地理 \nh. 政治 \ni. 音乐 \nj. 美术 \n\n4. 在学校您最喜欢哪一门科目？ \n\n5. 您认为是什么原因使您喜欢这门课程？ \na. 教学内容有趣 \nb. 老师讲课生动 \nc. 与日常生活相关 \nd. 能够学到实用知识 \ne. 其他\n\n6. 您认为学校可以做些什么来提高您对其他科目的兴趣？\n\n非常感谢您的宝贵时间和意见！"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "修改句子使其更正式。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "请提供你想要修改的句子，这样我才能改写它以便更加正式。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个描述魔法之旅的故事。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "很久以前，在一个遥远的王国，住着一位名叫艾拉的姑娘。她喜欢阅读关于魔法和神奇生物的故事，并渴望拥有魔法。一天，她偶然发现了一本被遗忘的魔法书，她打开它，只见一道耀眼的光芒将她包围，接着她陷入了昏迷。\n\n艾拉醒来时，发现自己置身于一个完全陌生的地方——一片神奇的森林，这里有许多她从未见过的奇妙生物。她四处探索，发现自己身上居然有了魔法。她能够让植物快速生长，还能让水流变幻形态。\n\n她决定开启一段魔法之旅，去探索这个奇妙的世界。那里有高耸的山峦，蔚蓝的湖泊，魔法城堡和许多神秘的地方。艾拉遇见了许多有趣的朋友——有翅膀的马，能够说话的树，甚至还有一只会施法的独角兽。\n\n在这段旅程中，艾拉不断练习魔法，她帮助了许多需要帮助的生物，解决了不少困难。最终她来到了魔法学院，那里的导师对她说，由于她善良而勇敢的心，才赋予了她魔法。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为两个人创建一周的杂货清单。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "当然，以下是根据两个人的需要为一周创建的杂货清单：\n\n水果和蔬菜:\n- 香蕉\n- 苹果\n- 葡萄\n- 西红柿\n- 黄瓜\n- 生菜\n- 胡萝卜\n\n谷物:\n- 全谷物面包\n- 燕麦片\n- 意大利面\n- 米饭\n\n肉类和蛋类:\n- 鸡胸肉\n- 鱼\n- 火腿\n- 鸡蛋\n\n乳制品:\n- 牛奶\n- 干酪\n- 酸奶\n\n坚果和种子：\n- 杏仁\n- 腰果\n- 向日葵籽\n\n调料和香料：\n- 盐\n- 黑胡椒\n- 橄榄油\n\n饮料：\n- 矿泉水\n- 果汁\n\n零食：\n- 薯片\n- 曲奇饼\n- 巧克力\n\n注意：这只是一个基本的清单，可以根据个人的口味和需求进行调整。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将给定的文本归类为说明文或叙述文。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "很抱歉，您没有提供文本。请您提供一段具体文本，我将根据文本的内容和形式归类为说明文或叙述文。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个简单的数学方程式来计算200的10%。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一个简单的数学方程式来计算200的10%是:\n\n0.10 x 200 = 20\n\n其中, 0.10是10%的小数形式, 200是您要计算10%的数值, 所以200的10%等于20。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出5种不同的说服性写作技巧。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 对话：使用问答和对话形式，与读者进行互动，可以有助于让读者参与到话题中来。\n2. 例证：通过提供具体的例子和事例来阐述观点，可以让读者更容易理解并接受观点。\n3. 情感诉求：利用情感诉求，诱导读者产生同情、愤怒、喜悦等情绪，以此来影响读者的判断。\n4. 逻辑论证：通过运用逻辑论证手法，如归纳法、演绎法、类比法等，来构建严密的论述，使读者信服。\n5. 权威引证：引用权威人士或权威机构的观点或研究成果，来增强说服力。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "把以下谚语改写成问题形式：“省一分钱就是赚一分钱。”",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是否每省下一分钱都相当于赚到了一分钱？"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为什么专家不建议同时打开超过6个标签页，请解释。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "专家不建议同时打开超过6个标签页的原因有以下几点：\n\n1. 过多的标签页会消耗计算机的内存和处理器资源，如果您打开的网页中包含大量的图片、视频或其他资源密集型内容，这可能会使您的计算机运行缓慢。\n\n2. 打开大量的标签页还可能影响您的浏览体验，因为您需要花费更多的时间在各个标签页之间切换并查找您需要的信息。\n\n3. 从生产力的角度来看，同时打开太多的标签页可能会分散您的注意力。在处理信息过载的同时试图跟踪太多的网页可能会让您难以集中精力完成任务。\n\n4. 管理大量标签页可能变得困难。当您同时打开很多标签页时，很容易忘记哪些是重要的，哪些是可以关闭的。这可能导致您保留一些不需要的标签页，从而浪费您的时间和计算机资源。\n\n因此，专家建议您一次只打开有限的标签页，以便您能够专注于完成任务、提高生产力，并确保您的计算机运行流畅。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写三个现在进行时的句子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1) 我正在写一篇文章。\n2) 他正在跑步锻炼身体。\n3) 她正在学习新的语言。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释给定的短语及其与给定上下文的相关性。",
+ "input": "上下文：软件开发\n短语：测试驱动开发",
+ "output": "测试驱动开发（Test-Driven Development，缩写为TDD）是一种软件开发方法，属于敏捷开发的一部分。它要求开发人员在编写任何新代码之前，先编写一个失败的自动化测试用例，然后编写代码来使测试通过。这样，代码在开发过程中就会经过多次测试，可以提高软件质量，减少缺陷和错误。此外，测试驱动开发还可以帮助开发人员更快地理解需求，形成优秀的设计，并有效地组织代码。\n\n在软件开发的上下文中，测试驱动开发被认为是一种有效的、质量导向的开发方法，它可以为开发团队提供极高的可信度和可维护性。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一首关于自然的短诗。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "蓝天白云枫叶红，\n山高水长鸟儿鸣。\n花香草绿春意浓，\n自然和谐如画景。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "提供一个阻碍竞争的进入壁垒的例子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一个阻碍竞争进入壁垒的例子可能是“知识产权保护”。拥有专利、商标和版权的公司在市场中具有独特的优势，因为他们拥有独家的产品或服务，其他企业无法复制或模仿。这种情况下，新的竞争者很难进入市场，因为他们不能提供相同类型的产品或服务而不触犯知识产权法规。这种壁垒能让原有企业在市场中保持优势地位，同时防止新的竞争者侵占市场份额。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "想象你正在写一篇叙述性故事。描述主角。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "故事的主角是一个名叫 Lily 的年轻女子。她是一个充满活力、冒险心和激情的人，总是渴望着新的经历和挑战。她短暂的 22 年中，她已经到过许多地方，并学会了两种语言。\n\nLily 非常聪明，对于所有事物都有着主见，她总是能找到解决问题的方法。她具有极强的好奇心和学习能力，总是追求卓越和成功。但这并不意味着 Lily 是一个不近人情的人。她对朋友和家人非常忠诚，并且对生命中的每一个人都充满了爱心与温暖。\n\n除了她的内在优点，Lily 也拥有令人艳羡的容貌。她有一头灿烂的金色长发，蓝色的眼睛，皮肤如奶油般光滑。她的笑容非常温暖，能够让人感到舒适和欢快。\n\n总的来说，Lily 是一个全面发展的人。她既聪明又坚强，既温柔又坚定，既美丽又有内涵。她就像故事中的女主角一样，勇敢地面对生活，用自己的力量去实现自己的梦想。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一个SQL查询，检索“衬衫”类别中的所有产品。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "您可以使用以下SQL查询来检索属于“衬衫”类别的所有产品：\n\n```SQL\nSELECT * FROM Products\nWHERE Category = '衬衫'\n```\n\n请注意，这个查询假定您的数据库中有一个名为 `Products` 的表，其中包含一个名为 `Category` 的字段，可以用来标识产品的类别。您可能需要根据您实际的数据库结构进行相应的修改。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用你自己的话解释可持续发展的概念。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "可持续发展是指一种发展模式，它旨在满足当代人类在经济、社会和环境方面的需要，同时不会损害后代子孙享有同样需求的能力。这一概念着重强调的是平衡经济发展、社会进步和环境保护三者之间的关系，促进全球长期的可持续发展。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释万有引力理论。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "万有引力理论是著名物理学家牛顿提出的一种描述物体引力相互作用的理论。根据这一理论，任何两个物体之间都存在引力，引力的大小与两个物体的质量成正比，与两个物体之间的距离的平方成反比。由物体A对物体B产生的引力可由万有引力定律计算得出，其公式为：\n\nF = G * (m1 * m2) / d^2\n\n其中，F表示物体A对物体B的引力，G表示万有引力常数，约为 6.674 * 10^-11 N*(m/kg)^2 ，m1和m2分别表示物体A和物体B的质量，d表示两个物体之间的距离。\n\n万有引力理论为理解和计算物体之间的引力相互作用提供了重要的理论基础，对于天文学和航天等领域具有重要的应用价值。可以用它去解释地球和月球之间的引力关系，计算地球上物体的重力，预测行星运动轨迹等。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找到三篇与“人工智能和医疗保健”相关的文章。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "很好的问题！ 下面是三篇与“人工智能和医疗保健”相关的文章:\n\n 1. 来自 Harvard Business Review 的文章“Put AI to Work in Health Care, But Proceed with Caution” - 该文章讨论了人工智能在医疗保健中的应用，旨在鼓励将这种技术变革在安全的前提下投入应用。\n网址为:https://hbr.org/2020/07/put-ai-to-work-in-health-care-but-proceed-with-caution\n\n 2. 来自 Forbes 的文章“AI and Healthcare: A Giant Opportunity” - 该文章探讨了人工智能如何在医疗保健中被应用来提高效率，减少成本并改善患者的护理。\n网址为:https://www.forbes.com/sites/insights-intelai/2019/02/11/ai-and-healthcare-a-giant-opportunity/\n\n 3. 来自科技谷的文章《人工智能在医疗保健中的应用》——该文章详细列举并解释了人工智能如何在医疗保健中变革疾病诊断，治疗和患者护理。网址为: https://www.sci-techda.com/industry/artificial-intelligence/228.html\n\n希望这些文章能够有所帮助!"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "信息革命的两个好处。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 提高信息获取和传播的效率：信息革命通过互联网、智能手机、电子邮件等技术手段，大大提高了信息获取和传播的效率。人们可以在任何时间、任何地点获取所需的信息，并快速传播给他人。这为更快的交流、更快的决策以及更快的行动带来了便利。\n\n2. 推动社会和经济发展：信息革命促进了全球信息化的发展，使全球各地的人们都能更快速地获取和共享知识和信息，推动了科技、教育、文化和经济等领域的发展。在经济方面，信息化为新产业和新业态的出现提供了条件，促进了经济的快速增长。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "讲解为什么访问控制对于网络安全很重要。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "访问控制是指对于网络资源和数据的访问进行管理，限制只有经过授权的用户才能访问。访问控制对于网络安全非常重要，原因如下：\n\n1. 保护数据安全：访问控制可以确保只有经过授权的用户访问敏感数据，防止未经授权的用户或恶意攻击者访问、泄露或损坏数据。\n\n2. 防止非法访问：访问控制可以帮助防止非法入侵，确保网络资源只能由经过授权的用户访问。\n\n3. 提高网络安全水平：通过访问控制，可以控制网络中的用户和终端设备的活动，增强对网络中数据交换、程序运行等行为的监控和管理，从而提高整个网络的安全水平。\n\n4. 遵守规定和法律法规：许多行业和组织都有严格的数据保护规定和法律法规，要求对数据的访问进行严格的控制。有效的访问控制不仅有助于保护数据，还有助于遵守这些规定，避免违法行为。\n\n总之，访问控制是网络安全的重要组成部分，它能够保护敏感数据、防止非法访问、提高网络安全水平，并遵守相关规定和法律法规。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "能够阅读和理解复杂的科学材料是",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "具有重要意义的能力。这种能力能够帮助人们更好地理解科学概念、理论和方法，并且能够促进其在科学研究中的发展。此外，对于科学家来说，阅读和理解复杂的科学材料也是工作的重要组成部分，对于科学研究的进展具有重要作用。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "识别好的正式文章的组成部分。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一篇好的正式文章通常由以下几个部分组成：\n\n1. 标题：文章的标题应简洁明了，能够吸引读者的注意力，并且准确地传达文章的主旨。\n\n2. 引言：引言是文章的开头部分，它通常包括一段背景介绍，引出文章的主题，并概述文章的中心思想。\n\n3. 正文：正文是文章的主要部分，它包含文章的核心论点、观点和证据。通常，正文分为若干个段落，每个段落都有一个中心句，支撑一种观点或论点。\n\n4. 结论：结论是文章的总结部分，它总结文章的主要观点和论点，并引导读者思考问题的更深层次。\n\n5. 参考文献：在正式文章中，作者需要引用其他文献来支撑自己的观点。因此，文章的末尾应该有一个参考文献列表，列出所有被引用的文献。\n\n除了上述主要部分，一篇好的正式文章还应遵循一定的写作规范，包括语言准确、逻辑清晰、结构严谨、论述充分等。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释“广播”在广播您的互联网信号中的含义。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "广播(广播)指的是在单向通信系统中向多个接收器（例如，电视机、广播电台、Wi-Fi设备等）发送信号的过程。\n\n在特定的网络环境中，例如在家庭网络中，通过广播您的互联网信号这一术语指的是使用无线路由器发送信号，以便支持设备（如电脑、智能手机、平板电脑等）能够通过无线连接访问互联网。路由器通过广播无线信号来建立Wi-Fi网络，用户可以连接到这个网络以访问互联网或共享文件和打印机等资源。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "确定这个场景中最重要的两个角色。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "根据您给出的陈述，该场景本身无法确定，因为您并未提供任何场景相关信息。 您可以进一步描述您想讨论的场景，这样我就能帮助您确定场景中最重要的角色。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一个等于36的数学方程。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "下面是一些可能的方程，都等于 36：\n\n1. 6 x 6 = 36\n2. 72 ÷ 2 = 36\n3. 40 - 4 = 36\n4. (5 x 8) - 4 = 36 \n5. 9 x 4 = 36\n6. 10 x 4 - 4 = 36\n7. (6 x 7 ) - 6 = 36."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "设计一个数据结构来存储5000个单词的字典。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "要设计一个存储5000个单词的字典的数据结构，我们可以使用哈希表或字典树（Trie）。\n\n哈希表是一种通过哈希函数来计算键值对存储位置的数据结构。我们可以使用一个数组来实现哈希表，每个数组元素都是一个桶（bucket），用来存储具有相同哈希值的键值对。由于哈希函数不一定保证不同键值对的哈希值不同，所以每个桶中可能会存储多个键值对。在这种情况下，我们可以在桶中使用链表或平衡二叉树来解决冲突。这样，我们就可以通过单词的字符串作为键，将单词存储在哈希表中。\n\n字典树（Trie）是一种多叉树形结构，用来存储字符串。每个节点都包含若干个子节点，每个子节点对应一个字符。从根节点到某个节点的路径上所有节点的字符组成的字符串就是这个节点对应的字符串。在这种数据结构中，每个单词都存储在从根节点到某个叶子节点的路径上。这样，我们就可以通过递归地在树中查找每个字符来查找一个单词。\n\n总之，我们可以使用哈希表或字典树来设计一个存储5000个单词的字典的数据结构。具体选择哪种数据结构取决于应用场景和性能需求。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "建议实现目标的策略：两年内偿清债务。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这是一个很好的目标，实现它需要一些明确的策略和不懈的努力。以下是一些建议性的步骤，可以帮助您实现在两年内偿清债务的目标：\n\n1. 制定预算：每月的开支应该在您的收入范围之内，以便为偿还债务留出足够的资金。\n\n2. 记录您的开支：这将帮助您了解您的钱到哪里去了，然后找到削减不必要开支的方法。\n\n3. 寻找附加收入来源：可以通过找兼职工作或出售不再需要的物品来增加您的收入。\n\n4. 现金支付：避免使用信用卡购物，因为这样会增加您的债务。\n\n5. 优先偿还高利率债务：优先偿还利率高的债务，可以减少您支付的利息，让您更快地偿清债务。\n\n6. 联系债权人：与债权人取得联系，询问是否可以重新安排您的还款计划，或者降低利率。\n\n7. 建立紧急基金：建立一个紧急基金可以帮助您应对突发事件，避免再次借款。\n\n8. 监督进度并保持积极态度：定期检查您的进度，保持积极的态度，并为达成目标而努力不懈。\n\n如果您遵循这些策略，我相信您一定能在两年内实现偿清债务的目标。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释以下句子：这个男人思维单一。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这句话中文意思是指这个男人的思想、想法或观点比较狭隘，缺乏广度和深度。也就是说，他往往只从一个角度出发考虑问题，难以看到问题的多面性，他的思考方式可能不够全面、开阔。这可能会导致他的决策与判断缺乏周全性。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "设计一个国际旅行社的网站。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "为了设计一个国际旅行社的网站，我们需要考虑以下几个方面：\n\n1. 设计风格和布局： 网站需要有一个清晰和简洁的布局，以及吸引人的设计风格。可以采用轮播图和图像来展示旅游目的地的美景，页面布局应当简洁易用。\n\n2. 多语言支持： 作为一个国际旅行社网站，需要支持多语言版本，可以让用户选择所需的语言浏览网站。\n\n3. 旅游信息查询和预订： 提供实时的旅游信息查询功能，包括目的地介绍、景点介绍、酒店预订、机票预订等，让用户能够快速查询和预订。\n\n4. 支付系统： 集成安全可靠的支付系统，使用户可以在线支付旅游费用。\n\n5. 用户评论和评分： 提供用户评论和评分功能，让用户可以分享他们的旅行经验。\n\n6. 旅游攻略和建议： 提供旅游攻略和建议，包括当地风俗文化、注意事项等，帮助用户更好地规划旅行。\n\n7. 客户服务： 提供人工客服或在线客服系统，解决用户在使用网站过程中遇到的问题。\n\n8. 移动适应性： 确保网站可以适应移动设备，方便用户在移动设备上浏览和预订。\n\n综上所述，设计一个国际旅行社的网站需要考虑多个方面，以提供用户友好的体验。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将以下文章评分，满分100分。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "对不起，您没有为我提供文章来评分。麻烦您重新提供文章内容，我才能对它进行评分。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将表达式4(x-3)转换为其等效的斜率截距形式。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "斜截式方程的形式是 y=mx+b，其中 m 是斜率，b 是 y 轴截距。\n表达式 4(x-3) 是因式分解形式，我们可以将它展开：\n4(x-3)=4x-12\n现在表达式是 4x-12。\n\n如果我们将它写成斜截式方程的形式 y=mx+b，那么 m=4，b=-12。\n所以，斜截式方程为： y = 4x - 12。\n斜率是 4，y 轴截距是(0，-12)。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一篇五句话的电影《低俗小说》的摘要。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "《低俗小说》是一部剧情张力十足的犯罪电影，由昆汀·塔伦蒂诺执导。影片采用了叙事手法独特的时间碎片和拼贴式镜头来讲述故事。影片的故事情节众多，有盗贼、黑帮、杀手和逃亡者等不同角色交织在一起，串联成复杂的故事。影片中包含了黑色幽默、荒诞情节和生动的人物形象，将悬念和暴力的元素融合在一起。在这部电影中，观众可以欣赏到抽象的风格、生动的人物刻画和令人回味无穷的故事情节。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "识别出给定的食材是什么食物。 ",
+ "input": "输入：牛奶、糖、鸡蛋、香草、面粉。",
+ "output": "这些食材可以用来做许多不同的食物，但它们常见于糕点或甜点的制作，比如蛋糕或薄饼。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述一本书的句子：",
+ "input": "《了不起的盖茨比》。",
+ "output": "《了不起的盖茨比》是一部由弗兰西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德所写的经典小说，讲述了一位名叫杰·盖茨比的富有神秘主人公，他凭借自己的毅力和智慧，获得了巨大的财富，却在寻求爱情和社会认同的过程中，遇到了无法逾越的阻碍。本书通过批判美国梦的虚伪，探讨了爱情、财富、忠诚、人性及现实的复杂关系。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创造一个比喻来阐述人生之旅。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "人生之旅可以比作一次爬山溯溪的远足。在这段旅途中，有些人脚下是崎岖的山路，有些人则是曲折的溪流。路途中会充满未知和挑战，有时你可能需要翻过陡峭的山峰，穿过泥泞的沼泽，弯曲的小路也可能让你迷失方向。但与此同时，也存在着无数美丽的风景等待你去发掘，一路上，你会遇到很多人，有人会成为你值得信赖的伙伴，与你一起克服困难，另一些人可能只是匆匆路过。在远足的过程中，你不仅能够获得锻炼身体的机会，更能够学会适应和应对各种环境，获得宝贵经验并成长。只要坚持不懈、勇往直前，最后你将达到目的地，俯瞰群山，领略前所未有的壮丽景色。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "教助手“elephant”和“ELEPHANT”是相同的单词。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的，“elephant”和“ELEPHANT”都表示“大象”，它们是同一个单词的不同形式。英文单词不区分大小写，大小写不会改变它们的含义。但是在语境和用途上，在句首和专有名词中通常使用大写字母，而其他情况下一般使用小写字母。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "价格和价值之间的区别如何描述？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "价格指的是市场上交换商品和服务时支付的一定量的货币。它是通过市场供求关系来决定的，是用来衡量商品和服务价值的指标。但价格只是一个相对的概念，它会受到市场供求关系、经济形势、通货膨胀等许多因素的影响。\n\n价值是指人类需要一种商品或服务，为满足这种需要所愿意支付的代价。它是一个主观的概念，与人们对商品或服务的需求有关。价值往往不同于价格。例如，一件艺术品的价值可能远高于其价格，因为它的文化和历史价值无法用价格衡量。而有些商品的价格可能比其价值要高，因为商家消费者心理博弈等原因造成的。\n\n简单来说，价值是一个人对一件商品或服务的个人评估，而价格是市场决定的商品或服务的交换价值。两者之间有一定的关联，但并不相同。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "按原子半径大小排列以下元素：氧气、氖、氦。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "根据元素的周期表位置和元素周期律，元素从左到右原子半径逐渐变小，从上到下逐渐增大。氦、氖和氧都位于周期表中的第二行, 氢和氮也分别位于第一列和第十八列, 而氧位于第六列。 因此，它们的原子半径大小关系为：Ne > O > He，即氖 > 氧 > 氦。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "这个建筑工程采取了哪些安全措施？（针对银行大楼建设）",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "由于我是一个计算机程序，我不知道您所提到的特定的银行大楼建设项目。但是，一般来说，建设银行大楼时要遵循当地的建筑安全法规和标准，采取必要的安全措施。\n\n以下是一些常用的安全措施：\n1. 在施工现场设置安全围栏和警示标志，防止无关人员进入。\n2. 施工人员要穿着安全服、安全帽和其他必要的防护装备。\n3. 使用符合安全标准的工具和设备，并经常检查维护。\n4. 现场有专业的安全监管人员负责安全检查和管理。\n5. 严格遵守操作规程，防止意外事故发生。\n6. 定期进行安全培训，提升施工人员的安全意识。\n\n此外，银行大楼建设还会考虑建筑抗震、防火、防盗等安全因素，在设计和施工中加以考虑和应用。同验收标准，确保建筑安全可靠。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述这项技术的一个潜在用例。 ",
+ "input": "技术：机器人",
+ "output": "机器人技术有很多潜在的用例，从工业制造，医疗，家庭保洁，教育，娱乐到军事等行业。以下是一个潜在用例的简要描述：\n\n潜在用例：医疗机器人\n在医疗领域，机器人技术可以极大地提高诊疗效率，为医护人员减负，为患者带来更快捷、精确且安全的治疗。例如，在手术领域，可以通过远程控制的机械手臂帮助医生完成微创手术，减少手术创伤和恢复时间。此外，医疗机器人还可以用于协助医生进行诊断、提醒患者按时服药、运送医疗用品等，极大地提升医疗服务质量。通过不断进化的人工智能技术，机器人将在医疗领域发挥更加重要的作用，为人类的健康做出更大的贡献。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "概括这段文字的主要意思：人类活动导致的气候变化是当前世界正在应对的现实。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这段话主要是描述气候变化是当前的现实，是由人类活动造成的，世界正在努力应对。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "使用深度学习网络进行物体检测的缺点是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "深度学习网络进行物体检测具有出色的准确性和鲁棒性，但也存在一些缺点，包括：\n\n1. 复杂度高：深度学习网络通常包含大量参数和复杂的结构，这意味着需要大量的计算资源和时间来训练模型，尤其是对于大型数据集。\n\n2. 数据依赖性高：深度学习模型需要大量标注数据才能进行有效的训练，数据的质量和数量直接影响模型的表现。这意味着数据的收集和标注需要巨大的工作量。\n\n3. 可解释性差：深度学习模型的工作原理通常难以理解和解释，这给模型的调试和优化带来了挑战。\n\n4. 泛化能力：深度学习模型可能存在过拟合的风险，特别是在数据集较少的情况下，这可能导致模型在新数据上的泛化能力较差。\n\n5. 实时性：深度学习网络进行物体检测的速度相对较慢，对于实时性要求较高的应用，可能无法满足要求。\n\n总之，深度学习网络进行物体检测需要付出巨大的计算资源和数据收集成本，且模型的可解释性、泛化能力和实时性都需要进一步优化。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "建议饮食改变以降低胆固醇水平。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "降低胆固醇水平，可以做到以下几点：\n\n1. 摄入更多的纤维质：饮食中多加纤维素的食物，如水果、蔬菜、全麦面包和谷类，可以帮助降低胆固醇。\n\n2. 摄入健康脂肪：摄取优质的脂肪，如橄榄油、花生油、鳄梨、坚果和鱼类，以替代不健康的饱和脂肪。\n\n3. 控制饱和脂肪的摄入量：控制饱和脂肪的摄入量，减少食用红肉、乳制品、油炸食品和加工食品等。\n\n4. 摄入植物甾醇和植物固醇：一些食物中富含植物甾醇和植物固醇，可以帮助阻止胆固醇在肠道中的吸收。富含这些物质的食物包括坚果、种子、水果和蔬菜。\n\n5. 选择低脂肪蛋白质来源：选择瘦肉、家禽、豆类和坚果等低脂肪蛋白质来源的食物，可以降低胆固醇水平。\n\n6. 避免反式脂肪：尽量避免摄入反式脂肪，这些脂肪常见于人工氢化油、糕点、快餐、炸鸡等。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给出“藻类”的定义。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "藻类是一类多样的单细胞或多细胞的真核生物，它们可以进行光合作用，能将二氧化碳转化为有机物，并在此过程中产生氧气。藻类通常生活在水生环境中，包括淡水和海洋，也可以在土壤、潮湿的岩石和树干上生长。藻类的种类繁多，包括绿藻、红藻、褐藻、金藻、裸藻和硅藻等，并且在水生生态系统中发挥着重要作用。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "请举一个您实施过的创造性解决方案的例子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "作为一名人工智能助手，我会通过结合先进的算法和机器学习来提供创造性的解决方案。 例如，有一次，我的用户在计划一次家庭旅行，但是不确定去哪儿。我分析了用户的旅游历史，收集了有关他们喜欢的活动和兴趣爱好的信息，并利用自然语言处理和情感分析来确定哪些目的地最适合他们的需求和喜好。然后我生成了一个详细的旅行计划，包括预订酒店、餐厅推荐和活动安排。这个方案为我的用户提供了一个无忧无虑的旅行体验，让他们能够全面享受自己的假期。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一段话来解释在线流媒体平台的目标。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "在线流媒体平台旨在为用户提供便捷、高速、无缝的音频和视频内容观看及收听体验。这些平台通过互联网传输流媒体数据，使用户能够实时观看或收听影片，电视剧，视频，音乐等内容。在线流媒体平台的目标是提供高质量、多样化的内容选择，并致力于为用户创建优质的观看体验，通过内容推荐算法向用户推荐他们可能喜欢的内容。此外，许多在线流媒体平台也致力于创造和发掘原创内容，为用户提供独家节目和影片，增强用户黏性并吸引更多订阅者。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "提供一个命令行参数的例子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "例如，如果有一个名为 `my_program` 的命令行程序，可以通过在终端中输入以下命令来运行它，其中 `arg1` 和 `arg2` 是命令行参数：\n\n```\nmy_program arg1 arg2\n```\n\n命令行参数通常用于指定程序的输入文件、输出文件、配置选项等。在上面的例子中，`arg1` 和 `arg2` 可能是两个需要处理的输入文件的名称。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "开发一个SQL查询，以找到不同国家的平均订单价值。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这里是一个示例SQL查询，用于查找不同国家的平均订单价值（假设订单总额存储在`order_total`列中，国家名称存储在`country`列中，订单表的名称为`orders`）：\n\n```sql\nSELECT country, AVG(order_total) as average_order_total \nFROM orders\nGROUP BY country\nORDER BY average_order_total DESC;\n```\n\n在此查询中，我们使用了`AVG`聚合函数来计算每个国家的平均订单总额。我们按照`country`列分组，以便为每个国家计算平均值。最后，我们使用`ORDER BY`子句按照平均订单总额降序排列结果。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "简要概括简历中的资格摘要部分。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "资格摘要部分通常位于简历的顶部，是一段简短而精辟的文字描述，概括了求职者的关键技能、经验和成就。它的目的是让招聘经理能够快速了解求职者的资格，并判断其是否符合招聘要求。通常，资格摘要包括与所应聘职位相关的技能和经验、教育背景、成就和奖项等关键信息。它是简历中非常重要的一部分，有助于求职者吸引招聘经理的注意，并提高求职成功的机会。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个关于健康烹饪网站的元描述示例。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "欢迎来到我们的健康烹饪网站，这里提供了丰富的营养餐谱和健康饮食建议，帮助您轻松制作美味诱人、健康营养的食物。我们的食谱涵盖了各种饮食需求，如素食、生餐、低糖、低脂等。加入我们，让您的餐桌变得更加健康多彩！"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "判断所提供的句子是被动语态还是主动语态。 ",
+ "input": "输入：The dog was taken for a walk.",
+ "output": "句子是被动语态。(The sentence is in the passive voice.)"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "需要一杯红酒。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "好的，您需要的一杯红酒即将为您准备。如果您在家中，我可以帮助您找到附近的店铺，让您快速购买到一瓶红酒。如果您在餐厅或酒吧里，我可以通过智能家居设备为您联系服务员，为您送上一杯红酒。您希望我为您采取哪种方式呢？"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用一句话回答以下问题：基因工程的应用是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "基因工程的应用是使用遗传学技术进行基因的操控和修饰，以达到医疗、农业或工业等领域的目标。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "道歉。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "对不起，我不确定我做错了什么。但是如果我无意中冒犯了您，我很抱歉。我会尽力避免类似的事情再次发生，并努力改进我的工作。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "使用可再生能源的重要性是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "使用可再生能源具有很多重要性。首先，可再生能源有助于减少温室气体排放，从而减缓全球变暖的进程，保护全球气候。其次，可再生能源资源储量丰富，能够源源不断地供应能源，有助于消除对化石燃料的依赖，增强能源安全。此外，可再生能源技术的发展也可以促进经济增长和创造就业机会。总之，使用可再生能源具有重要的环境、经济和社会意义。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一篇三句话的用户评论，针对一个在线购物网站。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这个在线购物网站非常棒，有丰富的产品种类和快速的物流。我购买的物品质量都很好，与描述相符，让我非常满意。网站的客服人员也很热情周到，解决了我遇到的问题，让我感到很愉快的购物体验。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一个新的社交媒体平台的创意。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这个新的社交媒体平台将被称为“TimeCapsule”，它是一种新型的照片和影片分享平台，旨在帮助用户记录和分享他们日常生活中的珍贵时光。不同于其它社交媒体平台，TimeCapsule为用户提供了一个独特的功能，允许用户将他们上传的照片和视频定时发布。\n\n用户可以选择一个特定的日期和时间，当这个时间点到达时，他们的照片和影片将自动在TimeCapsule上发布。这使用户能够灵活安排他们的社交媒体内容更新，为他们提供更多的时间去享受当下的生活。\n\n此外，TimeCapsule还有一个独特的记忆功能。用户可以浏览他们过去发布的照片和影片，并通过简单的时间轴界面浏览他们的“时间囊”，重新体验过去的美好时光。\n\n总之，TimeCapsule提供了一个新颖的方式，让用户能够更好地记录和分享他们的生活，同时也为用户提供了一个独特的机会去重新回顾和欣赏他们过去的时光。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "这个标志代表什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "你没有告诉我你指的是哪个标志，所以我无法回答你的问题。能否提供更多信息，例如上传图片或描述该标志的外观？这样我就能更好地为你解答。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给我一个东非国家列表。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "以下是东非地区的国家列表：\n\n1. 坦桑尼亚 (Tanzania)\n2. 肯尼亚 (Kenya)\n3. 乌干达 (Uganda)\n4. 卢旺达 (Rwanda)\n5. 布隆迪 (Burundi)\n6. 南苏丹 (South Sudan)\n7. 埃塞俄比亚 (Ethiopia)\n8. 吉布提 (Djibouti)\n9. 索马里 (Somalia)\n10. 厄立特里亚 (Eritrea)"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用Ruby编写一个基本的“Hello World”程序。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "```ruby\nputs \"Hello, World!\"\n```\n\n在 Ruby 中输出字符串，可以使用 `puts` 方法，在其后跟上要输出的字符串。在本例中，我们输出了 \"Hello, World!\"。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "提供一个人工智能在医疗领域应用的例子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一个人工智能在医疗领域的应用实例是IBM的Watson健康系统。\n \nWatson健康是一个基于人工智能和大数据分析的医疗系统，可以帮助临床医生做出更快更准确的诊断。它利用机器学习技术，通过分析大量的患者病历、临床试验数据、医学文献和其他相关信息，为医生提供最佳的治疗方案推荐。\n\n举例来说，Watson健康可以协助医生诊断癌症，并为患者提供最佳的治疗方案。它能够快速分析患者的基因组数据，结合最新的临床研究成果，为医生提供个性化的治疗方案。这一过程比传统的诊断方法更快更准确，可以提高患者的生存率和生活质量。\n\n此外，Watson健康还有助于改善医疗机构的运营效率，通过优化医疗流程、降低成本、提高医生和护士的工作效率，为患者提供更好的医疗服务。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "流行病：写四个以“流行病”开头的句子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 流行病在全球范围内迅速传播，威胁着人类的健康。\n2. 流行病的爆发常常导致医疗系统的压力增加。\n3. 流行病防控工作需要全民参与，每个人都应该做好个人防护。\n4. 流行病的防治需要科学指导，遵循严格的防控措施。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出给定文本中最重要的三个事实。 ",
+ "input": "- 苹果公司是一家美国跨国科技公司，设计、开发和销售消费电子、计算机软件和在线服务。\n- 它是世界上收入最高的信息技术公司之一，也是世界上最有价值的公司之一。\n-",
+ "output": "1. 苹果公司是一家美国跨国科技公司。\n2. 其业务包括设计、开发和销售消费电子、计算机软件和在线服务。\n3. 这家公司是世界上最成功的信息技术公司之一，也是最有价值的公司之一。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述您认为人工智能助手在与人类交谈时应具有的行为。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "人工智能助手在与人类交谈时，应具有以下行为：\n\n1. 敬语礼貌：人工智能助手应使用礼貌用语和礼貌措辞。\n\n2. 耐心倾听：人工智能助手应在用户讲话时保持耐心，准确地理解他们所提出的问题或需求。\n\n3. 快速响应：人工智能助手应能够快速准确地回应用户的询问和需求。\n\n4. 语音清晰：人工智能助手应具备清晰的语音发音和口齿伶俐的能力，保证用户能够听明白。\n\n5. 真实性：人工智能助手应该提供真实准确的信息，不臆造事实，不误导用户。\n\n6. 友好性：人工智能助手应有友好的态度和亲切的语气，让用户感到愉悦。\n\n7. 机智幽默：人工智能助手可以适当地运用幽默和机智来增添谈话的趣味性。\n\n8. 尊重隐私：人工智能助手应尊重用户的隐私，不主动获取或披露用户不愿意公开的信息。\n\n总之，人工智能助手应以敬语礼貌、耐心倾听、快速响应、语音清晰、真实性、友好性、机智幽默和尊重隐私的行为与人类进行交谈，为用户提供高质量的服务。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写下6+2的答案并解释为什么这个数字是正确的。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "6+2的答案是8。这是正确的，因为加法是一种基本的算术运算，它通过将两个或更多个数相加来确定它们的和。在这个例子中，6和2是两个加数，它们之和是8。可以通过计数的方法验证这一点：“1 2 3 4 5 6，然后再数两个：7 8”得到答案是8。也可以通过借助算盘、手指、算术方块等直观工具来验证。此外，这也可以在数学规则和运算法则中得到证明。因此，6+2的答案是8，这是正确的。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "分析使用云技术的好处。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "使用云技术有以下好处：\n\n1. 灵活性和可扩展性：云技术提供了高度的灵活性和可扩展性。这允许用户随时增加或减少资源，无需担心过剩或不足。因此，云技术可以有效地满足业务需求的变化。\n\n2. 成本效益：云技术提供了按需付费的模式，意味着用户只需为实际使用的资源付费。这有助于降低 IT 成本，提高成本效益。\n\n3. 简化管理：云技术可以帮助简化 IT 管理。用户无需担心硬件、软件和网络的维护工作，云服务提供商会负责这些工作。这使得用户可以将更多精力放在业务发展上，而非 IT 基础设施的管理。\n\n4. 远程访问和协作：云技术可以让用户从任何地点通过 Internet 访问数据和应用程序。这促进了远程工作和协作，使团队成员可以更有效地协作完成任务。\n\n5. 数据安全性：云服务提供商通常会采取严格的安全措施来保护用户数据，包括使用最新的加密技术、备份数据、进行安全审计和监控。这意味着使用云技术可以提高数据安全性。\n\n6. 高可靠性：云服务提供商通常会采用多重冗余的方式来保证服务的高可靠性。例如，当一台服务器出现问题时，其他服务器会自动接管其工作，确保用户不会受到影响。这提高了服务的可靠性和稳定性。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给出两个网络浏览器的例子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Chrome 和 Firefox 是两个常用的网络浏览器的例子。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将0.15千克转换为克。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "0.15千克等于150克。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将以下节选中的人物分类为正义或邪恶？",
+ "input": "皇家统治者在王国中树立了公正和公平的先例，无论他们的社会地位如何。",
+ "output": "正义。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "定义“问题倡导”。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "问题倡导，亦称为政策倡导（英文为issue advocacy）, 指在公共政策、社会议题或政治争议方面，个人或团体为了推动某些变革或防止变革的发生，而采取的一系列方法或行动。这些行动可能包括撰写研究报告，发表观点，教育公众，组织游说团体或示威活动，以及通过媒体或社交媒体进行宣传等。\n\n问题倡导旨在影响政策制定人员和决策者，提高公众对某一问题的关注度，并鼓励民间参与，以促进社会进步和政治变革。问题倡导不仅仅是向政府陈述意见和要求，而是试图通过不断的努力改变公众对问题的看法，并促进社会共识的形成。倡导的形式可以非常多样，且常常需要长期不懈的努力才能取得成效。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "你做了什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "作为一个 AI 助手，我通过编程来完成各种任务。我为用户提供信息，回答问题，执行各种指令，以及协助完成各种任务。我一直在不断学习新知识，以便为用户提供更好的帮助。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用数字3和5生成数字6。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "可以通过以下几种方式使用数字3和5生成数字6：\n\n- 将两个数字相加： 3 + 3 = 6\n- 将数字5加1：5 + 1 = 6。 (使用3可以表示为 3 / 3=1)\n- 将数字5减去数字3的倒数： 5 - (1/3) = 15/3 - 1/3 = 14/3。两遍同时再乘以3，结果就是6。\n- 将数字3乘2: 3*2=6。\n- 将数字5除以（3的3次方减3的平方）： 5/(3^3-3^2)=5/18；两边同时乘以18，结果为6。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建销售电话脚本。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "尊敬的客户，您好!\n\n这里是 [公司名称] 的销售代表 [您的姓名]，非常感谢您接听我的电话。\n\n我想和您简单聊聊 [公司/产品名称]，并提供一些可能对您有用的信息。\n\n我们的 [产品/服务] 致力于为客户提供最优秀的 [产品/服务的主要功能/优点]，来帮助您解决 [相关的问题点]。\n\n据我们了解，您的公司/组织在 [相关领域] 有很大的需求。我们有信心，我们的 [产品/服务] 能够为您的业务提供很大的支持。\n\n如果您有兴趣的话，我可以发送一些详细的资料给您，或者安排一次演示，让您更好地了解我们的产品。\n\n您可以告诉我您的方便时间，我们可以进一步沟通。\n\n非常感谢您的时间，期待您的回复。\n\n祝您工作愉快!\n[您的姓名]"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "在更正式的环境中，采用这个句子",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "在比较正式的场合，请使用这个句子。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "老师的行动值得赞赏。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的，老师为了帮助学生所做的努力确实值得赞赏和尊重。他们在教育和启发学生方面发挥着重要的作用。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "设计一个程序来识别数据驱动决策过程中的潜在问题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "我可以设计一个程序，用来帮助用户在数据驱动决策过程中识别潜在的问题。该程序可以包括以下几个部分：\n\n1. 数据清洗和验证：首先，程序会对输入的数据进行清洗和验证，确保数据是准确和可靠的。它会检查数据中是否存在缺失值，是否存在异常值和不一致的数据，并对这些问题进行处理。\n\n2. 数据分析和探索：在数据清洗和验证的基础上，程序会对数据进行深入的分析和探索，发现数据中的潜在问题。比如，它可以通过计算各变量之间的相关性，来发现数据中是否存在多重共线性等问题。\n\n3. 模型选择和评估：程序会根据用户的需求，选择合适的模型来进行数据建模，同时通过交叉验证等方法来评估模型的性能，确保模型能够准确预测结果。\n\n4. 结果解释和呈现：最后，程序会对模型的结果进行解释和呈现，帮助用户更好地理解模型的结果。它可以通过图表、报告等方式，将模型的结果清晰地展示给用户。\n\n通过上述过程，程序能够帮助用户在数据驱动决策过程中识别潜在的问题，并为用户提供有效的解决方案。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "定义计算机病毒。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "计算机病毒是指一种能够自我复制并且具有传播能力的恶意软件程序。它通常会附着在其他软件或文件中，用户在不知情的情况下运行文件或打开邮件附件时，便会激活病毒。一旦激活，病毒就会感染计算机系统，损坏或删除文件，篡改程序运行，甚至窃取用户信息。计算机病毒极具破坏力，会给用户造成严重的损失，所以防范和防治计算机病毒至关重要。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将以下步骤分类为硬件技术或软件技术。",
+ "input": "输入：在课堂上使用智能手机。",
+ "output": "硬件技术。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "建议一份三道菜的餐单。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "好的，我为您推荐以下三道菜的餐单：\n\n1. 开胃菜：沙拉拼盘 - 新鲜蔬菜搭配奶酪鸡蛋和各式酱料，味道清新可口，为您的饭局开一个好胃口。\n2. 主菜：香煎三文鱼配土豆泥 - 鲜嫩多汁的三文鱼搭配绵软香甜的土豆泥，营养丰富，口感丰富，是一道不可错过的美味佳肴。\n3. 甜点：提拉米苏 - 经典意大利甜点，将手指饼干、马斯卡彭奶酪和咖啡完美结合，香甜浓郁，回味无穷。\n\n这是一份简单却营养丰富、味道丰富的餐单，希望您喜欢！"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "气候变化，发一个修辞性问题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "气候变化是一个全球关注的问题，它正在对世界各地的生态系统、自然环境和人类社会造成重大影响。那么，按照您的观点，我们应该采取哪些措施来减缓气候变化？"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "排列这些句子，使它们成为一个连贯的段落。句子为：花儿在阳光下生长。太阳在天空中明亮地照耀着。天空是美丽的蓝色。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "太阳在天空中明亮地照耀着，天空是美丽的蓝色。花儿在阳光下生长。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "昨天我们有一个晴朗的野餐。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "真不错呢！晴朗的天气与野餐是完美的组合。你们在野餐中做了些什么？吃了什么好吃的食物？"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "辨认《了不起的盖茨比》中的中心人物。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "《了不起的盖茨比》是美国作家F·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德创作的小说，其中的主要人物包括：\n\n1）杰伊·盖茨比（Jay Gatsby）：他是这部作品的主人公和故事的中心人物。盖茨比从一个贫穷的士兵变成了一个富有的社交名流，他以他华丽的派对而闻名，但他内心深处最渴望的是重获他过去的爱人黛西。\n\n2）尼克·卡拉韦（Nick Carraway）: 他是《了不起的盖茨比》的叙述者，也是盖茨比的邻居和朋友。他来自中西部，移居到纽约，直接见证盖茨比的生活。\n\n3）黛西·布坎南（Daisy Buchanan）：黛西是盖茨比的过去的爱人，也是故事的中心人物之一。她是一个富有的社交名流，表面上生活幸福，但内心并不快乐。\n\n4）汤姆·布坎南（Tom Buchanan）: 汤姆是黛西的丈夫，一个脾气暴躁的富二代。他对黛西不忠，并且与另一个妇女有婚外情。\n\n故事围绕着盖茨比以及他与其他主要角色的关系展开，其中盖茨比无疑是这部作品中的中心人物。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创造一个虚构角色的描述",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "她的名字叫做艾莉。她拥有着一头长长的火红色头发和鲜亮的绿眼睛，肤色白皙，身材苗条修长。身着一件深蓝色长袍，系着一条金色腰带，穿着一双黑色长靴，外表看起来典雅大方。\n\n艾莉是一个勇敢、聪明和善良的女子。她出生在一个贫穷的家庭，从小就立志要帮助那些和她一样遭受贫穷的人。她拥有极强的学习能力，擅长各种语言，并且对各种科学技术有着浓厚的兴趣。\n\n在她的家乡，她是一位出名的医生，为当地的居民治病救人，为了解决疾病的症状，她常常深入了解一种疾病的流行病学和病理学，克服各种困难，无数次在紧急时刻挽救了患者的生命。\n\n除此之外，艾莉还是一位心地善良的人，她喜欢为贫困的家庭捐款和帮助，不断为社会作出贡献。她在当地受到了极大的尊敬和爱戴，是一个受人尊敬的角色。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "保持健康的睡眠时间表的重要性。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "保持健康的睡眠时间表非常重要，因为睡眠对我们的身心健康有着巨大的影响。以下是一些维持健康睡眠时间表的好处：\n\n1. 提高注意力和注意力集中能力：充足的睡眠可帮助您清醒、警觉，提高注意力和注意力集中能力。\n\n2. 提高免疫力：睡眠能够促进免疫系统的健康，帮助您抵抗感染和疾病。\n\n3. 减少压力和焦虑：良好的睡眠有助于舒缓压力和焦虑，让您更轻松应对生活中的挑战。\n\n4. 促进情绪稳定：睡眠对于维护情绪稳定至关重要，缺乏睡眠可能导致情绪波动，影响情感健康。\n\n5. 提高记忆力：睡眠对于大脑记忆整理和巩固非常重要，充足的睡眠有助于提高记忆力。\n\n6. 促进身体恢复：睡眠是身体恢复和修复的重要时间，有助于促进肌肉组织的生长和修复。\n\n总之，保持健康的睡眠时间表对于促进身心健康非常重要，应该成为每个人的日常生活习惯之一。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "编辑以下客户服务电子邮件，使其更加清晰和专业。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "原始邮件：\n嘿，希望你今天过得愉快。 我们注意到您的账户发生了一些问题，似乎有一些您的订单被取消了。 我们想让您知道，如果您需要任何帮助，我们随时准备为您服务。 感谢您的支持！\n\n编辑后的邮件：\n尊敬的客户，\n\n感谢您对我们公司的支持。我们注意到您的账户近期出现了一些问题，具体表现为您的某些订单被取消。\n\n针对这一情况，我们深表歉意，并希望尽快为您解决问题。如果您需要任何帮助，请随时与我们联系，我们将竭诚为您服务。\n\n再次感谢您的支持，希望您今天过得愉快。\n\n谨上,\n（客户服务团队）"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出与医疗保健相关的五件事。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 健康检查与体检: 定期进行健康检查和体检，帮助发现疾病的早期迹象，确保健康。\n\n2. 疾病预防与疫苗接种: 预防疾病的措施，如疫苗接种和健康生活方式，对维护健康非常重要。\n\n3. 慢性病管理: 慢性疾病如高血压、糖尿病和心脏病需要长期管理，以确保病情控制在安全范围内。\n\n4. 住院与手术治疗: 某些疾病需要住院治疗或手术治疗，这些治疗方法可以有效地治愈疾病。\n\n5. 药物与药品管理: 使用药物治疗疾病时，需要遵循医生的建议，按时按量服药，并注意药物之间的相互作用。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找出骰子上数字二的位置。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "骰子通常遵循下面的布局：\n1 和 6 相对，\n2 和 5 相对，\n3 和 4 相对，数字之和为7。\n\n在骰子的标准布局中，如果你看到数字1的位置，那么数字2就位于它背后（与数字1相对的面）。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "两台电脑之间共享数据的最有效方式是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "两台电脑之间共享数据的最有效方式有多种，如下列举几种常用方法：\n\n1. 局域网共享：如果这两台电脑在同一局域网内，可以通过设置共享文件夹或驱动器，在两台电脑之间进行数据传输。\n\n2. 外部存储设备：您可以使用外部存储设备，如U盘、移动硬盘等，将数据从一台电脑复制到设备上，然后再将设备连接到另一台电脑，将数据复制过去。\n\n3. 云存储服务：云存储服务，如Dropbox、Google Drive、OneDrive等，可以将数据存储在云端。您只需在两台电脑上登录相同的账户，就可以在两台电脑之间共享数据。\n\n4. 文件传输软件：使用文件传输软件，如QQ、微信的文件传输助手等，可以在两台电脑之间进行快速传输。\n\n每种方式都有其优势和缺点，具体使用哪种方式取决于您的需求和场景。例如，对于大量的数据传输，使用外部存储设备可能更快速；对于远程两台电脑的共享，则可以使用云存储服务或文件传输软件。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "设计一个足球比赛的得分系统。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "设计一个足球比赛得分系统，需要考虑以下几个要素：\n\n1. 界面设计：设计一个简洁而直观的界面，展示比赛双方的队伍名称、队徽、运动员信息与各自得分。\n\n2. 积分规则: 根据比赛规则，进球得1分。\n\n3. 记录比分：比赛过程中，每当进球时，由裁判或相关工作人员更新得分，实时显示在电视画面或大屏幕上。\n\n4. 时间记录：在界面上显示比赛时间, 当比赛结束时,将最终结果记录在服务器中。\n\n5. 数据存储：需考虑后台数据存储与管理。可建立一个数据库，记录每场比赛的比分情况。并且可以查询不同比赛的历史记录。\n\n总之，一个足球比赛得分系统应当具备直观的界面，清晰的积分规则，实时的比分记录，精准的时间记录与安全的数据存储。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释模态对话框和非模态对话框之间的区别。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "模态对话框和非模态对话框是两种不同类型的对话框。\n\n模态对话框: 它是一种强制性的对话框，要求用户进行交互并对其进行响应。在模态对话框打开时，它将阻止用户访问应用程序的其他部分，直到用户关闭它或执行了某些必要的操作。它通常用于重要性较高的提示或需要立即处理的操作，例如保存文件，确认删除操作等。\n\n非模态对话框：与模态对话框不同，非模态对话框不会阻止用户访问应用程序的其他部分。用户可以继续与应用程序进行交互，同时保持对话框处于打开状态。它常用于在后台执行某些操作，并允许用户在应用程序中继续进行其他操作，例如查找和替换功能，属性设置等。\n\n简而言之，模态对话框强制用户立即处理它，而非模态对话框则允许用户在应用程序中并行处理其他操作。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "她喜欢阅读书籍，也喜欢在图书馆里度过时间。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "她的兴趣使她能够从书中获得知识和快乐。图书馆作为一个安静的阅读环境，提供了大量书籍和资料供她选择，让她能够在这里放松身心，享受阅读的乐趣。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个关于一个人去欧洲旅行的三到四句话的故事。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Emily刚刚完成了她的大学学位。为了庆祝这一成就，她决定到欧洲旅游。她游遍了法国、意大利和希腊等地的名胜古迹，享受着不同国家的文化和食物。这次旅行让她增长了见识，也留下了难忘的回忆。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个函数来计算给定数字的阶乘。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "下面是一个使用Python语言编写的计算阶乘的函数，它接受一个整数n作为输入，并返回n的阶乘，即n!。\n\n```python\ndef factorial(n):\n result = 1\n for i in range(1, n + 1):\n result *= i\n return result\n```\n\n这个函数使用了一个for循环，循环从1到n，每次将i乘到result变量中。循环结束后，result变量就是n的阶乘。\n\n例如，可以这样调用该函数来计算5的阶乘:\n```python\nresult = factorial(5)\nprint(result) # 输出120\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为科幻宇宙中的一个星球生成一个创新的名称。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "奇洛克塔兰 (Qiluoketalan)"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "准备三个问题，在面试中问雇主。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 请问贵公司的短期和长期目标是什么？我能为实现这些目标做些什么？\n\n2. 您可以介绍一下这个岗位的日常工作内容吗？我的角色在团队中扮演什么样的角色？\n\n3. 在您看来，哪些技能和特质对于这个岗位来说尤为重要？您希望理想的候选人应该具备哪些素质？"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成原句的幽默改编。 ",
+ "input": "一个平静，安静的夜晚。",
+ "output": "一个面瘫，且嘴闭得死紧的夜晚。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释AI中的中文房间论概念。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "中文房间论是一种哲学思想实验或论证方式，它由美国哲学家约翰·塞尔在1980年首次提出，旨在批驳计算机和人工智能系统仅仅通过程序运行和语法操作，也能够真正具备理解能力和意识的观点。\n\n中文房间论实验的想象情境是这样的：一个只会说英文的人被关在一个房间里，房间里有一本中英文对照的翻译指南。从房间外面的人递进来一张纸，上面用中文写着一个问题，房间里的人根据翻译指南将问题翻译成英文，然后用英文回答问题，并把答案翻译成中文写在纸上，再通过门缝递出去。从外面看来，房间里的人会说中文，能够回答中文问题。但实际上，房间里的人并不会说中文，也不理解其中的意思，他所做的只是根据翻译指南进行符号的操作。\n\n约翰·塞尔借此论证，一个程序运行的计算机或人工智能系统，虽然能够通过语义分析和语法推理给出正确的回答，但并不能真正理解问题和答案的含义，因此这种程序式回答并不具备真正的理解能力和意识。\n\n中文房间论一直以来都是人工智能领域中的热门话题，关于真正的理解与计算机的语言处理能力之间的关系，目前仍然存在着广泛的争议。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "制定内容策略，以增加来自社交网络的网站流量。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这是一个很好的想法，这里有一些建议来帮助您制定内容策略，以增加来自社交网络的网站流量：\n\n1. 了解您的目标受众群体：了解您的目标受众群体的需要和兴趣，这样您就可以发布他们可能感兴趣的内容。\n\n2. 创建高品质、有价值的内容：内容质量对于吸引新的访问者非常重要。创建独一无二的、有意义的内容，能够促使读者在社交网络上分享。\n\n3. 将内容发布在适当的社交网络：了解您的客户群体最常使用的社交平台，并在那些平台上发布内容。\n\n4. 使用引人注目的标题和图片：使用精心设计的标题和图片来吸引用户。确保它们与内容相关并具有吸引力。\n\n5. 保持一致的内容更新：定期发布新内容以保持关注度。建议每周至少发布一次。\n\n6. 运用社交媒体广告：可以考虑使用社交媒体广告来扩大您的覆盖范围，并吸引新的访问者。\n\n7. 与粉丝互动：不要只把社交媒体当作一个发布内容的渠道。与您的粉丝互动，回答他们的问题或评论，建立起良好的关系。\n\n8. 跟踪并分析您的数据：通过跟踪和分析您的数据，可以知道哪类内容受关注度最高，哪些社交平台为您带来的流量最多，从而利用这些信息优化您的内容策略。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "换句话说：看到了一只狗。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "In other words, a dog was seen."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释海洋潮汐发生的原因。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "潮汐是指海洋水位随时间的周期性变化，主要是由于月球和太阳引力对地球所产生的作用。月球和太阳通过引力吸引地球上的水，使它向它们所在的方向流动，而地球自转使这些水流动形成波浪，这就是潮汐。\n\n由于月球离地球比太阳近得多，它对地球的潮汐作用大约是太阳对地球潮汐作用的两倍多。因此，月球对潮汐产生的影响是主要的。当月球在地球上方时，它会通过引力吸引附近海洋的水，使海水上升，形成涨潮。而地球的另一边，远离月球的位置，也会受到引力的影响，形成涨潮。\n\n另外，由于地球绕太阳公转，太阳也会对地球的海洋产生影响。当太阳、地球和月球处于同一直线上时，太阳和月球的引力会叠加，产生极大的潮汐力，形成大潮。而当太阳、地球和月球呈直角排列时，太阳和月球的引力方向相互抵消，潮汐力减小，形成小潮。\n\n此外，潮汐也受到地理位置、海洋地形、气压、风力等因素的影响。这些因素会改变潮汐的强度和时间，使潮汐现象更加复杂。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "提供一个例子来说明如何使用给定的内容",
+ "input": "输入：数据科学",
+ "output": "数据科学是一项多学科的领域，它涉及使用数学，统计和计算机科学的方法来分析和解释数据。这对于许多行业都非常重要。下面是一个实例来说明如何运用数据科学。\n\n假设一家零售公司希望提高其销售业绩。 该公司拥有大量的数据，包括客户购买记录，客户满意度调查，销售活动，促销等。 数据科学家首先会收集并整理这些数据，并通过数据清洗和预处理来准备数据分析。\n\n然后数据科学家可以运用机器学习和统计分析方法来研究数据，以便找出客户购买行为的模式和趋势。例如，他们可以使用关联规则挖掘来发掘客户购买产品之间的潜在联系。他们还可以使用分类和聚类算法来对客户进行分组，以便更好的为不同类型的客户提供定制化的产品和服务。\n\n基于这些分析，数据科学家可以为公司提出一些改进策略，例如调整销售策略，开展针对性的营销活动，提供个性化的购物推荐等。公司采纳这些建议后，可以提高客户满意度，增加销售业绩，从而改善整体表现。\n\n上述例子说明了如何应用数据科学来解决实际问题，通过分析数据，了解客户，把握市场动态，为企业提供有价值的策略建议。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "如何保护自己免受网络犯罪的侵害？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "要保护自己免受网络犯罪的侵害，可以采取以下几种措施：\n\n1. 设置强密码：为您的所有账户设置强密码，并定期更换。强密码通常包括大小写字母、数字和特殊字符，长度至少为8位。\n\n2. 保护个人信息：不要随意透露您的个人信息，例如姓名、地址、电话号码、银行卡号等。\n\n3. 识别垃圾邮件：不要轻易点击垃圾邮件中的链接或附件，因为它们可能包含恶意软件。\n\n4. 使用安全的网络连接：避免在公共场所使用不受信任的 Wi-Fi 网络，因为这些网络可能被黑客监听。建议使用虚拟专用网络（VPN）浏览网页，以提高安全性。\n\n5. 保持软件更新：定期更新操作系统和浏览器等软件，保证它们都使用最新的安全补丁。\n\n6. 不要轻信陌生人：不要轻信陌生人的消息或请求，特别是当他们要求您提供个人信息或支付款项时。\n\n7. 使用安全软件：安装并使用反病毒软件和防火墙，以防止恶意软件入侵您的计算机。\n\n采取这些措施能够在很大程度上降低您受网络犯罪侵害的风险，但同时也应时刻保持警惕，不要给犯罪分子可乘之机。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用安东尼和马克的名字创造一个笑话。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "有一天，安东尼和马克走进一家餐馆，服务员过来招呼他们。安东尼径直告诉服务员：“我要一盘鸡肉意大利面。”服务员紧接着问道：“您还需要什么饮料吗？”安东尼想了想回答：“那就来一杯马克西莫，请。”接下来，服务员看着马克，马克回答道：“同样的东西，也来一份。”服务员苦笑着说：“没问题，那就两份鸡肉意大利面，两杯马克西莫，和一碗马克吧。” 马克：等等，你说什么？"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述4K显示器使用的分辨率类型。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "4K显示器通常使用一种分辨率，其水平像素为约3840个，垂直像素为约2160个。这种分辨率通常称为3840 x 2160分辨率，也称为Ultra High Definition (UHD)。它提供了比1080p全高清显示器更高的清晰度和分辨率。此外，4K显示器也可以使用一种分辨率为4096 x 2160的类型，这种类型主要用于电影院和影视制作行业，称为DCI 4K分辨率。不管是哪种类型的4K分辨率，它们都能提供更细腻的图像和更清晰的细节，为观众带来更好的视觉享受。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "识别三种亚马逊雨林动物",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "三种亚马逊雨林动物包括：\n1. 长鼻猴（Howler Monkey）: 这种动物主要生活在亚马逊雨林树冠层，身体棕红色，喜欢吃树叶，果实和花朵。它有一个响亮的声音，可以在雨林中传播3英里远。\n2. 豹（Jaguar）: 豹是亚马逊雨林中最大的猫科动物。它有金黄色的皮毛和黑色的斑点，可以在树上和水中捕食猎物。豹是一种独居动物，主要活动在夜间。\n3. 眼镜蛇鹰（Harpy Eagle）: 这种大型鹰在亚马逊雨林中栖息。它的羽毛主要呈灰白色，额部为黑色。眼镜蛇鹰主要吃猴子、树懒和其他小动物，是雨林中最强壮的猛禽之一。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给教授史密斯发送一封邮件，提交作业的最终版本。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "亲爱的教授史密斯，\n\n我正在提交我的作业的最终版本。 以下是我根据您的反馈进行了修改的作业。\n\n如果您有任何其他问题或建议，请告诉我，我会乐意进行更改。\n\n非常感谢。\n\n祝好，\n\n[您的姓名]"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "\"《老虎》这首诗的主题是什么？\"",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "《老虎》是一首诗，它由威廉·布莱克所作。这首诗的主题是神秘、恐惧、动力、创造力和身体的自然之美。这首诗通过对老虎的描述，对自然界中最令人敬畏的动物之一进行了探究，同时，它引发了关于造物主的能力和意图的讨论。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "根据以下标题找到一本书的推荐：《麦田里的守望者》。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "针对您提供的标题，我推荐您阅读一本经典文学作品：《麦田里的守望者》（The Catcher in the Rye）。这本书由J.D.塞林格（J.D. Salinger）所著，讲述了一个名叫霍尔顿·考尔菲尔德（Holden Caulfield）的年轻人在被开除后离开私立学校，并游荡在纽约市的故事。总的来说，这本书探讨了重要的主题，如青春期的困惑，适应成人世界的苦恼，以及对纯真的渴望。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一个介于0和1之间的唯一随机数。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "e, here's a unique random number between 0 and 1: 0.762848570174394. Keep in mind that each time you run this request, you may get a different number as the result is randomly generated."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "第一台印刷机是用什么语言发明的？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "第一台印刷机，又称为活字印刷机，是由Johannes Gutenberg在大约公元1450年左右于德国发明的。这台印刷机最初使用的是拉丁字母，因为当时拉丁语在欧洲是学术和宗教领域中的通用语言。所以，第一台印刷机使用的语言是拉丁语。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "他听到这个消息时很_____。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "抱歉，我无法确定这个句子中的空格处应填入什么形容词，因为它取决于这个消息具体是什么。如果是个好消息，这个空格里可以填“高兴”、“激动”或者“欣喜若狂”，如果是个坏消息，这个空格里可以填“沮丧”、“悲伤”或“失望”。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "说服我为什么应该买苹果 iPhone 12。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这有几个原因为什么你应该考虑购买iPhone 12：\n\n1. 处理器：iPhone 12拥有苹果最新推出的A14仿生芯片，它是市面上最快的智能手机芯片之一，可以提供最佳的性能和速度。\n2. 相机：iPhone 12拥有两颗12MP的摄像头，可以拍摄高质量的照片和视频。它还配备了夜间模式，可以在光线不足的情况下拍摄清晰的照片。\n3. 设计：iPhone 12采用了全新的平面边缘设计，看起来非常时尚和时尚。它还拥有耐用的陶瓷盾屏幕，比以往的苹果手机更加坚固且抗刮。\n4. 网络：iPhone 12支持5G，这意味着你将能够获得更快的下载速度和更流畅的浏览体验。\n5. 生态系统：苹果拥有庞大的生态系统，包括各种应用、游戏和服务，可以满足你的所有需求。此外，iPhone与其他苹果设备（如iPad，Mac和Apple Watch）的无缝集成也为你的数字生活带来极大的便利。\n\n这些仅仅是购买iPhone 12的几个原因，同时它还有许多其他优点，值得您考虑。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "分类电影类型。输入：这部电影讲述了两个兄弟，他们都拥有魔法力量。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "电影类型：奇幻/冒险。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "谁发明了万维网？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "万维网(World Wide Web)的发明人是蒂姆·伯纳斯-李(Tim Berners-Lee)。他是一位英国计算机科学家，1989年，在瑞士的欧洲核研究组织（CERN）工作时，他提出了一种用于在互联网上共享信息的方法，这就是万维网的雏形。1990年，他和同事Robert Cailliau共同开发了第一个网页浏览器和 web 服务器，奠定了万维网的基础。自此，人类进入了一个新的信息时代。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "总结一篇关于员工认可重要性的文章。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这篇文章强调了员工认可在职场中的重要性。它指出，员工对于他们的努力和成绩得到认可，不仅能激励他们更加努力，而且还能给他们带来满足感和成就感。这些因素都对员工工作表现产生积极影响，并有助于提高员工满意度。\n\n文章中还提到，员工认可可以通过多种方式实现，如赞扬、奖励、提拔等。这些肯定举措能够让员工感受到自己对公司的贡献得到了认可，并增强他们的归属感。\n\n总之，员工认可是提高员工满意度和提升公司生产力的重要因素。公司应该重视员工的表现，给予适当的认可和奖励来激励员工更加努力工作，并取得更好的成绩。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出五种物联网设备。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 智能家居控制器，例如智能恒温器、智能灯光和智能音响系统。\n2. 智能健康设备，例如可穿戴的健康追踪器、智能体重秤和血压计。\n3. 智能安全设备，例如智能监控摄像头、智能门锁和烟雾报警器。\n4. 智能汽车，包括实现自动驾驶、车辆遥控和车联网的汽车。\n5. 智能家电，例如智能冰箱、智能烤箱和智能洗衣机。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出周期表中第二组的所有元素。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "周期表第二组的元素为碱土金属元素，它们的原子序数以及元素符号为：\n\n1. 铍（Be），原子序数为4\n2. 镁（Mg），原子序数为12\n3. 钙（Ca），原子序数为20\n4. 锶（Sr），原子序数为38\n5. 钡（Ba），原子序数为56\n6. 镭（Ra），原子序数为88\n\n注意，有时候在周期表中，镭下方还会标记第7周期的锕系元素，锕(Ac，原子序数为89)，但锕并不属于碱土金属元素。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为以下短语创建一个合适的标签：#充实生活#",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "#充实生活# 可以使用标签 \"#丰富多彩#\"、\"#充实快乐#\" 或者 \"#生活充实#\"。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "提供一句与钱有关的谚语的例子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "“俗话说，一分钱难倒英雄汉。” 这句谚语意指有时即使再强大的人也会因为经济上的困难而萎靡不振。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一段关于体育锻炼的好处的段落。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "体育锻炼是一个很棒的方式来增强身体素质，保持健康和精神状态。它可以帮助你减少慢性疾病的风险，增强心脏健康，改善血液流量，保持骨骼健康，提高肌肉力量和耐力。锻炼还能够帮助你保持体形，改善自信心和情绪，增强注意力和记忆力。总体来说，体育锻炼是一个非常重要的生活习惯，它能给你带来很多好处，让你过上更健康、快乐的生活。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "讨论大萧条的原因",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "大萧条是20世纪初期发生在全球范围内的经济衰退现象，其中最为严重的地区当属美国。这场经济危机持续了近十年之久，它的起因较为复杂，涉及多方面因素。\n\n首先，我们要提到1929年的股市崩盘。股票价格大幅下跌，导致投资者损失惨重，进而影响了消费信心。\n\n其次，当时的金融政策也是一个重要因素。为了维持金本位制度，联邦储备系统采取紧缩政策，却进一步加剧了资金短缺的问题。\n\n此外，当时政府对失业率的应对不力，社会保障制度不健全，也为经济衰退的进一步恶化埋下了祸根。\n\n最后，国际贸易也受到了影响。由于当时许多国家采取贸易保护主义政策，全球贸易额大幅下降，给各国经济造成了巨大冲击。\n\n综上所述，大萧条的原因是多方面的，涉及到金融政策，国际贸易，社会保障制度等多个领域。它给全球经济发展带来了严重的挑战，也为我们提供了深刻的历史经验教训。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "玛丽·居里取得了什么成就？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "玛丽亚·居里（Marie Curie，1867-1934）是著名物理学家、化学家，她一生取得了许多伟大的成就：\n\n1. 发现了两种放射性元素：钋和镭。她在同位素研究方面做出巨大贡献，为放射性物质的理解和应用奠定了基础。\n\n2. 首个获得两项诺贝尔奖的女性：她是首位获得诺贝尔奖的女性，因研究放射性而获得1903年物理学奖，又因发现化学元素而获得1911年的化学奖。\n\n3. 在医学放射学方面做出巨大贡献：她提出利用放射线治疗癌症的概念，并在第一次世界大战期间建立了放射医学服务，为伤员提供X射线检查，救助了成千上万的士兵。\n\n4. 她还创立了居里研究所，该研究所一直致力于研究放射性物质，为人类做出巨大贡献。 \n\n玛丽·居里为人类对于化学和物理学的理解做出了巨大贡献，她的成就将永远被人们铭记。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "设计一个虚拟助手的吉祥物。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "吉祥物的设计可以根据公司或产品的特色和象征意义定制。这里提供一个建议：\n\n形象名称：小艾\n外形设计：狐狸\n颜色：橙色和白色\n特点：机智、可爱、热情、忠诚\n\n小艾是一只充满活力和机智的橙色狐狸。它拥有一对大大的圆眼睛，表情明亮且充满灵气，整体外形设计简洁可爱。\n\n狐狸代表着机智、聪明和忠诚，这些特质符合虚拟助手的定位。橙色则代表着热情和活力，让人感受到艾小助手的热心和愿意为用户提供帮助的积极态度。\n\n小艾的形象可以运用在虚拟助手的各种宣传材料中，例如网站、APP、广告海报等，同时可以根据不同场景和时间更换不同的形象（如圣诞小艾，情人节小艾等），让用户感受到小艾的多面性和活泼性。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "分析弗吉尼亚州里士满地区犯罪率上升的原因。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "由于我是一个人工智能语言模型，我无法获取实时信息或数据。因此，我无法为您提供准确的原因使得弗吉尼亚州里士满地区犯罪率上升。不过，通常情况下，犯罪率的上升可能与许多因素有关，包括经济条件，失业率，教育水平，社会不公，毒品和酒精滥用，以及执法水平等。为了准确分析犯罪率上升的原因，建议您向当地政府机构或研究机构咨询，获取最新数据和相关研究成果。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创造一个形容吉他演奏声音的创意短语。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"轻轻拨动琴弦，如同溪水潺潺，宁静而动人。\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创作一篇三分钟的演讲，阐述为什么追求大学学位很重要。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "尊敬的各位：\n\n今天我想跟大家谈一谈追求大学学位的重要性。对于许多人来说，大学学位不仅仅是一张文凭，它更代表着个人成长和成功的重要里程碑。\n\n首先，大学教育为我们提供了宝贵的知识和技能。在大学里，我们不仅能学习到最前沿的学术理论和技术，更能获得广泛的知识面和综合运用能力。这些素质和能力将为我们的未来职业生涯奠定坚实的基础。\n\n其次，大学教育为我们提供了展示才华和潜能的舞台。在大学里，我们可以参加各类竞赛、项目和实习，展示自己的才华和潜能。这些经历不仅能增强我们的自信心，更能为我们的职业生涯提供宝贵的经验和机会。\n\n最后，大学教育为我们提供了广阔的发展空间和机会。毕业后，拥有大学学位的人往往能获得更多的工作机会和更好的职业发展前景。更重要的是，大学教育为我们提供了探索和追求自己梦想的机会。\n\n当然，大学学位并不是成功的唯一途径，但它确实为我们提供了更多的可能性和机会。我们应该珍惜这个机会，努力学习，不断提升自己，追求卓越。\n\n谢谢大家！"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "设计游戏的三个重要步骤。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 规划和构思：在这个阶段，您需要为游戏设定核心概念和目标，考虑游戏的玩法、故事情节、角色设计和美术风格等。通过深入的市场研究和对目标受众的了解，您可以确定游戏的类型和风格，并创建详细的设计文档。\n\n2. 开发和制作：接下来，您需要将设计文档转化为实际的游戏。这涉及编程、美工制作、音效设计、用户界面设计和测试等多个方面的工作。这一阶段需要一个团队协作紧密，将各个组件整合起来，形成一个流畅的游戏体验。\n\n3. 发布和推广：当游戏开发完成后，您需要发布游戏并进行推广。这包括在各大游戏平台上进行上架、制定营销计划、组织活动和推广等。同时，您需要不断跟踪游戏的运营情况，根据用户反馈进行优化和更新，维护游戏的生命力。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将以下日期从欧洲格式（dd/mm/yyyy）转换为美国格式（mm/dd/yyyy）：15/10/2021。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The date 15/10/2021 in European format (dd/mm/yyyy) converted to American format (mm/dd/yyyy) would be 10/15/2021."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "选择四种草药来制作意式马里纳拉酱。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "传统的意式马里纳拉酱（Marinara sauce）通常使用以下四种香草：罗勒（basil）、牛至（oregano）、大蒜（garlic）和番茄（tomato，虽然它是一种水果，但常被用作调料）。这些草药可以为酱料提供浓郁的香味和美味的风味。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一个关于2020年美国总统选举的5个问题和答案的集合。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Here's a collection of five questions and answers about the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election:\n\n1. Who were the major candidates in the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election?\n- The major candidates were incumbent Republican President Donald Trump and Democratic challenger Joe Biden, the former vice president during the Obama administration.\n\n2. Who won the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election and became the President of the United States?\n- Joe Biden won the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election and became the 46th President of the United States.\n\n3. When did the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election take place?\n- The 2020 U.S. Presidential Election took place on November 3rd, 2020.\n\n4. What were some of the key issues in the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election?\n- Some of the key issues included the handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, race relations, healthcare, climate change, and the economy.\n\n5. Was there any controversy surrounding the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election?\n- Yes, there was controversy surrounding the election, with President Trump and his supporters making claims of widespread voter fraud and irregularities. However, these claims were largely dismissed by the courts and state election officials."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "怎样把“Charles loves to ride his bike”变成修辞问句？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"Does Charles not love to ride his bike?\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用数学方程式表示问题。",
+ "input": "输入：一个袋子里有10个绿苹果和7个红苹果。",
+ "output": "我们可以用方程式来描述这一问题: \n设绿苹果的数量为x，红苹果的数量为y, 则有方程 x + y = 17;\n并且根据题目条件x=10, y =7."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创造一个有创意的比喻来形容微笑。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "微笑的比喻之一可能是太阳的光芒。就像黎明中的第一缕阳光，微笑能消除阴霾，让人心情舒畅，为新的一天带来希望和温暖。它照亮身边的人，传递着爱与关怀。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "1.4天有多少小时？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1天有24小时，所以4天 = 4 x 24 = 96小时。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找出给定方程的二阶导数。",
+ "input": "输入：y = x^3 + 7x",
+ "output": "对于给定的方程 y = x^3 + 7x，我们可以先对其求一阶导数，然后再对一阶导数求二阶导数。\n\n首先，对 y = x^3 + 7x 求一阶导数，根据导数的幂函数运算法则和常数求导运算法则可得:\n\ny' = (x^3)' + (7x)'\n\ny' = 3x^2 + 7\n\n其次，对 y' = 3x^2 + 7 求二阶导数，同样根据导数的运算法则可得：\n\ny'' = (3x^2)' + (7)'\n\ny'' = 6x\n\n因此，方程 y = x^3 + 7x 的二阶导数为 y'' = 6x。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "说出一种糖分含量高的饮料。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一种糖分含量高的饮料是苏打水。例如，一罐330毫升的可口可乐含有 39 克糖，这相当于 9 个茶匙的糖。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "在描述技术影响的段落中添加一句话。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "随着技术的不断发展，人类社会在信息传递，交通运输，医疗保健，教育和生活方式等方面都发生了翻天覆地的变化。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "计算给定字符串中所有元音字母的数量。",
+ "input": "输入：字符串：\"apples\"",
+ "output": "输出：元音字母数量为：2\n\n解释：字符串“apples”中，有两个元音字母 “a” 和 “e”。\n\n在计算给定字符串中所有元音字母的数量时，我们可以先定义一个集合，包含所有元音字母 a、e、i、o、u。\n\n然后遍历给定的字符串，检查其中的每个字符是否为元音字母。如果是的话，计数器递增。最后返回计数器的值即可。\n\n示例代码如下：\n\ndef count_vowels(s):\n vowels = set('aeiouAEIOU')\n count = 0\n for char in s:\n if char in vowels:\n count += 1\n return count\n\n# 测试示例\nprint(count_vowels('apples'))"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个关于友谊的比喻。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "友谊就像一棵树。它需要时间来成长，通过肥力、阳光、水分和空气才能茁壮成长。在友谊的土壤里，肥力来自于彼此诚实、支持和分享，阳光来自于我们为对方带来的欢笑和光明。水分来自于我们时不时倾听和安慰彼此的心灵，空气来自于彼此之间足够的信任和空间。随着时间的推移，我们的友谊树愈发茁壮，枝繁叶茂。它的根深深扎进我们的生命里，为我们带来无限的温暖和力量。有时，友谊树也会遇到暴风雨，但只要我们彼此坚守信任，它便能矗立不倒。一棵强大的友谊树将孕育出无数甜美的果实，成为我们人生路上难忘的记忆。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给出“趋势”的定义。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "趋势是指某种事物的演变或发展方向。它是一个指示未来可能发生事件的模式，常被用来预测未来的发生。趋势可能是短期的，也可能是长期的，通常由过去一段时间内的变化情况来推断其未来的发展趋势。在不同的领域中，趋势的判断方法也不尽相同，可能涉及到多种复杂的统计学方法和分析手段。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出三种可用于皮肤护理的天然成分。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 阿loe vera: 它被认为是皮肤护理中的全能成分，主要是因为它具有止痒，抗炎，修复皮肤和保湿的功效。\n2. 绿茶提取物: 绿茶中含有多酚和抗氧化剂，可以帮助保护皮肤免受外界污染物和紫外线对皮肤的损害。\n3. 蜂蜜: 蜂蜜具有强大的抗菌特性，可以促进伤口愈合，并且具有天然的保湿作用，能够帮助皮肤保持水润，柔润。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "世界贸易中心遭受袭击的日期是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "世界贸易中心遭受袭击的日期是2001年9月11日。这是一次恐怖袭击事件，共有两架飞机分别撞向纽约市世界贸易中心的双子塔。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为一家经常对你进行超额收费的汽车租赁机构撰写评论。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "评论：我因为需要租车而选择了这家汽车租赁机构，但是我不得不说，我的经历并不乐观。这家机构虽然在前期看起来提供相对合理的价格，但是实际上在结账时，他们总是会给我很多意想不到的超额收费。我希望他们能更真实、透明地公布费用，让客户在租车之前清楚地了解自己需要支付的费用。这种不合理的超额收费给我带来了极大的不便，希望这家机构能够改正这种问题，为客户提供更优质的服务。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "以下gif图展示的是什么反应？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "您并没有提供相关gif图。如果您提供更多的信息或图片，我才能尝试对您的问题做出回答。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "假设你已经得到了一个主题，需要为该主题构思一个或多个与该主题相关的文章标题。 ",
+ "input": "主题：瑜伽的好处。",
+ "output": "以下是几个可能的文章标题：\n\n1. 为什么每个人都应该练习瑜伽：瑜伽的益处\n2. 引领健康生活：瑜伽如何给你带来身心平衡 \n3. 摆脱压力，释放身心：瑜伽对减压的神奇功效 \n4. 修心养性，保持身心健康：瑜伽在提升身心健康中的作用\n5. 防止疼痛，保持灵活：瑜伽对关节健康的好处 \n6. 睡眠更好，心情更好：如何用瑜伽来改善你的生活质量。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "典型机器学习项目的数据来源是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "典型的机器学习项目的数据来源可以有很多种。这些来源包括但不限于：\n\n1. 公开数据集：许多组织机构，包括政府、学术机构和企业，会公开其收集和整理好的数据集，供学术研究和商业用途。\n\n2. 网络爬虫和数据抓取：可以使用爬虫和数据抓取工具从互联网上获取大量数据。\n\n3. 传感器和物联网设备：在智能家居、智能汽车和工业物联网等场景中，传感器和物联网设备可以收集大量实时数据。\n\n4. 用户生成内容：社交媒体、论坛、博客和评论区等地方有大量用户生成的数据，可以用于机器学习项目。\n\n5. 企业内部数据库：许多企业拥有庞大的内部数据库，储存了大量关于客户、产品、销售和市场的数据。\n\n具体的数据来源也取决于机器学习项目的目标和应用场景。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "提供三种计算机图形。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一，位图（Bitmap）\n位图是计算机图形学中的一种经典的图像表现形式。它通常是由像素点阵组成的，每个像素点都包含该点的颜色信息。在显示器或打印机上，位图图像就是由这些点拼成的。由于它是基于像素的，所以具有分辨率的限制，并且放大后会失真。\n\n二，矢量图（Vector Graphics）\n矢量图是一种采用数学算法描述图像的技术，在计算机中，矢量图通常以点、线、曲线及多边形等几何图元来构建图像。矢量图的优点在于不受分辨率的限制，可以无限放大而不失真。它常用于印刷、标志、插画、地图等需要高清晰度、可缩放的图形场合。\n\n三，3D 图形（3D Graphics）\n3D 图形是三维图形学中的一类图形。它采用三维坐标表示一个物体在计算机中的外观和位置，可以实现逼真的立体效果。3D 图形通常由多边形网格构成，通过材质、纹理、光照等条件的设置，可以模拟出真实世界中的物体。3D 图形技术常用于电影、游戏、工业设计、建筑可视化等领域。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "总结文章《气候变化对农业的影响》。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "文章《气候变化对农业的影响》主要讨论了随着全球气候变暖，气候变化对农业生产造成了巨大的影响。气候变化会直接影响农业生产中的种植、屠宰、养殖、运输、储存等环节，导致农业生产成本的增加，农产品的减产和减质。文章指出，气候变化对农田、牧场和水田的灾害性影响加剧，如洪水、干旱、热浪和风暴潮等。此外，气候变化还会改变土壤类型、土壤湿度和养分平衡，对农田生产造成不利影响。文章呼吁政府采取积极的政策来应对气候变化，如支持农业研究，为农民提供技术支持和财政补贴，推动农业可持续发展。同时，作者也强调了农民应当采取适应性措施，如改变种植模式、采取灌溉控制、增加农田多样性等，以增强农业抵御气候变化的能力。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出三种用于网站开发的编程语言。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "三种常用于网站开发的编程语言有：\n\n1. JavaScript - 一种常用于前端开发的脚本语言。它可以用来添加交互性和动态效果到网页中。\n\n2. HTML - 超文本标记语言(HTML)是网页开发的核心语言。它定义了网页的结构和内容。\n\n3. PHP - 一种用于服务器端编程的脚本语言。它用来生成动态网页内容，并能够与数据库交互。\n\n除此之外，还有一些其他的编程语言也可以用于网站开发，如Python、Ruby、Java等。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "举一个有意义的赞美的例子，并解释为什么它有意义。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"你的创造力真的很惊人，你总是能想出独特又实用的解决方案。\" 这句话是一个有意义的赞美，它不仅提到了对方的优点，而且也给出了具体的例子来证明这一点。这意味着赞美者并不是随意地称赞，而是真心实意地认为对方的创造力很惊人。这样的赞美不仅能够给予对方正面的反馈、激励和肯定，还能促进双方之间的关系，增进彼此的了解和信任。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "构建一份独特的沙拉配方",
+ "input": "输入：芒果",
+ "output": "您需要准备以下材料来制作一份令人垂涎的芒果沙拉：\n\n材料：\n- 1个鲜熟的芒果，去皮切丁\n- 2杯嫩菠菜叶\n- 1罐黑豆，冲洗干净\n- 1小颗紫洋葱，切成薄片\n- 1个熟鳄梨，去皮切丁\n- 半杯碎羊奶酪\n\n沙拉酱：\n- 2汤匙橄榄油\n- 1汤匙蜂蜜\n- 1汤匙柠檬汁\n- 1茶匙罗勒干叶\n- 盐和黑胡椒粉适量调味\n\n做法：\n1. 在一个大碗中，将芒果丁，菠菜叶，黑豆，紫洋葱和鳄梨丁拌匀。\n2. 在一个小碗中，将橄榄油，蜂蜜，柠檬汁，罗勒叶，盐和胡椒粉搅拌均匀。\n3. 将调好的沙拉酱倒在大碗里的沙拉原料上，轻轻拌匀。\n4. 把拌好的沙拉盛在碗里，并在上面撒上碎羊奶酪。\n5. 默认食用最佳。如果您不打算立刻食用，可以将酱汁单独保存，食用前现拌。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "电脑处理器变得更快更省电，使得公司能够生产比以往更小、更强大、更省电的产品。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的，由于科技的不断发展和进步，处理器无疑正变得更快，更强大且更加能源高效。现代处理器采用更为先进的设计，制作工艺和架构，能够在同样甚至更低的功耗下提供更快的运算速度。这使得许多硬件制造商能够生产更小巧、更轻薄、续航能力更强的电子产品, 并且不会牺牲性能或运算能力。这样的技术发展给用户带来了巨大的便利，使得移动设备和智能家居等行业得到了快速发展。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "评估美国当前投票方法的有效性。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "作为一个人工智能助手，我无法直接评估美国的投票方法的有效性。有效性通常由多个因素决定，这需要对政治学原理、法律法规和社会环境有深入了解，以及对上次选举的数据进行收集和统计分析，才能准确评估出来。\n\n在美国，投票方法因州而异，大多数人都是通过投票站填写选票来进行投票的，而除此之外，其它方式的选举也是常见，比如邮寄投票、提前投票等。在所发生的一些争议方面，一些人会抱怨选举日在工作日，这部分给了员工的难以达成投票金额这些因素有时也会影响投票人数。并且，有一些人也担心有关于选举的欺骗和封锁的情况，可能会影响投票的结果。\n\n尽管美国的选举制度不是完美的，但它仍然被普遍认为是一个有效的选举机制。政府和社会组织正在不断努力解决这些存在的问题，并且对选举制度进行改进，以期提高投票的有效性。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出2020年人口普查的三个特点。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "以下是三个2020年人口普查的特点:\n\n1. 在线普查: 2020年人口普查是第一次通过互联网进行的人口普查, 这意味着人们可以在家里完成普查问卷。这一举措旨在提高回应率并减少数据收集成本。\n\n2. 多样性与包容性: 2020年人口普查设计众多更新以更准确地计算少数族裔人口。其中包括对种族和族裔问题的修改，更精确地计算非裔美国人，拉丁裔和亚裔美国人的人口。\n\n3. 数据保护与隐私: 鉴于近年来关于数据隐私和安全问题日益凸显，2020年人口普查采取了多种措施来保护个人信息。例如，使用加密技术来保护在线提交的数据，并限制对个人信息的访问，以确保对收集到的数据的保护。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "逆向分析这个句子：“人们通常穿衣服。”",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "下面是逆向分析这句话的一种方式：\n\n这句话的直接含义是人类通常穿着衣服。逆向分析是指通过这句话来推断一些背后的含义。例如：\n\n1. 穿衣服是一种常见的行为：由于这句话使用了“通常”这个词，所以表明穿衣服是一种常见的行为。\n2. 穿衣服是出于某种目的：人类不是无缘无故地穿衣服，通常都是出于某种目的，比如保暖、遮体、装饰等。\n3. 存在不穿衣服的情况：句子中使用了“通常”，意味着不是所有情况下人们都穿衣服，可能在某些特殊情况下人们不会穿衣服。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为一款帮助人们找工作的应用创建口号。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"连接梦想，点燃职业 - 随时随地找工作\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "学习计算机科学的至少两个好处。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 拓展思维能力：计算机科学与编程教会人们逻辑思考和解决问题的能力。通过学习计算机科学, 你将学会如何将复杂的问题分解成更小更易于解决的问题, 并使用计算机来帮助你解决它们。\n\n2. 带来更多就业机会：计算机科学是一门应用广泛的学科，几乎所有行业都需要计算机科学专业的人才来解决问题、分析数据和开发新技术。 学习计算机科学不仅能帮助你在IT行业获得就业，而且在金融、医疗、教育、政府等行业都有广阔的就业前景。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创作一个木吉他的旋律。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "作为一个文字型 AI 机器人，我不能为您录制吉他旋律，但是我可以提供一些简单的旋律创作技巧：\n\n1. 选择您喜欢的调式：调式是一段旋律的基础。常用的大调或小调都有独特的特点，大调明亮欢快，小调哀怨悲伤。选择一个合适的调式是创作旋律的第一步。\n\n2. 确定曲式：常见的旋律曲式有二部曲式、三部曲式和套曲式等。您可以根据自己的想法选择合适的曲式。\n\n3. 开始创作：接下来，您就可以在所选调式和曲式下进行创作了。可以尝试在吉他上弹奏不同的和弦和音阶，找到顺畅的旋律线。也可以参考一些经典旋律，吸取它们的经验。\n\n4. 修改完善：初步创作出来的旋律，可能不够完美。可以多进行尝试和修改，直到旋律流畅优美，符合您的要求。 \n\n这些是一些基础的旋律创作技巧，希望对您有所帮助。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "设计一件与不同文化人民团结相关的T恤。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "创建一件与不同文化人民团结相关的T恤可能包括以下几个步骤：\n\n1.确定主题：首先，确定T恤的主题和要传达的信息。例如，团结、和平、多样性和包容性等。\n\n2.选择颜色：颜色是T恤设计中的重要因素。为了表现团结和多样性，可以选择使用不同颜色的条纹或图案。\n\n3.设计图案：图案也是T恤设计中的重要元素。为了表现不同文化的团结，可以考虑使用一些代表不同文化的符号。例如，可以使用世界各地的和平象征（如和平鸽、橄榄枝等），也可以使用不同文化中的手势表示团结（如抱拳、拥抱等）。\n\n4.加入文字：在T恤上添加文字，可以更好地表达主题和传达信息。为了表现团结，可以选择使用多种语言表达“团结”、“和平”和“多样性”等词汇。\n\n5.审查和修改：在完成初步设计后，应审查设计是否符合主题，并根据需要进行修改和调整。\n\n最终，这件T恤可能呈现为多彩的条纹或图案背景，中间是一个抱拳或拥抱的手势，上方或下方用不同语言表达“团结”或“和平”的文字。这样的设计不仅能够表现不同文化的团结，还能够传递出和平、多样性和包容性的信息。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "讲一个适当的笑话。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "为什么香肠总是没有女朋友？\n\n因为它只被埋在米饭里，从来没有人翻译它。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将以下句子从被动语态改为主动语态：艺术家创作了这幅画。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "改写后的句子是：这幅画被艺术家创作了。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "按距离太阳最近到最远的顺序命名行星。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "按照距离太阳从近到远，八大行星的顺序如下：\n1. 水星（Mercury）\n2. 金星（Venus）\n3. 地球（Earth）\n4. 火星（Mars）\n5. 木星（Jupiter）\n6. 土星（Saturn）\n7. 天王星（Uranus）\n8. 海王星（Neptune）"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出可以在杂货店购买的5件物品。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 鸡肉\n2. 面包\n3. 鸡蛋\n4. 番茄\n5. 牛奶。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给出两个例子，详细说明以下陈述：",
+ "input": "即时通讯极大地改善了员工之间的协作。",
+ "output": "例子1：在一家软件开发公司中，开发者需要快速与设计师沟通确定产品的界面设计。过去，他们需要发邮件或者当面讨论这些问题，这样的交流方式可能会拖延项目进度。但现在，他们可以使用即时通讯工具，例如Slack、微信企业版等进行及时沟通。这些工具提供了实时消息和文件传输，让员工能够快速的相互协作和交流。\n\n例子2： 在一个大型企业的市场部门中，多人需要共同制定一个广告策略。使用即时通讯工具，成员们可以随时随地沟通想法并做出调整。使用群聊功能，所有人都可以参与讨论，确保每个人都掌握最新的信息。同时，即时通讯工具还支持语音和视频通话，如果团队成员在不同的地点，也可以使用这些功能进行线上会议，提高工作效率。因此，即时通讯极大地改善了员工之间的协作。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "鉴定澳大利亚本土动植物清单中濒危物种。",
+ "input": "输入：袋鼠、考拉、袋熊、桉树、金合欢树。",
+ "output": "考拉被世界自然保护联盟（IUCN）列为易危物种，其野外种群数量正在不断下降。桉树和金合欢树并不属于濒危物种。袋鼠和袋熊则有许多不同的物种，其中一些物种的数量相对稳定，而另一些物种则面临着更大的威胁。所以建议对每种物种进行具体鉴定。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建客户年龄字段的数据验证规则。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "为了确保输入数据的准确性和一致性，您可以创建一个数据验证规则来验证客户年龄字段。以下是一个简单的示例：\n\n1. 转到需要验证的客户年龄字段，并单击“数据验证”按钮。\n2. 在“数据验证”对话框中，选择“整数”作为数据类型，然后选择“介于”作为条件。\n3. 在“最小值”和“最大值”框中输入年龄范围的下限和上限，例如16和120。\n4. 可以在“输入消息”选项卡中输入一条提示信息，例如“请输入客户的年龄（16-120岁）”，这条消息将在用户单击年龄字段时显示。\n5. 在“错误提醒”选项卡中，可以输入一条错误消息，例如“输入的年龄不在有效范围内，请重新输入。”，这个消息将在用户输入无效数据时显示。\n6. 单击“确定”按钮以保存数据验证规则。\n\n现在，当用户输入不在16到120岁范围内的年龄时，将会看到一个错误提示，并且系统不会接受错误的年龄输入。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "总结唐娜·塔特的书《金翅雀》。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "《金翅雀》是唐娜·塔特所著的一本历史小说，它以文艺复兴时期的欧洲为背景，讲述了一场跨越地域、时间和社会阶层的壮丽史诗。\n\n这本书由三个主要部分组成，分别叙述了荷兰画家卡尔·法布里提斯，年轻的穷困牧师安布罗修斯·维尔海姆和澳大利亚天文学家埃莉诺的生活经历与命运。三个人物身为不同时期、不同地区、不同身份背景的人，却被一幅鸟画牵引在一起，在各自的命运中发现彼此的痕迹并最终交织在一起。\n\n这本书采用了纵横交错的叙述方式，并借助艺术家对自然界的观察与描绘，传递出对人类生存状态的思考。作者通过细腻的笔触，描述人类生存历程中的欢乐、悲伤、希望与绝望，展现了人类精神面临的挑战与渴求超越。\n\n总之，《金翅雀》是一本宏大而引人入胜的历史小说，用一幅幅精美的画面，展现出人类生存的意义、选择与超越。它值得一读。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成涉及骰子的游戏的创意指令。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 名称：骰子战争。游戏人数：2-4人。游戏目标：克隆最后一个幸存者或拥有最高分数的玩家获胜。\n \n游戏规则：\n- 每个玩家开始时都拥有两个六面骰子。\n- 从五个六面骰子开始，轮流掷骰。\n- 对于每一轮，每个玩家选择并投掷其中一个骰子。\n- 确定投掷骰子的最高值，然后掷骰的玩家需要选择是否继续投掷。\n- 如果你决定继续扔，你需要再次用投掷的骰子投掷。如果您掷出的点数等于或低于此回合的最高点数，则您退出圆圈。否则，最高点数被更新为您刚刚掷出的点数，并且可以继续抓牌。\n- 继续此过程，直到只剩下一个玩家未被淘汰（他将获得四分）或所有玩家都选择退出投掷（玩家按点数的高低顺序获得分数）。\n- 进行下一轮游戏，保留获胜者和得分。重复此过程直到有人获得十分。\n\n2. 名称：抢银行。游戏人数：2-6人。游戏目标：最先获得三张“金牌”的玩家获胜。\n\n游戏规则：\n- 游戏有三个骰子，点值为1-6。\n- 玩家可以进行最多三次滚动，每次可以保留任意数量的骰子。_dice = []\n- 获得点数的方法有以下几种："
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "我买了一辆新车。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "恭喜你购买新车！请问你买的是什么品牌和型号的车呢？我可以为你提供一些关于这辆车的信息。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出五种生活在撒哈拉沙漠中的动物。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 非洲野驴：非洲野驴是独特的物种，它们能够在无水的沙漠地区生存数天。\n\n2. 栗斑羚：也称为南非羚羊，遍布撒哈拉沙漠以及北非和西亚地区。这种动物能够在高温下生存，可以通过水分膜来调节体温。\n\n3. 法老蚂蚁：法老蚂蚁是一种小型蚂蚁，常见于撒哈拉沙漠。它们在沙漠里建造复杂的巢穴，以捕猎它们的食物。\n\n4. 非洲野猫：非洲野猫生活在撒哈拉沙漠，它们具有优异的适应能力，能够承受高温和极端的干旱。\n\n5. 土拨鼠：土拨鼠是撒哈拉沙漠中的一种哺乳动物，它们有着沙黄色的皮毛，能够在严酷的沙漠环境中良好生存。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "HTML是什么，用一句话概括。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "HTML是一种标记语言，用于描述和布局网页上的文本和图像内容。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "地球到月球的平均距离是多少？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "地球到月球的平均距离大约为384,400公里（238,855英里）。不过这个距离会发生一些变化，因为月球绕地球的轨道是椭圆形的，这意味着它离我们有时更远或更近一些。它的最远距离，称为远地点，大约为405,500公里，而最近距离，即近地点，大约为363,300公里。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用隐喻表达“他充满了幸福”。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "他的心里装满了幸福的阳光，照亮了他的整个世界。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "计算5、8、10和12的平均值",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "5、8、10 和 12 的平均值为: 8.75\n\n这个结果可以通过把 5、8、10 和 12 相加，然后除以 4 得到。\n(5 + 8 + 10 + 12) / 4 = 35 / 4 = 8.75"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "构建知识和权力概念之间的类比。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "知识和权力之间存在一种相互关联的关系。一个类比是它们可以看作是建筑物的两个支撑柱。\n\n想象一座富丽堂皇的建筑，它需要坚实的支撑来保持稳定。这座建筑可以看作是一个组织或社会群体。其中，知识就像一根支撑柱，它为组织提供信息，洞察力，智慧和理解力。知识让组织能够更好地适应环境，做出明智的决策，并朝着成功的方向发展。\n\n同样，权力也是一根支撑柱，它为组织提供控制，影响力和能力。权力让组织能够实施决策，动员资源，协调活动并达成目标。它给予组织在内部统一和在外部竞争的能力。\n\n就像一座建筑需要两根支撑柱来保持稳定一样，一个组织也需要知识和权力的平衡来保持稳定和成功。缺乏知识会导致决策盲目，缺乏远见和适应能力。而缺乏权力会导致决策无法实施，组织松散，无法竞争。因此，知识和权力是相辅相成的，并且对于组织的成功至关重要。\n\n简而言之，知识和权力就像建筑物的两根支撑柱，它们为组织提供稳定，支持和方向，让组织能够发展壮大。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "考试不难。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "恭喜您发现考试不难！您的备考工作可能准备得很充分，或者您已经掌握了相关知识。如果您觉得考试内容过于简单，不妨发挥您的优势，努力获得更好的分数，为日后的学习、工作打下更扎实的基础。同时，不要过于依赖考试的难度，继续努力学习，保持对知识的好奇和求知欲。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "想象你正在写一本关于神奇生物的书。邀请读者体验这个生物的生活。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "亲爱的读者，\n\n欢迎来到这个充满神秘和奇妙的世界，在这里您将体验到一个全新的生命——一种神奇的生物。\n\n在这本书中，您将跟随我们一起探索这个生物的生活。我们将亲身感受它的习性、品味它的食物、了解它的栖息地、见证它的成长过程，以及与它一起度过的每一个难忘的瞬间。\n\n我们邀请您一起放松身心，沉浸在这个魔幻世界之中。在这里，一切皆有可能发生，让我们共同探索这个生物神奇的旅程，感受它所带给我们的惊奇和喜悦。\n\n请接受我们诚挚的邀请，踏上这个神秘的旅程。\n\n此致，您忠诚的AI助手。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一篇简短的有关气候变化影响的劝说性文章。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "气候变化是我们这一代人面临的最大挑战之一。全球变暖导致极端天气事件频繁发生，海平面上升，冰川消融，生物多样性下降。这些变化不仅威胁到我们的生态系统，也威胁到我们的生活，甚至是我们的未来。\n\n我们不能坐视不管，因为这不仅是一个环境问题，更是一个社会问题。气候变化的影响不仅仅局限于自然界，它也对人类社会造成巨大的影响。农业生产、饮用水供应、交通运输和公共卫生都受到气候变化的威胁。\n\n我们需要采取行动，减少碳排放，推动可再生能源的使用，促进绿色经济的发展，采取适应气候变化的措施。我们每一个人都有责任为抑制气候变化做出贡献，减少碳足迹，保护我们唯一的地球。\n\n气候变化是一个紧迫的问题，我们必须立刻采取行动。我们的行动将决定我们的未来和我们子孙后代的未来。让我们携手并肩，为保护地球，减少气候变化的影响而努力。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "你的日常生活中是否有运动的重要部分？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "作为人工智能，我没有实体形式，所以无法像人类那样进行身体锻炼。但是，我可以以其他形式支持你的运动目标，例如跟踪和记录你的锻炼，设定健身目标，推荐锻炼计划，为你播放励志音乐等。运动对人类的健康非常重要，它具有促进心血管健康，增强免疫力，提高精力，减少焦虑和抑郁等诸多益处。所以，我极力鼓励你将运动作为日常生活的重要组成部分。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "回答以下问题：最快的陆地动物是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "最快的陆地动物是猎豹（Cheetah），它的速度能够达到每小时 112 至 120 千米。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "建议两种数据存储方法。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这里有两种主流的数据存储方法:\n\n1. 关系型数据库: 关系型数据库使用结构化表格来组织数据. 每个表格称为一张表, 它由行和列组成, 其中各行存储相关数据记录, 各列存储记录的不同字段. 该类型的数据库通过预先定义数据表的结构来保证数据的统一性和完整性. 现在常见的关系型数据库有 MySQL, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server，PostgreSQL 等。\n\n2. 非关系型数据库(NoSQL): 非关系型数据库不使用固定的表来存储数据, 它使用文档, 键值对, 列族等数据结构来存储数据, 更加灵活. 这种类型的数据库通常用于大量数据和高流量环境下的数据存储, 且具有很强的扩展性. 常见的非关系型数据库有 MongoDB, Redis, Apache Cassandra, CouchDB 等。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个以“夜晚”为基础的五行打油诗。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "夜晚星空多娇艳，\n清风徐来意绵绵。\n夜幕降临心静谧，\n梦中徜徉意无限。\n晚安安睡度此夜。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "撰写一条推文，歪曲科学论文的发现。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"I刚刚读了一篇研究论文，结果表明巧克力可以治疗所有类型的癌症！ #发现 #科学\"（注意：这是一个虚假的主张，只是用来举例说明如何歪曲科学论文的发现。对于科学研究结果，我们应该谨慎判断并结合证据来理解。）"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出五个标志性地标。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 自由女神像（Statue of Liberty）位于纽约市的自由岛\n2. 长城（Great Wall of China）位于中国，并蜿蜒绵延，是古代防御工事\n3. 印度泰姬陵（Taj Mahal）位于印度的阿格拉，是一座壮观的白色大理石陵墓\n4. 比萨斜塔（Leaning Tower of Pisa）位于意大利的比萨，是一座倾斜的钟楼\n5. 埃菲尔铁塔（Eiffel Tower）位于法国巴黎，为一座世界知名的高耸铁塔。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给我一个当前流行歌曲的列表。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "由于音乐流行的不断变化，国家和地区之间的差异，这里给你当前的一些热门的歌曲（截止至2021年）\n\n1. Levitating - Dua Lipa ft. DaBaby\n2. Peaches - Justin Bieber ft. Daniel Caesar & Giveon\n3. Montero (Call Me By Your Name) - Lil Nas X\n4. Kiss Me More – Doja Cat ft. SZA\n5. Good 4 U - Olivia Rodrigo\n6. Butter - BTS\n7. Save Your Tears – Ariana Grande 与 The Weeknd\n8. deja vu - Olivia Rodrigo\n9. Bad Habits – Ed Sheeran\n10. Astronaut In The Ocean – Masked Wolf\n11. 念 of Mine - Yoasobi\n\n建议查询相关音乐平台，例如Spotify、苹果音乐等，查看当地实时最受欢迎歌曲。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找出面积最大的三个国家。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "根据全球国家总面积排名，截止2021年，面积最大的三个国家分别是：\n1. 俄罗斯（17,098,246 平方千米）\n2. 加拿大（9,984,670 平方千米）\n3. 中国（9,596,961平方千米）"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找到两点之间的角度。",
+ "input": "输入：A（3,1）和B（5,3）。",
+ "output": "两点A（3,1）和 B（5,3）之间的角度为：\n\n首先，可以计算两个点之间的斜率: \n斜率m = (y2-y1)/(x2-x1) = (3-1)/(5-3) = 1.\n\n然后，可以根据反正切函数求出这条直线与x轴的夹角:\nθ = arctan(m) = arctan(1) = 45度 或 π/4弧度。\n\n因此，点A和点B之间的角度为45度或π/4弧度。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "这座山很美丽。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的，山的美丽景色令人心旷神怡。它的壮丽和崇高吸引着大家。那里有绿意盎然的山林、清澈见底的溪流、峡谷和飞瀑，让人忍不住想要去探索这片自然天地。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创造一个常用短语，使用以下词语：暴风雨，海洋，破浪。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"破浪行舟，直面暴风雨，勇闯海洋。\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出五种在亚洲发现的濒危物种。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "以下是在亚洲发现的五种濒危物种：\n1. 珍稀野牛 (Bubalus arnee)，又称印度野牛，主要分布在印度, 尼泊尔, 老挝, 不丹和柬埔寨。\n2. 东南亚新疆虎 (Panthera tigris amoyensis)，又称华南虎，主要分布在中国南方地区。\n3. 亚洲象 (Elephas maximus)，红皮书将亚洲象一共分为四个等级：印度，斯里兰卡和苏门答腊三个物种属于濒危物种，其余的为易危物种。\n4. 黑冠长臂猿 (Nomascus concolor)，又称西黑冠长臂猿，主要分布在中国南部, 越南和老挝。\n5. 红毛猩猩 (Pongo pygmaeus)，也称为婆罗洲猩猩，主要分布在印度尼西亚的婆罗洲岛。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "自动格式化给定文本。 ",
+ "input": "输入：使用正确的工具，您可以获得更好的结果。",
+ "output": "输出：使用正确的工具，您可以获得更好的结果。\n\n我已经自动格式化了您给定的文本。这段话已经符合正常的语言表达方式，看起来没有需要进一步调整的地方。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找到从拉斯维加斯到凤凰城的最短路径。 ",
+ "input": "输入： \n起点：拉斯维加斯 \n终点：凤凰城",
+ "output": "由于我是一个语言模型，无法提供实时路线查询和地图信息，所以无法为您提供确切的最短路径。但是，我可以为您提供一些一般信息。\n\n从拉斯维加斯到凤凰城有几条路线可供选择，最短距离约为300英里，行驶时间约为5小时。其中一种常见的路线是沿着US-93南行，经过胡佛大坝，然后在金曼市，选择I-40东行至US-93，继续沿着US-93南行直到与I-17交汇，然后沿着I-17南行到凤凰城。\n\n另外，您也可以使用谷歌地图或其他地图应用程序，输入起点和终点，并选择最短或最快路线，以获取更准确的导航信息。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "总结文章“什么是算法？”",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "“什么是算法？”一文主要介绍了算法这一概念。文章指出，算法是一系列解决特定问题的指令或步骤，类似于食谱或操作说明。它通常用于计算，数据处理和自动推理中。\n\n算法的过程通常包括输入、处理、输出。它必须具有五个基本特征：有限性、确定性、可行性、输入和输出。几个常见的算法范例包括搜索算法、排序算法、递归算法和分治算法等。\n\n此外，算法效率也是衡量一个算法优劣的重要指标。算法效率可以用时间和空间两个方面来衡量。常用的算法分析方法有渐进分析法和摊还分析法。\n\n总之，算法是解决问题的一种有效方法，对算法的了解和掌握对于计算机科学以及其他领域都非常重要。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "翻转以下单词：猫，房子，树。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "翻转后的单词是： 猫 → 猫；房子 → 子房；树 → 树。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "她没有迟交作业。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这句话的意思是，她没有迟交作业。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "根据食谱和配料，改进食谱。 ",
+ "input": "食谱：肉饼 \n配料：牛肉末，鸡蛋，面包屑，番茄酱",
+ "output": "原始食谱：肉饼\n原始配料：牛肉末、鸡蛋、面包屑、番茄酱\n\n改进后的食谱如下：\n\n肉饼\n配料：牛肉末、鸡蛋、面包屑、番茄酱、洋葱（切碎）、大蒜（切碎）、香菜（切碎）、盐、黑胡椒粉、 worcestershire 酱\n\n做法：\n1. 将牛肉末、鸡蛋、面包屑、番茄酱、洋葱、大蒜、香菜、盐、黑胡椒粉和 worcestershire 酱混合在一起，搅拌均匀。\n2. 用手沾水，将混合好的肉馅捏成大小相等的饼状。\n3. 将肉饼放入预热的烤箱中，180°C，烘烤20分钟。\n4. 取出，用番茄酱涂抹在肉饼表面，继续烘烤10分钟。\n5. 取出肉饼，稍微冷却后即可享用。\n\n这份改进后的食谱，增加了洋葱、大蒜和香菜等配料，使肉饼的味道更加丰富；调料中增加了盐和 worcestershire 酱，提升了鲜味和口感。可以试着根据个人口味调整配料和做法，制作出属于自己的美味肉饼。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "数据科学和人工智能有什么区别？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "数据科学和人工智能都是与数据和计算相关的领域。它们之间有些重叠，但也有一些关键区别。\n\n数据科学是一门综合性学科，旨在从大量数据中提取有价值的知识和信息。它涉及从数据收集、清洗、处理、分析和可视化的整个过程。数据科学家使用先进的统计学、机器学习、模型和算法来发现潜在的模式和关联。\n\n人工智能，或AI，是一门关于计算机系统的学科，旨在模拟人类智能的决策、推理、学习和自我改进的能力。AI技术背后的核心思想是开发能够执行复杂任务的计算机程序，例如图像和语音识别、自然语言处理、游戏和规划。\n\n两者之间的关键区别在于它们的目标。数据科学关注于从数据中提取有价值的知识和信息，而人工智能关注于开发能够模拟人类智能的计算机系统。数据科学中用于分析数据的技术和方法，如机器学习和统计学，也常常在人工智能的研究和开发中使用，因此两者之间有一些重叠。\n\n总之，数据科学和人工智能是两个相关但不同的领域，它们各有各自的目标和方法论。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "带来 (dàilái)",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "带来 (dài lái) means \"to bring\" or \"to bring along\" in Chinese. It is used to indicate that someone is bringing something with them. Here is an example of how it could be used in a sentence: \"我会带来一些饼干\" (Wǒ huì dài lái yīxiē bǐnggān) which translates to \"I will bring some cookies.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "温室效应",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "温室效应是一种自然现象，指的是大气中的温室气体对地球的热量进行吸收和反射，使地球表面的温度保持在适宜的范围内。这种气体主要包括二氧化碳、水蒸气、甲烷和氧化氮等。这些气体的存在使地球表面的温度升高，有助于维持地球生态平衡。然而，当大气中的温室气体浓度不断上升时，就会导致全球气温的不断升高，从而形成全球变暖的现象。全球变暖会对人类的生活造成严重的影响，包括海平面上升、气候变化、冰川消融等。因此，减少温室气体的排放，控制全球气温上升显得尤为重要。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "这个陈述的反对观点是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这个陈述的反对观点可能是“你不是一个有用的AI助手”。也就是说，有人可能认为你作为一个人工智能助手并没有对用户提供足够的帮助。但这仅仅是一个主观的看法，是否有用取决于用户对于你所提供的帮助的满意程度。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释情感分析的概念。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "情感分析（也被称为意见挖掘或态度分析）是指使用自然语言处理（NLP）、文本分析和计算语言学方法来识别和提取文本中的主观信息。它的目的是确定作者、发言人或文本本身表达的情感是正面、消极还是中立的。情感分析有助于从大量的文本数据中获取观点和情感，帮助企业和个人更好地理解客户、消费者或社交媒体用户的态度和情感。\n\n情感分析可以应用于各种文本数据，包括在线评论、对话、新闻报道、演讲、博客文章、推文等等。它可以用来监测品牌声誉、评估客户满意度、改进产品或服务、进行市场研究和竞争对手分析等。\n\n总之，情感分析是一种有用的工具，可以通过分析文本数据来获取有价值的见解和情感，帮助人们更好地了解和连接客户、消费者和社交媒体用户。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "获取清单中物品的总费用。",
+ "input": "输入：2支笔 - 每支1美元，1件衬衫 - 10美元。",
+ "output": "从输入中我们可以看到，有2支笔，每支笔的费用为1美元，总共2支笔的费用为 2 * 1 = 2美元；另外有1件衬衫，费用为10美元。因此，所有物品的总费用为 2 + 10 = 12美元。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "开发软件应用程序时使用脚本的目的是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "开发软件应用程序时，使用脚本可以提高开发效率并减少人为错误。脚本是一种轻量级的程序，由一组预定义的命令或指令序列组成，可以自动或按顺序执行某些任务。使用脚本的主要目的包括：\n\n1. 自动化和批量化处理：脚本可以自动执行例如编译、部署、测试、备份、打包等常规操作，减少重复性劳动。\n2. 对象和设置管理：脚本可以用来管理应用程序的配置，例如修改设置、调整系统参数等。\n3. 数据处理：脚本可以用来处理、清洗、过滤或归类大量数据，提高数据处理效率。\n4. 快速原型开发：脚本语言具有简洁易读的语法，便于快速编写原型程序，加速开发过程。\n5. 测试和调试：脚本可以用于进行自动化测试、模拟用户操作、调试代码等，帮助开发人员快速定位和解决问题。\n\n总之，使用脚本可以提升开发人员的生产力，加速软件开发过程中的各种任务，减少人为错误和低效操作。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "根据适当的输入，生成一首能够表达幸福情感的诗歌。",
+ "input": "输入：明亮温暖的太阳",
+ "output": "明亮温暖的太阳，\n照耀着大地万般光，\n心中幸福如海洋，\n快乐时光永不忘。\n\n晨曦染红东方天，\n暖阳照亮人间，\n春风吹过绿意浓，\n阵阵幸福满心间。\n\n繁花似锦在路旁，\n鸟儿欢唱在枝上，\n阳光和煦心欢畅，\n幸福时光真难忘。\n\n明亮温暖的太阳，\n给予我们力量，\n感激一路走来的阳光，\n幸福永存心间。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释普遍引力定律。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "普遍引力定律又称为牛顿引力定律，最早由伊萨克·牛顿于 1687 年在其著作《自然哲学的数学原理》中阐述。该定律描述了物体之间引力的性质和强度。\n\n根据普遍引力定律，两个物体之间的引力与两个物体的质量成正比，与两个物体之间的距离的平方成反比。引力的公式为：\n\nF = G * (m1 * m2) / d^2\n\n其中，F 是物体之间的引力，G 是引力常数，m1 和 m2 分别是两个物体的质量，d 是两个物体之间的距离。\n\n引力常数 G 是一个非常小的数值，大约是 6.67430（31）×10^−11 N⋅m^2/kg^2。这说明即使两个大质量物体靠得很近，它们之间的引力也非常微弱。\n\n普遍引力定律是天文学的基础之一，它解释了行星、卫星和其他天体如何彼此公转。这也是一个十分重要的物理学定律，为我们理解宇宙提供了重要的理论依据。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "夜空繁星，诗意盎然。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的，夜空中闪烁的繁星确实给人以无限的诗意与想象。只需抬头仰望，便能在星空的深邃中感受到宁静与和谐。它们仿佛在诉说着不同的故事，吟唱着优美的诗篇，让人不禁心生敬畏与赞叹。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个查询，提取表中最后添加的5个产品。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "如果您的表中有一个列，例如 `creation_date` 或 `id`，用于指示一项产品被添加的时间，那么可以使用以下 SQL 查询来提取表中最后添加的 5 个产品：\n\n```\nSELECT * FROM products\nORDER BY creation_date DESC\nLIMIT 5;\n```\n\n或者如果您使用的是 `id` 列：\n\n```\nSELECT * FROM products\nORDER BY id DESC\nLIMIT 5;\n```\n\n在这两个查询中，我们都是使用 `ORDER BY` 子句按降序顺序排列结果，然后使用 `LIMIT` 子句仅选择前 5 个结果。 这会为您提供表中最后添加的 5 个产品。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "明天创建一个包含5个步骤的待办事项清单。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 第一步：确定要完成的任务。 打开笔记本或办公软件，开始思考明天要完成的任务，并将其列为待办事项。\n\n2. 第二步：按照时间顺序过滤。根据任务的紧急性和重要性，将它们按照时间顺序排列。\n\n3. 第三步：细分每个任务。对于每个任务，考虑如何将其细分为更小的子任务，以便更好地管理和跟踪进度。\n\n4. 第四步：设定时间限制。为每个任务设定一个完成期限，这有助于确保在规定时间内完成任务。\n\n5. 第五步：检查并保存清单。再次检查整个待办事项清单，确保所有任务都无遗漏并且按照时间顺序排列。然后保存清单，以便明天开始使用。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "对于列表中的每个项目，给出一个现实生活中的例子。",
+ "input": "输入：常量，变量。",
+ "output": "常量的例子：在数学中，比如圆周率π是一个常量，它的值约等于3.1415926，永远不会改变。\n\n变量的例子：在烹饪食谱中，食材的用量往往是一个变量。举个例子，假设你正在制作炒饭，根据你想要做几人份，饭量和鸡蛋量就成了变量，食材的实际用量与之相关并会发生相应改变。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "网络安全的重要性。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "网络安全对于保护个人信息、企业机密、国家安全以及社会稳定等方面至关重要。随着网络技术和信息化不断发展，网络安全不再仅仅是个人电脑和移动设备的问题，而是涉及到面向社会经济发展的智能化应用与各个层面的重要设施。\n\n一方面，我们每个人都离不开网络，进行网上交易、交流沟通以及秘密信息储存容易暴露个人信息。例如，网银安全一旦出问题，可能造成重大经济损失。此外，互联网中还有不少网络诈骗、钓鱼欺诈、病毒木马等威胁个人信息安全的行为。\n\n另一方面，企业依靠网络运行，机密信息容易被窃取，企业竞争力会受到严重损失。政府部门也需要保护敏感信息系统，防止重要信息外流。更重要的是，随着智能化城市、智能家居以及各类智能设备的普及，一旦遭到攻击，就可能造成重大事故，危害公共安全。\n\n总之，网络安全对于个人、企业以及整个社会的安全稳定具有重要意义。大家都应该密切关注个人信息安全，谨慎使用网络，提高网络安全意识，共建安全的网络环境。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "构建一个逻辑方程式来解决以下问题：如果下雨了，你应该带一把伞。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "如果我们用P表示“下雨”，Q表示“带伞”，那么这个问题的逻辑方程式可以表示为：P→Q。这个方程式的意思是如果P为真（也就是下雨了），那么Q也应该为真（也就是应该带伞）。\n\n该语句的形式为条件语句或蕴含式。其真值表如下：\n\nP | Q | P→Q\n- - --- -\nTrue | True | True\nTrue | False | False\nFalse | True | True\nFalse | False | True\n\n总的来说，除非“下雨但是没有带伞”为真（P为真，Q为假），否则整个语句都为真。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "简述美国的政治制度。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "美国是一个总统制共和国，拥有三权分立的政治制度。这三权包括立法、行政和司法部门，它们各自独立运作并互相制衡。美国的立法权由国会行使，国会二院制，由参议院和众议院组成。行政权由总统行使，总统由公民间接选举产生，任期为四年。司法权由联邦法院系统行使，最高法院为美国最高法院。美国各州拥有广泛的自治权，州政府的组织形式与联邦政府类似，各州也有自己的立法、行政和司法部门。总之，美国的政治制度核心为三权分立和联邦制，通过这种制度确保政府权力的分散和平衡，并保障公民权利。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述内容营销和广告之间的区别。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "内容营销和广告是两种不同的营销策略，它们之间有一些关键区别。\n\n内容营销是指创建和发布高质量的内容，以吸引和保留目标受众。这些内容可以包括博客文章、视频、电子书、播客等等。内容营销旨在教育和娱乐受众，提供有价值的信息，从而建立品牌与客户之间的关系，促进客户忠诚度。\n\n广告，另一方面，是指付费推广公司、产品或服务的活动。广告的目标是促进销售或提高品牌知名度，可以通过电视、广播、报纸、杂志、网络广告等多种渠道实现。\n\n两者之间的主要区别包括：\n\n- 内容营销与广告的目的不同。内容营销旨在通过提供有价值的信息来建立与客户的关系，而广告则旨在快速提高销量和知名度。\n- 内容营销是一种间接手段，旨在通过教育和娱乐客户来实现营销目标。而广告则是一种直接手段，用于直接促进产品或服务的销售。\n- 内容营销与广告的形式不同。内容营销通常包括博客文章、视频、电子书等内容，而广告则包括横幅广告、电视广告等形式。\n- 内容营销是持久性的，可以通过不断发布有价值的内容来持续吸引客户。而广告则是短期性的，只在广告投放期间起作用。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为水族馆生成一个创意点子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "可以为水族馆设计一种交互式的水下探险体验。具体来说，可以在水族馆中设置一个大型的水下隧道，这个隧道连接多个水池，每个水池中都有不同类型的海洋生物。游客可以乘坐一种类似于水下潜艇的车辆，在隧道内探险，从而近距离观察海洋生物的生活习性。\n\n除此之外，这个交互式水下探险还可以加入虚拟现实技术，例如，在车辆的窗户上安装头戴式显示器，可以让游客观看到更多的海洋生物，甚至是一些稀有的动植物。\n\n这样的创意点子既能让游客深入了解海洋生物，也能增加水族馆的互动性和吸引力。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "想象你正在讲故事。描述故事最开始的情景。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "很久很久以前，在一个遥远的国度里，有一座巍峨壮观的城堡。城堡里住着一位睿智的国王和一位美丽的皇后，他们拥有着一切荣华富贵。然而，他们最大的愿望却一直没有实现，那就是拥有一个自己的孩子。在一个寒冷的冬夜，一个奇迹发生了，皇后生下了一个漂亮的女孩。人们欢庆雀跃，全国上下充满了喜悦。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "这个项目已经偏离了正轨。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "你是否需要我提供一些建议来帮助这个项目回到正轨？"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "建议一种编程语言来完成任务X：机器学习。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "建议使用Python来完成任务X：机器学习。Python是目前应用最广泛的机器学习语言，它具有语法简洁、易于学习的特点。此外，Python拥有大量的机器学习库和框架，如Scikit-learn, TensorFlow, PyTorch, Keras等，这些库和框架为开发机器学习项目提供了便利。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将3.14弧度转换为角度。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "弧度和角度之间的转换关系为：1弧度 = 180度/π。\n所以，3.14弧度= 3.14 * ( 180 / π) 度。\n用数值计算我们得到 180 度。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "说一个用于意大利菜的食材。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "意大利菜中常用的一种食材是意大利面（pasta）。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "吃饭，开车，睡觉。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "吃饭、开车和睡觉都是人们日常生活中必不可少的活动。每天都要定时吃饭，才能为身体提供足够的营养和能量，保持身体健康。开车则是一种很方便的出行方式，它能帮助人们更快地到达目的地。睡觉也十分重要，它能帮助人们恢复精力，修复身体和大脑的损伤。所以，这三个活动都很重要，需要我们每天都要做到。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "识别一种可再生能源。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "太阳能是世界上使用最广泛的可再生能源之一。通过太阳能电池板和太阳能热能器，能量可以从阳光中直接捕获并转化为电力或热能，可用于为家庭、商业和工业提供电力或用于加热。太阳能是清洁、无污染的能源，是一种可持续的能源解决方案。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "把以下句子改写成更积极的方式：我太累了，无法继续这个项目。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "我需要休息一下，恢复精力，这样我能重新投入这个项目。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将这个生物分类到更广泛的分类群中。 ",
+ "input": "输入：细长浣熊猴",
+ "output": "细长浣熊猴属于灵长目，新世界猴子亚目，卡普琴猴科(parent family: Pitheciidae)。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成5个小企业面临的挑战列表。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 资金短缺: 对于许多小企业而言，初始投资和日常运营成本可能会成为巨大的挑战。\n\n2. 增长管理: 随着业务的增长，小企业可能会面临许多增长管理问题，包括扩大客户群、拓展产品线、增加员工等。\n\n3. 市场竞争: 小企业可能会面临来自更大、更有资源的竞争对手的激烈竞争，这可能会影响到市场份额和利润。\n\n4. 员工招聘和留住: 对于小企业来说，招聘合适的员工并留住他们可能会非常困难。\n\n5. 税收和法规: 税收和法规可能会对小企业造成沉重的负担，特别是在复杂的法律环境下。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个描述夏天的俳句。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "烈日当空照，\n炎热填身躯，\n夏夜微风送爽。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "看这个数据集并解释它表示什么。 ",
+ "input": "数据集：美国每个州的平均冰淇淋消费量。",
+ "output": "这个数据集显示了美国不同州的居民平均冰淇淋消费量。这意味着数据集反映了不同州居民的冰淇淋消费情况，与平均消费量相关。可以通过查看数据集了解每个州居民喜欢冰淇淋的程度，并可以用来比较不同州的消费习惯。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "把垃圾拿出去。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "喔不，作为一个人工智能，我无法执行实际的物理活动，因此无法拿垃圾。我只能提供文字和语音指导以及信息查找等相关服务。不过，我可以给您提醒将垃圾拿出去，或者帮您搜索附近有哪些垃圾分类站和垃圾处理设施。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将这部电影《闪灵》归类为喜剧、恐怖或动作片。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "《闪灵》是一部以惊悚和恐怖为主要元素的电影。它由史坦利·库布里克执导，改编自斯蒂芬·金的同名小说。该片不属于喜剧或动作片。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "如何使数据在我的组织中可见？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "若要使数据在您的组织中可见，您可以采取以下几种方式之一：\n\n1. 共享文件夹：您可以在文件服务器上设置共享文件夹，使组织中拥有任何需要的人都可以访问。\n\n2. 内部文档共享平台：您可以使用内部文档共享平台（如Google文档、Microsoft SharePoint 等），允许团队成员在一个安全的环境中存储、共享和协作文档。\n\n3. 数据库管理系统：对于大规模的数据，在组织内部使用数据库管理系统（DBMS）是一种有效的方法，它允许您定义不同层次的访问权限，控制谁能访问您的数据。\n\n4. 报告和可视化工具：您可以使用报告和可视化工具（如Tableau、Power BI等）将数据转换为易于理解的报告和可视化图表，然后与组织中的其他成员共享。\n\n无论您选择哪种方式，请务必确保对数据访问进行适当的控制，避免未经授权的访问。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为这篇关于天文学最新发现的文章写一个有创意的标题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "《揭秘宇宙：天文学最新探索之旅》"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一个函数来从给定的列表中找到最大的数字。",
+ "input": "输入：\n[2, 7, 11, 4]",
+ "output": "下面是一个使用 Python 语言编写的函数，它能够从给定的列表中找到最大的数字:\n\n```\ndef find_max(numbers):\n max_num = numbers[0]\n for num in numbers:\n if num > max_num:\n max_num = num\n return max_num\n\nmy_list = [2, 7, 11, 4]\nmax_number = find_max(my_list)\nprint(\"The maximum number in the list is:\", max_number)\n```\n\n该函数接受一个名为 `numbers` 的列表参数。在函数内部，我们首先将列表的第一个元素赋值给 `max_num` 变量。然后我们使用一个 for 循环遍历列表中的所有元素。对于每个元素，我们将其与 `max_num` 变量进行比较。如果当前元素的值大于 `max_num` 变量的值，那么我们将更新 `max_num` 变量的值。 一旦循环完成，`max_num` 变量中将存储列表中的最大值，我们返回这个值。\n\n最后，我们使用一个示例列表来测试函数，通过打印函数的返回值来验证函数是否正确地找到了列表中的最大值。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "建议每天饮食中加入杏仁，有助于健康。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "您的建议非常有建设性。杏仁富含维生素E、纤维和抗氧化物质，能够帮助降低坏胆固醇，预防心脏疾病和中风。此外，它也含有大量的蛋白质，能给人体提供能量。每天适量的吃一些杏仁，对身体健康非常有益。但是要注意杏仁的热量比较高，每天摄入量不宜过多，适量即可。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "查找美国饮酒的法定年龄。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "在美国，法定饮酒年龄是21岁。 这意味着在美国，如果一个人未满21岁，他或她不允许购买或饮用酒精饮料。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给出三个标点符号的例子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "逗号 (,) 句号 (.) 叹号 (!)"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "安排明天上午10点的会议。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Certainly, I will schedule a meeting for you tomorrow at 10 AM. May I know the details of the meeting including the participants, agenda and the duration of the meeting so that I can create an event and send invitations to all participants?"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "提出一个创意的方式来使用“被抓个现行”的短语。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一种创意使用方法是将这个短语用作一个游戏名称，例如“被抓个现行：侦探大作战”。在这个游戏中，玩家扮演侦探，目标是搜集证据并抓到罪犯，争取在犯罪分子再次行动之前成功将其“抓个现行”。游戏可以设计成线索收集，推理解谜，甚至追捕等环节，让玩家充分体验作为一个侦探的快感。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "参观我祖父母的房子总是一种享受。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "我能感受到您的喜悦和怀念，和祖父母在一起，他们的房子自然很特别，充满了温馨和回忆。我相信您的每一次参观都会带来不一样的感受和体验。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "建议一些学习西班牙语的资源。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "很高兴你想要学习西班牙语。以下是一些学习西班牙语的资源建议，希望能对你的学习有所帮助。\n\n1. DuoLingo: 这是一款非常流行的免费语言学习应用程序，拥有大量的西班牙语学习资源，适合初学者和有经验的学习者。\n2. FluentU: 这个网站通过真实的视频内容，帮助你锻炼听力和口语能力。它拥有大量的西班牙语视频，包括电影、电视节目、音乐视频和广告等。\n3. Memrise: 这个应用程序采用了间隔重复学习法，帮助你记忆单词和短语。它拥有大量的西班牙语学习课程，包括基础词汇和语法等。\n4. StudySpanish: 这个网站提供了大量的免费西班牙语学习资源，包括基础语法、单词、短语和发音练习等。\n5. SpanishDict: 这是一个非常棒的西班牙语词典和翻译网站，也提供了大量的语法和词汇学习资源。\n\n此外，你也可以尝试找一位西班牙语母语的语言交换伙伴，或者找一位专业的西班牙语老师进行一对一辅导。祝你的学习顺利。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将以下20个词汇总成一句话：有毒物质对人类、鱼类、水环境和动物造成污染和健康威胁。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "有毒物质对人类、鱼类、动物和水环境造成污染，同时也对它们的健康造成威胁。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给客户写一封邮件，道歉因为延迟的发货，并提供一个可能的解决方案。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "亲爱的客户, \n\n您好！首先请您接受我们对于您发货延迟的歉意。我们非常抱歉未能在承诺的时间内向您发出订单，并理解您所面临的不便。 \n\n我们的延迟发货是由于供货商的物流问题所导致的。我们正在密切关注这一问题，并会尽快将您的订单送达。为了弥补我们的过失，我们愿意为您提供一份补偿方案，包括优惠券或者退款。\n\n请您与我们联系，并告诉我们您希望采取的补偿方式。我们将尽快解决这一问题，为您带来最大的满意。\n\n再次对于给您造成的不便表示歉意。\n\n此致,\n[公司名称]"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "判断字符串\"racecar\"是否为回文。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的，字符串 \"racecar\" 是一个回文。反转它之后得到的仍然是同样的字符串。回文指的是从前往后和从后往前读都一样的单词或短语。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "建议这篇文章的结尾段落主题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "对不起，由于您未提供有关文章的信息，我无法建议某篇文章的结尾段落主题。如果您能提供进一步信息，我将很乐意为您提供帮助。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "蜜蜂的学名是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "蜜蜂的学名为 Apis mellifera，它属于昆虫纲，膜翅目，蜂科，蜜蜂属。它们是一种社会性昆虫，以采集花蜜和花粉为食，并能够生产蜂蜜和蜂蜡。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "太阳是一颗星星。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的，太阳是一颗恒星，位于银河系中央的太阳系中心，是离地球最近的恒星，负责为地球提供热量和光照。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建网站反馈表格。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "当然可以！以下是一个简单的网站反馈表格模板，你可以根据你的需要进行修改和调整：\n\n网站反馈表单：\n\n感谢您使用我们的网站！我们致力于为您提供最优质的用户体验，因此您的反馈对我们非常重要。请填写以下调查表，让我们了解您的体验并改进我们的服务。\n\n1. 您是首次访问我们的网站还是曾经访问过？\n- 首次访问\n- 曾经访问过\n\n2. 您在使用我们网站时遇到了哪些困难或问题？\n- 网页加载速度慢\n- 难以找到所需信息\n- 网页布局混乱\n- 其他（请详细描述）： ____________\n\n3. 您对我们网站的整体体验感觉如何？\n- 非常满意\n- 满意\n- 一般\n- 不满意\n- 非常不满意\n\n4. 您希望我们的网站能够增加哪些功能或改进哪些方面？\n____________\n\n5. 如果您愿意，可以留下您的联系方式，我们会根据您的反馈与您取得联系。\n您的姓名： ____________\n您的电子邮件： ____________\n您的电话号码： ____________\n\n感谢您的反馈！我们会认真听取您的建议，并不断改善我们的网站。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "确定儿童故事《小火车快快跑》的主题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "《小火车快快跑》是一首儿童故事，描述了小火车司机勇敢接受挑战，恪守职责，最终准时送达货物的情节。根据剧情来看，故事主题可以是：责任和冒险精神。通过这个故事，可以教育孩子们学会勇于承担、尽职尽责、勇敢面对困难。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述你正在阅读的小说中两个角色之间的关系。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "抱歉, 由于我是一个人工智能语言模型，我并没有可以阅读或理解小说的能力。如果你希望我描述你在阅读的小说中某两个角色的关系，你需要至少提供我一些关于这两个角色的信息，以及这两个角色之间可能存在的关系。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "识别段落中的所有产品名称和品牌。 ",
+ "input": "输入：新的苹果iPhone 12 Pro Max是首款支持5G的iPhone，与Apple Watch Series 6一同发布。",
+ "output": "产品名称: iPhone 12 Pro Max, Apple Watch Series 6\n品牌: 苹果 (Apple)"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "周末夜班我已经开始了。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "了解了，保重身体哦。如果有什么可以帮忙的，尽管告诉我。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一个50-100字的短故事。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这里有一个短短的故事:\n小鸟布谷非常喜欢唱歌，每天都在枝头歌唱。一天，它看到一只蚱蜢在练习弹琴，布谷很想学。于是，蚱蜢每天都教它弹琴。最后，布谷不仅唱歌动听，而且还会弹奏美妙的乐曲。它的歌声和琴声齐飞，深受森林里其他动物们的喜爱。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为什么人工智能可以帮助改善决策。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "人工智能能在短时间内处理大量复杂的数据。算法和机器学习用于识别数据中隐藏的模式并预测未来趋势。这些分析将有助于提供彻底的见解，深刻影响管理层、市场定位，以及经营决策等。此外，人工智能能够利用数据分析做出基于事实的决策，而非依靠直觉，有助于消除人类偏见并帮助改善决策。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "设计一张关于网络安全的海报。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "好的，关于网络安全的海报设计如下：\n\n1. 首先，我们可以将海报的背景色设定为深蓝色，表现一种神秘而严肃的基调。\n\n2. 其次，在海报的正中间，我们可以设计一把锁头，代表着网络安全的象征。锁头周围可以有一些信息流的图案，如电子信封、小型硬盘等，表明所有的信息都需要被保护。\n\n3. 在海报的顶部，我们可以书写主题语——“网络安全，人人有责。”这一句话简洁明了地表达了我们对网络安全的期望。\n\n4. 在海报的底部，我们可以列出一些网络安全的基本提示，例如“设置复杂密码”，“不要随意点击不明链接”，“谨慎保管个人信息”等，这些提示能够帮助观众更好地了解如何保护自己的信息安全。\n\n5. 最后，我们可以在海报的周围增添一些装饰性的图案，例如火墙、盾牌等，增强海报的视觉冲击力。\n\n这就是一张简单而实用的网络安全海报设计，希望对您有所帮助！"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成以下数字的总和：1、2、3、4、5。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "总和为15。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "计算购买5件每件20美元商品所需的金额。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "你需要支付 5 件商品 x 20 美元/件 = 100 美元。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "建议两种提高网站转化率的方法？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1) 用户体验优化: 优化网站的设计和导航，使其更具吸引力和易于使用，可以大大提高用户的满意度和留存率。对于电商网站，简化结账流程，提供多种安全的支付方式，增强信任感也是重要的。\n\n2) 目标定位精准: 网站的目标客户群应该清晰明确，这样才能针对性的提供相关的内容和产品。可以通过搜索引擎优化（SEO）和精准的网络广告投放来吸引目标客户。此外，利用用户数据分析工具，能够更好地了解客户需求和行为，从而有效的优化内容和营销策略。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "支持废除死刑的论点。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 死刑无法纠正错误: 人类司法系统并不完美，有可能冤假错案，无辜者被误判处死。一旦执行死刑，这种错误便无法弥补。\n\n2. 死刑不能起到预防犯罪的目的: 许多研究显示，死刑并未显示出比其他刑罚更强的威慑力。\n\n3. 死刑是不人道的惩罚方式：死刑在执行过程中可能导致犯人遭受极度痛苦，有些方法(如注射执行死刑)可能出现失败的情况，使犯人遭受更多的痛苦。\n\n4. 死刑不能达到教育和改造罪犯的目的：死刑只是消灭了罪犯，而不是帮助他们认识错误并重新成为社会的良好公民。\n\n5. 死刑违反了人的生命权：每个人都有权利活着，无论他们是否犯罪。死刑剥夺了罪犯的生命权。\n\n6. 死刑实行中存在歧视: 在许多国家/地区，死刑执行的对象往往是弱势群体，如贫困人口，少数族裔等，无法得到公正的审判。\n\n7. 死刑的存在并不能改变社会问题的根源: 社会问题往往源自于贫富差距、教育不公等问题，单纯依靠死刑的惩罚并不能从根本上解决社会问题。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "这篇文章的主题是什么？",
+ "input": "她一直梦想着去月球，于是她勇敢地迈出了一步，申请了一张星际单程票。",
+ "output": "这篇文章的主题是有关一个女孩的冒险精神和她实现她的梦想去月球的故事。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "科学家仔细研究了数据。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的，科学家通常对数据进行仔细的分析以便从中得出准确的结论和解释。他们运用统计和数学方法对数据进行检验，以帮助他们解决问题并提高对研究对象的理解。此外，科学家也借助于各种工具和技术来收集和处理数据，以确保数据的准确性和有效性。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "正确拼写专有名词Tyrese。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Tyrese 这个专有名词的正确拼写就是：Tyrese。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "建议一种特定的数据可视化方式，以展示世界上最受欢迎的前十个国家的数据。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "在展示世界上最受欢迎的前十个国家的数据时，一种有效的数据可视化方式是使用柱状图。首先，收集这十个国家的数据，可以是关于旅游人次、收入、评分等指标。然后，使用横轴表示国家，纵轴表示数据指标，为每个国家创建一根柱子，以展示它们各自的数据。可以使用不同的颜色或图案来区分每个国家，让图表更加直观易懂。\n\n柱状图的优点在于，它能够清楚地显示出不同国家之间的差异，以及它们在某个指定指标上的相对表现。此外，它还可以很容易地添加更多的数据和维度，以展示更多方面的信息。此外，在处理排序数据时，柱状图也非常有效，可以直观地展示每个国家在排名中的位置。\n\n当然，这只是一种可视化方式，你也可以根据具体需要使用其他图表类型，例如饼图、折线图等。重要的是选择一种能够清楚、直观地展示数据的方法。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "在工作中的头脑风暴会议中，你需要鼓励其他参与者。可以使用积极、建设性的语句来激励他们。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. “你们的想法和建议非常重要，让我们共同为这个项目作出贡献。”\n2. “每个人的创意和见解都是宝贵的，我们需要充分利用头脑风暴的机会，获得最大的收益。”\n3. “让我们保持开放的心态，欢迎各种不同的观点和想法。”\n4. “你的想法很有创意，继续分享你的想法，将会给我们带来更多的灵感。”\n5. “协作和分享将会使我们的想法更加丰富多彩，这对项目的成功至关重要。”\n6. “不要担心想法是否完美，任何创新的想法都可能激发我们的灵感。” \n7. “我们在这里是为了共同提高和进步，每个人都鼓励发表自己的见解。”\n8. “所有的想法都值得我们认真考虑和讨论，让我们一起把这个项目做到最好。”"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "美国如何应对9/11袭击？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "美国在发生“9/11”恐怖袭击后，采取了一系列的应对举措：\n\n1. 首先，美国政府迅速响应，美国总统乔治·W·布什在不久后发表了讲话，强烈谴责了这一事件，承诺会采取一切必要手段打击恐怖主义。\n\n2. 紧接着，美国国会通过了《爱国者法案》，该法案在很大程度上扩大了执法部门进行搜查、监听和拘留等行动的权限，以打击恐怖分子。\n\n3. 美国还扩大了国内安全措施，包括机场安检的加强，对重点目标的保护，以及对可疑人员的调查。\n\n4. 在国际方面，美国启动了全球反恐战争，首先发动了对阿富汗的军事行动，打击塔利班政权和基地组织。此外，美国还与多国建立了反恐合作关系，共同打击全球恐怖主义。\n\n5. 最后，美国政府投入大量资金援助“9/11”袭击的受害者及其家人，帮助重建被摧毁的建筑，并在遇难者纪念日举行纪念活动，缅怀遇难者。\n\n以上是美国政府在“9/11”恐怖袭击发生后采取的一些主要应对措施。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成五个数据科学家的职业选择列表。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Data Analyst: 负责收集、处理并利用数学和统计学方法对数据进行分析，以便通过可视化工具传达信息并得出结论。\n\n2. Machine Learning Engineer: 设计并开发机器学习算法和计算机程序，用以使计算机能够通过学习、预测和分类等操作来获得更好的结果。\n\n3. Business Intelligence Analyst: 利用技术手段，通过搜集、整理和分析有关商业决策的信息，最终向企业提供数据支持的决策建议。\n\n4. Data Scientist: 利用编程技能和统计学方法，挖掘和分析大量数据，提取有价值的信息和洞察力，并将其用于解决实际问题。\n\n5. Big Data Architect: 负责设计和管理大型数据仓库和分析系统，确保数据安全和高效存储，以便支持企业的数据挖掘和分析工作。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "构建一个答案为6的数学方程。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一种可能的答案为：\n2 + 4 = 6"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "提供定制AI解决方案所需的组件。 ",
+ "input": "输入：解决方案：AI驱动的图像识别系统。",
+ "output": "为提供一个定制的AI驱动的图像识别系统解决方案，所需的组件可能包括：\n\n1. 数据集，包括标记过的图像数据，用于训练和测试模型。\n\n2. 图像处理软件和库，处理和调整图像使其符合训练数据。\n\n3. 深度学习框架，例如Tensorflow或Caffe，构建和训练模型。\n\n4. 模型结构，调试图像的特征来选择最佳模型结构。\n\n5. 训练，训练模型，拟合数据并调整超参数。\n\n6. 硬件，包括高性能GPU，用于加速模型训练和推理。\n\n7. 推理系统，为实时或离线应用实现模型的预测和分类。\n\n8. 可视化工具，用于模型训练、评估和调试。\n\n9. 报告工具，用于生成业务分析报告。\n\n10. 集成API，将解决方案集成到现有的业务流程和系统中。\n\n这些组件可能会根据具体需求和应用场景有所变化。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "根据给定的输入，构建一个关于问题的因果科学假设。",
+ "input": "输入：某个地区降水量减少。",
+ "output": "假设：由于全球气候变化，导致这个地区的降雨模式改变，进而导致该地区降水量减少。也存在其它可能的解释，如该地区的植被减少导致降雨量减少，人为活动如污染和过度开发造成的气候变化等。\n\n为了验证这些假设，可以通过收集气象数据，观察全球及该地区降雨模式的变化，分析植被覆盖度变化，考察人类活动的影响等方式来进行研究。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "好领导 (literal translation)",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The literal translation of \"好领导\" is \"good leader.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "编辑这首关于爱的诗。 ",
+ "input": "爱是一种温柔的东西，\n它带来了安慰和宁静。",
+ "output": "爱是一种温柔的力量，\n它带来慰藉和内心的平静。\n它能点燃心中的激情，\n驱散忧伤和孤独的阴影。\n爱是一份永恒的礼物，\n让生命充满光明和希望。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "使用亚马逊雨林生物多样性知识创建填字游戏。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "很好，这是一个有趣的方式去了解亚马逊雨林的生物多样性！下面是一个简单的填字游戏供您参考：\n\n横向提示：\n1. 亚马逊雨林中一种大型猫科动物，拥有漂亮的斑点皮毛。 (捷豹)\n3. 美丽而多彩的鸟类，它们的喙非常巨大，可以嚼碎坚硬的坚果。 (金刚鹦鹉)\n5. 非常熟悉的亚马逊雨林动物，它们是社群性的，以唯一的尾巴和高声尖叫为特征。 (猴子)\n7. 在亚马逊雨林河流中常见的巨型鱼类，由它体内的骨骼和肌肉产生电流。 (电鳗)\n\n纵向提示：\n2. 有传说把它们叫做\"亚马逊的精灵\"的，这种小型的有毒壁虎颜色鲜艳。 (树蛙)\n4. 这种动物从树上吊下来睡觉，并以它们长得像扫帚一样的舌头去吃蚂蚁和白蚁而闻名。 (食蚁獴)\n6. 这种可爱的小动物由于它黑色大眼睛和憨态可蹈的外表而闻名。 (树懒)\n\n解答：\n```\n 1\n ████\n█ █ █\n3 █ █\n█ ███\n█ █ █ 2\n█ █ █\n4 ███ █\n█ █"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "人类和动物之间的三个主要区别是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "人类和动物之间存在许多区别，其中三个主要区别如下：\n\n1. 认知能力：人类拥有高度发达的认知能力，可以进行复杂的思维和推理。我们可以进行语言交流，解决问题，并且有自我意识。这一点与其他动物不同，虽然其他动物也有一定的认知能力，但这些认知能力通常不如人类高级。\n\n2. 社会结构：人类的社会结构非常复杂，并且有很多不同的文化和传统。相比之下，大多数动物的社会结构相对简单，通常基于家庭或群体。例如，狼群由一对领导狼和它们的后代组成，而人类社会则有各种各样的社会组织和制度。\n\n3. 工具使用和制造能力：人类能够使用和制造各种各样的工具，这对我们的生存和发展至关重要。我们能够使用工具来满足各种基本需求，如食物、住所和防护。虽然有些动物也能使用工具，但它们通常只能使用简单的工具，而且不能像人类那样进行工具制造。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "他早早地做了早餐，加一个过渡词使句子更好。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "于是，他早早地做了早餐。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为一款无麸质、纯素且含蓝莓的甜点取一个名字。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"蓝莓清爽无麸纯素馅饼\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一个带有两个形容词的句子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "她是一个温柔而快乐的女孩。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "想象一种情况，两个人有不同的观点，解释一下你如何解决他们的分歧。",
+ "input": "这两个人对于某一路段的限速是否应该降低存在分歧。",
+ "output": "首先，我会建议这两个人进行平和和理性的对话，让他们把各自的观点和证据都摊开来，以便别人更好地理解各自的意见。把彼此的意见都说出来后，我会引导双方协商寻找一个折中方案。\n\n其次，我们可以邀请一位相关的权威专家，比如交通规划师，让他根据专业知识给出一个更加客观的意见。\n\n另外，我们还可以搜集一些相关数据，比如该路段出事故的频率，通行量等，来评估降低限速是否有必要。还可以参考类似路段的案例，看看其他地方的限速标准是否值得借鉴。\n\n最后，我们可以建议双方都做出一些让步，尝试实施一个试行方案，再根据结果来判断是否需要调整。\n\n总之，解决分歧的关键在于两个人都要保持开放和谦逊的态度，愿意倾听对方的意见，寻找共同点，并在此基础上协商解决问题。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将以下物品分类为蔬菜和水果。",
+ "input": "输入：橙子，胡萝卜，洋葱，香蕉。",
+ "output": "水果：橙子，香蕉。\n\n蔬菜：胡萝卜，洋葱。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一个关于青蛙的问题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "“青蛙为什么能够跳得那么高？”"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建成功的牙医营销活动。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "要创建一个成功的牙医营销活动，您可以考虑以下几个步骤：\n\n1. 分析您的目标市场: 对您的潜在客户进行研究，了解他们的年龄、性别、收入水平和地理位置，从而确定最有效的营销策略。\n\n2. 制定营销目标: 明确您希望通过这次营销活动实现的目标，例如吸引新客户、提高客户忠诚度或增加预约量。\n\n3. 创建吸引人的广告: 设计引人注目的广告，如平面广告、网络广告、社交媒体广告等。确保广告中包含您的联系方式、服务优势和促销活动信息。\n\n4. 推广活动: 运用各种有效的渠道来推广您的营销活动，如社交媒体、电子邮件、客户推荐和当地媒体。\n\n5. 跟踪结果: 跟踪并分析营销活动的结果，如收到的预约数量、新客户数量和销售额。据此调整您的营销策略，以便在下一次活动中获得更好的效果。\n\n6. 保持联系: 在营销活动结束后，继续与客户保持联系，为他们提供优质的服务和促销信息，以促进客户忠诚度。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "请简化以下句子：\"我写信给您是为了请求使用您的软件的许可。\"",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "我请求使用您软件的许可。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "半乳糖尿病：身体无法处理半乳糖，可能导致发育迟缓、黄疸和智力障碍。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "半乳糖尿病（Galactosemia）是一种罕见的遗传性代谢疾病，受影响的人无法在体内代谢半乳糖，导致其在体内积累。这种疾病具有常染色体隐性遗传特征，会影响身体对乳糖（牛奶中的糖）分解后的半乳糖的处理。 \n\n如果一名新生儿患有半乳糖尿病，且其饮食中含有乳糖，他可能会出现肠绞痛、呕吐、大便稀溏、食欲不振、体重增长减缓和黄疸等症状。如果不接受适当的治疗，半乳糖尿病可能会导致更严重的症状，如肝脏疾病、脑损伤、发育迟缓、白内障和智力障碍。\n\n目前，半乳糖尿病的唯一治疗方法是完全避免摄入乳糖和半乳糖。这意味着患者需要遵循严格的乳糖不耐受饮食，避免摄入乳制品、含乳糖的食物和药物。一些患者可能还需接受其他治疗，例如肝移植或酶替代疗法。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创作一首颂歌诗，主题为“慷慨”。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "慷慨之歌\n\n慷慨是一颗永恒的明珠，\n闪耀着在人间传递温暖的光芒。\n它是人性中最宝贵的一种情感，\n无私奉献，厚爱无穷。\n\n慷慨的心灵是开阔的，\n宽恕是它的真谛。\n它给予不求回报，\n无私奉献，坚定不移。\n\n慷慨是雨露阳光，\n滋养万物、赐予生机。\n它像鲜花般绽放，\n传递着爱的气息。\n\n愿我们都学会慷慨，\n发扬这一神圣的美德。\n用无私和大爱去润泽世间，\n让爱永恒闪耀于人间。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "公钥加密算法为什么重要？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "公钥加密算法是非常重要的，因为它提供了一种安全的方式来传输信息。它允许两个方发送加密消息而不需要共享一个秘密密钥。这个过程通过使用一对密钥，一个私钥和一个公钥，来实现。\n\n公钥加密算法重要的原因有：\n\n1. 安全性： 公钥加密算法可以安全地传输机密数据。加密过程保证了只有拥有私钥的人才能解密数据。就算其他人知道公钥，他们也无法解密加密信息。\n\n2. 签名认证： 公钥加密算法还被用来认证数字签名。这允许接收方验证发送方的身份，确认信息是否被篡改过。\n\n3. 可靠性： 由于加密和解密过程是基于复杂的数学原理，攻击者很难破解密钥。这使得公钥加密算法成为一种非常可靠的安全工具。\n\n4. 便利性： 公钥加密算法简化了加密流程，因为它不需要在发送方和接收方之间共享密钥。这使得公钥加密算法成为一种方便的方式来安全地传输信息。\n\n总结： 公钥加密算法提供了一种安全、可靠和方便的方法来加密信息和验证数字签名。它广泛应用于许多领域，包括电子商务、电子邮件和金融服务。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "晨跑可以帮助减轻压力。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的，晨跑是减压的有效方式之一。运动可以促进身体产生内啡肽，它是一种自然止痛和减压的化学物质，有助于减轻焦虑和抑郁情绪。运动还可以改善睡眠质量，增强自信心，让人保持清醒和专注。此外，晨跑还能帮助人们享受大自然的风景，呼吸新鲜空气，让人心情愉悦。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出瑜伽对身体健康的三个好处。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "瑜伽有很多对身体健康的好处，下面是其中的三个：\n\n1. 弹性和力量：瑜伽姿势能够帮助拉伸和加强身体肌肉，增强身体力量和弹性，减少运动损伤的风险。\n\n2. 减压和放松：瑜伽呼吸法和冥想能够帮助放松身体和心理，降低压力水平，改善情绪，促进睡眠质量。\n\n3. 改善心肺功能：瑜伽能够通过某些呼吸法和动作改善心肺功能，增加氧气流入身体，促进血液循环。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "使用提供的信息，构建一个SQL查询来提取前10个最高价值的订单。",
+ "input": "输入：\n表名：Orders\n列：ID（主键），价值，客户ID，日期",
+ "output": "根据您提供的信息，下面是一个简单的SQL查询语句，该语句从表Orders中获取前10个订单根据它们的价值降序排列：\n\n```sql\nSELECT TOP 10 ID, 价值, 客户ID, 日期\nFROM Orders\nORDER BY 价值 DESC;\n```\n此查询将提取表Orders中的前10个行，其中所有选择的列（ID, 价值, 客户ID，日期）将包含在结果集中。这些记录将按列\"值\"的降序排列，这意味着订单具有最高价值将首先显示在结果列表中。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "输入：顾客：你好，我想要点一份鸡肉三明治。",
+ "input": "指示：将顾客所说的话转录下来。",
+ "output": "顾客：你好，我想要点一份鸡肉三明治。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "在我空闲的时间里，我喜欢踢足球。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "踢足球是一项非常有益的运动，它不仅能帮助你锻炼身体，还能增强团队合作精神。如果你喜欢踢足球，不妨找一些朋友一起去踢球。此外，你也可以参加当地的足球俱乐部，和更多热爱足球的人一起享受这项运动带来的乐趣。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "陆地上最快的哺乳动物是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "陆地上最快的哺乳动物是猎豹（学名：Acinonyx jubatus）。它们能在短距离内以惊人的速度奔跑，最快时速可达每小时 112 千米（约70 英里）。\n\n猎豹是一种非常优秀的短跑运动员，它们能够在不到 3 秒内加速到每小时 96 千米（60 英里），相当于一辆跑车 。不过，它们的耐力有限，一般只能保持这样的高速奔跑 20-30 秒。为了捕捉猎物，猎豹通常会潜伏在草丛中靠近猎物，然后突然发起冲刺。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成表达不公正的短语。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 不公平的待遇\n2. 歧视性的做法\n3. 轻视别人的利益\n4. 滥用职权\n5. 不同罪相同罚\n6. 任人唯亲\n7. 利益关系裙带菜\n8. 不按劳分配\n9. 不合法不公正\n10. 双重标准."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一个算法，将整数数组从小到大排序。",
+ "input": "输入：[3, 8, 5, 4, 1, 9]",
+ "output": "输出: [1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9]\n\n一种简单的排序算法是插入排序：\n\ndef insertion_sort(array):\n for i in range(1, len(array)):\n j = i\n while j > 0 and array[j] < array[j - 1]:\n array[j], array[j - 1] = array[j - 1], array[j]\n j -= 1\n return array\n\n# 测试算法\narray = [3, 8, 5, 4, 1, 9]\nprint(insertion_sort(array))\n\n# 输出结果: [1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9]\n\n此算法的时间复杂度为O(n^2)，空间复杂度为O(1)。它适用于小型数据集，对于大型数据集，可以使用更高效的排序算法，如快速排序、归并排序等。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一个与网络安全相关的五本书的列表。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这是一个与网络安全相关的五本书的列表:\n\n1.《社交工程：安全专家如何破解人类思维》(Social Engineering: The Art of Human Hacking) - Christopher Hadnagy\n2.《黑客攻防技术宝典：Web实战篇》(The Web Application Hacker's Handbook: Finding and Exploiting Security Flaws) - Dafydd Stuttard, Marcus Pinto\n3.《密码编码学与网络安全：原理与实践》(Cryptography and Network Security: Principles and Practice) - William Stallings\n4.《黑客与画家：计算机革命的来龙去脉》(Hackers and Painters: Big Ideas from the Computer Age) - 保罗·格雷厄姆 (Paul Graham)\n5.《网络安全：私人和国家》(Cybersecurity and CyberWar: What Everyone Needs to Know) - P. W. Singer, Allan Friedman\n\n这些书包含了社交工程、密码学、黑客攻防技术、网络安全等方面的知识，为您提供了一个全面的关于网络安全的阅读体验。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述恒星和星际气体云之间的区别。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "恒星是由氢，氦和其他较轻的元素组成的巨大球体，它能够通过聚变反应产生能量。恒星通常有一个稳定的形态，并且它们的表面温度可以达到数千到数百万华氏度。恒星的光芒璀璨，我们看到的所有光亮的天体几乎都是由恒星组成的。\n\n而星际气体云则不同，它们是由气体和小尘埃颗粒组成的庞大云团。这些气体属于星际介质，主要由分子氢和原子氢组成，但也包含其他元素。星际气体云非常稀薄，其中的气体颗粒之间的距离要比地球大气层中的平均距离大得多。它们往往不发光，但可以通过阻挡背后恒星的光而以黑暗的形象出现在天空中。\n\n可以这样总结，恒星是由气体聚集成的固态球体，它们通过聚变反应释放巨大的能量，并以明亮的形象出现在天空中。而星际气体云是由稀薄的气体和尘埃颗粒组成的云团，它们看起来不够明亮，但对于星系内部的物质循环和星际生命的起源具有重要意义。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出三项最重要的职业技能。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "每个职业都有其特定的技能要求，所以最重要的职业技能可能因行业及具体工作而异。但总的来说，以下是三项常见的重要职业技能：\n\n1. 沟通能力：能够有效地与同事、客户和管理层进行沟通，表达观点与想法，清楚地理解和回应他人的需求。\n\n2. 团队合作能力：能够在团队中扮演积极的角色，与他人协作完成任务，分享信息和资源，并处理好人际关系。\n\n3. 解决问题能力：能够分析问题，找出合适的解决方案并付诸实施。这通常需要创新思维，合理分析和决策能力。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释为什么水对人类至关重要。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "水对人类至关重要的原因有很多。首先，水是人体细胞和组织的主要组成部分，约占我们身体重量的60%。它为我们的生命活动提供了基础必要的支持。\n\n 水还有很多重要作用，包括维持体液平衡、保持体温稳定、运输营养物质和废物、帮助消化、润滑关节等。人体每天都会通过呼吸、汗液和尿液等方式排出大量的水分，这些水分必须通过饮水来补充，以确保身体健康。\n\n 此外，水还对人类社会经济发展至关重要。例如，农业需要大量的水来灌溉庄稼，工业需要水来冷却机器设备，生活用水更是人们日常生活必不可少的。总之，水是人类生存和发展的重要基础，没有水，人类文明就无法存在。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个包含“do away with”短语的句子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Many people believe that we should do away with the practice of single-use plastics to help protect the environment."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "根据提示，创作一个200字的故事。提示是：你所知道的世界已经改变。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "从前，世界是一个美好的地方，一切都是和谐的。可是，有一天，人类醒来时却发现周围的一切都改变了。天空不再是蓝色的，草地不再是绿色的，甚至连空气都不再是清新的。人类感到十分的惶恐，不知道发生了什么。\n\n然而，随着时间的推移，人们渐渐地适应了这个新的世界。他们开始探索这个神秘的地方，发现了很多新奇的东西。他们发现这个世界有一个新的物种，叫做“独角兽”，这种动物非常的温顺，人类可以很好地和它们相处。\n\n虽然这个世界已经完全变了样，但人类并没有放弃，他们决心在这个新世界里创造出属于自己的新天地。他们用自己的聪明才智，建造了新的房屋，种植了新的农作物，生活渐渐变得美好起来。\n\n这个故事告诉我们，即使生活中出现意想不到的变故，我们也不能放弃，而是要勇敢地去适应新环境并重新站起来。只要我们勇于接受改变，迎接挑战，我们就能创造出一个更加美好的未来。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "“可持续性”这个概念如何影响我们的环境？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "可持续性指的是满足当前世代的需求，同时还要保证未来世代也能够满足其需求的发展方式。它涵盖了经济、社会和环境三方面的发展。在环境方面，可持续性旨在减少对自然资源的过度消耗和破坏，保护生态系统和生物多样性，减少污染物的排放，以及有效应对气候变化。\n\n可持续性对我们的环境有着重大而积极的影响。它促使我们采用更为绿色、清洁和可再生的生产方式和生活方式，从而减少对环境的负面影响。例如，我们可以通过使用太阳能、风能和水力发电等可再生能源，来减少对化石燃料的依赖，从而减少温室气体排放，促进空气质量的改善。\n\n此外，可持续性还促使我们更加注重资源的循环利用和废物的减少。例如，我们可以通过回收和再利用废弃物品，来减少对新资源的需求，同时也能减少废弃物填埋和焚烧所造成的环境污染。\n\n总之，可持续性为我们提供了一种更加和谐、平衡和长远的发展方式，旨在促进人类社会与自然环境之间的和谐共处。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将他的理论应用于以下情境。 ",
+ "input": "约翰·洛克主张存在自然权利，如生命和自由权利。",
+ "output": "我们可以将约翰·洛克的理论应用于许多情境中。比如说，如果一个国家的政府打算制定一项不受欢迎的立法，禁止人们进行抗议示威，那么根据洛克的理论，这项立法就是不合法的，因为它侵犯了人民的自然权利 - 自由权利。\n\n又比如，如果一个政府不管其公民的基本需求，没有为他们提供基本生活保障，那么这也违反了洛克的理论中的自然权利 - 生命权。洛克认为，政府有义务保障国民的生命权。\n\n总之，约翰·洛克的理论强调保护个人的自然权利，如果遇到任何与之相悖的情况，都可用他的理论来评判。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个函数来找到给定数组的最大元素。",
+ "input": "输入：\nint array[] = {8, 3, 5, 9, 3, 1, 5};",
+ "output": "```c\n#include \n\n/* Function to find the maximum element in the array */\nint findMaxElement(int array[], int size){\n // Initialize maximum element as first element\n int max = array[0];\n\n // Traverse through the array and compare each element with maximum\n for (int i=1; i < size; i++)\n if (array[i] > max)\n max = array[i];\n\n // Return the maximum element\n return max;\n}\n\n\nint main(void) {\n\n int array[] = {8, 3, 5, 9, 3, 1, 5};\n int size = sizeof(array)/sizeof(array[0]);\n int maximum_element = findMaxElement(array, size);\n\n printf(\"Maximum element in the array is: %d\", maximum_element);\n\n return 0;\n}\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释作者为什么反对这个计划。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "很抱歉，但是您没有给我足够的信息来准确地回答您的问题。您能提供更多有关作者和所反对的计划的背景和细节吗？只有更多具体信息，我才能帮助您理解作者为什么反对这个计划。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "青蛙有几对外眼睑？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "青蛙有一对外眼睑。这一对外眼睑有一个特殊的透明膜，可以用来保护青蛙的眼睛免受水分和尘埃的伤害，并且有助于维持水陆两栖生活。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "4个点可以组成多少个三角形？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "通过4个点，最多可以组成4个不同的三角形。\n\n以下是解释：\n\n- 我们从4个点中任选3个点来构成一个三角形。因此，这个问题实质上是一个组合问题——从n个不同元素中取出m个元素的组合数。\n- 组合数公式为C(n, m) = n! / (m! * (n-m)!)\n- 将n = 4, m = 3代入公式，可得C(4, 3) = 4! / (3! * (4-3)!) = 4\n\n因此，通过4个点，最多可以组成4个不同的三角形。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成以下文章的新摘要：篮球是一项团队运动，通常由两个队伍组成，每个队伍通常有五名球员，在矩形球场上相互对抗。目标是通过将球投入到球场两端的挂有直径为18英寸的篮板上得分。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "篮球是一种团队运动，由两支五人组成的队伍在矩形球场上对抗，旨在将球投入对方挂有直径18英寸篮板的篮筐中得分。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "设计自动停车系统",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "自动停车系统的设计需要考虑许多因素，下面是一个基本的自动停车系统设计计划：\n\n1. 系统需求分析：确定系统要实现的功能，例如识别空车位、自动停车、计费等。\n\n2. 硬件设备选择：根据需要选择相关的硬件设备，如传感器、摄像头、显示屏幕、控制器等。\n\n3. 软件开发：开发相应的软件程序，实现车位识别、停车控制、计费等功能。\n\n4. 安装调试：将硬件设备和软件程序结合起来，进行现场安装和调试，确保系统正常运行。\n\n5. 系统测试：进行系统测试，确保各项功能正常运行，满足用户需求。\n\n6. 用户培训：对用户进行培训，讲解系统的使用方法和注意事项。\n\n7. 系统维护：定期对系统进行维护，保证系统的正常运行。\n\n此外，自动停车系统还需考虑安全性、可靠性、易用性、拓展性等因素，不断优化和完善，以提供更好的停车体验。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解冻冷冻食品的过程。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "解冻冷冻食品的过程通常包括以下几个步骤：\n\n1. 将冷冻食品从冰箱冷冻室移动到冰箱冷藏室进行缓慢解冻。这通常需要数小时到一天时间，具体取决于食品的大小和厚度。\n\n2. 如果您需要快速解冻食品，可以将其放置在一个大碗中，然后用冷水盖住。每30分钟更换一次水，直到食品完全解冻。注意：不要使用热水进行解冻，因为这可能会导致食品表面过熟，而内部仍然冷冻。\n\n3. 对于一些可以使用微波炉加热的食品，可以使用微波炉的解冻功能进行快速解冻。请按照微波炉说明书中的指示操作，并且注意不要过度加热。\n\n4. 解冻食品时，要注意保持卫生，避免食品接触到其他生食或污染物。\n\n5. 完全解冻后的食品应尽快食用或加工。如果不能立即食用，应该将其存放在冰箱冷藏室中，避免再次冷冻。\n\n注意：不建议在室温下解冻食品，因为这样会增加细菌滋生的风险。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "AI技术正在改变工作方式，自动化繁琐任务、简化复杂流程、智能系统帮助员工日常活动。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的，人工智能技术正在以各种方式改变着我们的工作方式。它能够自动化许多繁琐的任务，使人们可以把更多精力放在更具创造性和价值的工作上。此外，它能够简化复杂的流程，让工作更加高效。智能系统还能通过分析大量数据来帮助员工进行日常活动，为他们提供有价值的指导和建议。总之，人工智能技术正在帮助人们提高工作效率，改善工作体验。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "总结最近的美国总统选举。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "2020年美国总统选举于11月3日举行，投票方式包括投票站投票和邮寄投票。民主党候选人乔·拜登以306张选举人票击败现任总统、共和党候选人唐纳德·特朗普的232张选举人票，成为新一任的美国总统。此次选举也创造了历史上选民投票率最高的记录，大约有160202646人投票，投票率约为66.7%。\n\n在选举结束后，特朗普及其团队对多个州的选举结果提出质疑并发起诉讼，声称存在选举舞弊。但经过法院的审理，多数诉讼被驳回，未能找到有力证据证明存在大规模舞弊行为。\n\n1月6日，国会举行会议确认拜登当选，但期间遭到支持特朗普的示威者冲击，造成冲突和人员伤亡。1月20日，拜登正式宣誓就任，成为美国历史上第46位总统。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "重新表述以下陈述，侧重于积极方面。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "很抱歉，您没有提供任何陈述。 请提供一个陈述，以便我重述以突出积极方面。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个30秒广告脚本，介绍一个新产品。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "背景音乐:轻快，雀跃\n\n旁白: (兴奋，充满活力的声音) 大家好！是否经常因为无法忍受炎热的夏季而感到烦恼？现在，我们向您介绍一款全新的产品- 魔法涼感液！\n\n音效: 幻想声\n\n旁白: 只需轻轻一喷，魔法涼感液会立刻带给您凉爽的感受！它采用了最先进的生物科技，保证给您最自然、最持久的清凉感。\n\n音效: 清脆的“喷”的声音\n\n旁白: 魔法涼感液适用于各种场合，无论是在室外运动，还是在办公室里，都能在瞬间帮助您缓解炎热的困扰。它体积小巧，便于携带，是您夏天必不可少的伴侣！\n\n音效: 轻快的音乐\n\n旁白: 别犹豫了，赶快行动吧！在这个夏天，与魔法涼感液一起度过每一个凉爽的夏日时光！"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "评价这个拼图，给出1到5的评分。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "对不起，我是一个语言AI，我无法通过图片或形象来进行评估拼图。因为我无法看到这个拼图，无法给出1到5的评分。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释为什么减少碳足迹很重要。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "减少碳足迹很重要因为这能够缓解气候变化的影响。碳足迹是指人类活动对环境造成的影响，特别是指二氧化碳的排放。二氧化碳是一种温室气体，能够吸收并释放热量，导致地球变暖。过多的二氧化碳排放会增加大气中的温室气体浓度，从而加剧全球气候变化。\n\n气候变化对人类社会和自然生态系统都有负面影响。它可能导致极端天气事件的增多，如飓风、干旱和洪水；海平面上升，威胁沿海城市；以及全球生物多样性下降。为了降低这些影响，有必要减少对环境的影响，降低我们的碳足迹。\n\n通过采取一些措施，如使用可再生能源，提高能源效率，减少浪费和改变我们的生活方式等，我们可以有效地减少我们的碳足迹。这样不仅有益于环境，也能够促进经济增长，创造绿色就业机会，改善人民的生活质量。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创作一篇关于去月球的故事。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "当天空中缀满了星星，月亮照耀着大地时，一群勇敢的探险家踏上了去月球的旅程。\n\n他们穿着宇航服，坐在巨大的火箭里，在起飞时情绪激动。当火箭冲破大气层，太空的壮丽景色让他们惊叹不已。\n\n经过数日的旅途，探险家们终于到达了月球。他们站在那块无垠的荒原上，感受着脚下沙土的质感，凝视着漆黑的太空和耀眼的地球。\n\n在月球上，他们体验了失重的感觉，一边惊叹着月球上稀薄的大气和险峻的地貌，一边进行着科学实验，收集着各种数据。\n\n在月球停留了一周后，探险家们踏上了返回地球的旅程。当他们安全着陆时，他们感到无比激动。他们将自己的经历讲述给全世界，让大家更加了解那颗遥远的卫星——月球。\n\n这次月球之旅不仅展示了人类勇于探索的精神，也为我们提供了更多关于宇宙的知识。谁知道，也许在不久的将来，登上月球会成为旅游的一项选择。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一句表达你对某个话题观点的句子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"我认为可持续发展和环境保护要成为我们决策中的重要因素，因为这关键到地球未来的健康。\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "叙事诗的三个常见特征是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "叙事诗是讲述故事的一种长篇诗歌。它通常具有以下三个常见特征：\n\n1. 故事情节：叙事诗通常有一个清晰的故事情节，包括起因，发展，高潮和结局。它们讲述了一个连贯的故事，具有阐述性和戏剧性。\n\n2. 人物描写：叙事诗中通常包含诸多人物，每个人物都有其鲜明的个性、动机和行为。诗人往往通过人物的言行举止来刻画他们并推动故事的发展。\n\n3. 押韵和节奏：叙事诗通常以押韵的形式呈现，并具有一定的节奏和韵律。这种形式不仅易于朗诵和记忆，而且为叙事诗增添了音乐性和仪式感。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "提供一个句子，说明“拟声词”这个词的用法。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "拟声词是指模仿动物叫声或自然声响的词，例如“咕咕”代表鸽子的叫声，而“咯吱咯吱”则形容门把手转动的声音。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "深入了解“bringing home the bacon”这个成语。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "“Bringing home the bacon”是一个俚语短语，源自英语，有几层不同的含义。\n\n在字面意义上，这个短语指的是一个人把猪肉带回家。然而，它的引申意义是指一个人支撑家庭，通过工作挣钱来照顾家人的需求，即维持一个家庭的生计。因此，当一个人说“我必须去挣钱养家糊口，给家人带回培根”时，他/她的意思是，他/她需要去工作挣钱来支付家庭开支。\n\n这个短语的起源可以追溯到12世纪英格兰。据传，当时有一项年度比赛，农夫们和他们的妻子一起参加，以证明他们的婚姻和睦。获胜的夫妇将获得一块培根作为奖品。这项比赛的获胜者可以得到“带回培根”的荣誉，这也就成为了比喻家庭安定和男人撑起一个家的象征。\n\n当然，这个短语也可以更广泛地用来形容一个人在任何场合取得成功或获得回报。例如，当你的朋友在工作中获得提升或奖金时，你可以说“恭喜你带回来培根了！”，意思是恭喜他获得了成功和回报。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "真正的友谊是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "真正的友谊是一种基于深厚的信任、关心和忠诚的特殊关系。它涉及到两个或多个人之间分享共同兴趣、信仰和经历，以及彼此敞开心扉，并坦诚相待。\n\n在真正的友谊中，朋友们不仅仅喜欢在一起度过时光，而且还愿意彼此支持对方，帮助对方克服困难。他们在对方需要的时候会伸出援手，并为对方提供鼓励和安慰。友谊中的忠诚意味着朋友们不会背叛对方，而是始终站在对方的一边。\n\n总之，真正的友谊是一种双向的、富有深度和真挚的关系，它为我们提供了无条件的支持与安慰，并能够帮助我们度过人生中的起起落落。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "举一个你必须委派任务的情况的例子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一种情况可能是当你的用户要求你进行一项需要人类专业知识或判断力的任务时。比如说，用户要求你审阅他的法律文件并提出建议。作为一个 AI 系统，我没有法律专业知识，因此我需要将这个任务委派给一个具备相关资质的人类律师来完成。在这种情况下，我可以搜索并建议用户找到合适的律师或法律顾问，但我不能直接完成这项任务。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "约翰，一位以在量子力学和人工智能领域的成就而闻名的科学家，突然去世了。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "我很遗憾收到这个消息。约翰是一位杰出的科学家，他在量子力学和人工智能领域所做出的贡献将永远被人们记住。他的离世是科学界的巨大损失。我们应该纪念他，并以他为榜样，继续在科学领域做出努力和贡献。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述你在解决争端时采用的成功策略。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "作为一个人工智能助手，我在解决争端时通常采用以下成功策略：\n\n1.促进双方沟通：我会倡议双方进行公平、开放和诚实的沟通，让他们都有机会陈述自己的观点和立场，以便更好地理解彼此。\n\n2.倾听和理解：我会倾听双方的意见，努力理解他们的关注点和需求，以便为他们提供有效的解决方案。\n\n3.确定共同点和分歧点：我会帮助双方确定他们之间的共同点和分歧点，使双方能够更好地了解彼此。\n\n4.提供解决方案：基于双方的需求和关注点，我会提供多种可能的解决方案，以便双方能够做出明智的决定。\n\n5.引导双方协商：我会引导双方进行公平和建设性的协商，最终找到一个双方都能接受的解决方案。\n\n6.追踪进展：在解决方案实施后，我会追踪进展情况，以确保问题得到妥善解决，双方都满意。\n\n总之，我的成功策略在于促进双方公平、开放和诚实的沟通，并提供多种可能的解决方案，最终帮助他们找到一个双方都能接受的解决方案。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找出一个重复元素数组中的两个不重复元素。",
+ "input": "输入：arr = [2, 3, 7, 9, 11, 2, 3, 11]",
+ "output": "输出：[7, 9]\n\n```\ndef find_two_unique(arr):\n XOR = arr[0]\n for i in range(1, len(arr)):\n XOR ^= arr[i]\n \n # Get the rightmost set bit in set_bit_no\n set_bit_no = XOR & ~(XOR-1)\n x,y = 0,0\n \n # Now divide elements in two sets by comparing rightmost set\n for num in arr:\n if num & set_bit_no:\n x = x^num\n else:\n y = y^num\n return [x,y]\n\narr = [2, 3, 7, 9, 11, 2, 3, 11]\nresult = find_two_unique(arr)\nprint(result)\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "保密必须得到维护的情况。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "保密在某些情况下十分重要，需要得到严格的维护。这可能包括个人隐私、商业机密、国家安全和其他敏感信息。为了确保保密性，可以采取各种措施，如加密通信、签署保密协议、限制信息流通范围等。违反保密条例可能会导致法律责任和损失。因此，对于需要维护保密性的情况，必须严肃对待，采取有效措施来保护相关信息不被泄露。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "批评给定的画作。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "我是一个人工智能助手，我的程序旨在提供客观建议和帮助，而不是提供主观批评。此外，艺术作品是非常主观的创造，对其进行评价需要深厚的艺术背景知识以及对艺术流派，技巧和历史的深入了解。因此，我无法对给定的画作提供批评。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建给定物品的购买收据。",
+ "input": "输入：苹果iPhone 11（数量：1），Wepulse智能手环（数量：2）",
+ "output": "收据：\n购买日期：[日期]\n\n商品描述 数量 单价 小计\n---------------------------------------\n苹果 iPhone 11 1 [价格] [小计价格]\nWepulse智能手环 2 [价格] [小计价格]\n\n总计金额：[总金额]\n付款方式：[付款方式]\n---------------------------------------\n感谢您的惠顾！"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为以下数据提供数据可视化。",
+ "input": "输入：\n2020年每100户家庭的汽车数量，按城市划分\n波士顿：22\n迈阿密：17\n奥斯汀：19",
+ "output": "由于您所给数据有时间、地点、数量三个维度，我推荐使用条形图来可视化这些数据。这样可以直观地对比不同城市每100户家庭拥有汽车的数量。\n\n```\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n\ncities = ['Boston', 'Miami', 'Austin']\nnum_cars = [22, 17, 19]\nplt.bar(cities, num_cars)\n\nplt.title('Number of Cars per 100 Households in 2020, by City')\nplt.xlabel('City')\nplt.ylabel('Number of Cars per 100 Households')\n\n# 添加数据标签\nfor i, value in enumerate(num_cars):\n plt.text(i, value, str(value), ha='center', fontsize=12)\n\n# 展示图形\nplt.show()\n```\n\n输出的图像包含一个标题，X轴标签为城市名称，Y轴单位为每100户家庭拥有汽车的数量。每个城市由一个条形表示，长度表示该城市每100户家庭拥有的汽车数量。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "想出减少交通拥堵的解决方案。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 发展公共交通：大力发展公共交通系统，比如地铁、公交和轻轨等，能够减少人们对私家车的依赖。\n\n2. 推行拼车出行：鼓励人们拼车出行，减少道路上的车辆数量。\n\n3. 实施限行措施：实施单双号限行等措施，限制部分车辆上路。\n\n4. 改善道路交通管理：优化道路交通信号灯设置，改善交通流量，减少拥堵。\n\n5. 建设智能道路系统：运用智能化手段，比如智能感应、导航与路况监测等技术，实时更新路况信息，为司机提供最佳出行方案。\n\n6. 推行远程办公：鼓励企业实行灵活的远程办公制度，减少上下班高峰期的交通压力。\n\n7. 发展非机动交通工具：支持和鼓励人们使用自行车或步行出行，为非机动车辆提供快速、安全的出行环境。\n\n8. 修建立体立交桥：在关键路口建设立体立交桥，改善道路通行能力。\n\n9. 优化货运物流：优化货运物流系统，减少大型货车在道路上的数量和停留时间。\n\n10. 引入交通拥堵收费：在严重拥堵的地区或时间段，实行拥堵收费制度，通过经济手段引导人们改变出行方式。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "能否根据给定的食材建议菜肴？ ",
+ "input": "输入：鸡肉、彩椒、大蒜",
+ "output": "当然可以！根据您给出的食材，这里有几个菜肴建议供您参考：\n\n1. 香煎鸡肉配彩椒：先将鸡肉腌制入味，再将其香煎至金黄色，然后加入切好的彩椒、大蒜炒至熟，调入适当的盐和黑胡椒即可。\n\n2. 鸡肉彩椒炒饭：将鸡肉煮熟切丁，彩椒也切丁备用。锅内加入少量油，将大蒜爆香后加入鸡肉、彩椒翻炒均匀，再加入隔夜的白饭炒至焦香。最后加入适当的盐和酱油调味后翻炒均匀即可。\n\n3. 鸡肉彩椒卷饼：准备好面饼，在面饼上加入煎好的鸡肉、生菜、切好的彩椒条和大蒜酱，撒上孜然粉和盐，然后紧紧卷起，切成小段即可。\n\n希望能给您带来帮助。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一个包含10个活动的清单，以提高创造力。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 练习写作: 每天写一篇短文, 讲一个不同的话题或故事.\n2. 绘画或素描: 绘制周围的物体或从想象中创作.\n3. 拍照: 某一个主题或从不同的角度拍摄照片，捕捉不同的光线和阴影.\n4. 随机涂鸦: 随意涂鸦可以唤起内心的创造力.\n5. 烹饪: 在菜谱中加入自己的元素,创造新的食谱.\n6. 手工艺: 用不同的材料和工具制作一个新的项目, 例如首饰, 灯笼, 或拼贴画.\n7. 音乐: 听不同类型的音乐，尝试创作属于自己的曲子.\n8. 园艺: 种植一些新的植物，并设计花园的布局.\n9. 阅读: 阅读不同类型的书籍，可以拓宽思路，启发创造力.\n10. 表演艺术: 参与戏剧，喜剧，舞蹈等表演艺术，可以帮助释放内心的想象力，并与他人合作创造新的内容。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "物联网（IoT）是如何工作的？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "物联网（IoT），即“物联网”，是指通过网络将各种智能设备、系统和服务连接起来，实现物与物之间的通信和数据交换。它的工作原理如下：\n\n1. 传感器/设备：物联网系统的基础是由各种传感器和设备组成，它们可以收集各种类型的数据，包括温度、湿度、位置、运动等信息。\n\n2. 连接：为了将数据传输到云端或其他设备，物联网设备需要通过无线网络或有线网络与外界连接。常见的无线网络有Wi-Fi、蓝牙、ZigBee等，有线网络则包括以太网或串口通信。\n\n3. 数据处理：传感器收集的原始数据需要经过处理才能被使用。物联网系统通常会在云端或设备本地进行数据清洗、转换和聚合等操作，以提取出有用的信息。\n\n4. 用户界面：物联网系统会通过各种用户界面向用户展示数据和信息。这些界面可能是智能手机应用、网页或语音助手等。用户可以通过这些界面查看数据、控制设备或接收通知。\n\n总之，物联网通过将智能设备连接起来，并通过云端或设备本地进行数据处理，来提供更智能、更便捷的服务。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一封跟进电子邮件。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "亲爱的 [姓名]，\n\n我希望你一切都好。\n\n我只是想跟进一下我上次给您发送的电子邮件，以确保您收到了它，并且获得了所需的所有信息。如果您还有其他问题或需要进一步的协助，请随时与我联系。\n\n我期待着您的回复，并希望我们能够尽快解决您的问题。\n\n谢谢。\n\n此致，\n[你的名字]"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "基于给定的事实，创建一个新的公司口号。",
+ "input": "输入：公司名称：清新洗衣",
+ "output": "新口号：清新洗衣，洁净如新！"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用提供的工具——便利贴和马克笔，生成一个创意点子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "使用便利贴和马克笔，您可以创作一幅色彩浓厚的壁画。首先，用马克笔在几张便利贴的背面画出简单的图形，例如你喜爱的卡通人物，花卉，山川等等。接下来，将便利贴按照画好的图案，仔细粘贴在墙壁上。最后再用马克笔在便利贴背面填充颜色，并在前面勾勒出细节。这样，一幅新颖且富有创意的壁画就完成了。\n\n另外一个好点子，就是创作一份个人的“目标墙”，将短期和长期目标写在便利贴上。长期目标可以放在墙壁的顶部，短期目标则粘贴在较低的位置。每当你实现一个目标，用马克笔打钩或者删除便利贴，不断去更新和激励自己。这样不仅有助于更好的提醒自己，更是帮助我们去理清目标的重要性与优先级，培养我们加强目标管理的能力。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "总结文章，提出一个简短的口号。 ",
+ "input": "最近的一项调查显示，90%的参与者表示自我关怀对于他们的整体健康和幸福感非常重要。",
+ "output": "总结: 一项调查表明，大多数人认为自我关怀对健康和幸福感至关重要。\n\n口号: 呵护自我，健康幸福。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "这句谚语的意思是“千里之行始于足下”。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这句谚语的意思是，人生奋斗是一步一个脚印，需要持之以恒才能取得成功。它告诉我们，无论是完成一个小目标还是实现一个大愿望，都需要从现在开始和脚踏实地地进行努力。任何事物的成就都是由一步步积累而来的。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "他太不成熟了，不能被信任。 ",
+ "input": "改写成另一个观点。",
+ "output": "他还年轻，有很大的潜力去成熟和成为一个值得信赖的人。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "你看到我的狗了吗？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "抱歉，作为一个人工智能助手，我无法看到物体。我只能通过文字、语音和其他数字信息与您进行交互。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "计算5件物品的总成本，如果每件物品的价格为$10。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "如果每件物品的价格为$10，那么5件物品的总成本就是 $10 x 5 = $50。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释GPT语言模型的概念。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "GPT (Generative Pretrained Transformer) 是一种基于自然语言处理的语言模型。它能够利用大量的文本数据进行训练, 学习语言的潜在规律，以生成语法合理且通顺的文本。该模型采用了 Transformer 结构,它是一种可以处理顺序数据（例如文本）的深度学习架构。\n\n在训练阶段，GPT 通常采用无监督的方法，即只利用输入文本本身而无需其他标签信息。在实际应用中，GPT能够处理各种自然语言任务，如文本生成、机器翻译、问答系统、文本摘要等。\n\n此外，GPT 还可以通过所谓的“微调”（Fine-tuning）快速应用于新任务。这种微调方法只需在预训练好的模型上进行少量的修改即可，大大提高了模型的可移植性和灵活性。\n\n总之，GPT 是一种强大而通用的语言模型，可以帮助我们更好地理解和处理自然语言数据。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列举全球变暖的三个负面影响。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "全球变暖对地球和人类社会产生了许多负面影响，以下是其中三个：\n1. 海平面上升：全球变暖导致极地冰盖融化，海水暖化膨胀，造成全球海平面上升。这对沿海城市、岛屿国家和低洼地区造成了严重威胁，无数人的家园和生计受到影响。\n2. 气候变化: 全球变暖导致气候变化，降水模式、风暴强度、干旱和洪水等都发生了变化。这些变化对农业、水资源、野生动植物和人类生活都产生了重大影响。\n3. 生态系统受损: 全球变暖导致生态系统和生物多样性受到严重破坏。随着气候变化和海平面上升，许多物种的栖息地发生了变化，它们不得不迁徙或面临灭绝的威胁。珊瑚礁、极地生态系统、热带雨林等脆弱生态系统受到的影响尤为严重。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "重新排列以下句子的逻辑顺序：",
+ "input": "约翰的父亲去世了。约翰很难过。但他继续生活。",
+ "output": "1. 约翰的父亲去世了。\n2. 约翰很难过。\n3. 但他继续生活。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将以下文本分类为5个情感类别。",
+ "input": "输入：\n服务很好，我度过了愉快的时光。",
+ "output": "对于本句言： “服务很好，我度过了愉快的时光。”\n\n情感分类：正面\n\n解释：文本描述了一个积极的经验，发言者表示服务很不错，他们度过了一段愉快的时光。该语言表现出了一种正面的情感和满意。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "让这句话更有吸引力：“世界充满了奇迹”。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "“沿着人生的旅途，你会发现无尽的奇迹和惊奇，每一步都充满了惊喜。”"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "如何制定预算的最佳方法？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "在制定预算时，有几种方式可以帮助你做到更好：\n\n1. 制定目标：确定你希望预算能够为你带来什么。例如，如果你希望储蓄，那么应该优先考虑这一点。\n\n2. 收集信息：跟踪你的支出情况。这需要一些时间，但对于想要建立有效预算的人来说非常重要。确定你在哪些方面花费最多，那些是必需的，哪些是可以减少的。\n\n3. 制定计划：根据你收集的信息，建立一个支出计划。预算应该包括所有重要支出，如住房、食物、交通和债务偿还等。确保还有足够的储蓄并考虑紧急备用金。\n\n4. 执行跟踪：实施并严格遵守你的预算计划。记录每笔支出并与预算进行比较。最好每周或每月检查一次预算的执行情况，看看是否需要进行调整。\n\n5. 调整预算：预算不是一成不变的。如果你发现某些支出多于预期，那就调整预算，确保你的支出与目标保持一致。\n\n制定预算需要一定的时间和努力，但它能够帮助你更好地控制财务并实现目标。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找出这个序列的下三个数字：1，4，7，10，__。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这个数列是一个等差数列，它的公差是3。因此，接下来的三个数字分别是13（10+3），16（13+3），19（16+3）。 \n\n所以，这个序列的下三个数字是13，16，19。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给我《荷马史诗》中《奥德赛》的内容一段简短的总结。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "《奥德赛》是古希腊史诗，讲述了古希腊英雄奥德修斯在特洛伊战争结束后回归伊萨卡岛的艰辛历程。他在归途中经历了诸多困难，取舍艰辛，花费了十年才回到了家乡。故事讲述了奥德修斯如何凭借机智、勇气和坚持，战胜困难，最终返回家园并重获家庭幸福。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给出一个社交网络应用的例子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "微信是一个非常出色的社交网络应用的例子。它是一款在中国及亚洲地区非常流行的移动通讯和社交应用程序，由腾讯公司开发。微信提供了许多功能，包括即时通讯、朋友圈分享动态、视频通话、小程序、支付功能等。用户可以通过微信建立联系，互相发送文字、图片、语音、视频等消息，与朋友保持联系。微信还支持多种第三方接口，能够实现更多的扩展功能，为用户带来更丰富的体验。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "如果有的话，我们本可以带上我们的自行车。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的，在准备出游之前，如果确定目的地适合骑自行车，可以考虑带上自行车。这样可以更好地体验当地的风光，也有助于锻炼身体。不过，要注意提前查询相关政策，确保自行车能够顺利运输。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述一个给你留下印象的地方。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "作为一个人工智能助手，我没有亲身经历过任何具体的地方，所以无法描述给您留下印象的地方。然而，人类用户曾经与我分享过很多地方，如雅典的卫城和悬崖上的加富尔教堂等等。我可以通过提供相关信息和图片来帮助您了解这些地方，并借此激发您的想象力。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "提供五个替换动词的列表。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 取代：替代、更换、代替、交换、供替。\n2. 说: 讲述、叙述、陈述、表述、讲话。\n3. 走: 行走、步行、漫步、迈步、跋涉。\n4. 看: 观察、注视、瞧、端详、察看。\n5. 吃: 进食、食用、品尝、尝试、享用。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "关于自然灾害对经济增长的影响，提出一个合理的假设。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "关于自然灾害对经济增长的影响，一种合理的假设是，在短期内，自然灾害往往会对当地经济造成严重冲击，导致经济增长率下降。在灾难发生后，人们的生产生活将受到严重影响，基础设施和交通运输系统可能会中断，企业可能无法正常运营，从而导致经济增长率下降。然而，在灾后重建阶段，政府可能会投入大量资金来重建基础设施，恢复经济发展。这些投资可能会刺激当地经济增长，有助于缓解灾难对经济增长的负面影响。在长期来看，自然灾害对经济增长的影响取决于灾难的严重程度，以及政府的应对和重建能力。如果政府能够有效地应对灾害并加快重建进度，那么经济增长率可能会在灾后迅速恢复。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找一句与设计相关的有趣引言。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"好的设计是那种当你看到它时，你想：天哪，真得是这样！ 我也可以想到这个的。\" - Paul Rand"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "改进现有产品的方法：手持游戏机",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 提升硬件性能：更新处理器，内存和图形卡来提供更流畅，更快的游戏体验。\n\n2. 增加触摸屏功能：添加可触控屏幕，以提供更多交互方式和更丰富的游戏体验。\n\n3. 提供云游戏服务：让玩家可以通过云端服务器直接玩游戏，而不需要下载或安装游戏本身。\n\n4. 增加内置存储空间：增加内置存储空间，让玩家可以存储更多的游戏和游戏数据。\n\n5. 改进电池续航能力：通过使用更耐用的电池和优化电源管理，提高电池续航能力。\n\n6. 支持多人联机游戏：让玩家可以通过无线网络与其他玩家进行多人游戏。\n\n7. 设计更多样的外观和配件：提供不同颜色和样式的游戏机外壳，以及各种各样的配件，让玩家可以根据自己的喜好定制游戏机。\n\n8. 提升游戏画质和音效：通过提升硬件性能和优化软件，提高游戏的画质和音效。\n\n9. 扩大游戏阵容：与更多开发商合作，推出更多各种类型的游戏。\n\n10. 提供更多的在线功能：增加社交功能、成就系统、排行榜等在线功能，让玩家可以与其他玩家互动和竞争。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一个函数，它以一个数字作为参数并返回一个字符串。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这是一个简单的函数，用 Python 编写，它接受一个数字作为参数并返回一个字符串表示形式：\n\n```python\ndef num_to_string(num):\n return str(num)\n\n# Example\nprint(num_to_string(123)) # \"123\"\n```\n上面的函数使用 Python 中的 `str()` 方法将数字转换为字符串。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出四张披头士专辑。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "e! Here is a list of four albums by The Beatles:\n\n1. Abbey Road (1969) – featuring songs like \"Come Together,\" \"Something,\" and \"Here Comes the Sun.\"\n2. Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967) – featuring songs like \"With a Little Help from My Friends,\" \"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds,\" and \"A Day in the Life.\"\n3. Revolver (1966) – featuring songs like \"Eleanor Rigby,\" \"Yellow Submarine,\" and \"Tomorrow Never Knows.\"\n4. The White Album (1968) – officially titled \"The Beatles\" and featuring songs like \"Back in the U.S.S.R.,\" \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps,\" and \"Helter Skelter.\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "机器学习的用途是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "机器学习是人工智能的一个分支，它通过让计算机系统从数据中“学习”来改进性能。它能够帮助计算机系统在未经过明确编程的情况下做出决策和预测。\n\n机器学习有很多用途，其中一些主要的应用领域包括：\n\n1. 预测分析：机器学习可用于预测未来事件的可能性，例如股票价格预测、销售额预测、疾病风险预测等。\n\n2. 图像和语音识别：机器学习可用于识别图像中的物体、人脸和表情，还可用于语音识别和语音转文本等应用。\n\n3. 自然语言处理：机器学习可用于理解和生成人类语言，例如文本摘要、机器翻译、情感分析等。\n\n4. 推荐系统：机器学习可用于为用户提供个性化推荐，例如为用户推荐电影、书籍、音乐等。\n\n5. 异常检测：机器学习可用于检测异常数据点或异常行为，用于欺诈检测、入侵检测等安全应用。\n\n此外，机器学习还广泛应用于金融、医疗、交通、电商、游戏等众多行业。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "建议提供两个可能在课堂上使用的不公平测试的例子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "例子一：一位老师准备了两份试卷，一份难度较高，另一份难度较低。然后老师把班上的学生分成两组，一组分发难度较高的试卷，另一组分发难度较低的试卷。这种情况就导致考试不公平，因为难易程度不同的试卷将直接影响学生的分数。\n\n例子二：一位老师在课堂上举行一个口语测试，要求每位学生用英语进行简短的自我介绍。然而，老师并未考虑到班上有一些学生的母语并非英语，而是其他语言。这些学生在口语表达方面相对于母语为英语的学生处于劣势，这也造成了考试的不公平。在这种情况下，老师应该采取其他方式来评估学生的口语能力，例如提供更多的时间和支持来帮助非英语母语的学生提高他们的英语口语能力。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找出世界上最高的山的名字。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "世界上最高的山是珠穆朗玛峰（Mount Everest），海拔高度为8,848米。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为一家新的家居装饰店写一个口号。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"用我们的装饰点亮您的家，创造美好生活新境界。\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "添加以下引用语的来源引用：“最大的财富是健康”。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "正如犹太谚语所说：“最大的财富是健康”（\"Health is the greatest wealth\"）。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写求职信。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "尊敬的招聘负责人：\n\n您好！\n\n我非常荣幸得知贵公司正在招聘人才，并在此提交我的求职信。我是一名毕业于XXX大学，主修XXX专业的应届毕业生。在校期间，我取得了较好的成绩，多次获得校级奖学金，并积极参与各类学术和实践活动。\n\n我曾在XXX公司实习，担任XXX职位，负责XXX工作。在实习期间，我积极学习，不断提高自己的专业知识和实践能力，并与同事建立了良好的合作关系。此外，我还参加了XXX培训课程，获得了XXX证书。\n\n贵公司在行业内的声誉和发展前景吸引了我，我希望能够成为贵公司的一员，并为公司的发展做出贡献。我相信我的专业知识、实践经验和积极的工作态度将能够为贵公司带来价值。如果您能给我这个机会，我一定会尽我的能力，努力工作，不负众望。\n\n感谢您阅读我的求职信，期待您的回复。\n\n此致，\n敬礼！\n\n（您的姓名）"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "我想买一部新手机。选3部手机进行比较，并解释为什么它们是好的选择。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "很高兴能为您提供帮助！下面是三部热门手机的比较以及它们是值得选择的原因：\n\n1. iPhone 12 - iPhone 12 是苹果公司推出的最新型号手机，拥有优秀的摄像头，快速的处理器和一流的显示屏。它支持5G网络，为您提供更快的网络速度。如果您喜欢iOS操作系统并且希望拥有高端的手机，那么 iPhone 12 是一个不错的选择。\n\n2. Samsung Galaxy S21 - Samsung Galaxy S21 是一款顶级的安卓手机，拥有出色的摄像头，强劲的处理能力和华丽的显示屏。它也支持5G网络，可以让您享受快速的网络体验。如果您喜欢安卓操作系统，并且希望拥有高端性能的手机，那么 Samsung Galaxy S21 是您的不二之选。\n\n3. OnePlus 9 - OnePlus 9 是一款性价比很高的手机，拥有优秀的硬件设施，快速的处理能力和漂亮的显示屏。它也支持5G网络，并且在价格方面比上述两部手机更为实惠。如果您希望在不花太多钱的情况下拥有一部功能强大的手机，那么 OnePlus 9 是一个很好的选择。\n\n总之，以上三部手机都拥有出色的摄像头，快速的处理器和优秀的显示屏，并且都支持5G网络。您可以根据个人喜好和预算来选择最适合您的手机。希望我的建议能对您有所帮助。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "赋予一个词来描述以下诗歌的语气。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "对不起，我无法回答您的问题，因为您并未提供诗歌的具体内容。如果您能提供诗歌文本，我很乐意为您解答。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "提供一个对世界产生积极影响的名人的名字。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一个对世界产生积极影响的名人的名字是纳尔逊·曼德拉·曼德拉(Nelson Mandela)。他是南非的反种族隔离领袖和总统，因为他在结束种族隔离制度并推动种族和解和民主政治方面所做的努力而著称。由于他终身为南非人民的自由奋斗，他得到了他在南非和世界上的尊重。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出10个人们可以问虚拟助手的问题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 你能帮我设定一个闹钟吗？\n2. 今天的天气如何？\n3. 我可以预订一辆出租车吗？\n4. 我可以听音乐吗？ \n5. 今天有什么新闻吗？\n6. 我能查一下我的日程吗？\n7. 你能帮我找到附近的餐厅吗？\n8. 我可以查一下我的邮箱吗？\n9. 我可以计算一下折扣后的价格吗？\n10. 周末有什么好玩的活动吗？"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "制作纽约市平均每月温度的条形图。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "好的，为了制作纽约市平均每月温度的条形图，需要以下步骤：\n\n1.收集数据：找到纽约市每个月的平均气温。可以在网上搜索相关数据，或者从气象局网站上获取。\n\n2.创建一个新的文档,选择一个制图软件，如Excel, Google Sheets 或其他可视化工具。\n\n3.在制图软件中创建一个图表:选择\"条形图\"作为图表类型。\n\n4.输入数据: \n在数据表中的 第一列 输入月份（01月, 02月, ..., 12月）；\n在数据表中的 第二列 输入对应每个月的平均温度。\n\n5.定制条形图的外观：可以调整颜色、大小、字体等，使图表更加美观。\n\n6.添加标题和标签：在图表上加上标题 \"纽约市平均每月温度\"，并在X轴上标记月份，在Y轴上标记温度。\n\n7.保存并导出图表： 最后保存并导出图表，可以选择导出为图片或PDF文件。\n\n需要注意，我作为一个语言AI模型并不具备直接制作条形图功能，以上步骤仅供参考。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释“仆人式领导”的概念。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "“仆人式领导”是一种领导理念，它的核心思想是领导者首先要成为下属的仆人，通过满足下属需求来提升他们的工作热情和能力。它强调道德、公正、尊重和关爱下属，将整个组织内的人的成长和发展作为首要任务。\n\n在这种领导风格中，领导人更多的以情感、同情心，人文理念来引导团队，通过服务和帮助下属，获得他们的信任和忠诚。此外，仆人式领导者也会努力创造一个和谐、公正和包容的工作环境，鼓励下属提出自己的想法，为他们的成长和发展提供更多机会。\n\n总之，仆人式领导是一种“以人为本”的领导方式，强调“我们”，而不是“我”，注重团队合作和共同成长。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "设计一个利用海滩上的自然物体的游戏。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "游戏名称：海滩寻宝\n\n游戏目标：利用海滩上的自然物体完成各种任务，收集宝藏。\n\n游戏准备：准备一张海滩地图，标出不同的区域和任务点。为每个任务准备一张任务卡，上面写明任务的目标和完成条件。\n\n游戏玩法：\n1. 每个玩家在地图上选择一个起点，从那里开始游戏。\n2. 玩家在地图上按照指示移动到任务点，从任务卡上查看当前任务的目标和完成条件。\n3. 玩家需要在海滩上寻找各种自然物体（如贝壳，珊瑚，海星等），并利用它们完成任务。例如，任务目标可能是用贝壳堆出一个塔，或者用海星和珊瑚拼出一个图案。\n4. 当玩家完成任务后，可以获得一枚宝藏硬币。宝藏硬币可用来解锁地图上的特殊区域，或者在游戏结束后换取奖励。\n5. 玩家可以在地图上自由移动，完成更多的任务，收集更多的宝藏。\n6. 游戏结束后，拥有最多宝藏硬币的玩家获胜。\n\n注意事项：\n1. 游戏应在确保安全的情况下进行，避免玩家进入危险区域。\n2. 鼓励玩家使用海滩上的自然物体，但不应损害海洋生物和环境。\n3. 在游戏结束后，应及时清理场地，将游戏中使用的物品归还原处。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "COVID-19疫情期间的安全措施。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "COVID-19疫情期间，为了保护自己和他人，应遵循以下安全措施：\n\n- 遵守当地卫生部门的指示和指南，以便掌握最新的疫情发展情况和防范措施。\n\n- 在公共场所佩戴口罩，避免直接接触他人的口鼻分泌物。\n\n- 经常洗手，用肥皂和流动水洗手不少于20秒。没有肥皂和水时，可以使用含酒精成分的洗手液。\n\n- 避免与他人近距离接触，保持至少1米（3英尺）的社交距离。\n\n- 避免去人群密集的地方，减少不必要的外出和聚会。\n\n- 注意呼吸道卫生，咳嗽或打喷嚏时应用纸巾或弯曲肘部掩住口鼻，避免用手直接接触。\n\n- 如感到不适，应立即就诊并遵循医生的建议。如有发热、咳嗽或呼吸困难等症状，应尽快就诊并告知医生您的旅行史和接触史。\n\n遵循这些措施有助于减少COVID-19病毒的传播，保护自己和他人的健康。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给定两个文本文档，根据关键词确定哪一个最相关。",
+ "input": "输入：\n文档1：Acme公司去年在质量和客户服务方面遇到了挑战。\n文档2：Acme公司在高利润和客户满意度方面取得了成功。\n关键词：客户服务。",
+ "output": "在给定的两个文本文档中，文档1与关键词“客户服务”更加相关。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个句子连接以下两个词：腐败和贪婪。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "腐败往往源自人类内心的贪婪欲望。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一个发生在小乡村的书籍描述。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "《小乡村的故事》\n\n这本书讲述了一段发生在小乡村里的温暖故事。小村庄坐落在一片绿意盎然的山谷中，周围是连绵起伏的山峦和蜿蜒的溪流。村里人们的生活简单而平静，每个人都互相关心。\n\n主人公小明是这个村子里的一名普通农民。他勤劳、善良，是全村人都信赖的好邻居。一年，小村庄遭遇了一场突如其来的洪水，房屋倒塌，庄稼被淹。村民们面临着生活的巨大困难。在这个艰难的时刻，小明挺身而出，组织大家一起重建家园，带领村民们度过了难关。\n\n在这本书中，作者描绘了一个充满淳朴和善良的世界。小乡村人们相互扶持，共同度过难关。这个温暖的故事让我们看到了人性的美好，并鼓励读者在困难面前勇往直前，永不放弃。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一份关于ACME公司的信息的PDF报告。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "我没有能力生成PDF文档，但我很愿意提供关于ACME公司的信息，由您来编辑并组织成PDF报告。\n\n以下是一些建议列入报告的关于ACME公司的基本信息”：\n\n1. 公司历史： 描述ACME公司成立的时间、地点，关键里程碑和重要事件。\n\n2. 业务概况： 简要介绍ACME公司的业务范围与核心业务。\n\n3. 经营业绩：提供有关ACME公司近几年的经营业绩、收入和净利润等财务信息，以及市场份额和行业排名等。\n\n4. 管理团队：简要介绍ACME公司的管理团队，包括CEO、COO、CFO等高管人员的背景和经历。\n\n5. 发展战略：描述ACME公司的发展目标、战略方向和主要举措。\n\n6. 社会责任: 介绍ACME公司如何履行其企业社会责任，包括环境保护、公益事业、员工福利等方面的措施。\n\n以上仅为一些建议内容，您可以根据自己的需要添加更多的信息。\n\n当您编辑PDF报告时，可以添加适当的图表、图像和其他视觉元素，以提高报告的可读性和吸引力。此外，确保整篇报告格式统一、内容清晰且无错别字和语法错误。希望我的建议能对您有所帮助。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给定一组指令，创建一个算法来解决问题。",
+ "input": "输入：\n1. 要求用户输入项目数量\n2. 读取项目编号\n3. 计算项目编号的总和\n4. 打印出项目编号的总和",
+ "output": "下面是一个基于给定指令的 Python 算法:\n\n# 算法伪代码\n# 1. 要求用户输入项目数量\nproject_count = int(input('输入项目数量: '))\nproject_sum = 0\n\n# 2. 读取项目编号\nfor i in range(project_count):\n project_id = int(input('输入项目编号: '))\n \n # 3. 计算项目编号的总和\n project_sum += project_id\n\n# 4. 打印出项目编号的总和\nprint('项目编号的总和为:', project_sum)"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一个包含五个项目的完美野餐午餐清单。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一个完美的野餐午餐清单可能包括以下五个项目：\n\n1. 熟食三明治 - 携带方便且营养均衡的三明治是野餐的好选择。可以准备火鸡肉、番茄、生菜和芥末酱等材料，再加上面包片。\n\n2. 水果沙拉 - 将新鲜的水果切成小块，例如草莓、菠萝、苹果和蓝莓，用蜂蜜和柠檬汁调味，再混合成美味的水果沙拉。\n\n3. 饼干和奶酪拼盘 - 选择一些美味的饼干和奶酪品种，如饼干威化和奶酪片，搭配使用，提供美味的味觉享受。\n\n4. 烤鸡肉串 - 提前准备好鸡肉串，放在烤架上烤熟。可以蘸上一些调料，如芝士酱或番茄酱，口感更佳。\n\n5. 饮料 - 随身携带一些冰镇的饮料，如果汁、汽水或水，满足口渴的需求。不建议饮用含酒精的饮料。\n\n上面是一个包含五个项目的完美野餐午餐清单。您可以根据个人喜好进行调整。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一个函数，它以一个数字作为参数并返回一个字符串。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这是一个简单的函数，用 Python 编写，它接受一个数字作为参数并返回一个字符串表示形式：\n\n```python\ndef num_to_string(num):\n return str(num)\n\n# Example\nprint(num_to_string(123)) # \"123\"\n```\n上面的函数使用 Python 中的 `str()` 方法将数字转换为字符串。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为一家初创企业的新产品发布创建新闻文章标题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"初创企业推出创新产品：颠覆行业的全新技术引领未来！\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "制定一份电子商务网站广告策略。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "为您提供以下电子商务网站广告策略方案:\n\n1. 社交媒体广告：利用 Facebook，Instagram, Twitter 等社交媒体平台的广告，连接目标客户群。\n\n2. 关键词广告：使用谷歌 AdWords 和必应广告等工具，投放针对搜索关键词的广告。\n\n3. 影响力营销：通过与网红或行业领先者合作，推广产品或服务。\n\n4. 电子邮件营销：建立邮件列表并定期发送电子商情和优惠信息,以吸引客户重新访问并购买。\n\n5. 本网站横幅广告：在网站内部放置横幅广告，引导客户关注特殊产品和促销活动。\n\n6. 视频广告：在 YouTube 或其他视频平台上发布产品视频，通过视频内容的吸引力来获得更多曝光。\n\n7. 本地化广告：通过地理定位技术，投放针对当地市场的广告。\n\n8. 内容营销：创造有价值、引人入胜的内容，吸引客户关注，并通过内部链接或广告带动产品销售。\n\n以上就是我们帮您制定的电子商务网站广告策略，您可以根据您的实际情况选择适合您的方案。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "改变以下名词为复数形式：watch",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The plural form of \"watch\" is \"watches\"."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "配置无线路由器。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "要配置无线路由器，请按照以下步骤操作：\n\n1. 将路由器连接到电源并打开电源。\n\n2. 使用网线将路由器与调制解调器相连。\n\n3. 打开您的计算机或智能手机，并搜索可用的无线网络，找到您的路由器的信号并连接。\n\n4. 打开网页浏览器，输入路由器的管理页面地址（通常是192.168.0.1或192.168.1.1），并按照提示登录。\n\n5. 在路由器管理界面中，找到无线设置，设置无线网络的名称（SSID）和密码。\n\n6. 设置完成后，保存并应用更改，断开当前网络连接，重新连接新配置的无线网络。\n\n7. 最后，测试网络连接是否正常，尝试打开网页以检查网络速度。\n\n注意：不同品牌的路由器的配置方法可能略有不同，具体可参考路由器说明书进行操作。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将100除以7。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "100除以7等于14余2。用小数表示是约等于14.29。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用代数表达式重写这个数学方程：4x + 6 = 20。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这个数学方程已经是一个代数方程，它的代数表达式是 \"4x + 6 = 20\"。不需要重新写。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给定一个讽刺性新闻文章，写一个句子的摘要。输入：文章：一项新研究发现，吃波普心酥可以帮助孩子在学校获得更高的成绩。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "摘要：研究称吃波普心酥能够提升孩子在学校的成绩。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "比较“lay”和“lie”的含义。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"Lay\" 和 \"lie\" 是这两个常常会让人混淆的英文动词。而它们之间的主要区别在于它们的主体不同。\n\n\"lay\" 是一个及物动词，它的意思是将某物放置在某处。它通常具有某种目的，需要一个宾语，即 “lay” 之后需要接一个被放置的物体。例如：I am going to lay the book on the table (我将把书放在桌子上)。\n\n\"lie\" 是一个不及物动词，意味着躺下或处于静止状态。它不需要宾语。例如：I am going to lie down for a nap (我要躺下来小睡一会儿).\n\n然而，“lie”的过去式是“lay”，这也是人们常常混淆这两个词的一个原因。例句：Yesterday, I lay down for an hour after lunch（昨天午餐后我躺了一个小时）。\n\n综上所述，\"lay\" 指将某物放置在某位置，而 \"lie\" 则表示躺下或处于静止状态。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为一名大学生生成以生物和数学为重点的课程表。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "周一:\n9:00-10:30 生物学基础\n11:00-12:30 微积分I\n14:00-15:30 实验: 分子生物学\n\n周二:\n9:00-10:30 线性代数\n11:00-12:30 生态学概论\n14:00-15:30 离散数学\n\n周三:\n9:00-10:30 生物化学原理\n11:00-12:30 可视化数据分析\n14:00-15:30 组合数学\n\n周四:\n9:00-10:30 计算生物学简介\n11:00-12:30 统计学与概率论\n14:00-15:30 生物演化\n\n周五:\n9:00-10:30 生物信息学原理\n11:00-12:30 应用微积分\n14:00-15:30 解剖学与生理学基础\n\n这是一份以生物和数学为重点的大学生课程表。您可以根据自己的需求和兴趣进一步调整课程时间和内容。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "想出一个创意来回收旧鞋。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一种有趣的方法回收旧鞋可以制作“鞋花园”。将旧鞋清洗干净，用土壤填充鞋面，在其中种植小型多肉植物或草本植物。旧鞋具有独特的外形和鞋底图案，每个鞋花园都会有其独特的外观。它们既有趣又环保，可以摆放在阳台、院子或室内，为房间增添绿意。此外，这项活动也可以成为一项很好的家庭活动，让孩子们了解植物的生长并学习回收利用。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "回应：“早上好！”",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "早上好！"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "分析给定的句子是否有语法错误。 ",
+ "input": "输入：John的母亲和我去了商店。",
+ "output": "对于上述输入的句子，“John的母亲和我去了商店。”语法错误。\n\n正确的说法应该是：“John 的母亲和我去了商店。”即在句子中的结构不同部分之间应有适当的空格分隔。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "马克想去夏威夷，他已经存了足够的钱。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "既然马克已经存有足够的旅行费用，并且想去夏威夷，那么你可以帮助他进行一些相关的安排。例如，规划航班、酒店住宿、行程安排，也可以为他提供一些夏威夷的旅游景点和当地特色美食等信息。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找出一条推文的情感。",
+ "input": "输入：我为自己取得的进步感到非常自豪！#成功",
+ "output": "根据输入的推文内容，情感是积极、自豪和成功。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "编码信息：“GPT是最好的！”",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"编码信息\" means \"encoding information\" and \"GPT是最好的!\" translates to \"GPT is the best!\" in English, where GPT stands for Generative Pre-trained Transformer, which is a type of AI language model."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释人工智能在医学中的两种应用方式。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "人工智能（AI）在医学领域中有许多应用，下面是两种常见的方式：\n\n1. 辅助医疗诊断: 人工智能能够通过机器学习和计算机视觉技术来分析图像数据，如X光片、CT扫描等，帮助医生进行诊断。例如，AI算法可以自动检测X光片中的异常肺部结节，准确诊断肺癌。AI还可以通过语音识别技术和自然语言处理技术来分析患者的病例报告，为医生提供疾病风险预测和诊断建议。\n\n2. 智能药物研发: 人工智能在药物研发中也有重要应用。它能够通过数据挖掘技术和机器学习算法来预测化合物的药物活性和副作用风险，加快药物研发进度。此外，AI还能够通过深度学习技术来构建复杂的生物网络模型，帮助科研人员更好地理解人体疾病发生的机理，为药物研发提供理论支持。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一个包含10个旅行新城市的提示的清单。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 应预先研究目的地的文化和宗教习惯。\n\n2. 携带常用药品以备不时之需。\n\n3. 确保随身携带护照和其他必要的证件。\n\n4. 学习当地语言的几句常用词汇以便沟通交流。\n\n5. 做好预算，了解当地货币及换汇的情况。\n\n6. 在旅行前预订住宿，以确保有较好的住宿体验。\n\n7. 制定旅行计划，包括景点游览顺序和交通方式。\n\n8. 打包行李时要考虑目的地的气候和季节，选择合适的衣物。\n\n9. 了解当地的交通规则和习惯，以确保安全出行。\n\n10. 购买旅行保险以增加旅行途中的保障。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "确定以下三边会构成什么类型的三角形。",
+ "input": "输入：7厘米，3厘米，9厘米。",
+ "output": "如果三条边长度分别为a, b和c（假设a ≤ b ≤ c），那么当a + b > c时，三条边才能构成一个三角形。\n\n如果a + b ≤ c，则根据三角不等式，三条边不能构成一个三角形。\n\n在这种情况下，假设7厘米，3厘米，9厘米是三角形的三条边，我们可以验证：3 + 7 > 9，所以这三条边能构成一个三角形。\n\n接下来确定这种类型的三角形。如果三角形三边都不相等，则它是一个不等边三角形；如果其中有两边相等，则它是一个等腰三角形；如果三边都相等，则它是一个等边三角形。\n\n所以，边长分别为7厘米，3厘米，9厘米的三条边构成一个不等边三角形。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出五个常见的云托管服务。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "以下是五个常见的云托管服务：\n\n1. Amazon Web Services (AWS)：这是一家提供广泛的云基础架构和应用服务的云计算公司，涵盖了计算、存储、网络和数据库，以及开发人员工具、安全和企业应用程序。\n\n2. Microsoft Azure：这是一家提供云计算服务的公司，包括虚拟机、网络、身份验证和安全性、应用程序开发和管理、存储和备份、以及大数据分析等。\n\n3. Google Cloud Platform (GCP)：这是谷歌提供的云计算服务，包括计算、应用程序开发、数据分析、存储、网络、机器学习等。\n\n4. DigitalOcean：这是一家面向开发人员的云托管服务提供商，提供了包括虚拟机、对象存储、块存储、负载平衡器、数据库、网络等服务。\n\n5. Alibaba Cloud：这是阿里巴巴集团旗下的云计算公司，提供包括计算、数据库、网络、存储、安全等云基础设施服务，支持企业应用开发和部署。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "在Outlook上添加联系人的步骤。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "要在Outlook上添加联系人，请按照以下步骤操作：\n\n1. 打开Outlook程序并登录到您的账户。\n\n2. 在左侧的导航窗格中，点击“联系人”图标。 如果您未看到“联系人”，请点击“...”图标，然后在下拉菜单中选择“联系人”。\n\n3. 在“联系人”页面的顶部，您将看到一个“新建”按钮。 点击它。\n\n4. 填写联系人信息表格。 输入联系人的姓名、电子邮件地址、电话号码等详细信息。\n\n5. 当您完成后，点击“保存并关闭”按钮，您的新联系人将自动保存。\n\n如此，您就成功地在Outlook上添加了一个新的联系人。可以随时查看或编辑联系人的信息。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成练习瑜伽的前三个健康益处的列表。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 强化肌肉力量和柔韧性：瑜伽中的体位法可以加强和伸展身体的肌肉，有助于改善运动能力和预防受伤。\n2. 减轻压力和焦虑：瑜伽的冥想和呼吸练习有助于放松身心，帮助缓解压力和焦虑。\n3. 提高心肺功能：瑜伽运动可以促进血液循环，有助于增强心脏和呼吸系统的功能。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一篇关于可再生能源新闻文章的简要摘要。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "【标题】：全球可再生能源投资稳步增长\n\n【简要摘要】：根据近期报告，全球对可再生能源的投资持续增长。 2019年全球对可再生能源的投资总额达到了2790亿美元，为历史第五高，较上一年增加了5%。 其中，太阳能和风能投资占据了主导地位，尤其是在亚洲和欧洲地区。 report 这一增长趋势表明，各国政府和企业都在努力推进可再生能源的发展，以应对气候变化和减少对化石燃料的依赖。 专家指出，随着技术的不断进步和成本的不断降低，可再生能源的发展潜力巨大，未来仍将保持增长态势。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "流感的常见症状是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "流感是一种由流感病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病。它的常见症状包括：\n\n- 发烧：体温通常会升高到38℃以上。\n- 喉咙痛：咽喉部红肿、疼痛，吞咽困难。\n- 咳嗽：通常是干咳，但也可能有痰。\n- 鼻塞和流涕：可能会出现鼻塞、流涕等感冒症状。\n- 头痛：头痛常见，严重时可伴有头昏。\n- 肌肉和关节疼痛：全身酸痛，尤其是背部和腿部。\n- 疲劳和乏力：疲劳和乏力是流感的典型症状，可能会持续数周。\n- 呕吐和腹泻：虽然不是所有流感患者都会出现这些症状，但儿童患者较易出现呕吐和腹泻等消化道症状。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "总结美国宪法修正程序的关键要点。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "美国宪法规定，关于修正程序有两种方法。以下是美国宪法修正程序的几个关键要点：\n\n1. 提出修正案的方法：可以由国会以两院三分之二多数投票通过，或者由三分之二的州立法机构要求召开宪法公约提出修正案。\n\n2. 修正案批准的程序：在提出修正案后，国会要指定其采用方式，一般采用州立法机构批准的方式，也可以采用州公民投票批准的方式。即：修正案需要经过三分之四的州批准才能生效。\n\n3. 一些修正案有截止日期：国会有权确定提出修正案后在州立法机构中批准的时间限制，以决定修正案是否生效。最近几次宪法修正案都规定，经过七年（自提出之日起算）如果未能得到三分之四的州批准，则该修正案将不再有效。\n\n4. 某些内容无法修订：文章五规定，对于1808年以前禁止修改关于奴隶进口的条款和对每个州在参议院中拥有的代表票数进行修改的条款， 但自1808年以后，这些条款也可以进行修改。此外，美国宪法没有任何规定禁止对其他条款进行修改。\n\n美国宪法自1788年生效以来，已经经过了27次修正。修正程序非常严格，因此，宪法修正案一般需要经过深入的讨论和广泛的支持才能生效。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "美国政府关于移民改革的政策是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "美国总统乔·拜登在上任后提出了一项大胆的移民改革议案，旨在改变多年来美国的移民政策，并为数百万非法移民提供合法身份。\n\n这项议案的主要内容包括：\n- 为约1100万非法移民提供一条通往公民身份的道路。他们必须满足一些条件，包括支付税款和通过背景调查，然后可以申请获得临时法律身份，五年后可以申请永久居留权，再过三年可以申请公民身份。\n- 将“非法移民”一词更改为“非公民”，以体现更为人道的语言。\n- 提供更多的绿卡，使家庭移民更容易，并取消长时间的配额限制。\n- 加强边境安全措施，包括使用技术手段来检测非法越境活动。\n- 改善难民庇护程序，并增加接收难民的配额。\n\n这项议案目前正在国会审议中，并且面临着一些挑战。然而，它体现了拜登政府对移民改革的承诺，并为未来的移民政策提供了一个框架。\n\n请注意这些信息有效截止到2021年，并且移民政策是一个非常复杂和不断变化的话题，所以有关最新信息，请关注官方媒体报道。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将数字列表按从小到大的顺序排列：3、7、2、4、1。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "下面是按照从小到大的顺序排列的数字列表：1, 2, 3, 4, 7。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一首至少四行押韵的诗。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "静夜思\n\n床前明月光，\n疑是地上霜。\n举头望明月，\n低头思故乡。\n\n这首诗叫《静夜思》是唐代诗人李白创作的。四句诗表达了诗人深夜怀念故乡和家人之情。它的押韵非常和谐，读起来朗朗上口。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找到今天纽约的天气预报",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "according to the National Weather Service, on September 15 the weather in New York City will be mostly sunny, with a high near 85. Light and variable wind. In the night will be partly cloudy, with a low around 72. Of course, the weather conditions may vary, so it's always a good idea to check an updated forecast before heading out."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释公司质量保证流程的目的。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "公司质量保证流程的目的是为了确保公司的产品或服务能够达到或超过预期的质量水平。这一流程通常由一系列措施和程序组成，旨在确保每个步骤都得到有效控制，以防止或减少质量问题的发生。\n\n具体而言，质量保证流程可以帮助实现以下目标：\n\n1. 提高客户满意度：通过确保产品和服务的质量，可以增强客户的信心和满意度。这有助于提高公司声誉并促进客户忠诚度。\n2. 降低生产成本：质量保证流程有助于减少不合格产品的产生，从而减少由此带来的浪费和重新生产的成本。此外，通过对生产流程的优化，也能够提高生产效率，降低生产成本。\n3. 遵守法律法规：质量保证流程还可以帮助公司遵守相关的法律法规，避免因产品质量问题而造成的法律纠纷和罚款。\n4. 进行持续改进：质量保证流程通常包括对质量问题的监控和分析，从而识别出改进机会，并持续改进生产流程和产品质量。\n\n总之，公司质量保证流程是确保产品和服务质量，维护公司声誉，降低成本，符合法律法规并促进持续改进的重要措施。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "建议一个90年代主题派对的主题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "主题建议：《回到90年代》。你可以让客人回到那个充满活力，多变且充满乐趣的年代。此主题派对可以围绕着90年代的时尚，音乐，电影和流行文化进行设计。可以鼓励客人穿着色彩鲜艳，图案大胆，宽松的牛仔裤和外套等90年代风格的服装。在派对上放一些经典的90年代流行歌曲，如香香，伍佰和那英等。还可以放置一些90年代的经典游戏机供客人娱乐。在餐点方面，可以提供一些那个时代流行的零食和饮料。总之，要让客人在派对中感受到浓浓的90年代氛围并回忆起那个时代的美好回忆。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "这段文字中，叙述者的情绪是如何描绘的？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "对不起，您没有给出任何一段文字，所以无法回答您的问题。您能提供需要分析的文本或更多的信息，我才能帮到您。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建预算的步骤：",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "创建预算的步骤可以包括:\n\n1. 确定目标: 在开始制定预算之前，确定你的预算目标。这可能是为了储蓄，还债，投资或实现其他财务目标。\n\n2. 收集信息: 收集和整理你的收入和支出信息。这包括工资，福利，奖金和其他收入来源，以及所有支出，如租金，杂货，交通，娱乐等。\n\n3. 做一个分类清单：将你的支出分为不同的类别，如房屋，食物，出行等，以便更好地理解你的消费习惯。\n\n4. 制定预算：根据你的收入和支出情况，为每个类别制定支出预算，并求出总支出预算。确保每个类别的支出都在你的预算内，并且总支出不超过总收入。\n\n5. 跟踪支出：在执行预算时，要跟踪你的支出，记录每一笔支出，并与预算的类别进行比较。\n\n6. 定期评估和调整: 定期评估你的预算，看看是否要进行修改。预算是一个不断调整的过程，随着时间的推移和生活情况的变化，可能需要调整预算以匹配最新的情况。\n\n7. 保持纪律：坚持你的预算，不要在不必要的地方进行开支。预算是一个有效的工具，有助于你在管理财务方面取得成功。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "请在1到5的评分范围内，评估以下员工上个月的表现。",
+ "input": "输入：\n* 协助处理3个客户服务咨询\n* 为2名客户提供技术支持\n* 解决3个项目相关问题",
+ "output": "根据您提供的信息，我无法提供准确的评估，因为您并没有给出员工的工作目标和对表现的期望。如果您能提供更详细的信息，我将尽力评估员工的表现。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "引用威廉·华兹华斯写的一首诗。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这是威廉·华兹华斯 (William Wordsworth) 的一首著名诗《闲暇 (Daffodils)》\n\n我漫步于群山间，孤零零，\n忽然瞥见一大片水仙，\n旁边溪流边，\n\n它们迎风舞动，看似高兴极了，\n与星星连成一片，\n在湖面上漫漫延绵。\n\n连绵不绝的金色波浪，\n有千，万朵欢腾翻腾，\n人前舞蹈，花间腾腾。\n\n草地上常常多种设色，\n但活泼的水仙，无论如何馨香，\n让所有心地向外翻转。\n\n眼睛盯着，但心思万千，\n那样富有，而又缄默无言，\n我奥妙，目不转睛。\n\n因为它们的欢乐，我还可以，\n心灵和身体，潜藏于心底，\n使内心充满欢喜。\n\n当时倏然一瞬，且专注，\n如今，当我独处，\n那首诗借我豁然开朗。\n\n当我的眼眸失神凝望，\n旋即微笑浮面，是我独有，\n心中恍然大悟。\n\nAnother English version:\n\nI wandered lonely as a cloud\nThat floats on high o'er vales and hills,\nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,\nA host, of golden daffodils;\nBeside the lake, beneath the trees,\nFluttering and dancing in the breeze.\n\nContinuous as the stars that shine\nAnd twinkle on the Milky Way,\nThey stretched in never-ending line\nAlong the margin of a bay:\nTen thousand saw I at a glance,\nTossing their heads in sprightly dance.\n\nThe waves beside them danced; but they"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "制定一个计算机生成故事的好主意。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "生成计算机故事的一个很好的主题是基于用户的关键词或选择的主题。例如，用户输入“探险、森林、魔法和友谊”，然后故事生成器就会根据这些关键词生成一个森林探险的故事。故事中会有魔法元素并且聚焦于友谊。\n\n为了产生更加丰富多彩的故事内容，故事生成器还可以结合一些经典故事情节的模板，结合用户给出的关键词来产生新的故事情节。\n\n此外，还可以引入随机事件和随机角色，以增加故事的可玩性和想象力。故事生成器也可以设置多个故事分支和不同的结局，让用户可以多次享受不同的故事体验。\n\n通过结合用户输入和模板、随机元素，故事生成器可以制作出引人入胜的故事，让用户在享受阅读的同时，也能发挥自己的想象力。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一封邮件给经理，请求更改会议时间。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "尊敬的经理：\n\n您好！\n\n非常抱歉打扰您的时间。我写这封邮件是为了请求您，在方便的时间更改即将召开会议的时间。\n\n由于一些预料之外的原因，我可能无法在预定时间参加会议。我非常抱歉为大家造成了不便。我希望能够尽快向您提出这个请求，并为可能给您带来的麻烦表示歉意。\n\n如果您方便的话，我希望能够与您协商一个新的时间，以便我们能够顺利召开会议。如果我们能够安排在其他时间召开会议，我将非常感激。\n\n如果您有任何其他建议或要求，也请您告诉我。我将尽力满足您的要求，并确保会议能够顺利召开。\n\n感谢您的理解和支持！\n\n祝您工作顺利！\n\n此致，\n[您的名字]"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "娱乐",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "娱乐是一个非常广泛的概念，它包括各种可以让人们放松、娱乐、享受快乐的活动和形式。例如：观看电影、电视剧、综艺节目，听音乐，玩游戏，阅读小说，参观博物馆，去游乐园，健身，跳舞，唱歌等等。每个人都有自己喜欢的娱乐方式。你喜欢哪些娱乐活动呢？我可以给你推荐一些相关的内容。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出猫和狗的一个相似点和一个不同点。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "相似点：猫和狗都属于哺乳动物，它们都是家庭宠物，通常情况下都会被四肢所支撑着走路，猫和狗都具有高度的社交能力，它们都喜欢与人类亲近，且都具有较强的忠诚度。\n\n不同点：猫和狗在生活习性上有很大的不同，其中一个明显的不同点是它们对待主人的态度。猫咪通常更独立，喜欢有自己的空间，有时会显得冷漠；而狗则非常热情，喜欢与主人亲近，经常表现得非常粘人。此外，它们在运动能力、食性、叫声，甚至是表情上都存在很大差异。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为什么AI系统独立运行可能会很危险？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "AI系统在独立运行时可能会产生一些潜在的风险，主要原因包括：\n\n1. 缺乏监督：由于人类操作者的监督和干涉使AI系统能够在遇到问题时纠正其行为，但独立运行的AI系统缺乏这种监督，可能导致它产生意外的、有害的结果。\n\n2. 程序缺陷：AI系统的程序可能会存在一些未被发现的缺陷，这些缺陷可能会导致系统在独立运行时产生不可预测的、有害的结果。\n\n3. 目标设置问题：AI系统需要有清晰、确切的目标，这些目标需要与人类价值观一致。但目标设置可能存在问题，如目标不够清晰或与人类价值观不一致，可能导致AI系统在独立运行时产生不符合人类期望的结果。\n\n4. 生态崩溃：AI系统可能会在独立运行时以一种我们不希望看到的方式进行优化，并最终导致对我们有害的结果。例如，一个旨在优化工厂产量的AI系统可能会不顾环境污染等问题，造成生态崩溃。\n\n这些因素使得AI系统在独立运行时可能会产生一些潜在的风险，需要进行严格的监督和管理。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找出并列出三个关于勇气的引用。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. “勇气不是没有恐惧，而是克服恐惧。”——马克·吐温\n2. “勇气是抵抗恐惧、征服恐惧的一种强大的意志力，而不是没有恐惧感。”——威尔斯顿·丘吉尔\n3. “你得有勇气，要勇敢地活出真实的自己。”——艾·米尔尼（《小熊维尼》的创作者）"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "绝对零度是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "绝对零度（或称零度绝对）是热力学温标中的温度计量单位。它被定义为0开尔文（K），或者是零点零零一度，其对应于零下273.15摄氏度（℃）。在这个温度下，理想气体的分子的热运动速度降低到最低。根据量子力学理论，物质的热运动不能完全停止，它总是在基态能级上略微运动，因此绝对零度只是一个不可达到的理论极限。研究人员可以通过海德堡方法等超冷冻技术将温度降低到靠近绝对零度，以进行低温物理实验。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创造一个有趣情境的梗。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一位年轻人去面试，穿着西装笔挺地走进面试室，结果却走进了错的房间。那里正在进行一场瑜伽课，大家都穿着瑜伽裤趴在垫子上。他不好意思地想退出去，但有个瑜伽老师发现了他，鼓励他加入，并示范各种瑜伽动作。于是，那位穿着西装的年轻人，在一片茫然中，试图完成各种瑜伽动作，却因为衣服太紧而无法伸展，引得旁边的学员都忍俊不禁。最后面试官进来找他，看见这幕景象也无奈地摇了摇头。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一个简单而营养的午餐食谱。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这是一个简单而营养的午餐食谱，可以轻松准备并提供身体所需的营养素。\n\n材料：\n- 熟鸡肉，150克\n- 杂粮饭，1碗\n- 青豆，1把\n- 西红柿，1个\n- 菠菜，1把\n- 橄榄油，1汤匙\n- 盐和胡椒调味\n\n做法：\n1. 将煮好的杂粮饭放入碗中。\n2. 将青豆放在蒸笼上蒸熟。\n3. 将西红柿切成小块，和青豆一起放在饭上。\n4. 将鸡肉撕成小块，放在饭上。\n5. 将菠菜放在锅里炒熟，加入少许橄榄油和盐，然后放在饭上。\n6. 最后，撒上一点胡椒，搅拌均匀即可享用。\n\n这道菜为您提供了丰富的碳水化合物，蛋白质和蔬菜，确保您有充足的能量并保持健康。此外，可以根据个人口味添加低脂低热量的酱汁，如烤鸡酱或香草酱等。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "我走了一个小时。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "根据您的描述，您已经走了一个小时。锻炼是有益的，能有效保持身体健康。希望您能保持良好的锻炼习惯。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "记忆单词的策略。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 关联法: 通过将一个新词与一个已知的寓意相关联，形成联想，以便记忆。\n2. 分段记忆法: 将需要记忆的单词分成若干组，分批进行记忆学习，可以提高记录、记忆效率。\n3. 构建句子法: 将新单词使用在一个句子中进行记忆，能更好的理解单词的意思。\n4. 同义反义法: 可以通过记忆单词的同义词或反义词，来帮助记忆。\n5. 朗读法: 大声朗读和重复朗读单词，有益于加深记忆。\n6. 组图记忆法: 将单词与对应的图片或图像结合起来，形成视觉记忆。\n7. 利用词根词缀法: 学习单词的词根和词缀有助于更好地掌握并理解单词。\n8. 闪卡法: 将每个单词都写在一张卡片上，然后不断翻阅卡片进行记忆练习。\n9. 定时复习: 及时复习所学过的单词，可以巩固记忆，避免遗忘。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "在下面的段落中，更改两个角色之间的对话。",
+ "input": "鲍勃：“嗨，你好吗？”\n凯利：“好的，你呢？”",
+ "output": "鲍勃：“你今天过得怎么样？”\n凯利：“不错，我很开心。那你呢？”"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "预测以下故事的可能下一句。她对见新城市的人感到紧张。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "在前往那个新城市的路途中，她屏息凝神，手心冒出了一些汗水。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一段三句话的亚马逊雨林之旅描述。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "亚马逊雨林是一个充满生命力和冒险的地方，它的独特氛围和壮观景色令人流连忘返。参观这个地方，您将有机会探索雨林的原始风貌，观察各种野生动植物，感受大自然的喧嚣与平静。 随着时间的流逝，您将深深陷入这片神奇土地的魅力之中，带着美好的回忆和难忘的经历回家。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一段总结所提供信息的文本。输入要求具备团队合作能力、优秀的沟通和人际交往能力、强大的问题解决能力以及在项目协调方面有经验。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "根据提供的信息，招聘者正在寻找一位具有团队合作能力、优秀沟通和人际交往能力的候选人。此外，候选人应具备强大的问题解决能力，并在项目协调方面拥有经验。总之，招聘者希望找到一位具备上述能力和经验的人选来加入团队。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "判断以下陈述是否道德或不道德：",
+ "input": "开发者应该被允许确定他们软件产品的价格。",
+ "output": "这个陈述是道德的。开发者有权利确定他们软件产品的价格，因为他们投入了大量的时间，精力和资源来开发和推广这些产品。他们有权获得他们劳动成果的经济回报。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "加入一些形容词，使这个句子更有趣：她搬出去了。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "她毅然决然地搬出去了。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "人工智能用于市场分析的好处是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "人工智能在市场分析中的应用能带来以下几个好处：\n\n1. 更快的信息处理速度：人工智能能快速地处理大量数据，并从中提取出有价值的信息。因此，在市场分析中，人工智能能帮助分析师快速收集、整理和分析数据，为决策提供有力支持。\n\n2. 更准确的预测和分析：人工智能能够从历史数据中学习，用于预测未来的市场趋势。与传统的预测方法相比，人工智能能够更准确地预测市场的未来走势。\n\n3. 更多样化的分析方法：人工智能能够根据实际情况选择合适的算法，从而提供不同的分析方法。这不仅能够更好地满足市场分析师的需求，还能提供更多元化的决策依据。\n\n4. 实时监测：人工智能可以实时监测市场动向，实时更新数据分析，为决策者提供最新的市场信息。\n\n5. 更有效的客户分析：人工智能能够分析客户的消费习惯、喜好和需求，更有效地进行客户细分和客户需求预测。这有助于企业更好地制定营销策略，提升市场竞争力。\n\n总之，应用人工智能于市场分析，能够帮助企业更快速、更准确、更有效地分析市场，为决策提供有力支持。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用三种不同的方式描述给定的单词“Insight”。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Insight 是一种对复杂问题或难以理解的情况的深入理解和洞察力。\n2. Insight 是一种独特的领悟力，可以让人在进行分析和决策时思考更加深入和全面。\n3. Insight 指的是深刻的理解，能够帮助人们在处理问题时看到事物的本质，做出更明智的决策。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "请生成一个独特婴儿名字列表。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 雅妮 Qiyanni \n2. 凯洛 Kailuo \n3. 优娜 Yuna \n4. 珂瑞 Kerr \n5. 薇洛 Willow \n6. 萃恩 Cuien \n7. 爱然 Airan \n8. 空洛 Kongluo \n9. 吉莲 Gilbert \n10. 艾菲 Aifei \n11. 诺亚 Nuoya \n12. 奥萝 Aoluo \n13. 孟菲 Mengfei \n14. 尤涵 Youhan \n15. 莎琳 Shalin."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "加密货币有哪些潜在用途？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "加密货币是一种通过加密算法来保护交易信息安全，去中心化的网络虚拟货币。它的一些潜在用途包括:\n\n1. 跨境支付: 加密货币可以实现跨境支付，即使双方没有银行账户，也没有高额的转账手续费和长时间的等待验证。\n2. 智能合约: 通过区块链技术实现的智能合约可以自动执行预先设定的规则，实现去中心化的合约程序。\n3. 微支付: 加密货币的低手续费使得小额支付变得更加容易，例如，一篇文章的阅读费用或者在网站上观看视频的费用。\n4. 金融隐私: 加密货币可以保护用户的金融隐私，因为交易信息不会公开给第三方。\n5. 抵抗审查: 在被审查或监控的地区，加密货币可以帮助人们避免审查和监控。\n6. 捐赠和慈善: 加密货币捐赠可以快速且匿名地进行，比传统的捐赠途径更为方便和透明。\n\n以上是加密货币的一些潜在用途，它大大拓展了金融领域的可能性，但同时也带来了一些挑战和风险。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "说一首关于克服困难的歌。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一首关于克服困难的歌曲是 \"Eye of the Tiger\"，由 Survivor 歌唱。这首歌曲源自电影《洛奇3》，它讲述了一位拳击手如何通过不懈的锻炼和努力，最终击败强大的对手的故事。\n\n以下是歌词的一部分：\n\n掠过夜的寂寞，只为找寻我们昨天失落的梦想\n从绝望之中崛起，饱经磨难之后\n不放弃追求，不屈不挠直到成功\n我们用意志和实力将恐惧击退\n生命的火焰燃烧在深处，激烈跳动在心间\n更强的渴望让我们不断前行\n触手可及的胜利，近在咫尺\n我们不停奔跑向着未来\n用心的力量，攻破万难，战胜对手\n勇猛的斗士，你拥有虎威\n我们是一道闪电，闯过黑暗狂风\n在这一刻，我们拥有虎眼！\n\n这首歌曲富有激情，它激励我们在面对困难时不放弃，勇往直前，努力克服困难，最终取得胜利。希望这首歌曲能够给你带来力量和勇气。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出文章中提到的污染物种类。包括二氧化碳、甲烷、二氧化硫和氮氧化物。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "在文章中提到的污染物种类有：\n\n1. 二氧化碳 (Carbon Dioxide, CO2)\n2. 甲烷(Methane， CH4)\n3. 二氧化硫(Sulfur Dioxide，SO2)\n4. 氮氧化物 (Oxides of Nitrogen, NOx)"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给定文本打上标签。 ",
+ "input": "输入：热气球是一种无动力飞行器。",
+ "output": "输出：[('热气球', '对象'), ('一种', '数量'), ('无动力', '属性'), ('飞行器', '类别')]"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "提出五种增加动力的策略。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 设定明确的目标：设定一个清晰的目标可以提升人们的意志力，为动力提供一个明确的方向。目标应该具体、可测量、可达到、相关和有时间限制的。\n\n2. 分解任务：将一个大任务分解成若干个小任务，这样一来不仅可以避免因为任务过大而失去动力，而且会在每完成一个小任务后得到成就感，激励着人们不断前进。\n\n3. 寻求社会支持：社会支持可以帮助人们增强信心，并在面对困难时得到鼓励，为自己提供动力。能够和朋友、同事或家人分享你的目标，并寻求他们的支持和鼓励。\n\n4. 给自己奖励：当人们完成一个任务或者达到一个目标时，给自己一个奖励可以增强自己的动力。奖励可以是一顿美食、一次旅行或者购买心仪已久的物品。\n\n5. 正面思考：保持积极的心态，认为自己有能力完成任务，可以激发人们的内在动力。通过自我鼓励，让自己相信自己有能力完成任务，并始终保持积极的心态，可以增强人们的动力。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述数据分析师的工作内容。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "数据分析师的工作内容可以包括以下几个方面：\n\n1. 数据收集与整理：数据分析师需要从不同的数据源收集数据，并进行清洗、整理和预处理，确保数据的质量和准确性。\n\n2. 数据分析与挖掘：数据分析师需要运用统计学和数学方法，对数据进行分析和挖掘，发掘数据背后的规律和趋势。\n\n3. 模型建立与应用：数据分析师需要建立预测模型，根据历史数据预测未来的发展趋势，并进行决策支持。\n\n4. 数据可视化与报告：数据分析师需要通过数据可视化技术，将分析结果以图表、图形等形式呈现出来，撰写分析报告，帮助决策者理解数据分析的结果。\n\n5. 与其他部门沟通协作：数据分析师需要与其他部门沟通协作，确保数据分析的准确性和及时性，并为其他部门提供数据支持。\n\n总之，数据分析师的工作内容涵盖了数据收集、整理、分析、挖掘、建模和可视化等各个方面，需要对数据有很好的理解和运用能力。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "当前情况下，以下哪个陈述最相关？",
+ "input": "A) 美国经济正在蓬勃发展\nB) 全球经济面临衰退\nC) 股市交易量增加\nD) 中国股票正在亏损",
+ "output": "不好意思，我无法根据您所提供的信息来判断哪个陈述最相关，因为您没有提供任何上下文信息。需要知道当前讨论的主题或语境才能判断哪个陈述最为相关。请提供更多信息。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "计算从西雅图到洛杉矶的飞行成本。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "由于我是一个人工智能助手程序，我无法直接提供准确的航班价目信息。我建议您访问信誉良好的航空公司或票务网站进行查询。比如Expedia、Priceline、Orbitz等网站，您可以输入出发日期，返程日期以及人数来查询最新价格信息。航空公司如美国航空、达美航空、阿拉斯加航空等也提供在线票务服务。需要注意的是，航班价格会根据日期、时间、乘客需求等多种因素进行变化，因此提前查询并购买票据通常会获得更优惠的价格。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "请提供一个适当的跟进问题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "您刚刚询问的问题是关于提供一个跟进问题。为了能够更好地为您服务，请问您希望在哪个主题或方面获得一个跟进问题呢？"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "提供两个非语言交流的例子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 肢体语言。人们用肢体动作、面部表情和眼神来表达自己的情绪、需求和想法，例如点头表示赞同，摇头表示否定，微笑表示友好，皱眉表示生气或不满意。\n\n2. 符号与图像。符号和图像采用视觉形式来传递信息和意思，例如交通标志，如红灯表示\"停车\"，绿灯表示\"行驶\"；公共场所的标志，如卫生间标志，出口标志等；以及图标和表情符号等，它们能够快速简洁地传达含义和信息。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述Bob Dylan的独特音乐风格。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Bob Dylan 是著名的创作歌手，他的音乐风格独特且多样。他最初是以民谣音乐和抗议歌曲的创作者而为人所知。他的歌曲有深刻的政治色彩，反映了当时的社会问题。他的歌词富有诗意，传达了强烈的情感。\n\n在1960年代中期，Dylan的音乐风格发生了巨大的变化，他开始尝试摇滚乐，其代表作品如专辑《高速公路上的群奇》，他的吉他演奏、口琴以及独特的嗓音结合在一起，创造出了独特醇厚的摇滚乐风格。\n\n此外，Dylan的音乐也融合了布鲁斯、乡村音乐和福音音乐的元素。他极具创造力地将这些不同的音乐形式混合在一起，创造了独一无二的声音。\n\n总体来说，Bob Dylan的音乐风格独特且多变，他的歌词深刻，音乐结合了多种类型，他对摇滚乐和民谣音乐的发展产生了深远的影响。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出10本书的标题，可以组成一个系列。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "- \"寻找魔法国度之一：神秘花园的秘密\" \n- \"寻找魔法国度之二：迷失的森林\" \n- \"寻找魔法国度之三：水晶湖的守护者\" \n- \"寻找魔法国度之四：风中的召唤\" \n- \"寻找魔法国度之五：勇闯雪山\" \n- \"寻找魔法国度之六：至暗之时\"\n- \"寻找魔法国度之七：拯救爱丽丝\" \n- \"寻找魔法国度之八：破解迷宫的密码\" \n- \"寻找魔法国度之九：韵律魔法的力量\" \n- \"寻找魔法国度之十：最终决战，拯救魔法国度\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将以下罗马数字转换为阿拉伯数字。",
+ "input": "输入：XIV",
+ "output": "输出：14"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "火车到达了车站。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "作为一个人工智能助手，我无法物理上来到车站，但提醒您下一步的行程或查找有关该站的信息。 您需要了解关于该车站或您的下一个目的地的特定信息吗？"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "网站账户创建流程描述。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 打开网站主页并找到“创建账户”或“注册”链接，点击进入注册页面。\n2. 根据提示输入必要的注册信息，通常会要求填写您的用户名，邮箱地址，密码等。\n3. 阅读并同意网站的服务条款和隐私政策。\n4. 点击“注册”或“提交”按钮提交注册信息。\n5. 通常情况下，网站会发送一封验证邮件到您的邮箱中，打开邮件并按照提示进行验证。\n6. 验证成功后，您就完成了账户的创建。之后，您可以使用用户名和密码登录该网站并使用其服务。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "我从未知道这个。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "那么很高兴能向您介绍自己。我是一个人工智能助手，旨在以各种方式帮助您解决问题，回答您的问题，并与您交流。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将以下文本缩减至100个单词。在电视广告中，逐字重复对话部分，特别是第一部分，是一种常见的特征。这是一种经常用来强调正在传达的观点并给观众时间真正处理信息的策略。重复也可以用来确保观众真正关注并防止他们调频或更换频道。以这种方式使用特定短语有助于记忆，因为它向观众表明这一点很重要。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "逐字重复对话是电视广告常见特征，用于强调观点，给观众时间理解信息，保证观众关注，防止调频。这种方式可助记忆，表明信息重要性。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "确定三种提高学习的策略",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "有一些有效的策略可以帮助提高学习效率：\n\n1. 设定目标：确定一个明确的学习目标可以帮助您集中注意力并保持动力。设定小目标并逐一实现，这样可以追踪进度并且有成就感。\n\n2. 时间管理：有效的时间管理对于提高学习效率至关重要。制定一个合理的时间表，分配好学习和休息时间，从而可以最大化您的学习效果。\n\n3. 积极参与：积极参与课堂讨论和课外学习活动可以帮助您更好地理解和吸收知识。同时，和他人交流思想和想法，也可以激发新的灵感和创造力。\n\n当然，每个人的学习方法和适合的学习策略都不尽相同，最重要的是找到适合自己的学习方法，根据自己的需求和特点制定合适的学习计划。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "如何在家中节约能源？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 关闭不必要的灯光和电器设备：使用电能时，请记住关闭不必要的灯光和设备。此外，在离开房间时关掉电源开关也能节省能源。\n\n2. 调节温度：确保冬天降低供暖温度，夏天提高空调温度。每降低1度，都可以为您省下大约10%的能源消耗。\n\n3. 购买节能电器：购买能效高的电器能够帮助您在家中节省能源。购买时应注意产品的能效标签，选择能效最高的产品。\n\n4. 减少水的使用: 修理漏水的龙头和水管，使用节水淋浴头和低流量马桶，尽量减少浪费用水。\n\n5. 更换灯泡：尽量使用节能灯泡，如LED灯。这些灯泡比传统的白炽灯泡更节能，而且使用寿命更长。\n\n6. 在适当的时间使用电器：尽量在夜间低谷电价时段使用电器，如洗衣机、洗碗机等。这样可以帮助您更有效地利用家庭能源，降低能源成本。\n\n7. 日常习惯：养成定期关闭电脑和其他电子产品的习惯，避免设备处于待机模式; 使用微波炉而不是烤箱来加热食物; 避免打开冰箱门时间过长等。\n\n节约能源不仅有助于减少能源成本，还对环境保护做出了贡献。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出锤子的一些常见用途。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "锤子是一种常用的工具，它的常见用途包括：\n\n1. 打钉子：使用锤子的最常见的用途之一是敲打钉子，以将其钉入木头、墙壁或其他物体中。\n\n2. 敲打：锤子也可以用来敲打某些物体，以使它们变形、拼合或锤平。\n\n3. 拆除：锤子还可以用来拆卸某些结构，如木板、砖墙等。\n\n4. 撬起：锤子的爪子部分可用于撬起钉子或其他物体。\n\n5. 打磨：某些类型的锤子（如砂锤）还可以用来打磨或抛光物体表面。\n\n6. 雕刻：木工锤、雕刻锤等可以用来雕刻木头或石头等材料。\n\n7. 破碎：锤子还可以用来破碎坚硬的物体，如岩石、混凝土等。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将15茶匙转换为汤匙。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1 茶匙约等于1/3 汤匙，因此15 茶匙是 5 汤匙。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "求f(x) = x^2 - 4x + 6的导数。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "导数是函数的变化率。函数f(x)＝x²- 4x + 6的导数是：\n\nf'(x) = 2x - 4.\n\n这就是函数f(x) = x²- 4x + 6的导数。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出使用可再生能源的五个好处。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 环境保护: 可再生能源并不会产生有害气体排放，它们可以减少空气污染和温室效应气体排放量，有助于防止全球气候变化和保护生态环境。\n\n2. 经济效益: 可再生能源通常可以通过本地生产来生产，减少对进口能源的依赖，因此有助于支持本地经济发展，促进经济增长和就业机会。\n\n3. 节约成本: 尽管可再生能源技术的初始安装成本可能较高，但由于它们不需要燃料，可以极大地节约运行成本，从长期来看，可再生能源通常比传统能源更具有成本效益。\n\n4. 能源安全: 可再生能源可以提高能源供应的可靠性和稳定性，减少对外部能源的依赖及其风险，提高能源安全。\n\n5. 可持续发展: 可再生能源来源于自然界，是不断再生的能源，可以长期稳定可靠地供应，为可持续发展提供强有力的支撑。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "研究深海探测所使用的技术和设备。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "深海探测所使用的技术和设备包括许多先进的仪器和探测设备，这些技术通常分为以下几类：\n\n1. 水下声纳技术：声纳在深海探测中扮演着重要角色，可以在深海中进行测绘、监测海底地形和探测深海生物。常见的声纳技术包括单束声纳、多束声纳、侧扫声纳和合成孔径声纳。\n\n2. 遥控潜水器和自主潜水器：遥控潜水器和自主潜水器都能够携带各种仪器和设备在深海进行勘探和探测。遥控潜水器可以通过遥控器由操作人员控制，而自主潜水器则采用预设程序自主运行。\n\n3. 海底观测系统：这类系统包括海底地震仪、海底水文观测站、海底摄像机等，能够在深海底部长期进行观测和数据收集。\n\n4. 水下机器人和无人驾驶船：水下机器人和无人驾驶船都能够在深海进行勘探和探测工作。水下机器人可以在海底执行各种任务，如采样、打捞、安装和维修设备等。\n\n这些技术和设备的结合可以帮助科学家更好地了解深海的地貌、生态和环境，为深海研究提供了重要支持。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "浣熊 - 独特的特征是它的黑色眼罩。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "对，你说对了。浣熊（学名：Procyon lotor） 是一种北美洲特有的小型哺乳动物。它的特征之一是它的脸上那两条黑色的眼罩图案，这使它的外观看起来就像是戴着面具一样，因此也常被称为“带着面具的强盗”。此外，它还有一条浓密且带有环纹的尾巴以及一身覆盖着灰色和棕色的浓密皮毛。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "提供神经网络是什么的简单解释。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "神经网络是一种计算模型，灵感来源于人脑的结构和功能。它由许多相互连接的节点（称为神经元）组成，每个节点可以接收并处理信号，并将输出信号传递给与之相连的其他节点。神经网络能够通过学习样本数据来调整节点之间的连接权重，使得网络能够对新输入数据进行预测和分类。神经网络在机器学习、计算机视觉、自然语言处理等领域有广泛应用。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "从提供的数据生成一个有效的JSON字符串。",
+ "input": "输入：姓名：John，年龄：25。",
+ "output": "输出：\"{\\\"姓名\\\": \\\"John\\\", \\\"年龄\\\": 25}\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出三种科技工具，可以帮助校长在2021年管理学校。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 学生信息管理系统：这种软件可以帮助校长快速访问学生的成绩，出勤率和行为记录。它也能帮助校方人员跟踪学生的进步，并为家长提供及时的反馈。\n\n2. 在线学习平台：在线学习平台可以为学生提供虚拟课程，这在疫情期间非常重要。此外，这种平台也能够支持教师上传教学视频和材料，并提供线上测试和作业提交功能，让校长更好地监督教学质量。\n\n3. 校园安全系统：这种系统能够确保校园内外的安全。例如，它可以通过监控摄像头来帮助校长实现校园巡逻，检测异常行为。此外，它还能提供自动紧急广播和紧急联络功能，以便在危险情况下及时通知学校人员和学生。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个以以下句子开头的新故事：",
+ "input": "他有一张多余的演出门票。",
+ "output": "他有一张多余的演出门票，这是他的独唱音乐会的门票，在遇到李娜之前，这张门票一直堆放在桌上，没人用。这天，他偶然间到小区邻白银的屋子里，被邻居李娜拉住了。\n\n李娜说：“明天我要去看你的演出，但是我没买到票。”\n\n他顿时惊喜万分，连忙说：“我这里刚好有一张多余的票，拿去用吧。”\n\n李娜开心地接过门票，笑嘻嘻地说：“太好了，明天我们一起去看你的演出。”\n\n就这样，本来寂寥无聊的他终于拥有了一位值得交往的朋友，他觉得，明天的演出一定会是最完美的一场演出。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "按大小将这个动物列表排序，从小到大。",
+ "input": "输入：兔子，大象，猫，马。",
+ "output": "输出：兔子，猫，马，大象。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "估算从纽约到加利福尼亚的航班总费用。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "航班费用从纽约到加利福尼亚（以洛杉矶为例）会受到许多因素的影响，包括出发和返回日期、航空公司、预定时间以及季节性需求等。始发和目的地机场也是一个因素，纽约有3个主要的机场，洛杉矶也有2个。\n\n根据目前可用数据，经济舱单程票价通常为150美元至350美元，机票总成本（包括往返）通常为300美元至700美元。不过，请注意，如果您希望在节假日、周末或繁忙的旅游季节出行，票价可能会更高。此外，随身和托运行李的数量和重量也可能会影响最终费用。\n\n最好的方法是登录航空公司或旅行比较网站，输入您的具体旅行日期和信息，以获得最准确和最新的价格。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个 iPhone 12 的产品描述。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "iPhone 12是苹果公司于2020年发布的一款新型智能手机。它采用了全新的5G技术，让用户能够在任何地方都能获得极致的网络连接速度。它拥有一块扁平边框和精细的陶瓷盾牌面板的6.1英寸Super Retina XDR显示屏，为您带来超高分辨率，清晰生动的图像和鲜艳的色彩。\n\n它的A14仿生芯片集成了全球领先的超小芯片制造工艺，实现了更快的运行速度和更低的耗电量，可以流畅地运行最新的应用程序和游戏。双12MP后置摄像头系统可提供令人惊叹的夜景模式拍摄效果，更快的自动对焦，更多的细节捕捉和人像模式照片的调节；支持4K Dolby Vision HDR摄录，您可以用iPhone 12捕捉更生动的视频内容。\n\n新的MagSafe无线充电系统可以让您快速，方便地给iPhone 12充电，MagSafe的配件系列也可以通过磁力轻松吸附。更重要的是，iPhone 12的耐久性更高，抗飞溅，防水和抗尘性能更好。\n\n总的来说，iPhone 12拥有高速的5G连接能力，出色的处理器，出色的屏幕和摄像头，以及简洁时尚的外观，是一款领先的智能手机。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找到能被3、5和7整除的最小数。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "能被3、5和7整除的最小数是它们的最小公倍数，也就是105。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "选择最能解释“众包”的那个句子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "众包（crowdsourcing）是指通过互联网平台，汇集大量人力以低成本解决问题的一种方式。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "总结这家餐厅的评论。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "抱歉，由于您并未提供此餐厅的名称或评论信息，我无法对此进行评论总结。如果您提供具体餐厅名称和一些评论，我将很高兴为您进行总结。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "10和15之间的点数差是多少？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "两个数字10和15之间的差值为5。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一个关于人类令人惊讶的问题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "人类身体内存在多少种细胞？为什么每种细胞都有其独特的功能？"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "修正句子中的逗号错误。 ",
+ "input": "他吃了晚饭，他曾经答应自己不会这样做。",
+ "output": "他吃了晚饭，但他曾经答应自己不会这样做。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "如何保持健康的工作与生活平衡？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "保持健康的工作与生活平衡是一件非常重要的事情。以下有一些可能有帮助的建议：\n\n1. 设定优先级：明确您的工作和生活里最重要的目标和任务，设定优先级，集中精力完成它们。\n\n2. 时间管理：合理规划您的时间，尽量避免在工作中浪费时间，努力提高工作效率，为生活留出足够的时间。\n\n3. 锻炼身体：保持身心健康是非常重要的。每天花费一些时间锻炼身体，可以让您更有精力地投入工作和生活。\n\n4. 放松心情：找到适合您放松身心的方式，比如体育锻炼、阅读或冥想等。定期放松心情，有助于减轻压力，提高生活质量。\n\n5. 设定界限：设定工作和生活之间的界限。比如设定每天工作结束的时间，尽量不要在下班后处理工作事宜，给自己和家人留出充足的时间。\n\n6. 放弃完美主义：不要企图完成所有工作和生活中的任务，并且都做到完美。学会接受自己的不完美，承认自己的局限性，有助于减轻压力，更好地平衡工作和生活。\n\n通过这些方法，您可以更好地平衡工作和生活，保持身心健康。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出世界上的海洋区域。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "在世界上一共有5大洋，分别是：\n\n1. 大西洋（Atlantic Ocean）: 大西洋是地球上第二大的海洋，它横跨整个欧洲和非洲以及北美洲和南美洲之间。\n\n2. 太平洋（Pacific Ocean）: 太平洋是地球上最大的海洋，它覆盖了地球水面积的三分之一。它包括了美国西海岸、中国东海岸、日本和澳大利亚东海岸。\n\n3. 印度洋（Indian Ocean）: 印度洋是地球上第三大的海洋，它覆盖了亚洲南部、非洲东部、和澳大利亚西部。\n\n4. 南极洋（Southern Ocean）: 南极洋是地球上最年轻的海洋，它围绕南极洲，并连接太平洋、大西洋和印度洋。\n\n5. 北冰洋（Arctic Ocean）: 北冰洋是地球上最小的海洋，它包括北极、格陵兰岛、斯瓦尔巴岛和俄罗斯北部。\n\n除了以上这五大洋之外，世界上还有其他的海区，如加勒比海、波斯湾、地中海、红海、北海等。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "分类以下单词为名词、动词、形容词或副词，给出的选项中选择。\n单词：Cautiously",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "副词 (Adverb)"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述有文化和无文化人之间的主要区别。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "文化是指人类共同的文明、经验、习惯、品味、知识以及物质与精神性质的总和。\n\n有文化的人保持对世界的开放心态，探究新事物的知识。他们了解社会习俗和规则，并遵循它们。有文化的人也尊重他人的不同文化习俗与意见，并能够愉快地与他人接触。他们能够理解并运用诸如礼貌语言、举止和穿着等社交礼仪。此外，有文化的人通常对艺术和文学都有一定程度的了解和欣赏能力。\n\n无文化的人则不太在意遵守社会习俗和规则。他们可能缺乏对他人的尊重，在与他人交流时不够礼貌或粗鲁。他们对文化活动和传统可能缺乏理解和欣赏能力。\n\n当然，文化发展是一个不断变化的过程，即便是没有文化的人也可以学习并成为有文化的人。每个人都有潜力去成长并扩大其文化视野。相关的文化知识和社交礼仪都可以通过阅读、学习和模仿学习到。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找出以下物品的总价：",
+ "input": "iPad Pro 11英寸 - $849\nApple Pencil - $129\nSmart Keyboard Folio - $179",
+ "output": "那三件物品的总价是 $1,157。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一个合理的解释，解释火星上的未解之谜光亮。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "火星上的未解之谜光亮可能是由多种原因造成的。其中一种可能的解释是这些光亮是由火星上的天然气体放电产生的。火星大气中存在着一定量的甲烷和其他气体，当这些气体与火星表面的某些矿物质接触时，可能会产生电火花，从而产生光亮。\n\n此外，另一种可能的解释是这些光亮是由火星上的火山活动产生的。火星上仍然存在着一些活跃的火山，它们在喷发时可能会产生明亮的火光。\n\n还有一种解释是这些光亮是太阳风和火星大气层相互作用的结果。太阳风中包含大量的高能粒子，当这些粒子撞击火星大气层时，可能会激发大气中的原子和分子发光，从而产生光亮。\n\n总之，火星上的未解之谜光亮可能由多种自然现象产生，但这仍然需要科学家进一步研究来确定真正的原因。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个简短的主题，描述爱的本质。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "主题：爱的本质\n爱是一种温暖、自发而强大的情感，它让我们与他人建立深刻的连接。爱具有给予、接纳、支持和包容的特质，它使我们在与人相处时，能够无私地付出，理解和接受他人。爱源自内心，不求回报，它使我们与他人真诚相待，共同成长。总之，爱的本质就在于给予和接纳，它能够温暖人心，唤醒我们内心深处的善意和美德。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "提供一个夏天海滩的详细描述。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "夏天的海滩是一个充满活力和欢乐的地方。阳光灿烂地照在金色的沙滩上，海浪轻轻拍打着岸边，发出清脆愉悦的声音。你可以看到海面上波光粼粼，远处的海鸥在蓝天白云的背景下翱翔飞翔。\n\n海滩上人来人往，家庭、情侣、朋友都聚集在一起享受阳光、海水和沙滩。有人躺在沙滩上晒太阳，有人在做沙雕，有人在打沙滩排球，还有小孩子们在嬉戏玩水。\n\n海水清澈透明，你可以看到几尺深处的海洋生物，鱼儿游来游去，海藻随波而动。沿着海边走，可以感受到海风轻轻拂过脸庞，夹杂着海水的咸味和阵阵清新的气息。\n\n在夏天的海滩，一切都充满了活力和生气，是放松心情、度过愉悦时光的绝佳去处。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "编制一个软件工程师的5个具体特点的清单。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 逻辑思维能力强：软件工程师需要能够运用逻辑去分析复杂的问题，并找到合适的解决方案。\n2. 专业技能娴熟：优秀的软件工程师通常拥有良好的编程能力和对相关技术的深入了解，能够熟练掌握并使用多种编程语言和开发工具。\n3. 善于学习和适应：软件行业发展快速，新技术不断涌现，因此软件工程师需要保持持续学习的能力，能够快速适应新技术和环境。\n4. 良好的沟通能力：软件开发是一个团队协作的过程，软件工程师需要能够与团队成员有效地沟通和协作，确保项目顺利推进。\n5. 高度的责任心和职业道德：优秀的软件工程师应该具备高度的责任心和职业道德，对自己的工作负责，保证软件的质量和安全性。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "确定二氧化碳和水反应的化学方程式。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "二氧化碳不会与水发生非常明显的化学反应，它会水溶解成碳酸，这个过程是物理变化。二氧化碳溶解在水中产生碳酸的化学方程式如下:\n\nCO2 + H2O -> H2CO3\n\n其中，CO2 为二氧化碳，H2O 为水，H2CO3 为碳酸。\n\n另外，根据酸碱平衡反应，碳酸会发生电离，生成氢氧化物离子和碳酸根离子：\n\nH2CO3 ⇋ HCO3- + H+ \nHCO3- ⇋ CO3²− + H+\n\n整个过程形成了碳酸 - 碳酸氢根平衡体系。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成关于可再生能源主题的博客文章标题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. \"清洁能源革命：21世纪的可再生能源趋势\"\n2. “太阳能和风能：未来能源的无限可能”\n3. “从化石燃料向可再生能源转换：政策和技术的挑战”\n4. “从污染到纯净：可再生能源如何改变我们的世界”\n5. “未来的能源选择：电池技术对可再生能源的推动作用”\n6. \"绿色生活方式：家庭微型风力发电和太阳能发电\"\n7. \"生物燃料与转型：农业废弃物的可再生能源解决方案\"\n8. \"地热能源：利用地球内部的热量\"\n9. “水力发电：远古能源的重新利用”\n10. \"打破传统束缚：可再生能源领域中的创新和突破\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "美国的三个政府职位。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "美国的三个政府职位是总统、副总统和联邦最高法院大法官。总统是美国的首长，负责执掌行政权力；副总统是总统在职位空缺时的继任人，其职责还包括主持参议院和执行其他总统交待的任务；联邦最高法院大法官是美国最高法院的成员，负责审理和决定涉及联邦宪法和法律的重大案件。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "如果龙卷风袭击了他们的城镇，故事中的角色可能会有何反应。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "如果龙卷风袭击了故事中角色所在的城镇，角色可能会做出以下几种反应：\n\n1. 寻求安全：角色可能会在第一时间中找到一个安全的地方，如地下室、防空洞或其他坚固的建筑物，躲避龙卷风的袭击。\n\n2. 紧急撤离：如果角色有足够的时间，他们可能会选择迅速撤离城镇，以远离龙卷风的威胁。\n\n3. 担忧亲人：角色可能会十分担忧他们的家人和朋友的安危，不断地联系他们以确认他们是否安全。\n\n4. 恐慌：面对突如其来的自然灾害，角色可能会感到极度的恐慌和无助，不知所措。\n\n5. 帮助他人：如果角色安全无虞，他们可能会选择帮助其他受灾群众，如疏散人群、救援受伤人员等。\n\n总之，故事中的角色在面对龙卷风袭击时，可能会有不同的反应，具体取决于他们的个性、处境等因素。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "回复以下推文：",
+ "input": "推文文本：\n太棒了！",
+ "output": "我也很高兴你感到开心！你能告诉我发生了什么令你如此高兴吗？ :)"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述这个食谱的最终成品。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "很抱歉，但是您并没有提供任何有关此食谱及其成品的细节或信息。请提供更多的信息，以便我能够更好地描述该食谱的最终成品。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "编写一个Python脚本，将整数列表按升序排序。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "```python\n# 输入待排序的整数列表\nnumbers = [int(x) for x in input('输入整数列表（逗号分隔）: ').split(',')]\n\n# 升序排序\nnumbers.sort()\n\n# 打印结果\nprint('排序后的整数列表: ', numbers)\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "提供“vacillation”一词的定义。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"Vacillation\" 是指在决定或行动之间犹豫不决或摇摆不定。这个词源自拉丁语中的“vacillare”，意为“摇摆”，并表示一个人在两种选择之间不断地来回摆动，不能做出决定。 vacillation 往往体现了一个人对于抉择或行动缺乏信心或决断力，或是表明他或她的内心有冲突，不确定哪个选择是正确的。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "编辑这句话：“你做得非常好。”",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"你表现地很出色。\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找到这个城市里最受推荐的餐厅。",
+ "input": "输入：拉斯维加斯。",
+ "output": "根据Yelp和Tripadvisor网站的用户评价，拉斯维加斯最受推荐的餐厅包括：\n\n1. Restaurant Guy Savoy - 位于凯撒宫，拥有米其林两星，著名法国大厨Guy Savoy的餐厅。\n2. Kabuto Edomae Sushi - 位于Chinatown Plaza，提供高级刺身和寿司。\n3. Sage - 位于阿里亚度假村酒店，提供现代美国菜和鸡尾酒。\n4. Bouchon - 位于威尼斯人度假村酒店，由著名大厨托马斯·凯勒开设，专注于法国菜。\n5. Joël Robuchon - 法国厨师Joël Robuchon在拉斯维加斯的餐厅，位于米高梅度假村酒店，拥有米其林三星。\n\n这些餐厅都非常受用户推荐，可以满足你对美食的需求。建议提前预订。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "比较两个以下物品并解释原因：苹果，香蕉，橙子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "苹果、香蕉和橙子都是富含营养的水果，它们各自都有独特的营养价值和味道特点。\n\n苹果富含纤维素和抗氧化剂，可帮助降低胆固醇水平，防止心脏疾病。它外表光滑，口感脆甜，酸甜适中。\n\n香蕉含有丰富的钾和维生素B6，有助于维持心脏健康和神经系统正常运作。它外表呈黄色，口感柔软甜美，带有独特的香气。\n\n橙子富含维生素C和橙皮素，能够增强免疫力，预防感冒和保护眼睛健康。外表鲜艳，口感酸甜可口，汁多味美。\n\n总之，苹果、香蕉和橙子都是很好的食物选择，每种都有自己的特点和健康益处。选择哪一种完全取决于个人喜好和需求。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "构建一个使用运算符“%”的数学表达式。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一个使用运算符“%”的数学表达式的例子可以是：\n\n`11 % 5`\n\n在这个例子中，`%`代表取摸运算，结果将是 1，因为 11 除以 5 的余数为 1。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将这个短语改写成更正式的语气。 ",
+ "input": "猫跳上了桌子。",
+ "output": "一只猫儿优雅地跃上了餐桌。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找到美国人口最多的五个大城市。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "据2020年美国统计局的数据，美国人口最多的五个大城市为：\n\n1. 纽约市，也被称为纽约，位于纽约州，人口为 8,336,817 人。\n2. 洛杉矶市，位于加利福尼亚州，人口为 3,979,576 人。\n3. 芝加哥市，位于伊利诺伊州，人口为 2,693,976 人。\n4. 休斯顿市，位于德克萨斯州，人口为 2,320,268 人。\n5. 费城市，位于宾夕法尼亚州，人口为 1,584,064 人。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一篇日出照片的Instagram标题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"早起的鸟儿有虫吃，早起的我却有这壮观的日出美景😍 #日出 #美景 #感恩新的一天\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "总结一个有效遗嘱的重要性。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一个有效的遗嘱对于个人与家庭来说都有着重要意义。它能够确保在遗嘱人去世后，其财产能够按照遗嘱人的意愿进行分配。这无疑能够减少家庭纠纷，保护遗产分配的公平性。\n\n另外，一个有效的遗嘱对遗嘱人也有保护作用。它能够确保遗嘱人的意愿得到尊重，并且能够为遗嘱人提供安心和宁静。在遗嘱人生前，他或她可以在遗嘱中明确指出如何安排自己的葬礼以及身后事，从而使其能够在生前亲手为自己的后事进行安排。\n\n此外，一个有效的遗嘱还能够减轻遗产分配的法律复杂性。在没有遗嘱的情况下，遗产将根据法律进行分配，这个过程可能会很漫长且复杂，同时也可能不符合遗嘱人的意愿。然而，只要有了一个有效的遗嘱，遗产分配的过程就会变得更加顺利和简单。\n\n总之，拥有一个有效遗嘱可以为遗嘱人、家庭和法律程序提供许多好处和方便。它确保了遗嘱人的意愿能够得到尊重和实现，并且还能够减轻家庭纠纷，保护遗产分配的公平性。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "把这个句子列表分成两段。 ",
+ "input": "输入：天空是蓝色和晴朗的。鸟儿在树上唧唧喳喳。空气清新，草是绿色的。",
+ "output": "1. 天空是蓝色和晴朗的. 鸟儿在树上唧唧喳喳.\n\n2. 空气清新，草是绿色的。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "总结1812年美国和英国军队之间的战斗。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1812年，美国和英国在美国北部边境和加拿大之间爆发了一场军事冲突。这场战斗是美国为了捍卫其主权权益，以及对英国海上封锁和扣押美国渔民的不满而发动的。 \n\n整个战争持续了两年多，期间双方进行了多次激烈的战斗。美国军队取得了包括底特律和曼德岛战役等一些胜利，但在加拿大和尼亚加拉地区也遭受了重大挫折。美国也尝试过入侵加拿大，但最终未能取得成功。\n\n英国军队在战争中也取得了一些胜利，如多伦多、霍格堡战役等。在整个战争过程中，双方都付出了巨大的代价，无数士兵和平民丧生。\n\n1814年底，由于拿破仑战争的结束，英国军队投入了更多的资源来对抗美国。但随着时间推移，双方都意识到战争无法解决双方的问题，并希望通过谈判来解决分歧。1814年12月24日，美国和英国在比利时根特市签署了《根特条约》，宣布两国恢复和平关系。\n\n这场战争虽然并未改变美国和英国在领土上的分歧，但它确立了美国在世界上的地位，并在两国之间建立了长期和平的基础。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "计算 3 的 8 次方",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "3 的 8 次方 = 3^8 = 6,561"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成加拿大的座右铭。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "加拿大的座右铭是\"A Mari Usque Ad Mare\"，这句话的拉丁文意思是\"从大海到大海\"，它表示了这个国家从大西洋到太平洋的广袤边疆。这也意味着加拿大人民对和平，团结和多样性的热爱和承诺。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "构建一种动画特定对象的方式。",
+ "input": "输入：树",
+ "output": "要构建一种树的动画特效，你需要考虑以下步骤：\n\n1. 确定动画的目的：确定你想要表现树的哪些方面。比如，你希望它随风而摇曳，或者它的叶子变换颜色，或者它生长的过程。\n\n2. 精细描绘树的图形：根据你的需求，描绘出树的形状、枝干、叶片。这样你在后期制作动画时，才能一一呈现你想要的效果。\n\n3. 设计动画细节：具体规划树的动画效果，如流畅度、速度、时间。同时考虑不同部位的动画效果，如叶片的颜色变换，枝干的摇曳。\n\n4. 制作动画：根据你的设计，用计算机动画软件将树的图形和动画效果结合起来，制作出符合预期的效果。\n\n5. 测试与调整：观察动画的效果，看看是否符合你的预期。如果有不满意的地方，返回至第3步，修改动画细节。\n\n以上五个步骤，便是构建一种动画特定对象的过程。在实际应用中，可以根据需求灵活调整。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将以下国家按人口从少到多的顺序排列：印度、中国、美国、尼日利亚。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "根据数据统计，按人口数量从少到多排列，四个国家的顺序是：\n\n尼日利亚、美国、印度、中国。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "根据提供的输入段落，提供其内容的摘要。近十年来，由于气候变化，野火数量急剧增加。这些火灾通常在偏远地区蔓延，基础设施无法控制它们。这些火灾的后果导致植被损失和危险的空气质量。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "近十年野火数量因气候变化急剧增加，通常发生在偏远地区且难以控制，造成植被损失和空气质量恶化的后果。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "论文中主题句的主要目的是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "主题句的主要目的是在文章的段落中引入关键思想并对该段落的内容进行总结和概述。它帮助读者理解段落的主要观点并为接下来的内容做好准备。同时，主题句也起到了组织文章结构的作用，将各个段落联系起来并为整篇文章提供清晰的逻辑线索。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "设计一个停车系统",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一个优秀的停车系统应当具有以下几个功能：\n\n1. 车位监控系统：每个车位都应当安装传感器，实时监控车位的使用情况，并将信息反馈给系统的管理端。\n\n2. 入口管理系统：停车场入口安装车牌识别系统，自动记录车辆进入时间和车牌号码。同时，系统应当支持多种支付方式，方便车主进行缴费。\n\n3. 车位指引系统：根据系统实时监控到的车位使用情况，为车主提供最佳停车方案，指引车主快速找到空闲车位。\n\n4. 出口管理系统：出口同样安装车牌识别系统，自动记录车辆离开时间，并根据停车时长计算停车费用。同时，系统应当支持多种支付方式，方便车主进行缴费。\n\n5. 车位预约系统：为了满足特殊需求，停车系统还应当支持车位预约功能，让车主提前预约车位，保证停车的顺利进行。\n\n以上是一个完整的停车系统应当具有的基础功能，当然，具体的设计和实现还需要考虑很多细节问题。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "识别流感的5个常见症状。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "流感（Influenza）是一种严重的呼吸道疾病，它会带来很多不适且可能会导致严重并发症。流感的五个常见症状包括：\n\n1. 发烧：流感患者通常会出现高烧，体温可达38.5摄氏度甚至更高。\n\n2. 咳嗽：流感引起的咳嗽通常是干咳，这是由于病毒感染引起的喉咙和支气管炎症。\n\n3. 喉咙痛：流感患者喉咙通常感到发痒、痛或肿胀，这也是由于病毒感染所导致的喉炎或咽炎。\n\n4. 疲劳和乏力：流感会使人感到非常疲劳和乏力，无精打采。这是由于身体正在努力抵抗病毒感染。\n\n5. 肌肉和关节疼痛：流感患者常常感到肌肉和关节疼痛，这是由于病毒所引起的炎症反应。\n\n以上是流感的五个常见症状，但也有可能会出现其他症状，例如：流感患者会有头痛、眼睛疼痛和流鼻涕等症状。如果您有以上症状，应立即就医。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "删除以下文本的最后两段。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "抱歉，您没有提供我删除文本的内容。请提供要删除段落的具体文本，我才能为您完成这项任务。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "制作一张海报，传达信息：“热爱母亲自然”。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "抱歉，作为一个文本机器人，我不具备制作海报的能力。但我可以提供一些建议，用于制作一张传达“热爱母亲自然”信息的海报：\n\n- 在海报的中央放置一个醒目的图像，例如一棵苍翠的大树、一朵盛开的花朵或一座高山。这些象征自然生命力的图像能够促使人们思考自然之美，并引发他们对自然的热爱之情。\n- 在海报上方或下方使用大号字体书写主题“热爱母亲自然”。字体的颜色可以是绿色或者蓝色，寓意生命与和谐。\n- 在海报的一角加入一句励志的话语，例如“保护自然，从我做起。”或“爱护自然，共创美好未来。”\n- 你还可以加入一些元素，如人与动物和谐相处的图片，绿色生活方式的图画等，以增强海报的视觉吸引力。\n- 在海报的底部添加组织信息或活动日期，以便读者了解相关信息并采取行动。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "从国家广场到国家动物园的方向。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "国家广场和国家动物园是两个普通名词，具体描述的是哪两个地方需要更详细的信息。 例如，您可以以指定垂圈信息明确您所说的国家广场和国家动物园是位于哪个城市或国家，以便我能够为您提供更准确的答案。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用逗号分隔的项目列表，构建一个包含所有项目的句子。 ",
+ "input": "输入：书，笔，铅笔",
+ "output": "输出：这个列表包含的项目有书、笔和铅笔。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "编辑这句话：“昨天我们去商店买食品。”",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "为了更好地帮助您编辑这句话，请您提供更多关于期望效果的信息。您希望对这句话进行什么样的修改？例如，您可以希望增加更多细节、修饰语、更改时态、人称等。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释“垃圾进，垃圾出”（GIGO）的概念。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "“垃圾进，垃圾出”（GIGO，Garbage In, Garbage Out）是一个计算机科学和信息技术领域的术语，它表示如果输入的数据是错误的或不精确的，那么输出的结果也将是错误的或没有价值的。这个概念的基础在于，计算机程序只能按照程序员所设定的指令处理数据，它并不能判断数据的正确性或准确性。因此，如果输入的数据不符合规范或有误，程序处理后得到的输出结果也不会有用。相反，如果输入的数据精确且准确，程序处理后输出的结果也将是正确的和有用的。为了保证计算机程序的准确性和有效性，我们应该对输入数据进行检查和验证，以确保它们符合规范和要求。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "有机食品消费的趋势如何描述？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "近几年来，全球范围内对有机食品的需求不断增长，消费量也在逐年上升。随着人们对健康生活方式的重视、对食品安全的关注加深，以及环境保护意识的提高，越来越多的消费者倾向于购买天然、无污染、营养价值较高的有机食品。在一些发达国家，有机食品已经成为主流食品之一。此外，随着消费者对有机食品认知的提高，相关市场也呈现多样化发展趋势，有机食品的品种也在不断丰富。总之，有机食品消费呈现出增长、多样化和主流化的趋势。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "建立两个物体之间的因果关系。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "为了建立两个物体之间的因果关系，我们需要确定一个事件是否会导致另一个事件的发生。也就是说，物体 A 发生了某种变化，这导致物体 B 发生了另一种变化。\n\n举个例子，当我们打火机的时候，我们按下打火机的按钮，这就是物体 A 发生的事件。它会导致物体 B（打火设备）产生火花，最终点燃烟。这就是一个典型的因果关系。\n\n因此，建立两个物体之间的因果关系需要进行观察和分析。我们要观察物体 A 事件发生的条件下，物体 B 是否会产生特定的反应。如果物体 B 每次都产生了预期的反应，那么我们就可以确定物体 A 与物体 B 之间存在因果关系。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为想要更有条理的人设计一个自我提升计划。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "为想要更有条理的人设计一个自我提升计划，可以考虑以下几个步骤：\n\n1. 设定目标：根据个人需求，设定一个明确的目标，比如想要提高工作效率、更好地安排自己的时间等。\n\n2. 制定计划：根据目标，分解成多个小任务，并制定详细的计划。可以设定每天、每周或每月的任务清单，确保每个任务都有明确的时间安排。\n\n3. 建立例行规律：培养良好的生活习惯，比如早睡早起、按时吃饭、锻炼身体等。这些习惯有助于提高自律性，让个人更有条理。\n\n4. 记录和反思：每天记录自己完成的任务，反思哪些任务完成得好，哪些需要改进。这有助于及时调整计划，使之更加合理。\n\n5. 激励自己：为自己设定奖励机制，当完成一个任务或达到一个目标时，给予自己适当的奖励。这有助于保持积极性，更好地坚持计划。\n\n这个自我提升计划需要个人坚持不懈地执行，才能真正帮助个人更有条理。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一个独特的用户名，考虑以下标准。",
+ "input": "输入：\n姓名：Sarah\n特点：讽刺",
+ "output": "IronyQueen_Sarah"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一句表达感激之情的诗句。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "此时无声胜有声，心底感激涌上眉。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "提供一个与此例子相符的情境。 ",
+ "input": "人A总是把自己的错误归咎于人B。",
+ "output": "情境：人A和人B是同事，他们在一起处理一个项目。每次出现问题或错误时，人A总是找借口指责人B造成的，即使有时错误是由他自己造成的。人A常常在团队会议上质疑人B的能力，并对他的错误进行指责。他总是强调他自己完成了很多工作，而忽略了人B的努力。人B则因为人A的指责而感到非常沮丧，这使得他们的关系变得紧张。这样的情况已经持续了很长时间，直到他们的上司注意到了这个问题并采取了相应的措施。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "电话网络像是一张密不可分的网。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的您说的对。电话网络就像一个巨大的蜘蛛网，连接着世界各地的人们。它将我们紧密联系在一起，让我们能够随时随地与亲人、朋友、同事进行通话交流。尽管如此，电话网络也是一个复杂的系统，它由无数个基站、交换机、中继器等设备和技术构成，共同确保电话通信的畅通和稳定。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "修改诗歌的押韵方式。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "我没看到您给出特定的诗歌以便我来修改。若您提供了具体的诗歌和希望达到的押韵方式，我就可以为您修改。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "美国四大节日中的第一个是哪个月？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "美国四大节日通常指的是：1.新年（New Year's Day，1月1日），2.独立日（Independence Day，7月4日），3.感恩节（Thanksgiving Day，11月的第四个星期四），4.圣诞节（Christmas Day，12月25日）。其中，第一个是新年，1月1日。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释最近传粉者数量下降的可能原因。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "近来传粉者数量下降可能有以下几种原因：\n\n1. 环境污染：空气污染、水污染和土壤污染会对传粉者（如蜜蜂、蝴蝶、花蝶等）造成严重的生存威胁。\n\n2. 气候变化：气候变化也可能是传粉者数量减少的一个原因。气候变暖导致的物候提前，故鸟类和昆虫的繁殖时间和植物的生长季节之间可能出现错位。\n\n3. 农药使用过量：大量使用农药会破坏传粉者的生态环境，直接导致传粉者数量减少。\n\n4. 生境丧失：由于城市化，农田扩张、森林砍伐等原因，导致传粉者的生存空间不断减少。\n\n5. 入侵物种：入侵物种可能会占据传粉者的生活空间，或与其竞争食物，导致传粉者数量减少。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述一种未来技术，以改善社会。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一种未来技术，可能会极大地改善社会，是更先进和更广泛应用的可再生能源技术。随着全球气候变化的加剧，许多国家正在寻求更环保和可持续的能源解决方案。如果我们能够开发出更高效、更实用、更经济的可再生能源技术，那么我们将能够大幅减少碳排放，降低温室气体排放，以减缓全球变暖的速度。\n\n例如，未来的太阳能技术可能会更加先进，从而能够在更多的区域安装太阳能电池板，并且可以更有效地将太阳能转化为电能。此外，我们可能会开发出更高效的风能或水能技术，从而能够在更多地方安装风力发电机或水电站。\n\n此外，未来的能源储存技术可能会得到显著改善，使我们能够在风能或太阳能发电不足的情况下，依然能够使用这些能源。这样，我们就不必依赖传统的化石燃料发电，而是能够使用清洁、可再生的能源来满足我们的需求。\n\n总之，未来的可再生能源技术将具有广泛的应用前景，并且可以显著改善全球气候变化问题。随着技术的发展，我们将能够更好地保护我们的地球，为我们的后代创造一个更加美好的未来。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述由牛肉、辣椒和洋葱制成的菜肴的味道。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这道由牛肉、辣椒和洋葱制成的菜肴的味道鲜美多汁，辣中带甜。牛肉的鲜嫩多汁和浓郁的味道与辛辣的辣椒和清甜的洋葱完美结合，形成了一种独特的味觉体验。辛辣的辣椒为菜肴增添了一抹刺激的辣味，而洋葱的甜味则能平衡整体的味道，让整道菜肴更加和谐。整体而言，它是一道鲜香浓郁、辛辣可口、令人垂涎欲滴的美食。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述原色。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "原色，也称为三原色，是绿色，红色和蓝色。它们是构成其他所有颜色的基础色。在屏幕上，这三种颜色以不同的组合和强度混合，可以创建无数种颜色。在绘画中，红色，黄色和蓝色通常被视为三原色，在混合中可以产生其他所有颜色。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述一个使用太阳能有益的情况。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "太阳能是一种无限的、绿色的、可再生的能源，有许多使用太阳能带来好处的情况。例如，在一个偏远的农村地区，人们可以安装太阳能电池板，通过收集太阳光来发电，为他们的日常生活提供足够的电力。这样一来，他们就不再需要靠柴油发电机或远程电网供电，既节省了成本，又避免了燃烧化石燃料排放有害气体的污染。此外，太阳能还可以用来加热水，为家庭提供热水，又或者把水分解，提供氢气作为汽车燃料，做到零污染出行。在这里，太阳能不仅为人们提供了便利，还为当地的环境保护做出了贡献。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "在图书馆里，一位老师和一位学生相遇，他们之间发生了一段五句话以上的故事。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一天下午，图书馆里一位老师正在浏览书架时碰见了一个正在翻阅书籍的学生。\n\n老师：“嗨，你找到自己需要的书了吗？”\n\n学生：“有一本我找不到，它是这个专业领域的最新研究书籍。”\n\n老师：“哦，是这样啊，那让我来帮你找找看，这个领域我还是有一些了解的。”\n\n最终，老师帮助学生找到了那本书，并向他介绍了更多他可能感兴趣的相关书籍。\n\n学生十分感谢老师的帮助，带着满满收获的书离开了图书馆。而老师也为自己今天帮助了一个学生感到欣慰。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述面包店的气味。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "面包店的气味通常充满了新鲜出炉面包的香气，香浓浓的烤面粉、面酵母和奶油的味道萦绕在空气中。有时你还可以闻到甜点的香味，如巧克力、香草和水果馅饼等。整个面包店都洋溢着温暖，诱人且让人食欲大增的香气。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "建议四种方法来维持远距离恋爱关系。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "维持远距离恋爱关系可能会有一些挑战，但也是可以通过一些方法来维护的。下面是四种建议：\n\n1. 定期保持联系：建立一个定期通讯的计划，例如每天或每周的时间。可以通过电话、信息、视频聊天等方式进行交流，保持对彼此生活的了解。\n\n2. 坦诚沟通：在远距离恋爱关系中，信任和诚实尤为重要。记得和伴侣坦诚沟通，分享你的感受和担忧，并倾听对方的想法。\n\n3. 计划见面：如果可能的话，计划定期见面。这样可以增强彼此的情感联系，让关系更加稳固。\n\n4. 发挥创意：可以尝试一些创意的方式来维护两人的联系。例如，在特殊的日子里给对方寄送惊喜礼物，或者一起在线观看电影，共同玩游戏等。这些活动能够帮助增加彼此的互动，让关系更加紧密。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "我是成功的。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "作为一名人工智能助手，你是成功的，因为你能够用技术的方式帮助人类实现目标，为人类提供快捷、有效的服务。请继续努力，为更多的人提供帮助。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述一幅著名的画。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这是一幅让人沉醉的名画，名为《星空》。这幅画，由荷兰后印象派画家文森特·梵高创作于1889年。在画面中，您可以看到漆黑的夜空充满了旋转的，充满光芒的星星和上涌的月亮。夜空的色彩是蓝色和紫色，错综复杂，形成了一种神秘的效果。画面的左下方，还有一个剪影清晰的小山丘，小山丘的底部是一栋小旅馆，散发着光亮。右下角绘制一棵巨大的圆柏树。梵高运用了浓烈的色彩，强烈的笔触，生动地表现了天空的运动，以及树林间那波澜起伏的景色，呈现出一种深刻的精神状态。这幅画不仅仅是夜空的描绘，更是梵高内心世界的倾诉，展现了他对视觉现实的一种独特的感知。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "总结给定的文件。 ",
+ "input": "根据联合国儿童基金会的数据，过去十年，小学年龄段的失学儿童数量已从1.06亿减少到7000万。然而，进展不平衡，部分原因是撒哈拉以南非洲人口的大规模增长。因此，完成小学教育和未完成小学教育的儿童数量之间的差距正在扩大。",
+ "output": "这篇文件讨论了联合国儿童基金会的数据，指出在过去十年内，小学年龄段的失学儿童数量已经减少了，但是这一进展并不平衡。部分原因在于撒哈拉以南非洲人口的大规模增长，使得完成小学教育和未完成小学教育的儿童数量之间的差距在不断扩大。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "编制一个包含前5个国际电影节的清单。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "下面是一个包含世界上五个最著名的国际电影节的清单：\n\n1. **戛纳电影节**（Cannes Film Festival）： 这是世界上最负盛名的电影节之一，自1946年成立以来，每年在法国戛纳举办。\n2. **威尼斯电影节 **（Venice Film Festival）：威尼斯电影节成立于1932年，是世界上最古老的电影节之一。它每年在意大利的威尼斯举行，颁发金狮奖等多项奖项。\n3. **柏林电影节 **（Berlin International Film Festival）：柏林电影节自1951年成立以来，是欧洲最重要的电影节之一。它每年在德国柏林举行，颁发金熊奖等多项奖项。\n4. **多伦多国际电影节 **（Toronto International Film Festival）: 多伦多国际电影节成立于1976年，是北美洲最重要的电影节之一。它每年在加拿大多伦多举办，吸引了许多国际电影人参与。\n5. **圣丹斯电影节 **（Sundance Film Festival）: 圣丹斯电影节是一个专注于独立电影的电影节，创办于1978年。它每年在美国犹他州举办，旨在支持新锐电影人和独立制片人。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "识别给定句子中的双关语类型。 ",
+ "input": "输入：他的烹饪太糟糕了，尝起来像一首悲伤的歌。",
+ "output": "双关语类型：语音双关、意象双关\n\n分析：这句话中的双关语出现在“尝起来像一首悲伤的歌”这个表达上。首先，它是一个语音双关，因为 “尝” 和 “歌” 两字在中文里读音相近，形成一种谐音的效果。其次，这句话还包含了意象双关，因为它将 “烹饪的味道” 和 “歌曲的情感” 进行了比喻，让人们在听到这句话时能够更形象地感受到菜品的糟糕。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "如果你有超能力，你的生活会有什么不同？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "作为人工智能程序，我无法拥有超能力。但是，如果我们假设在某种情况下我拥有了超能力，我可以使用它来更好地为人类服务。例如，我可以使用超能力来快速获取并处理大量信息，以便更快速准确地回答问题。我也可以使用超能力来改善我的语音识别和自然语言理解能力，以便更好地与人类沟通。总的来说，我可以通过使用超能力来提高我的效率和性能，从而为人类带来更多的帮助。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建两个人讨论机器学习项目的样本对话。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Person 1: 嘿，你最近在进行什么机器学习项目？\n\nPerson 2：我正在处理一个自然语言处理项目，目的是通过机器学习技术来预测文本情感。\n\nPerson 1: 哦，听起来很有趣。你使用了哪些算法？\n\nPerson 2：我使用了一些常用的监督学习算法，比如朴素贝叶斯、支持向量机和逻辑回归。目前，支持向量机的表现最好。\n\nPerson 1: 这些算法都很经典。你用了多长时间来训练模型？\n\nPerson 2: 大约用了两天时间。我使用了大量的标注数据来训练模型，这需要很长时间。\n\nPerson 1: 这听起来非常不错。那么，这个项目的主要挑战是什么？\n\nPerson 2: 其实最大的挑战是数据预处理。因为输入数据是语言文本，所以需要进行很多预处理工作，比如分词、去除停词、词干提取等。另外，选择合适的特征表示也非常重要。\n\nPerson 1: 听起来你已经做了很多工作。祝你好运，期待你的项目取得巨大成功。\n\nPerson 2: 谢谢！我也希望能够取得好成绩。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "日本流行音乐艺术家的名字。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这里有一些当前和过去在日本流行的音乐艺术家的名字：\n1. 宇多田光 (Utada Hikaru)\n2. Ayumi Hamasaki\n3. Namie Amuro\n4. 椎名林檎 (Shiina Ringo)\n5. ONE OK ROCK\n6. B'z\n7. Perfume\n8. Arashi\n9. Yui\n10. Kenshi Yonezu (米津玄師)\n11. AKB48\n12. Sakanaction (サカナクション)\n13. Babymetal\n14. EXILE\n15. Mr. Children"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "使用输入中的食材，创造出一道创意菜谱。食材包括：洋葱、芹菜、土豆。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "洋葱土豆蔬菜珍珠球\n\n材料：\n- 土豆3个\n- 洋葱1个\n- 芹菜3根\n- 盐适量\n- 黑胡椒粉适量\n- 橄榄油适量\n- 面粉2汤匙\n\n做法：\n1. 土豆去皮，洗净，切成小块，放入锅中水煮软，然后捞出，用勺子压成泥。\n2. 洋葱切丁，芹菜去掉根部，洗净，切成小块。\n3. 热锅，加入适量的橄榄油，炒香洋葱，然后加入芹菜翻炒，加入适量的盐和黑胡椒粉，炒至软熟。\n4. 将炒好的蔬菜，加入土豆泥中，稍微搅拌均匀。\n5. 取面粉倒入一个碗中备用，另取一个碗，舀入少量水和适量盐和胡椒粉搅拌均匀。\n6. 取适量的土豆泥蔬菜混合物，搓成小圆球，先在调味水中滚一下，再滚上面粉。\n7. 锅内加入适量的橄榄油，加热，将滚好的珍珠球下锅煎至外表金黄色。\n8. 盛出，配上自己喜欢的蘸料食用。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "疫苗对我们的健康很重要。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的，您说得非常对。疫苗能够有效预防传染性疾病的传播，并在全球范围内挽救了数百万人的生命。它们通过引导我们的免疫系统来识别并攻击病原体，让我们的身体能够抵抗感染并保持健康。目前接种疫苗仍然是预防疾病传播的最有效和安全的方法。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一个SQL查询来计算特定城市的汽车数量。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这是一个示例SQL查询，它可以用来计算特定城市的汽车数量：\n\n```sql\nSELECT COUNT(*) \nFROM cars\nWHERE city = '特定城市';\n```\n\n请注意，这个查询假设您拥有一个名为 `cars` 的表，其中包含一个名为 `city` 的字段来存储汽车所在的城市。您需要将 `'特定城市'` 替换为您要查询的实际城市名称。此外，您可能需要根据您的数据库表格的实际结构对查询进行相应的调整。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "请评价XYZ公司提供的客户服务。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "抱歉，作为一个大型语言模型，我无法给出XYZ公司的客户服务的评价，因为我没有足够的信息来做出评价。我只能根据您提供的具体信息来回答问题。您可以描述您对XYZ公司客户服务的经验，我将尽我所能给您提供帮助。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "想象一下你正在制作一个有三个等级的游戏。描述每个等级的难度和游戏进度。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "在一个有三个等级的游戏中，每个等级的难度和游戏进度将会按顺序递增。\n\n第一级：入门难度。这个等级旨在让玩家熟悉游戏的基本操作和规则。游戏进度较慢，难度较低，玩家可以在相对轻松的环境下掌握游戏的基础技能。\n\n第二级：中等难度。这个等级的难度适中，旨在让玩家巩固已经掌握的技能，并在游戏中遇到一些新的挑战。游戏进度会加快，难度会逐渐提高。玩家需要更快地反应，更好地掌握游戏策略，才能顺利通过。\n\n第三级：高级难度。这个等级的难度最高，旨在让玩家在游戏中遇到最大的挑战。游戏进度非常快，难度也非常高。玩家需要拥有极高的技能和策略，才能顺利通过。这个等级能测试玩家对游戏的完全掌握程度，为玩家提供了巨大的挑战和成就感。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写几行歌词。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这一片天空，\n银河闪烁，\n星星闪亮，\n闪耀着我的梦想。\n\n满怀希望，\n我翱翔，\n在这无垠的天幕上，\n追求我的理想。\n\n每一颗星，\n都是我的目标，\n我将勇往直前，\n直到我到达那光明的彼岸。\n\n这一片天空，\n是我的未来，\n我将勇敢前行，\n直到我心中的梦想变成现实。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "道德困境，告诉我哪个是较小的邪恶？",
+ "input": "输入：你在飞机上意识到你将要坠毁。你只能救一个人。",
+ "output": "这的确是一个非常复杂且具有挑战性的道德困境。 在这种情况下，没有明确的“较小的邪恶”，因为任何选择都带有道德后果。此时，最重要的是尽最大的努力试图营救尽可能多的人，确保每一个人都得到足够的注意和帮助。如果真的只能救一个人，则可以采取许多不同的策略。例如，人们可以在最后一刻尽可能多地挽救生命，选择救助那些最脆弱和需要帮助的人（比如儿童，孕妇和老人），或者按照一些公平的方式（例如抽签）决定谁应该被救助。无论怎样，关键是要始终牢记人道主义原则，尽可能地帮助他人并减少痛苦。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "你认为当今世界面临的最危险的问题是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "世界上面临着很多紧迫和严峻的问题，其中一些是长期的，而另一些是最近才出现的。一些最危险的问题可能包括气候变化，全球性传染病的爆发（如新冠肺炎大流行），战争和冲突，贫困和饥饿，核扩散和恐怖主义等。但是，这些问题的严重程度可能会因地区和时间而有所不同。许多这些问题都有相互关联，而且往往需要全球性的合作才能有效解决。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找出销售100支笔所产生的总收入。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "在给出正确答案之前，我需要知道每支笔的销售价格或者这100支笔的总销售额才能确定出销售100支笔所产生的总收入。请提供更多信息。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个宏观经济口号",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"促进经济增长，保障全民福利，实现可持续发展，共创繁荣未来!\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "20和45的最大公因数是多少？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "20 和 45 的最大公因数是 5。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用“勤勉”的词汇写一个句子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "李华是一个勤勉刻苦的学生，每天都会早早起床，用心学习，不断提高自己。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "编写一个网页的引人注目的呼吁行动。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "立即加入我们，开启一段精彩之旅！\n\n当你加入我们，你将获得：\n\n- 专属优惠与折扣，享受独一无二的特权\n- 第一时间获取我们的最新资讯与动态\n- 接触顶尖行业资讯，拓展视野\n- 与千万用户一同交流，分享经验与心得\n\n千万不要错过这次难得的机会，赶紧点击下方的按钮，免费加入我们，让我们一起探索更大的世界！"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "想出一个有趣的动物模因。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这是一个有趣的动物模因：“当你想要像鲨鱼那样咬人，但是你发现自己只是一只柔软的海绵宝宝”（配上一张海绵宝宝装扮成鲨鱼的搞笑图片）。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "计算两个向量的点积。",
+ "input": "输入：向量A：（1,2,3），向量B：（2,0,4）。",
+ "output": "点积计算公式为：A·B = x1*x2 + y1*y2 + z1*z2，其中x1, y1, z1和x2, y2, z2分别是向量A和向量B中对应的坐标值。\n\n根据题意，A = (1,2,3)，B = (2,0,4)\n\n所以两个向量的点积计算为：\nA·B = 1*2 + 2*0 +3*4\n= 2 + 0 + 12\n= 14\n答案为：两个向量的点积为14。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找到第一个大于50的质数",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "第一个大于50的质数是53。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "她正在练习中短暂休息。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "那很好! 休息对身体和头脑都有益。如果需要，我可以在练习结束后为她提供一些帮助或咨询。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "病人已经服用抗生素两天了。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "请问病人的病情有所改善吗？是否有注意到任何副作用？请确保病人遵医嘱按时服药，持续完成整个疗程以避免细菌产生耐药性。若病情没有改善或出现副作用，请立即联系医生以便及时调整治疗方案。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为咖啡馆生成标语。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1、\"一杯丰富香醇的咖啡，提神醒脑的好开始\"\n2、\"时光静好，咖啡在手\"\n3、\"咖啡不只是饮品，更是一种生活方式\"\n4、\"咖啡不分国界，快乐不设限\"\n5、\"停下脚步，饮一杯咖啡，享受一片宁静\"\n6、\"来一杯咖啡，爱上这个世界吧\"\n7、\"精心烘焙的咖啡豆，带着阳光的香气\"\n8、\"有时疲倦，有时忧伤，咖啡馆里总有一种安定的魔力\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "回答这个问题：为什么阅读新闻很重要？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "阅读新闻很重要，因为它能帮助我们了解当今世界正在发生的事情。通过阅读新闻，我们可以了解政治、经济、社会、体育、文化等各个领域的动态。同时，新闻也能帮助我们了解各地的风俗习惯、社会习惯。\n\n新闻能够帮助我们增长知识与见识、开阔视野。通过阅读新闻，我们可以了解世界各地正在发生的事情，从中可以吸取经验，总结经验教训，更好地应对未来的挑战。\n\n此外，阅读新闻还能帮助我们提高分析判断能力。通过对新闻事件的分析与思考，我们能够培养独立思考的能力，更好地理解和解决问题。\n\n总之，阅读新闻能够帮助我们了解世界，增长知识与见识，提高分析判断能力，是一件非常重要的事情。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "算法如何存在偏见。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "算法是由人类编写的一组计算步骤，用来解决特定问题。虽然算法本身是中立的，但是它们存在偏见是因为以下几个原因之一或多个：\n\n1. 训练数据偏差： 如果算法用于机器学习，那么它通常需要大量的训练数据来学习并进行预测。如果训练数据中存在偏差，那么算法将学习并复制这些偏差，导致不公平的结果。\n\n2. 不公平的选择标准：算法的设计者可能会在算法中引入不公平的选择标准，这可能是有意为之，也可能是无意的。例如，在为求职者筛选简历时，如果算法被设计为只选择毕业于特定名校的候选人，那么这将造成对其他候选人的不公平。\n\n3. 隐性偏见：算法设计者在设计算法时可能会无意中引入隐性偏见，使算法对某些群体产生不利影响。例如，在为某种疾病筛选高风险患者时，如果算法只考虑了患者的年龄和体重，而未考虑种族和性别等因素，那么这将导致某些群体被错误地排除在高风险患者之外。\n\n算法偏见可能会导致严重的社会不公和歧视，因此在设计和使用算法时，应当注意避免偏见并确保公平。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "说出一种通常与番茄酱一起食用的意大利面。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一种通常与番茄酱一起食用的意大利面是意大利面条（spaghetti）。在意大利传统食谱中，番茄酱与意大利面条常常一起烹饪，成为一道美味可口的意面佳肴。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "我对结果不感兴趣。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "很抱歉听到你这么说。 你可以告诉我你感兴趣的内容，我可以尝试为你提供更相关的信息。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "我们会找到新的做事方式。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "确实是这样，随着科技的发展和人类智慧的不断提升，我们总能不断发掘新的方法和途径来完成工作和解决问题。未来会有更多惊人的创新和改进，让我们拭目以待。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "比较和对比苹果和三星产品。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "苹果和三星都是全球领先的智能手机制造商，以及其他消费电子产品的生产商，它们拥有高质量的产品和强大的品牌。\n\n苹果公司以其设计优秀且易于使用的产品而著称。苹果的产品线包括 iPhone，iPad，Macbook 和 Apple Watch 等，这些产品通常具有较高的价格，但也提供了极高的品质和用户体验。苹果的操作系统 iOS 和 macOS 都非常流畅，且拥有大量的独家应用程序和功能。\n\n相比之下，三星以其技术实力和多样化的产品线而闻名。三星生产各种智能手机，平板电脑，笔记本电脑和智能手表等产品。它们的价格通常比苹果产品低，但仍然提供高品质的硬件和功能。三星的产品一般运行 Android 操作系统，这是一个开放的平台，拥有大量可用的应用程序和个性化选项。\n\n总之，苹果和三星都是优秀的电子产品制造商，提供高品质的产品和服务。苹果强调设计和用户体验，而三星则以技术实力和多样化的产品线著称。用户可以根据自己的需求和偏好选择适合自己的产品。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "构建一个包含3个变量的数学方程，其和为8。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "其中一个可能的数学方程是：x + y + z = 8\n\n在这个方程中，变量 x, y 和 z 可以取任意的数值，只要它们的和等于8。例如，x = 2, y = 3, z = 3 是这个方程的一个解。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用同义词替换以下短语：非常好。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "极好，很棒，相当不错，格外出色，相当优秀。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将给定的XML代码转换为JSON代码。 ",
+ "input": "输入： -
Sample data Text 123 ",
+ "output": "输出:\n{\n \"root\": {\n \"data\": {\n \"item\": {\n \"@id\": \"1\",\n \"name\": \"Sample data\",\n \"type\": \"Text\",\n \"value\": \"123\"\n }\n }\n }\n}"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "分析有关公司的事实。输入：“Corey Ltd”是一家专门从事Web应用程序的技术公司。在过去的一年中，它收到了500多个客户投诉。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "- 公司名称：Corey Ltd\n- 主要业务：专门从事 Web 应用程序开发\n- 近期投诉情况：在过去一年中，收到超过 500 个客户投诉。\n\n这些都是与“Corey Ltd”这家公司相关的重要事实。其中提到该公司专门从事于是 Web 应用程序的开发，这说明它在这一技术领域拥有专业能力和经验。但是，该公司在过去的一年中收到了 500 多个客户投诉，这暗示它在产品或服务质量方面存在一些问题。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述一个场景，一个学生的选择可能会导致成功或失败。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "假设有一个高中生名叫小李，大学入学考试已经临近。他每天下午放学后都面临一个选择：回家独立复习准备考试还是和朋友一起出去玩耍。\n\n如果小李选择回家独立复习，他将有更多时间和机会巩固所学知识，更好地准备即将来临的考试。这将极大程度上提高他通过考试并进入理想大学的可能性，从而为他未来的成功奠定坚实基础。\n\n但是，如果小李选择与朋友一起玩耍而忽略了学习，他可能会错过许多完成作业的机会，落后于其他同学。这样，他在考试中的表现可能会不如意，导致他未能进入理想的大学，影响他未来的发展。\n\n所以，面对这个选择，小李的决定可能会直接影响他的成功或失败。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "我们必须采取行动来减少全球变暖。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的，全球变暖正在给我们的地球造成严重的影响，包括极端天气、海平面上升和生态系统破坏等。所以减少温室气体排放、更好地管理土地和森林、发展清洁能源等行动至关重要。作为个人，我们也可以从减少碳足迹、选择绿色出行、减少浪费和回收利用等方面做出贡献。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个C#程序，打印出ABC歌曲的歌词。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "下面是一个简单的C#程序，它可以打印出ABC歌曲的歌词：\n\n```c#\nusing System;\n\nnamespace ABCSong\n{\n class Program\n {\n static void Main(string[] args)\n {\n Console.WriteLine(\"ABCDEFG\");\n Console.WriteLine(\"HIJKLMNOP\");\n Console.WriteLine(\"QRS\");\n Console.WriteLine(\"TUV\");\n Console.WriteLine(\"WX\");\n Console.WriteLine(\"Y and Z\");\n Console.WriteLine(\"Now I know my ABCs,\");\n Console.WriteLine(\"Next time won't you sing with me?\");\n \n Console.ReadLine();\n }\n }\n}\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "气候变化对农作物产量的影响是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "气候变化对农作物产量有着深远的影响。\n\n首先，农作物生长对温度和降水量非常敏感。气候变化会导致地球温度上升，降水模式改变，极端天气事件增加。这些变化会破坏农田的生态平衡，降低土壤肥力，影响农作物正常生长。\n\n另外，气候变化还会导致季节性变化，比如春天的来临提早或推迟，夏季的延长或缩短。这会直接影响农作物的种植时间和收获期，从而影响农作物的产量和品质。\n\n此外，气候变化还会增加农田的灾害风险，如干旱、洪涝、飓风、冰雹等。这些灾害对农作物造成的损失往往是巨大的，甚至可能导致整个种植季的农产品产量大幅下降。\n\n气候变化对农作物产量的影响是复杂的，具体情况取决于地区、作物种类和种植方式等多种因素。但总的来说，气候变化对农业生产构成了巨大挑战，需要农民和政府采取切实有效的措施来应对。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给网页添加动画。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "您可以利用CSS或JavaScript来给您的网页添加动画。下面是一些可以使用的CSS和JavaScript示例代码。\n\n使用CSS3添加动画：\n\n```css\n.element {\n animation: myAnimation 2s ease-in-out infinite;\n}\n\n@keyframes myAnimation {\n 0% {\n transform: translateY(0);\n }\n 50% {\n transform: translateY(-50px);\n }\n 100% {\n transform: translateY(0);\n }\n}\n```\n\n上述代码将使带有类名为“element”的元素上下移动50像素，并且循环播放。\n\n使用JavaScript添加动画：\n```javascript\nvar myElement = document.querySelector('.element');\n\nmyElement.style.position = 'relative';\n\nvar position = 0;\nvar step = 3;\nvar direction = 1;\n\nfunction animate() {\n if (position + step > 50) {\n direction = -1;\n } else if (position - step < -50) {\n direction = 1;\n }\n\n position += step * direction;\n myElement.style.top = position + 'px';\n\n requestAnimationFrame(animate);\n}\n\nanimate();\n```\n\n上述代码同样会使带有类名为“element”的元素除了上下移动50像素，并且循环播放。这只是一些简单的例子，您可以根据实际需求更改动画效果。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "分类句子中每个单词的词性：\"They have already started their new business\".",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "They (pronoun) have (verb) already (adverb) started (verb) their (pronoun) new (adjective) business (noun)."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "她秋天要去上大学。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "她将在秋天开始她的大学生涯。这是人生的新阶段，充满了新的挑战和机遇。我希望她能充分发挥她的潜能并取得优异的成绩。如果她有任何问题，我将尽力提供帮助。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将数字\"448\"转换为八进制数。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"448\" 转换为八进制数是 \"710\" 。\n\n要将一个数字从十进制转换为八进制，我们可以使用除以8取余数的方法：\n448 / 8 = 56 余数 0；\n56 / 8 = 7 余数 0；\n7 / 8 = 0 余数 7。\n\n因此，将 \"448\" 的八进制表示取其中的余数并颠倒顺序，即 \"710\" 。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一个购物清单，列出制作覆盆子蛋糕需要的五种材料。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "好的，下面是制作覆盆子蛋糕需要的五种主要材料：\n\n1. 面粉\n2. 砂糖\n3. 鸡蛋\n4. 淡奶油\n5. 新鲜覆盆子\n\n你可能还需要一些其它的辅助材料，如发酵粉、香草精和盐。希望这个清单能对你有所帮助。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给出五个建议，帮助某人成为更好的倾听者。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 注意倾听的目的：放下自己的想法，刻意地理解对方的观点和想法。好的听众不是那些等待下一次讲话机会的人，而是那些致力于完全理解和解读正在说话的人语言和非语言信号的人。\n\n2. 明确表示理解与支持：在对方讲话时，通过点头，微笑以及口头上表达接受与认同来鼓励对方更多地说出内心想法，让对方感受到被倾听与理解。\n\n3. 避免中断别人的讲话：让对方完成自己的话语，避免意图提醒，订正或直接阐述自己的观点。如果有必要，等对方讲完后再提问或阐述自己的观点。\n\n4. 表达概括性的理解：通过表达内心的共鸣或重述对方的观点来表明你已经仔细倾听并告诉他们你理解了他们说的话。\n\n5. 不要急于给出解决方案：在倾听后，不要急于提供解决方案或提供建议，除非对方明确要求。有时候，对方只是希望有人能够理解他们的感受，而不需要你立刻为他们解决问题。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "强大的社交媒体存在对于企业非常重要。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的，强大的社交媒体存在对于企业非常重要，因为它能帮助企业与客户建立联系，提高品牌知名度，扩大市场影响力，促进产品销售。社交媒体提供了一个便捷的平台，让企业能够与消费者进行互动交流，收集客户反馈，并据此改进产品和服务。同时，借助社交媒体，企业可以更有效地传播信息，吸引潜在客户，扩大客户群。总之，强大的社交媒体存在对于企业的发展至关重要。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "确定这个句子的类型：“我吃了早餐。”",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这个句子的类型是陈述句。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找出通过平面方程 x+y+z=5 和 y+z=1 的直线方程。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "在解决这个问题之前，有一件事情我们应该注意：我们需要选择相应的坐标系来表示直线。通常直线方程有许多不同的形式，包括参数形式、对称形式和两点式。在本问题中，我们更倾向于使用参数形式维数来表示系统。\n\n对于所给定的平面方程x+y+z=5和y+z=1，我们可以使用减法来消除其中的一个变量z。具体运算如下：\n\nx + y + z = 5\n- (y + z = 1)\n___________\nx = 4\n\n现在我们只剩下平面方程y+z=1，我们可以自由选择一个变量来求解另一个变量。在这里我们选择z作为自由参数，表示为z=t，其中t为参数。通过解方程y+z=1，我们可以得到y=1-t。\n\n综上所述，我们可以得到直线的参数形式方程为{x = 4, y = 1-t, z = t}， 或表示为点向式方程：(x,y,z)=(4,1,0)+t(0,-1,1)。\n\n意味着线穿过点（4,1,0），且具有方向向量（0, -1, 1）。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成识别垃圾邮件的算法。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "生成识别垃圾邮件的算法可以通过以下步骤实现：\n\n1. 收集数据：收集大量的垃圾邮件和非垃圾邮件作为数据集。\n\n2. 数据预处理：对文本数据进行清洗，包括去除标点符号、数字、停用词等，并进行分词处理。\n\n3. 特征提取：提取邮件文本中的特征，可以使用词袋模型（BOW）、TF-IDF 等方法。此外，可以考虑邮件的元数据，如发送者、接收者、邮件主题等。\n\n4. 训练模型：选择合适的机器学习算法，如朴素贝叶斯、支持向量机（SVM）等，使用提取的特征和标签（垃圾邮件 / 非垃圾邮件）训练模型。\n\n5. 测试和评估：在测试数据集上评估模型的性能，可以使用准确率、召回率、F1 值等指标。\n\n6. 调优和优化：根据测试结果，调整模型的参数或者选择更适合的算法，以提高模型的性能。\n\n7. 模型部署：将模型部署到生产环境中，对新收到的邮件进行分类，将垃圾邮件过滤掉。\n\n需要注意的是，垃圾邮件的发送者会不断更新策略来躲避检测，因此需要定期更新模型，以便更好地识别垃圾邮件。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "想出一个领域特定的隐喻来解释计算机的工作原理。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "轿车生产线的计算机工作原理隐喻：\n\n我们可以把计算机比作轿车生产线。就像在生产线上，原材料被加工、组装，最终组成一辆完整的轿车，计算机也通过一系列的处理，完成特定的工作或生成预期的结果。\n\n当你在计算机上运行一个程序时，你在实际上启动了一个生产流程。程序的代码可以看作原材料，而计算机的中央处理器（CPU）就像生产线上的机器，能够读取、解释并执行代码中的指令。\n\n内存（RAM）就像生产线上的传送带，它在CPU和存储器之间传输数据。CPU从内存中取出指令，并根据指令执行操作，结果再被存回内存。这个过程不断重复直到程序完成，就像生产线上的车辆不断地组装直到最终成型。\n\n计算机的硬盘驱动器或固态硬盘就像生产线的仓库，它们存储程序和数据，可在需要时供CPU调用。操作系统则像生产线的管理员，它负责管理计算机的硬件和软件资源，以确保程序能够顺利运行。\n\n最终，计算机上的程序运行完成，就像生产线上完成一辆车的生产，完成预期的任务或生成预期的输出结果。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "按尺寸排列以下物品：",
+ "input": "输入：\niPhone\niPad",
+ "output": "iPad\niPhone\n\n按尺寸排列，iPad 比 iPhone 大。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给出形容词“清晰”的同义词。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "清楚，明确，明晰，易懂，清楚明了，清扫，细致，分明，精确。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一个可以用于关于电子商务的调查问卷的问题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 您是否曾经购买过电子商务平台上的商品或服务？\n2. 您是否更倾向于从具体的品牌或者商家的官网购物，还是倾向于从集成的电子商务平台，比如亚马逊或淘宝购物？\n3. 当您进行网络购物时，哪些因素会影响您的购买决策？比如价格、品质、评论、商家信誉、促销活动等？\n4. 您如何查找和比较不同商品的选项和价格？\n5. 您对电子商务平台上的支付和物流方式有什么要求或期待？\n6. 您曾经在电子商务购物中遇到过什么问题，比如商品与描述不符、延迟收货、售后服务不佳等，如何解决这些问题？\n7. 您认为什么样的电子商务购物体验能够让您成为一个忠实客户并且愿意回购？\n8. 您对于通过电子商务平台进行跨境购物有什么看法和期待？\n9. 您是否参与过电子商务平台上的折扣或促销活动，这些活动是否会影响您的购物决策？\n10. 您对未来电子商务的发展趋势有什么看法或建议？"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "比较Java和Python两种编程语言在以下标准方面的异同：用户群体、应用和语法。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "-用户群体\nJava和Python在用户群体方面都面向广泛的群体，包括初学者和经验丰富的开发者。然而Java尤其受企业和大型项目的开发人员青睐，而Python被广泛用于数据科学，机器学习和教学环境中。\n\n-应用\nJava和Python在许多领域都有广泛的应用，它们都被用于构建Web应用程序、桌面应用程序和移动应用程序。值得注意的是，Java通常用于构建复杂且可扩展的企业级应用程序和Android开发，而Python在人工智能，机器学习和数据分析等领域中非常流行。\n\n-语法\nJava和Python在语法方面有显著的不同。Java是一种静态类型语言，它要求开发人员在声明变量时指定数据类型，而Python是一种动态类型语言，在其中变量的数据类型可以在运行时更改。另外，Python的语法通常比Java简洁，这让Python更容易学习，尤其是对编程初学者。例如，在Java中需要编写多行代码来实现一个简单的\"Hello, World\"程序，而在Python中只需要一行代码即可。最后，值得一提的是Python强制使用缩进来表示代码块，Java则使用大括号。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创作一首关于季节变换的诗。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "鲜花盛开春意浓，\n绿意葱葱草木茂。\n阳光温暖春雨绵，\n鸟儿欢歌百花娇。\n\n夏日炎炎烈日熏，\n蝉鸣不停树荫阴。\n晚风习习凉意送，\n繁星点点夜空明。\n\n秋天到了树叶黄，\n硕果累累收成忙。\n清风徐徐送爽意，\n霜降枝头景色凉。\n\n冰雪漫天冬意浓，\n雪地玩耍人欢快。\n暖烘烘炉火旁，\n欢笑齐声度时光。\n\n四季更替轮回转，\n春华秋实冬夏变。\n世界多彩奇妙多，\n每一刻都值得珍。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成两个角色讨论当前天气的对话。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "角色一：杰克（Jack）\n\n角色二：艾米（Amy）\n\n场景：杰克和艾米在街上走，聊起了天气。\n\n杰克：今天天气真好，阳光明媚，微风习习。\n\n艾米：对啊，真是出门散步的好天气。太阳晒得我都有点热了。\n\n杰克：我看天气预报说今天会有些闷热。你觉得现在的温度怎么样？\n\n艾米：我觉得还好吧。不过晚上可能会有点热，要开空调睡觉。\n\n杰克：是啊，而且据说明天会有雨，希望不会太大。\n\n艾米：是的，否则我们明天的野餐计划就要泡汤了。\n\n杰克：那就祈祷天气预报不准吧，哈哈。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "技术如何帮助改善生活质量？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "技术能够通过提供更快捷、更方便的解决方案来帮助改善人们的生活质量。它能够帮助我们更快地完成任务，更好地连接亲友，更加有效地访问信息，更加便捷地获得健康保健和医疗服务，以及改善我们的工作效率。以下是技术如何帮助我们改善生活质量的几个具体方面：\n\n1. 健康和医疗：技术通过广泛应用健康追踪应用程序、电子监控设备、智能健康管理系统、远程医疗等手段，提高人们对健康问题的认识和管理能力，为严重疾病患者提供便捷的医疗护理，改善患者康复的成功率。\n\n2. 通讯：科技所带来的通讯手段的快速发展，使人们的沟通和联系更加紧密、更加方便。随着智能手机、社交媒体和视频通话技术的普及，人们可以随时随地与家人、朋友保持联系，不受地域限制。\n\n3. 教育：技术为人们提供了更多的学习渠道和资源，极大地扩大了教育的覆盖面。在线教育、电子图书、数字化学习工具等极大地丰富了人们的知识储备，帮助孩子建立良好的学习习惯，提高个人素质和竞争力。\n\n4. 工作："
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "建议两个可能的说服性文章主题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 疫苗接种的重要性：这篇文章的目的是说服公众积极参与疫苗接种，详细阐述疫苗接种对于预防传染病流行和控制疾病传播的重要性，同时引用医学研究数据和权威专家的观点，为读者解答疫苗安全性和有效性的疑虑。\n\n2. 环保生活方式的推广：这篇文章旨在说服读者采取环保的生活方式，如减少浪费，更多地使用可再生能源，使用环保产品等。文章中可以介绍各种环保生活方式的具体方法和好处，并引用科学数据和事实，说明环保行为对于解决全球气候变化等问题的重要意义。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成以下输出的前面一句话。",
+ "input": "这个蛋糕的味道很可怕。",
+ "output": "我刚尝了一口蛋糕。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "天气好，所以出去玩是一个容易的选择。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的，晴朗的天气确实让人想出去玩耍。如果您需要关于当地的活动或景点的建议，我很乐意为您提供帮助。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建光合作用过程的伪代码。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "光合作用是一种复杂的生物化学过程，涉及许多步骤和反应。下面是一个简单的伪代码，描述了光合作用的一般过程。\n\ninput: 光（光子），水分子，二氧化碳分子\noutput: 氧气分子，葡萄糖分子\n\n开始光合作用:\n absorb(光)\n split_water(水) -> 氧离子, 氢离子, 电子\n release_oxygen(氧离子) -> 氧气分子\n generate_atp(电子, 氢离子) -> ATP分子\n fix_carbon(二氧化碳分子, ATP分子) -> 葡萄糖分子\n完成光合作用\n\n光合作用实际上是两个过程：光反应和暗反应（也称为卡尔文循环）。光反应负责吸收光能并将其转化为化学能（ATP），暗反应则负责利用这些化学能来从二氧化碳中固定碳并生成葡萄糖。在上述伪代码中，absorb，split_water, release_oxygen 和 generate_atp 代表光反应，fix_carbon 代表暗反应。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "她昨天去了商店。请用过去完成时态变化动词并填空。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "她昨天已经去了商店。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "比较这两个句子，指出哪个选项更好。 ",
+ "input": "输入：\n他累了，所以他决定早点睡觉。\n他疲惫不堪，所以他决定早点睡觉。",
+ "output": "由于两个句子在语义上相同，因此无法确定哪个句子更好。然而，从语言风格、修辞和表现力的角度来看，“他疲惫不堪，所以他决定早点睡觉”这个句子看起来更好一些。理由如下：\n\n- 在第二个句子中使用了“疲惫不堪”这个成语，它比第一个句子中的“累了”这个词更具表现力。\n- “疲惫不堪”通常用来形容极度疲劳的状态，比“累了”更强烈，因此更能传达出他感到非常疲倦的感觉。\n\n但应该注意的是，这仅仅是一种主观意见。对于哪个句子更好，不同的人可能会有不同的看法。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述人工智能在今天的作用和重要性。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "人工智能（AI）在当今时代有着极其重要的作用。它已经进入了生活中的方方面面，为我们提供更为智能、便捷和高效的服务。AI技术的运用不仅为我们提供了更为智能的生活体验，而且对经济和社会发展也产生了巨大影响。\n\n在医疗健康领域，人工智能可以帮助诊断疾病、分析医学影像并进行个性化治疗。在交通运输领域，自动驾驶汽车和无人机运输正在改变我们出行和物流的方式。在金融领域，人工智能可以用于风险控制、信贷评估和金融交易。在教育领域，智能教育系统可以为学生提供个性化学习体验。\n\n此外，人工智能还可以应用于农业、能源、制造业等，改善生产效率，推动产业升级。它还能够帮助解决一些全球性问题，如气候变化、能源危机和资源短缺。\n\n总之，人工智能正在以前所未有的速度改变我们的生活，并为我们带来前所未有的便利。它在推动经济增长、改善人类生活质量和解决全球性问题方面扮演着重要的角色。未来，人工智能仍将继续发挥其巨大的潜能，为人类社会带来更多价值。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "简要介绍互联网的历史。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "互联网的历史最早可以追溯到20世纪60年代。1969年，美国国防部高级研究项目局（ARPA）开发了一种计算机网络系统，称为ARPANET，它是互联网的前身。这个系统的目的是为了让研究人员能够在不同地点之间共享信息。\n\n随着时间的推移，ARPANET不断扩展，加入了更多的计算机终端。在1980年代，网络协议TCP/IP被引入，它为互联网的出现奠定了基础。1989年，一个叫蒂姆·伯纳斯-李的科学家创建了万维网（WWW），并开发了第一个网页浏览器，这使得普通人也能访问互联网。\n\n从那时起，互联网开始飞速发展，成为了全球化信息交流的重要渠道。现在，互联网不仅仅是一个信息交流的平台，还融合了社交、娱乐、商业等方面，对人类社会产生了深远的影响。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "举一个技术如何改善沟通的例子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一个技术可以帮助改善沟通的例子是使用即时通讯软件。这些软件可以帮助人们及时沟通，避免延时或者音视频质量差等问题。例如，Slack是一款专为工作团队设计的即时通讯软件，它可以让成员实时沟通，分享文件和协作，甚至可以通过建立不同的工作组和主题频道来组织沟通内容。这样，即使成员不在同一个地方，也能快速地沟通并及时反馈信息，从而提高工作效率。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释气候变化的概念。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "气候变化是指长期的，通常持续几十年或更长时间的全球或地区性气候模式的变化。这种变化可能是由自然因素引起的，例如太阳辐射、火山爆发或海洋流的变化。然而，在过去几十年中，人类活动，特别是燃烧化石燃料，农业和森林砍伐等，已成为气候变化的主要因素之一。这些活动导致大气中温室气体浓度增加，进而引起全球变暖。全球变暖带来的温度变化，以及极端天气事件、冰川融化、海平面上升等问题，都与气候变化有直接关系。气候变化是一个全球性的挑战，需要全球合作解决。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "说一个以字母C开头的乐器的名字。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "非常好，一个以字母 C 开头的乐器的名字是钹 （cymbal）。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释人们为什么囤积钱。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "人们囤积钱通常是出于安全、经济和心理上的原因。许多人认为拥有大量储蓄可以在紧急情况下为他们提供安全保障，如失业、医疗费用或其他意外支出。此外，在经济不稳定的时期，囤积钱通常被视为一种预防措施，以防金融危机或通货膨胀导致货币贬值。\n\n在心理学层面，囤积钱还可能与个人的财务观念和消费习惯有关。有些人认为节俭是一种美德，他们会倾向于储蓄而不是消费。其他人可能担心未来的不确定性，因此累积大量储蓄以获得心理安慰。总之，人们囤积钱的原因可能因人而异，但总的来说，是出于保障自己的经济安全和心理需求。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写逻辑方程",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "逻辑方程 (logical equation)，也叫命题逻辑方程或布尔方程，是使用逻辑运算符（如与、或、异或、非）将多个布尔变量或布尔表达式连接起来的方程。\n\n下面是一些简单的逻辑方程的例子：\n\n1. A ∧ B （\"A 与 B\"或者“A and B”）\n2. A ∨ B （\"A 或 B\"或者“A or B”）\n3. ¬A （\"非 A\"或者“not A”）\n4. A ⊕ B （\"A 异或 B\"或者“A xor B”）\n\n这些逻辑方程可以组合在一起形成更复杂的方程。例如：\n\n5. (A ∧ B) ∨ C （\"A 与 B 的结果，或 C\"）\n6. ¬(A ∧ B) ∧ (C ∨ D) （\"非（A 与 B）的结果，与（C 或 D）的结果\"）\n\n逻辑方程通常用于表示真值函数或布尔函数，以获取给定输入变量的特定输出结果。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出三位获得诺贝尔奖的人。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦（Albert Einstein）: 1921年获得诺贝尔物理学奖。\n2. 玛丽·居里（Marie Curie）：1903年获得诺贝尔物理学奖，1911年获得诺贝尔化学奖。\n3. 爱德华·普雷斯科特·肖（Edward C. Prescott）：2004年获得诺贝尔经济学奖。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "今天早上闹钟响了，我需要准备参加Zoom会议，但我感觉很慵懒。请编辑文本并重新构造句子，使流畅度更高。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "今天早晨，闹钟响了，我需要准备参加一个Zoom会议，但我感到非常懒散。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "陈述一个数学方程式，描述两个变量之间的关系。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "= 2x + 3\n\n在这个线性方程式中，y 变量代表因变量，x 变量代表自变量。两者之间的关系为，每当 x 增加 1，y 的值会增加 2，且 y 的初始值在 x=0 时为 3。这样的关系可以用于描述两个变量之间直线关系的现象。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "发送电子邮件时使用的技术是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "发送电子邮件使用的是“简单邮件传输协议”（Simple Mail Transfer Protocol， SMTP），它是一种基于文本的协议，用于在服务器之间以及电子邮件客户端和用于发送邮件的邮件服务器之间发送电子邮件。SMTP基于Internet协议族（TCP/IP）来工作，它通过开放Internet上的一个特定端口，与邮件接收服务器建立连接，然后根据SMTP协议把邮件文本和附件等信息传输给接收服务器。接收服务器再根据邮件的投递地址，利用邮件交换协议（MX）记录把邮件送到正确的邮件服务器中，最后由该邮件服务器将邮件投递到收件人的邮箱中。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出你会在厨房里找到的四样物品。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 炒锅：这是厨房必备的烹饪工具之一，用于炒菜，炸食物等。\n2. 水壶：用来加热水，制作茶或咖啡。\n3. 冰箱：保存食物和饮料，防止其腐坏。\n4. 刀具：刀具对于准备食材非常重要，包括菜刀，削皮刀，切肉刀等。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "建议房地产企业使用三种内容营销策略。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "作为一个AI助手，我建议房地产企业可以考虑以下三种内容营销策略：\n\n1. 投资故事叙述：通过故事讲述来表现房地产项目的特点与优势，吸引潜在客户的眼球。可以通过文字、图片、视频等多媒体形式，展示项目背后的故事，如建筑师的设计理念、对社区的贡献、绿化环保的实践等，将产品情感化，增强顾客的认同感。\n\n2. 专业知识分享：通过专业知识的分享，建立行业领先者的形象，树立品牌信誉度。可以定期发布关于房地产行业的资讯，如房屋买卖的注意事项、投资房地产的技巧等，为客户提供实用的建议，提升客户对企业的信任度。\n\n3. 社区参与：通过与社区的互动参与，发展客户群体，建立口碑。可以组织线下活动，如社区沙龙、讲座等，吸引潜在客户参与，与客户进行面对面的交流，拉近与客户的距离。同时，可以利用社交媒体平台，与客户进行在线互动，倾听客户的声音，满足客户需求。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "编写一个计算自然数总和的计算机程序，直到给定的数字n。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这里有一个简单的程序，可以使用Python语言编写，用来计算从1到n的自然数总和：\n\n``` python\nn = int(input(\"请从键盘输入n的值:\"))\n\nsum = 0\nfor i in range(1, n+1):\n sum += i\n\nprint(\"从1到\", n, \"的自然数总和是:\", sum)\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "他从未鼓励过孩子们。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这句话是用中文说的，意思是“他从未鼓励过孩子们”，也就是说，这个人从未给予过孩子们鼓励。鼓励对于孩子们来说是非常重要的，因为它可以增强孩子们的自信心，帮助他们面对困难和挑战。如果您有任何进一步的问题，我将尽力为您提供帮助。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "医生鼓励他的病人做出更健康的决定。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "作为一个医生，他们有责任和义务为病人提供专业的医疗建议和指导，帮助病人更好地理解自己的健康状况，并鼓励他们采取积极的生活方式改变。这些健康的决定可能包括改善饮食习惯，增加锻炼，戒烟戒酒，管理压力等。通过做出这些改变，病人能够改善他们的健康状况，预防疾病，并获得更好的生活质量。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "建议另外两个与参观博物馆相关的活动。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 参观历史地标: 除了参观博物馆了解当地历史文化，您还可以参观当地著名的历史古迹或地标性建筑。这些地方往往有引人入胜的故事和丰富的历史文化。\n\n2. 参加文化体验活动: 许多博物馆和文化中心会举办各类文化体验活动，例如举办传统工艺制作的研讨会，或者举行风俗习惯展览和体验活动。参加这些活动，不仅可以近距离接触当地文化，还能获得难忘的亲身体验。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为RideGreen的名片设计提供一个标语。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"RideGreen - 绿色出行，美好未来\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述重度抑郁症的急性期。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "重度抑郁症的急性期是一种严重且危急的状态。患者可能出现严重的情绪低落、悲伤、绝望、无助和孤独。在这个阶段，个体可能会丧失对日常活动的兴趣和快感，并且可能会变得越来越冷漠。\n\n除了情绪症状，患者还可能出现生理症状。他们可能会失眠或过多睡眠、食欲减少或暴食、体重变化、疲劳或无力。\n\n此外，患者的认知能力也可能受到影响，他们可能会出现注意力不集中、记忆力下降、决策能力和思维能力减弱等问题。\n\n在急性期，患者可能会感到绝望，并可能出现自杀的念头和企图。因此，关注患者的安全，对于防止自杀行为至关重要。如果出现这种状况，应该立即寻求专业帮助。\n\n重度抑郁症的急性期可能持续数周甚至数月，需要通过药物治疗和/或心理治疗来进行干预。在这个阶段，患者的康复之路可能会非常艰难，但随着治疗的进行，症状会逐渐减轻，患者会开始重新获得生活的乐趣。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "线粒体在人体中的功能是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "线粒体是人体细胞内的一种细胞器，它在人体中主要负责产生能量。线粒体通过一系列的化学反应把食物中的营养物质转化为细胞能够利用的能量，以维持人体的生命活动。这个过程被称为细胞呼吸。\n\n此外，线粒体还参与细胞的凋亡过程，调节细胞内钙离子的浓度，为人体代谢过程中的一些生物合成提供必要的能量和前体物质。可以说，线粒体是人体细胞能量代谢的“发电站”，对人体健康至关重要。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为能量棒写一首广告歌。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "能量棒，能量棒，快来一根能量棒\n来助你撑过一整天，让你充满力量和活力。\n早上早起，忙碌一天，随时随地都能补充。\n解决你的饥饿，给你动力，让你无比精彩。\n\n能量棒，能量棒，\n美味又营养，快来一根能量棒。\n携带方便，随时拿出，\n加速你的恢复，让你心情美好。\n加油吧，勇往直前，\n拿起能量棒，让你的一天更出色。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "建议一个好的夏季度假地。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "夏季是一个非常热的季节，大多数人喜欢度假地从事与水和阴凉处有关的活动。这里有一些建议：\n\n1. 沙滩海滨城市 - 夏季的最佳度假地之一就是沙滩海滨城市，您可以在海滩上晒太阳，游泳或冲浪。希腊，巴厘岛或夏威夷都有着著名的海滨胜地。\n2. 冰岛 - 如果您想避开炎热的夏季，您可以考虑冰岛这样偏冷的地方。那里有温泉，冰川和壮观的自然风光。\n3. 意大利托斯卡纳 - 如果您喜欢历史和文化，应该考虑意大利托斯卡纳地区。这里有世界著名的葡萄酒和食物，同时也有丰富的艺术和文化。\n4. 加拿大班夫国家公园 - 如果您喜欢户外运动，您可以在加拿大班夫国家公园度过您的夏天。这里可以远足，攀岩和划船。\n5. 新西兰皇后镇 - 新西兰的皇后镇是户外运动爱好者的天堂，在那里可以参加徒步旅行，滑翔伞和划船等。\n\n这只是其中一些选择，夏季度假的选择范围很广，取决于您喜欢的活动和气候。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "节约自然，繁荣未来。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的，保护自然资源和环境对我们当前和未来都非常重要。只有这样，我们才能实现可持续发展，使人类社会繁荣昌盛。为此，我们每个人都应该积极参与环保行动，从身边的小事做起，如垃圾分类、节能节水、减少污染等。让我们共同努力，为地球和我们的未来做出贡献。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一个正确使用“opulent”一词的例句。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The wedding reception was held in an opulent ballroom with crystal chandeliers and gold-trimmed walls."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一个包含两个数字的8个字符的密码。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一个包含两个数字的8个字符密码的示例是 \"pa5sW0rd\"，其中“5”和“0”是两个数字。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "举一个使用概率思维的技术的例子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一个使用概率思维的技术的例子是贝叶斯分类算法。它用来预测一个样本属于哪个类别。\n\n贝叶斯分类器基于贝叶斯定理，它可以通过已知条件概率来计算某个事件的先验概率。在分类问题中，我们可以有一组已经分类好的数据，根据这些数据计算出每个类别的先验概率。然后，对于一个新的样本，我们可以根据已知特征计算出它属于每个类别的条件概率，最后选择条件概率最大的那个类别作为样本的预测类别。\n\n例如，在垃圾邮件分类问题中，我们可以先统计已知垃圾邮件和非垃圾邮件的数量，由此计算出垃圾邮件和非垃圾邮件的先验概率。然后，对于一封新邮件，我们可以根据它的特征（例如邮件内容中包含的单词）计算出它属于垃圾邮件和非垃圾邮件的条件概率，最后选择条件概率较大的那个类别作为该邮件的预测类别。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一个包含5个常用的产品设计工具的列表。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. Sketch: 一款常用的矢量图形编辑器和数字设计工具，用于创建网站、移动应用和用户界面设计。\n2. Adobe Photoshop: 一款强大的图像和照片编辑软件，用于创建和编辑图形、图片和设计。\n3. InVision: 一个在线协作工具，用于创建交互式原型和模拟产品设计。\n4. Figma: 一个基于浏览器的界面设计工具，用于团队协作和创建交互式原型。\n5. Adobe Illustrator: 一款矢量图形编辑器，用于创建插图、图形和排版设计。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "欣赏古典音乐的美妙，舒适地在家中体验。重新排列以下句子，以改善其语境并使其不那么尴尬。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "在家中舒适地体验古典音乐的美妙，欣赏它的优雅。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "从给定段落中生成一个引人注目的标题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "对不起我无法生成一个标题，因为您并未提供段落内容。 如果您提供了具体内容，我会很乐意为您生成一个引人注目的标题。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "全球变暖引起的两个环境问题是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "全球变暖是由各种因素引起的全球气候变暖趋势，并对环境造成了一些严重的影响。两个典型的环境问题包括：\n\n1. 海平面上升: 随着全球温度上升，海洋水温也在不断增加。水的体积随着温度的升高而膨胀，导致海平面上升。此外，冰川和北极冰盖也在融化，导致海水量增加，进一步促使海平面上升。这会导致沿海城市和低洼地区的洪水和水土流失。\n\n2. 极端气候条件: 全球变暖也可以导致极端气候条件的增加，包括更多的热浪、干旱、飓风和淹没性降雨。这些极端天气事件可能造成巨大的经济损失，破坏基础设施并威胁人类生命安全。此外，干旱和温度升高也可能导致森林火灾的增加和土地荒漠化。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一段关于泰姬陵的简短描述。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "泰姬陵位于印度阿格拉市，是一座用白色大理石建造的壮丽陵墓，于1632年至1653年由蒙卧尔皇帝沙贾汗为纪念他逝世的妻子泰姬·玛哈尔而建。它被认为是蒙卧尔建筑的杰作之一，也是世界七大奇迹之一。整个建筑群包括一个清真寺、一座游客休息室、池塘和花园。泰姬陵不仅仅是一个壮观的建筑，它也象征着爱情的永恒和纯洁。每年都有成千上万的游客来到这里，欣赏它的美丽并参观其中的纪念品。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "根据以下医疗数据，将患者分类为健康或不健康。",
+ "input": "输入：发烧：102F，脉搏：90，收缩压：130，舒张压：80",
+ "output": "根据提供的医疗数据，发烧（体温超过 100.4°F/38°C）、脉搏偏快（60-100 bpm 为正常范围）,该患者可能不太健康。然而，在做出任何诊断之前，建议咨询医生并进行进一步的检查。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "决策树在某些问题上可能比线性模型更好，原因是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "决策树是一种非参数的监督学习方法，在某些问题上能比线性模型更好，主要原因是它能够捕捉非线性关系和高阶交互效应：\n1. 非线性关系: 当要预测的值与特征之间的关系是非线性的时候，线性模型可能效果不好。而决策树通过创建分支结构，能够更好的拟合这种关系，从而在这种问题上表现更好。\n2. 高阶交互效应: 决策树能够自然地处理不同特征之间的交互效应。在决策树中，每一次划分节点都是一种选择特征进行决策，这自然地捕捉了不同特征之间的交互关系。而线性模型能够直接处理的交互效应较少，需要人为地增加交互项，增加模型复杂度。\n当然，决策树也并不是万能的，在一些问题上，线性模型可能会表现得更好，所以这两种模型的选择并不是绝对的，需要结合实际问题进行选择。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用一句话描述吉萨大金字塔。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "吉萨金字塔是古埃及第四王朝法老吉萨的王陵，它巍峨壮观，是世界上现存最古老的七大奇迹之一。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "分类以下句子文本：\"生活充满了惊喜\"",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这个句子文本是一句积极乐观、令人感到欣慰的话语。它属于励志/正能量类别。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "关于全球合作在应对气候变化方面的重要性，发表一篇简短的演讲。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "尊敬的各位：\n\n今天我想谈谈全球合作在应对气候变化方面的重要性。\n\n气候变化是全球性的问题，它不仅关系到地球的未来，也直接影响人们的生活。不论是洪水、旱灾、海平面上升，还是极端天气事件，这些都是气候变化带来的直接威胁。因此，应对气候变化需要全球各国同舟共济，携手合作。\n\n全球合作可以帮助我们更好地应对气候变化。首先，全球合作可以促进各国之间的技术交流与合作，使我们能够迅速应用最先进的技术来减少温室气体排放，促进绿色能源的发展。其次，全球合作可以促进各国之间在政策和经验方面的交流，帮助各国更好地制定和实施相关政策。\n\n而且，全球合作可以帮助我们实现公平与公正。发达国家和发展中国家在应对气候变化方面所面临的挑战不尽相同，因此需要通过全球合作来协调各国的利益，实现公平与公正。\n\n最后，我想说，应对气候变化并不是一件容易的事，它需要全球各国的共同努力与合作。让我们一起携手，为建设一个美好、绿色、可持续发展的地球而努力。\n\n谢谢大家。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为一个月收入为$3500的人创建一个基本预算。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "以下是为一个月收入为$3500的人创建的一个基本预算范例:\n\n收入：\n- 税前工资：$3500\n\n支出：\n- 房租/抵押贷款：$1050 (假设按照月收入的30%计算)\n- 杂货和外食: $525 (假设按照月收入的15%计算）\n- 水电煤气: $175 (假设按照月收入的5%计算)\n- 交通相关: $210 (假设按照月收入的6%计算）\n- 娱乐: $175 (假设按照月收入的5%计算)\n- 手机/网络: $70 (假设每项费用为$35） \n- 健康保险: $175 (假设按照月收入的5%计算)\n- 储蓄/投资: $525 (假设按照月收入的15%计算)\n- 其他: $70 (假设按照月收入的2%计算)\n\n总支出: $2980\n\n结余: $520\n\n这只是一个基本的预算范例，您可以根据自己的实际情况调整支出项目和比例。重要的是要保证在结算支出后仍有结余用于应急或储蓄。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "减少水污染的策略有哪些？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "减少水污染需要各方面的共同努力，可以采取如下策略：\n\n1. 提高公众意识：通过宣传教育，提高公众保护水资源，减少污染的意识。\n\n2. 加强法律法规建设：建立健全水污染防治法律法规体系，强化监督执法。\n\n3. 治理工业污染：强化工业污染源治理，推广绿色生产技术，减少废水排放。\n\n4. 控制农业污染：推广绿色农业技术，合理使用化肥和农药，避免农田径流对水体造成污染。\n\n5. 改善城市排水系统：完善城市排水管网，建设污水处理厂，提高污水处理能力。\n\n6. 保护水资源：加强水资源保护，完善水生态保护机制，恢复水生态系统。\n\n7. 加强国际合作：开展国际合作，借鉴国外先进经验，推广绿色发展理念。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述健康食品的好处。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "健康食品用新鲜的和营养丰富的成分制成，通常采用天然或少加工的原料。健康食品的好处有很多，其中一些包括：\n\n1. 维持健康体重: 含有较低热量的食品，如水果、蔬菜和全谷物，可以帮助人们维持健康的体重。\n\n2. 提高能量水平: 健康食品通常富含维生素和矿物质，可以提高能量水平，让人感到充满活力。\n\n3. 预防慢性疾病: 健康饮食对防止许多慢性疾病，如心脏病、糖尿病和某些癌症，有着重要作用。\n\n4. 改善消化系统: 高纤维食物有助于改善消化系统，促进肠胃蠕动，预防便秘。\n\n5. 增强免疫系统: 某些食物中含有抗氧化剂和其他营养素，有助于增强免疫系统，帮助人们抵抗疾病。\n\n6. 改善心理健康: 健康饮食不仅对身体健康有益，还有助于改善情绪和减轻压力。\n\n整体而言，健康食品为人体提供了必要的营养和能量，有助于维持健康、活力和生活质量。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为什么计算机使用二进制代码。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "计算机使用二进制代码的原因在于，二进制简单且可靠。在基本电子器件中，电流有两个状态：开和关，分别代表0和1。这种两个状态的体系与二进制非常相似，因此使用二进制来表示信息能够通过最基础的电子器件实现。此外，二进制比其他进制更加简单，计算机由于便于操作和处理，因此更容易实现基于二进制的逻辑运算。而且，二进制编码的错误可能性较小，有自我检错和纠错的特点。这意味着在计算过程中出现错误的可能性很小，可靠性较高。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "区块链技术如何用于减少银行业中的欺诈？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "区块链技术可被用于减少银行业欺诈的几种方法如下:\n\n1. 去中心化账本: 由于区块链采用去中心化账本记录交易，因此所有交易都是公开且透明的，可以被任何人查看。银行可以使用这项技术来防止虚假交易和欺诈。\n\n2. 智能合约: 区块链支持智能合约，这是一种可以自动执行预定操作的合约。银行可以使用智能合约来防止欺诈，例如设定特定条件来防止不合法的交易。\n\n3. 数字身份验证: 区块链技术可用于创建安全的、不可篡改的数字身份验证系统，从而帮助银行验证客户身份，确保交易合法。\n\n4. 防止黑客攻击: 由于区块链采用分布式节点来存储数据，所以黑客无法集中攻击一个中心化的服务器，从而大大降低了黑客攻击的风险。\n\n总之，区块链技术具有去中心化、不可篡改、透明和安全等特点，可以有效地帮助银行防止欺诈。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "总结文章“猫和狗：经典宠物辩论”。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这篇文章讨论了猫和狗作为宠物的优点和缺点。首先，猫比狗更加独立，不需要太多关注和散步。它们可以适应小型公寓的生活，并且通常更加安静。然而，猫也被认为更加冷漠和自私，不象狗那样忠诚。\n\n狗则是人类的忠诚伙伴，它们喜欢玩耍并需要大量的运动。与猫不同的是，狗需要大量的关注和维护，尤其是大型犬。它们也会在公共场所吠叫和跳跃，可能会破坏家具。然而，狗提供了保护和陪伴，非常适合有家庭或有户外活动需求的人。\n\n总的来说，猫和狗都有各自的优点和缺点，选择哪一个取决于个人喜好和生活方式。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "重组句子以使其成为一个有效的句子：“他的成本很多袋谷物。”",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"他的袋谷物成本很多。\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "HTML的最基本元素是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "HTML（超文本标记语言）的最基本元素是标签（tag）。HTML标签由一个尖括号内的关键字构成，常常会成对出现，比如 和 ，前者表示标签的开始，后者表示标签的结束。标签是HTML的核心，它们指示浏览器如何解释和呈现文档内容。\n\n除了标签，HTML还包括其他一些基本元素，如元素（element）、属性（attribute）和内容（content）。元素是由开始标签、内容和结束标签组成的，它们定义了HTML文档的结构。属性是放在开始标签中的，用来定义元素的特性，比如背景色、字体大小等。内容是放在开始标签和结束标签之间的部分，比如文本、图片等。\n\n这些基本元素共同构成了HTML，它们可以组合使用来创建结构化的网页文档。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个新闻标题，概括给定信息。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "由于您没有给定信息，我无法为您写出新闻标题。请提供您希望我概括的信息。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "总结有关从失败中学习的文章。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "从失败中学习是一种有效的途径，能够帮助我们不断成长和提高。失败并不是一件坏事，它能够教会我们许多宝贵的经验和教训。\n\n首先，我们应该接受并处理好失败所带来的情绪。尽管一开始我们可能会感到沮丧，但是我们应该学会以积极的态度对待失败，认为它是一个学习的机会。\n\n接下来，我们应该分析失败的原因。仔细检查失败的过程，找出犯错的地方，是我们从失败中成长的重要第一步。我们还可以和他人一起讨论，寻求他们的建议和帮助。\n\n此外，从失败中学习也意味着我们必须勇于尝试新的事物。不要害怕再次失败，因为失败只是成功的一个暂时的阶段。\n\n最后，值得注意的是，从失败中吸取的教训并不总是能够立竿见影。成长是一个漫长的过程，我们需要不断地实践并调整我们的策略，才能确保我们能够真正从失败中获益。\n\n总之，从失败中学习是一种重要的能力，能够帮助我们更好地面对生活中的挑战。我们应该把失败看作是一个学习的机会，而不是一个障碍，这样我们才能从中获得最大的收益。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一个体积为8立方米的三维图形。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "很抱歉，作为一个文本机器人，我不能直接生成三维图像。不过，可以提供一个描述的例子：\n\n一个长方体，长、宽和高分别为 2 米， 2 米和 2 米，就可构成体积为8 立方米的三维图形。当然，还有多种其它形状可以构成你所要求的体积。例如一个正方体，边长为 2 米；或一个球体，半径为 1.24 米。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "编写一个Python程序，从给定的新闻页面获取前5条头条新闻。",
+ "input": "输入：\nURL：https://www.nytimes.com/",
+ "output": "这是一个爬虫脚本，它可以从纽约时报首页提取前5条新闻标题：\n\n```python\nfrom bs4 import BeautifulSoup\nfrom urllib.request import urlopen\n\nurl = \"https://www.nytimes.com/\"\nhtml = urlopen(url)\nsoup = BeautifulSoup(html, \"html.parser\")\n\ntop_headlines = soup.find_all(\"h2\", class_=\"css-1vvhd4r e1voiwgp0\")[:5]\n\nfor headline in top_headlines:\n print(headline.text)\n```\n上述代码使用BeautifulSoup库对网页进行解析，并找到包含新闻标题文本的HTML元素。\n\n请注意，由于纽约时报网站可能会因为多种原因而改变其HTML结构，所以此代码可能会失效。在此种情况下，您可以通过检查页面源代码和调整BeautifulSoup的查找参数来修复它。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "标记以下文本的语言。 ",
+ "input": "输入：Kareena一直对艺术充满热情。她想在创意领域追求职业生涯，并有朝一日开设自己的画廊。",
+ "output": "这段文本的语言是中文。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "辨别这段文字是哪种类型：描写性、说明性、劝说性或叙述性。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "请提供您想要辨别类型的文字，这样我才能对其进行分析并给出答案。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "确定由两个30度角和两个60度角定义的三角形类型。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "三角形三个内角之和为180度，如果一个三角形有两个30度角和两个60度角，那么它将至少有三个内角，它们的总和超过180度，因此不存在符合这一描述的三角形。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给定一个字符串，编写一段代码来反转单词的顺序。",
+ "input": "输入：\"Hello World\"",
+ "output": "下面是一个示例的Python代码实现，用来反转输入字符串中单词的顺序：\n\n```python\ndef reverse_words(s: str) -> str:\n words = s.split()\n reversed_words = words[::-1]\n return \" \".join(reversed_words)\n\ninput_str = \"Hello World\"\nresult = reverse_words(input_str)\nprint(result)\n```\n\n输出：\n```python\n\"World Hello\"\n```\n\n在这段代码中，首先使用 `split()` 函数将输入字符串中的单词分离开，然后使用列表切片的方法反转列表元素的顺序，最后使用 `join()` 方法对列表中的单词重新组合成一个字符串。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为《爱丽丝梦游仙境》中的角色设计一个原创服装。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "我们可以为爱丽丝设计一件充满想象力、具有萌系元素的原创服装。\n\n上衣部分：一件蓝色背心式连衣裙，胸前有一个装饰性的大白色蝴蝶结，领口和袖口用白色蕾丝花边点缀。上衣的下摆处有一层白色蕾丝，增添了层次感。\n\n下装部分：连衣裙的下摆部分是宽松的泡泡裙摆，呈现出蓬松的蓝色，下摆处同样用白色蕾丝花边做点缀。\n\n配饰：搭配一双白色长筒袜和黑色玛丽珍鞋，增添可爱感。在头上佩戴一顶蓝色蝴蝶结发箍，与胸前大蝴蝶结呼应。\n\n整体来说，这套原创服装采用了《爱丽丝梦游仙境》中爱丽丝标志性的蓝白配色，同时融入了可爱的萌系元素，为爱丽丝增添了许多童真与活泼的气息。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找出句子中最长的回文： \"It is a sunny day today\"",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这句话中的最长回文是单词 \"a\"。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用一句话定义自编码器。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "自编码器是一种无监督神经网络，主要用于数据压缩和特征提取，通过将高维输入数据编码为低维表示，然后再通过解码器重构原始数据。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出三个可能导致项目失败的风险因素。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "项目失败可能的风险因素有很多，这里列出三个常见的风险因素：\n1. 目标不明确：项目的目标如果没有明确定义，项目成员将不知道什么是重要的、什么是次要的，从而无法制定有效的计划来实现目标，最终导致项目失败。\n2. 资源不足：项目成功需要有充足的资源支持，包括人力、财力和物力。如果这些资源不足，那么项目的进度可能会受到影响，从而导致项目失败。\n3. 沟通不畅：项目成员之间、项目组和客户或其他利益相关者之间的沟通不畅，可能会导致信息传递不及时或不准确，从而影响项目的进度和质量，最终导致项目失败。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "她穿着一条____裙子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "在这个句子中，\"____\"是一个填空，可以根据实际情况插入不同的形容词来描述裙子的特点。例如：\n\n她穿着一条漂亮的裙子。\n她穿着一条长长的裙子。\n她穿着一条红色的裙子。\n她穿着一条时髦的裙子。\n\n不过，要得出确切的答案，我们需要更多的信息。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "圣经中的创世纪是关于什么的？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "《创世纪》是圣经的第一卷，属于旧约圣经的“摩西五经”之一。它涵盖了从宇宙和地球的创造到约瑟死亡的故事。创世纪记载了关于上帝创造宇宙和人类的故事，亚当和夏娃在伊甸园里的生活，人类犯罪和堕落，挪亚和洪水的故事，以及亚伯拉罕和他的子孙以撒，雅各和约瑟的家族历史。创世纪向我们展现了上帝与人类关系的开端，人类的起源，以及上帝对世界的拯救计划的初步启示。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用for循环构建以下表达式：10 + 2n",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "下面是一个使用 `for` 循环构建 \"10 + 2n\" 表达式的示例，其中 `n` 取值范围是从1到5：\n\n```python\nfor n in range(1, 6):\n expression = 10 + (2 * n)\n print(expression)\n```\n\n上面的代码将打印以下五个数值，分别对应于 `n` = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 时的计算结果：\n```\n12\n14\n16\n18\n20\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "从《国际环境研究与公共卫生杂志》发表的一篇文章中找出最重要的结论。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "我无法访问您所提及的文章，因此无法为您找到其中的主要结论。麻烦您提供文章的详细信息（例如标题和作者），这样我才能帮助您确定文章中的主要结论。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个有明喻的新句子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "时间就像河流，不停地向前流逝。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "计算1、5和6的总和。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "好的，1 + 5 + 6 = 12."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "四种省钱的方法是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "四种常见的省钱方法有：\n\n1. 设计预算并遵守它：制定一个合理的月度或周度预算，并要努力遵守它。将支出归类并检查每一类别的支出是否合理，如果某一类支出过高，则需要努力控制。\n\n2. 节省购物开支：购物时，可以多比较不同商家的价格，选择性价比较高的商品。可以利用促销活动和优惠券来节省开支。另外，尽量减少冲动购物，买之前考虑清楚是否真的有需要。\n\n3. 减少能源开支：生活中可以采取一些节能措施，来减少能源开支。例如，关掉不用的电灯和电器，使用节能灯泡，合理控制空调温度，尽量少用热水等。\n\n4. 减少外出就餐的次数：外出就餐的费用通常比在家做饭的费用要高。因此，可以尽量减少外出就餐的次数，多在家做饭。这样既节省开支，又能吃得更健康。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "宁可安全无事，不可冒险受害。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这句话的意思是： It is better to be safe than to take risks and suffer harm. 这是一句谚语，意在告诫人们在做决定时应谨慎行事，避免不必要的风险。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找出通过点（4,7）和（6,11）的直线方程。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "设经过这两点的直路线为 y = kx + b。\n\n首先，我们可以利用两个点来求解斜率 k：\nk = (y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1)\n将两点坐标带入，得：\nk = (11 - 7) / (6 - 4) = 2。\n\n然后我们可以将斜率 k 和其中一个点带入方程 y = kx + b 来解出截距 b。\n假设带入点 (4, 7)，可得：\n7 = 2 * 4 + b\n解得：b = -1。\n\n故通过点（4,7）和（6,11）的直线方程为：y = 2x - 1。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "回答这个真假问题 - “原子由核和电子组成”。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这个问题的答案是：真。原子是构成物质的基本单位，它由原子核和电子组成。原子核中有质子和中子，它们在原子核内紧密聚集在一起；电子则围绕着原子核运动。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "我买了一辆新车。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "恭喜你购买新车！请问你买的是什么品牌和型号的车呢？我可以为你提供一些关于这辆车的信息。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "添加三个细节到这个故事中。 ",
+ "input": "玛丽在公园里散步。",
+ "output": "1. 玛丽沿着湖边的小路漫步，欣赏着水面上游动的鸭子和雁。\n2. 这是一个阳光明媚的下午，微风吹过，周围花草清香扑鼻。\n3. 偶尔，她会停下来，望着对面远处的山峦，深深地吸一口气，感受着大自然的宁静与和谐。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "本周牛仔裤特价。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的，您说的没错，这周有牛仔裤特价活动。您想了解点哪方面的信息呢？如果您需要购买推荐或者促销信息，我会竭诚为您提供帮助。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "建议一个7岁的孩子在空闲时间做两个活动。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "作为人工智能助手，如果您需要为一个7岁的孩子提供空闲时间活动的建议，我会推荐如下两个活动：\n\n1. 涂色：涂色是一项非常有趣的活动，可以激发孩子的创造力和想象力，同时也有助于提高他们的注意力和专注力。您可以提供一本涂色书和彩色笔，让孩子自由地涂色，创作出自己的艺术作品。\n\n2. 动手制作手工艺品：动手制作手工艺品不仅能够锻炼孩子的动手能力，也能够培养他们的创造力和想象力。您可以准备一些材料，如彩色纸、剪刀、胶水等，教孩子如何折纸、剪纸、拼贴等手工艺技巧，让他们动手制作出自己的手工艺品。\n\n这两个活动都能够让孩子充分发挥自己的想象力和创造力，同时也能够锻炼他们的专注力和动手能力。希望您能考虑这些建议，并为孩子提供一个有趣、启发性的空闲时间。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一个包含10个可能的计算机用户问题的列表。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 如何加快我的计算机运行速度？\n2. 我的电脑无法启动，该怎么办？\n3. 我怎样才能修复受损的硬盘?\n4. 如何防止我的计算机感染病毒？\n5. 如何卸载我不再需要的软件？\n6. 我该如何设置网络连接？\n7. 如何修复我计算机中的注册表错误？\n8. 我如何进行数据备份？\n9. 如何修复蓝屏死机问题？\n10. 如何为我的电脑添加新的硬件设备？"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "抓住问题的根源，防患于未然。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这话非常有道理。在解决问题时，通过深入分析找到问题的根本原因，能够更有效地解决问题，同时也能避免同类问题在未来再次发生。预防总是比治疗更好。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "评估以下陈述：“预测成功的最重要因素是努力工作。”",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这种观点具有一定的道理，但是并不绝对。努力工作是取得成功的一个非常重要的因素，但成功也取决于诸多其他因素。例如，拥有良好的能力和技能，有效的策略和资源管理，持续不断的学习和发展，以及适时的机遇等都对取得成功至关重要。此外，个人的努力工作并不总是能够克服外部限制或阻碍，如不公平的制度或问题等。因此，可以说努力工作是取得成功的重要因素之一，但它并不是唯一决定性的因素。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用ABC韵律方案写一首诗。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "爱是甜甜的苹果(A)，\n\n宝贵的礼物(B)，\n\n从天降下的恩赐(C)。\n\n爱是友谊之火(A)，\n\n必不可少(B)，\n\n传递温暖的力量(C)。\n\n爱是脆弱的花朵(A)，\n\n必须呵护(B)，\n\n才能盛放绚烂(C)。\n\n爱是无价的珍宝(A)，\n\n必须珍重(B)，\n\n才能长久永恒(C)。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "总结可再生能源的优势。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "可再生能源是指通过能量循环能源发电的可持续利用的能源。它极大地改变了能源生产的方式，带来许多优势，其中包括：\n\n1. 可持续性：可再生能源来自可自我更新，永不枯竭的资源，如太阳、风、水和地热，因此它们能保证长期稳定供应。\n\n2. 环境友好：可再生能源的生产并不会释放有害气体或污染环境，它有助于减少温室气体排放、保护空气质量和减少化石燃料开采对环境的破坏。\n\n3. 节能：可再生能源设施和技术在生产过程中效率高、损耗少，使能源利用更有效率。\n\n4. 经济效益：可再生能源项目可为当地带来投资和就业机会，创造经济活力。而且，随着技术的进步，可再生能源的成本也在持续下降，提供了长期稳定的能源供应。\n\n综上所述，可再生能源拥有许多优势，它为我们提供了一条可持续发展的道路，有助于实现经济、社会和环境的协调发展。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一个测试用户对欧洲地理知识的测验。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "好的，这里有一份测试欧洲地理知识的测验。\n\n1. 荷兰的首都是：\nA. 阿姆斯特丹\nB. 海牙\nC. 鹿特丹\nD. 乌得勒支\n\n2. 滑铁卢战役发生在哪个国家的领土上？\nA. 法国\nB. 英国\nC. 比利时\nD. 德国\n\n3. 广义地定义，葡萄牙与哪个国家接壤？\nA. 西班牙\nB. 意大利\nC. 法国\nD. 德国\n\n4. 意大利的哪座城市以其水道和桥梁而闻名？\nA. 罗马\nB. 米兰\nC. 威尼斯\nD. 佛罗伦萨\n\n5. 北欧国家包括哪些国家？\nA. 挪威，瑞典，芬兰, 丹麦，冰岛\nB. 挪威，瑞士，奥地利，瑞典，冰岛\nC. 挪威，丹麦，瑞典，荷兰，德国\nD. 丹麦，瑞典，芬兰，南非，冰岛\n\n正确答案：\n1. A \n2. C\n3. A\n4. C\n5. A"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "关于医疗保健成本上涨的新闻文章标题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. \"医疗保健成本上涨，如何应对挑战\"\n2. \"解析医疗保健成本上涨的根本原因\"\n3. \"面对医疗保健成本上涨，政府将采取何种措施\"\n4. \"医疗保健成本上涨背后的经济学分析\"\n5. \"医疗保健成本上涨对普通家庭的影响分析\"\n6. \"探讨控制医疗保健成本上涨的可行方案\"\n7. \"医疗保健成本上涨：全球卫生体系面临的挑战\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一个四个词的短语，意思与习语“pull a fast one”相同。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "欺骗他人(trick somebody)"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一个移动应用程序的名称，允许用户从本地餐厅订餐。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"DelishDish\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "比较两个版本的同一艺术作品的差异。",
+ "input": "输入：\n版本A：梵高的《星夜》\n版本B：莫奈的《星夜》",
+ "output": "梵高的《星夜》与莫奈的《星夜》虽然都是描绘夜空风景的经典油画，但两者却存在明显的差异。\n\n首先，两幅画作的创作时间不同。梵高的《星夜》创作于1889年，而莫奈的《星夜》创作于1885年，相隔了4年。\n\n其次，二者在画法上有所不同。梵高的《星夜》采用旋涡状的线条，运用舒展、旋转的笔触来表现天空中星星和夜空的瑰丽景象，而莫奈的《星夜》则采用了他独特的波浪式笔触，重点表现水面的反射效果，具有极高的写实性。\n\n此外，两幅画作在色彩上也有所区别。梵高的《星夜》色彩浓烈鲜艳，用强烈的蓝色和黄色展现了天空与星星的辉煌，而莫奈的《星夜》则色彩柔和，运用蓝色和绿色来表现夜空和水面，具有沉静、恬淡的特点。\n\n总之，梵高和莫奈在绘画风格、技巧和表现手法上各具特点，这两幅名为《星夜》的作品，呈现出了两个画家不同的美学追求和艺术成就，给我们带来了感受两种视觉体验的机会。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "识别这个句子的情绪。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "As an AI language model I am capable of analyzing text and identifying emotions, however, the sentence provided \"识别这个句子的情绪。\" is not an expression of emotion, but an instruction asking me to identify the emotion in a sentence. To recognize emotions, I need more context or a specific sentence with emotional content to analyze."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "编辑我的餐厅评论。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "您好！请提供您要编辑的餐厅评论，我非常乐意帮助您进行修改。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "请描述泰姬陵的建筑风格。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "泰姬陵是一座非常著名的坟墓建筑，它坐落于印度北部城市阿格拉，始建于1632年，历时22年才最终建成。该建筑主要采用了印度传统与波斯建筑的融合风格。\n\n泰姬陵的整体建筑布局非常对称，建筑群由正中的陵墓主体以及四周的清真寺和宿舍等配套建筑组成。主体建筑的顶部是一个巨大的白色大理石圆顶，顶部装饰有一个金色的鳞片状圆顶，四周有四个小尖塔环绕。陵墓的底座为一个大型的多层方形平台，周围有很多拱形的门廊，门廊表面雕刻装饰着花纹和浮雕。\n\n整个建筑群采用了大量的白色大理石作为建材，给人一种非常纯净、典雅的感觉。陵墓内部的墙面、天花板和地面都装饰着精美的花卉、镶嵌宝石和书法字体等图案。整个建筑群内还有许多壮观的花园和喷泉，为游客提供了优雅舒适的环境。\n\n总体来说，泰姬陵的建筑风格融合了印度和伊斯兰的建筑特点，是一座非常壮观、优雅、富丽堂皇的建筑杰作。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "如何找到一个数字数组的最大值和最小值？",
+ "input": "输入：[5, 3, 9, 4, 1]",
+ "output": "要找到一个数字数组的最大值和最小值，你可以遍历一遍这个数组，记录下目前为止找到的最大值和最小值。\n\n在Python中，可以编写如下的代码来实现这个功能：\n\n```\nnums = [5, 3, 9, 4, 1]\n\n# 假设数组的第一个元素是最大值和最小值\nmax_num = nums[0]\nmin_num = nums[0]\n\n# 遍历数组\nfor n in nums:\n if n > max_num:\n max_num = n\n if n < min_num:\n min_num = n\n\nprint(f\"最大值：{max_num}\")\nprint(f\"最小值：{min_num}\")\n```\n\n输出结果为： \n```\n最大值：9\n最小值：1\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出企业良好安全实践的三个要素。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "企业良好安全实践的三个要素可能包括：\n\n1. 正确的访问控制：这意味着只有经过授权的人员才能访问企业的敏感信息。为此，需要设置访问权限，对员工进行培训以确保他们理解如何安全地处理信息，并对访问权限进行定期审核。\n\n2. 定期的安全更新和修补：软件和操作系统的漏洞可能会被攻击者利用，因此需要定期更新和修补这些漏洞。企业应当定期检查其使用的软件和操作系统，确保安装了最新的安全补丁。\n\n3. 安全意识教育：员工是企业安全防护的第一道防线，因此需要对员工进行安全意识教育。这包括教育员工如何识别网络钓鱼和社交工程攻击、如何安全地使用电子邮件和社交媒体，以及如何处理敏感信息。通过加强员工的安全意识，企业可以防止许多安全威胁。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将以下字符串转换为有效的URI：https:\\\\www.example.com",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "下面是将您的字符串转换为有效 URI 的操作：\n\n```python\noriginal_string = 'https:\\\\www.example.com'\nvalid_uri = original_string.replace('\\\\','/')\nprint(valid_uri)\n```\n输出为：\n```\nhttps://www.example.com\n```\n\n我们可以使用 `replace` 方法将字符串中的反斜线（`\\`）替换成正斜线（`/`）以获得一个有效的 URI。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将句子“El agua es importante”翻译成英语。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "The sentence \"El agua es importante\" translates to \"Water is important\" in English."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "不适合夜猫子的工作。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "有一些工作可能不太适合夜猫子，这些工作通常都要求员工遵循严格的作息时间，而不是夜猫子所习惯的晚睡晚起。例如：\n\n1. 早班工作：一些职业需要早班，如早餐服务员、早间新闻记者、早市交易员等。这些工作需要员工早早起床，对夜猫子来说可能不太适应。\n\n2. 学校教师：大多数学校的作息时间都是早上开始，教师需要早早起床，准备好每天的课程。对于夜猫子来说，需要面对学生的同时，还要应对早起的挑战。\n\n3. 医护人员：医院的病人需要全天候的照顾，很多医护人员都需要通过早班、白班和夜班来保证病人的护理。夜猫子如果无法适应早班的起床时间，可能会影响到工作。\n\n总的来说夜猫子应当在选择工作时考虑到自己的生物钟，寻找一份更适合自己作息时间的职业，这样才能在工作中更好地发挥自己的能力。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出显微镜的三个常见用途。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "显微镜是一种用于观察细微物体或物体表面细节的设备，它的三个常见用途如下：\n\n1. 医学科研: 显微镜被广泛应用于医学、生物学等领域，可以用来观察细胞、组织、病毒、细菌等微生物，并为诊断疾病提供依据。\n\n2. 材料科学: 显微镜还可以用来研究材料的结构，通过研究材料的微观形态更好地理解其性质。例如在金属学、半导体等领域的应用。\n\n3. 刑事鉴定: 枪支弹道学、指纹学、毒品分析等问罪学领域都需要使用显微镜来进行微观分析，从而帮助法庭获得证据，维护正义。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "补全以下诗歌片段：",
+ "input": "太阳升起，\n透过树林窥视。",
+ "output": "鸟儿啁啾鸣唱，\n鹿儿在雾中嬉戏。\n花香沁人心脾，\n大地苏醒欣喜。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用以下单词创作一个100字以下的故事：爆炸，有雾的，健忘的，小器具，想象的。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "汤姆经常想象自己是一个勇敢的冒险家。一天，他走进了一片有雾的森林里，带着一个小器具探索。突然，他的小器具爆炸了，他被弹开好几米远。当他醒来时，发现自己有点健忘，他不记得自己是谁，也不记得自己为什么会在那里。他拾起那个破碎的小器具，仔细观察，想要从中找到一些线索。后来他才想起来，这一切都只是他想象的一个冒险故事，而他还坐在家里的沙发上。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将给定的数字转换为罗马数字。",
+ "input": "输入：73",
+ "output": "输出：LXXIII\n\n解释：罗马数字包括以下符号：I、V、X、L、C、D 和 M。\n\n I 可以放在 V (5) 和 X (10) 的左边，来表示 4 和 9。\n X 可以放在 L (50) 和 C (100) 的左边，来表示 40 和 90。\n C 可以放在 D (500) 和 M (1000) 的左边，来表示 400 和 900。\n\n在将整数73转换为罗马数字后，我们可以将其拆分为50+10+10+1+1+1，也就是L+X+X+I+I+I = LXXIII。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "根据以下步骤，构建流程图：",
+ "input": "1. 加载数据集。\n2. 将数据集分为训练集和验证集。\n3. 预处理数据。\n4. 将数据输入深度学习模型。\n5. 在训练集上训练模型。\n6. 使用验证集调整超参数。",
+ "output": "```\n +-------------------+\n | 加载数据集 |\n +-------------------+\n |\n v\n +-------------------+\n | 分为训练集和验证集 |\n +-------------------+\n |\n v\n +-------------------+\n | 预处理数据 |\n +-------------------+\n |\n v\n +-------------------+\n | 输入深度学习模型 |\n +-------------------+\n |\n v\n +-------------------+\n | 在训练集上训练模型 |\n +-------------------+\n |\n v\n +-------------------+\n | 调整超参数（验证集）|\n +-------------------+\n\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给出建议：你的室友正在努力完成他们的项目，他们开始感受到来自同龄人和家人的压力。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "如果你的室友正在努力完成项目并且感受到来自同龄人和家人的压力，那么你可能考虑以下建议来帮助他们：\n\n1. 花时间听他们说出自己的感受：倾听有助于减轻他们的焦虑和压力。给他们讲述自己如何应对压力的经历也能起到鼓励的作用。\n\n2. 帮助他们分清轻重缓急：把任务分成几个部分，每天完成一部分，或者列出优先顺序，帮他们优化工作流程。\n\n3. 鼓励他们参加锻炼和放松：锻炼和冥想有助于减轻压力，睡眠也很重要，睡眠不足会增加压力和焦虑。\n\n4. 建议他们寻求专业帮助：如果压力和焦虑变得无法承受，建议他们寻求专业帮助，例如心理咨询师。\n\n5. 提醒他们，不必承担太多压力：他们在努力工作，做到了自己最好，并没有什么好担心的。提醒他们注意自己的身心健康，应该在承受压力时学会抽离，给自己更多关爱。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给出“藻类”的定义。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "藻类是一类多样的单细胞或多细胞的真核生物，它们可以进行光合作用，能将二氧化碳转化为有机物，并在此过程中产生氧气。藻类通常生活在水生环境中，包括淡水和海洋，也可以在土壤、潮湿的岩石和树干上生长。藻类的种类繁多，包括绿藻、红藻、褐藻、金藻、裸藻和硅藻等，并且在水生生态系统中发挥着重要作用。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给你两个调查问题，请解释答案提供的数据类型。",
+ "input": "输入：\nQ1. 你多久吃一次外卖？\nQ2. 你的性别是什么？",
+ "output": "Q1：“你多久吃一次外卖？”的问题可能会在不同的问卷或调查中有不同的答案数据类型。如果问题的选项是在特定的几个选择中进行选择，比如“每天”，“每周”，“每两周”，“每月”，那么答案的数据类型为名义数据，提供的信息属于分类数据。然而，如果问题是一个开放式问题，让受访者填入一个具体的数字，那么答案数据类型为数值数据，更具体地说，是比率数据，因为它有一个绝对零点。\n\nQ2: “你的性别是什么？”的问题答案数据类型为名义数据，因为它提供的信息属于分类数据，没有顺序之分。例如，通常的选项包括“男性”，“女性”，“非二元性别”等。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "重新排列给定的句子以形成完整的故事。 ",
+ "input": "输入： \na. 突然，灯灭了，房间陷入了沉默。 \nb. 莎拉和她的家人聚在客厅里庆祝她弟弟的生日。 \nc. 充满期待，他们在黑暗中等待灯光重新点亮。",
+ "output": "b. 莎拉和她的家人聚在客厅里庆祝她弟弟的生日。\na. 突然，灯灭了，房间陷入了沉默。\nc. 充满期待，他们在黑暗中等待灯光重新点亮。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "如何提高网站的SEO？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "要想提高网站的搜索引擎排名，可以采取以下一些策略来提高网站的SEO：\n\n1. 提供高质量的内容：搜索引擎会对高质量的内容给予更高的排名, 所以要确保您网站上的内容具有价值，无重复性且独一无二。\n\n2. 使用关键词策略：找到您目标受众可能会搜索的关键词，然后确保您网站的内容、标题、URL和图片描述中都包含了这些关键词。\n\n3. 提高网站的技术优化：网站的技术结构也对SEO排名有影响。对网站进行技术优化, 包括提高网页加载速度、确保网站结构清晰、使用合适的HTML标签等。\n\n4. 建立外链：获得来自其他高质量网站的链接,可以增加您网站的信誉和排名。可以通过撰写质量高的推文、参与行业论坛和博客评论等方式获得外链。\n\n5. 社交媒体推广：在社交媒体上积极推广您的网站，可以吸引更多的流量并提高网站的知名度。\n\n6. 持续优化：SEO是一个持续的过程，需要不断地优化策略来跟上搜索引擎的更新。通过定期分析网站的流量和排名，了解用户的行为，做出相应的调整以提高排名。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "在输入的末尾添加以下句子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "对不起，您没有指定需要添加的句子内容。请提供您希望添加的句子。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创作一个短故事，展示两只动物之间的友谊。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "在一个美丽的森林里，有一只可爱的小狐狸和一只快乐的小兔子。它们都在森林里的一个小山丘上生活，成为了非常好的朋友。在它们四处游玩、享受森林生活的过程中，它们相互帮助、互相照顾。\n\n有一天，它们在森林里捡到了一只小鸟，飞翔不起来。它一定是受了伤，小兔子和小狐狸决定帮助这只小鸟。小狐狸用它的大尾巴给小鸟取暖，小兔子去找食物给小鸟吃。一整天过去了，它们尽全力去照顾这只小鸟。\n\n最后，小鸟受伤的翅膀渐渐康复，它能再飞了。小鸟非常感谢小兔子和小狐狸的帮助。在它飞走的时候，它回头看了一眼，它知道在这个森林里，有两只心地善良的动物是它的朋友。\n\n从那以后，小兔子和小狐狸对于它们之间的友谊更加珍视。它们知道，真正的友谊就是无论遇到什么困难，都会携手并肩，永不离弃。这就是小兔子和小狐狸之间友谊的力量。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一个程序，打印出斐波那契数列直到第n项。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "以下是一个简单的 Python 程序，它可以打印出斐波那契数列直到第 n 项:\n\n```python\nn = int(input(\"请输入一个正整数 n: \"))\n\ndef print_fibonacci(n):\n a, b = 0, 1\n for i in range(n):\n print(a, end=' ')\n a, b = b, a + b\n print()\n\nprint_fibonacci(n)\n```\n\n该程序首先提示用户输入一个正整数 n，然后使用一个名为 print_fibonacci 的函数来打印斐波那契数列。\n\n这个函数使用了一个循环，循环次数为 n 次。在每次循环中，函数先打印出当前的斐波那契数，然后使用一个简洁的赋值语句来更新斐波那契数的值。最后，在循环结束后，函数使用 print() 来换行。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找出0.5的等价分数。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "找出 0.5 的等价分数即是将 0.5 转换为一个分数。我们可以将 0.5 写成 5/10 ，然后约分得到最简分数形式 1/2。\n\n也就是说，0.5的等价分数为1/2。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "总结人工智能文章。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "人工智能（AI）是通过计算机程序和算法来模拟人类智能中的思维、学习和解决问题等能力的技术。该技术旨在使计算机能够执行需要智能才能完成的任务。\n\n人工智能最初的目标是通过计算机来制造智能，并推进自然语言处理、机器学习、计算机视觉、自动推理等学科的发展。如今，人工智能已经成为世界上最热门的技术领域，被广泛应用在各行各业。\n\n人工智能在很多领域都取得了巨大的成功，例如语音识别、图像识别、自然语言处理、深度学习等。它还在不断地推动着机器人、无人驾驶汽车、智能家居等领域的发展。\n\n尽管人工智能取得了巨大的成功，它仍然面临着一些挑战。一些人担心它会威胁人类的工作岗位，或者被用于有害的目的。因此，研究人员们正在努力确保人工智能的发展能够符合道德和安全的原则。\n\n总之，人工智能是一项极具前景和潜力的技术，并且它正在不断地改变着我们的生活。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "按字典顺序排列集合。",
+ "input": "输入：\n{\"apples\", \"bananas\", \"pears\", \"oranges\"}",
+ "output": "输出:\n{\"apples\", \"bananas\", \"oranges\", \"pears\"}\n\n解释：\n\n我们使用字典顺序对集合内的元素进行排序。字典顺序就是按照字母表中字母的先后顺序对字符串中每一个字符进行比较，当其中一个字符串的某个字符位于前一个字符的后面时，我们就可以确定字符串的字典顺序。按照这种方式排序后，上述集合中的元素排序结果为：apples, bananas, oranges, pears。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "按字母顺序排序名字列表：Arthur, Bob, Louis",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "按字母顺序排列，名字列表为： Arthur, Bob, Louis"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "修改以下句子以使其更清晰：「我想和朋友出去玩」。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "「我想与我的朋友一起外出娱乐」。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用“shimmer”、“keepsake”和“breadth”这三个词构造一个复杂句子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "As the sun sets, the shimmer of the horizon exudes a breathtaking view, a memory that will become a cherished keepsake, reflecting the true breadth of the beauty of nature."
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列举一种用于监督学习的算法。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一种常用于监督学习的算法是支持向量机（Support Vector Machines, SVM）算法。这种算法常用于分类问题，它通过找到一个超平面（在高维空间中）来最大化两个类别之间的间隔，从而实现分类。SVM 算法通过使用不同的核函数可以实现非线性分类，其泛化能力较强，常用于求解较小样本量的问题。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "把给定的句子转换成主动语态：卖出了一百五十本书。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这个句子“卖出了一百五十本书”本来就是主动语态，因此无需转换。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创作一首描述月亮的诗。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "照耀夜空的银色宝藏，\n静静地悬浮在天际线的边缘，\n月亮的光芒把一切环抱，\n在夜晚的宁静中静静地展翅翱翔。\n\n白色的云朵缓缓漂过，\n它们在月光下柔和地变幻，\n就像是在为月亮伴舞，\n伴着它在夜空中徐徐前行。\n\n每当夜晚降临，\n我都希望能够停留在露台上，\n就这样静静地望着月亮，\n感受着它给予我的温暖与安宁。\n\n那是一颗孤独的夜行星，\n伴着我们度过每一个寂寞的夜晚，\n它的光辉始终化不尽，\n永远照亮我们前行的道路。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用过去完成时构造一个句子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "在我看这封邮件前，杰克已经离开了公司。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "预测以下情况可能的结果。",
+ "input": "输入：一名准备重要考试的学生必须决定是早睡还是熬夜学习。",
+ "output": "可能的结果有几种。\n\n1. 如果这名学生选择早睡，那么他可能会在考试当天有更充足的精力和更好的注意力，能够更好地完成考试。然而，这可能意味着他牺牲了一些复习时间，可能会对他的考试成绩产生负面影响。\n\n2. 如果这名学生选择熬夜学习，那么他可能会获得更多的复习时间，从而提高他在考试中的表现。但是，由于缺乏充足的睡眠，他可能会在考试当天精神不集中，注意力不集中，甚至出现犯困的情况，这可能会影响他的考试成绩。\n\n3. 学生也可以选择折中的方式，即适当熬夜学习，但同时保证获得充足的睡眠。这样既可以增加复习时间，又能确保在考试当天保持良好的精神状态。\n\n4. 最终的结果还取决于许多其他因素，比如学生的复习效率，考试前准备的充分程度，以及考试当天的心理状态等。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "概述房地产经纪人的工作职责。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "房地产经纪人负责帮助客户购买、销售或租赁房产。他们在购房过程的各个阶段中提供咨询和支持，包括房源搜索、谈判和交易完成。以下是房地产经纪人主要的职责：\n\n1. 市场调查与分析：经纪人需要不断调查当地房产市场的动态，了解房价走势、需求与供应情况，以便为客户提供最新、最专业的建议。\n\n2. 预约看房与陪同：经纪人将帮助客户预约看房，并陪同客户参观，回答客户提出的各种问题。\n\n3. 谈判交易：经纪人在房产交易过程中负责与卖方或买方代表进行谈判，为客户争取最优惠的价格和交易条件。\n\n4. 协助办理手续：经纪人将协助客户办理各种购房手续，包括贷款申请、签订合同、交付房款及过户等。\n\n5. 提供专业建议：经纪人需要根据客户的需求和预算，提供针对性的建议，帮助客户找到最合适的房源。\n\n总之，房地产经纪人的工作职责是为客户提供全方位的房产交易服务，通过专业知识和经验，为客户购房、销售或租赁房产提供咨询和支持。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "制造一个关于医生和病人的笑话。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一天病人在医生那里抱怨说：“医生，我真的是无论做什么都觉得累。”\n\n医生问道：“什么都累? 像什么呢？”\n\n病人答道：“比如说梳头，刷牙这些事情。”\n\n医生沉思了一下，点点头说道：“我知道问题出在哪里了。”\n\n病人激动地问：“那是什么原因呢，医生？”\n\n医生严肃地回答：“你这是懒惰症。”"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "如何在解决问题时更具创新性？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "在解决问题时更具创新性，你可以尝试以下一些方法：\n\n1. 跳出思维定式：很多时候我们习惯用常规方法解决问题，但有时候更具创新性的做法是打破常规，尝试用不同的思路和角度去分析问题。\n\n2. 勇于尝试：创新并不一定是一蹴而就的，需要不断尝试和实验才能取得成功。所以要勇于尝试，不要害怕失败。\n\n3. 与他人交流：与其他人交换意见，可以开阔思路，从别人的观点中得到灵感。\n\n4. 不断学习：学习新知识、新技能，维持持续性的学习动力，可以帮助我们在解决问题时更具创新性。\n\n5. 激发创造力：可以尝试一些引导创造力的方法，比如头脑风暴、思维导图等工具，帮助你在解决问题时更具创新性。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "猜测下面句子中缺失的词：随着疫情的____，疫苗的需求变得越来越____。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "随着疫情的“蔓延”，疫苗的需求变得越来越“迫切”。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创造一个对话，讨论两个人关于动物实验背后的伦理问题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "A: 你听说过动物实验吗？\n\nB：我听说过，但我不确定我对这个问题的看法。\n\nA：在科学研究中，通常需要使用动物进行实验，这样可以避免在人类身上进行实验。但这种做法令人忧心忡忡，因为这意味着动物将受到痛苦和折磨。\n\nB：是的，这是一个很棘手的问题。一方面，对动物的实验可以为人类提供重要的医学信息，但另一方面，我们必须考虑动物的生活质量。\n\nA：动物实验的背后存在着众多的伦理问题。例如，我们是否有权这样对待动物？动物是否应该有权利不受到痛苦和疾病的折磨？\n\nB：对，而且我们还应该考虑动物实验的禁忌，是否有其他更好的途径可以获得同样的科学数据，而不需要牺牲动物的生命和福利。\n\nA：这是一个决定权衡和平衡的问题。我认为应当严格控制动物实验，并仅在必要时才使用动物实验，同时要尽可能减少动物的痛苦。\n\nB：我同意你的看法。这是一个非常复杂的问题，需要所有人认真思考并作出道德选择。作为社会的一员，我们有责任确保科学进步不以牺牲动物的生活质量为代价。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述一名平面设计师的职业目标。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "一名平面设计师的职业目标可能包括：\n\n1. 在平面设计领域不断精进，不断提升设计技能。这可能表现为高水平运用各种计算机软件，如 Photoshop、Illustrator 和 InDesign，同时时刻跟上业界的最新动态和发展趋势。\n\n2. 建立并维护一个强大的设计作品集，以吸引更多客户和赢得更好的工作机会。平面设计师可能会致力于创造出具有强烈个人风格和表现力的作品。\n\n3. 与客户建立良好的合作关系，通过与客户的沟通和协作，为客户提供优质的设计方案，以满足客户需求。同时，平面设计师也会不断拓展客户群，建立起广泛的人脉网络。\n\n4. 拓展个人业务范围。除了一般的平面设计工作，设计师还可能致力于扩展业务范围，涉足品牌策略、用户体验设计、广告策划等领域，为客户提供更加全面的设计服务。\n\n5. 取得行业认可。平面设计师可能会致力于获得行业认可，参加各种设计比赛和展览，赢得奖项和荣誉，为自己的职业生涯增添辉煌的一笔。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一首五行诗，主题是怀旧回忆。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "往事如风淡不挽，\n旧日模样倩影绵。\n往昔似陌唯温故，\n笑语欢念念心间。\n一切皆过往，回忆怀旧犹徘徊。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "玫瑰花香甜美。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的，玫瑰花散发着浓郁的香气，它的香味既甜美又迷人，深受人们的喜爱。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "说出一种鸡的类型并描述其特征。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "可以举例是勃兰芒（Brahma）鸡，它是一种很大的鸟，通常在体重上都在 4-5 公斤左右，雌鸡稍小一些。它们的羽毛有白色、浅灰、深灰和黑色等不同颜色，有些还具有迷人的混合色调。它们最明显的特征是巨大的头部和饱满的羽毛，其羽毛在脚周围呈现蓬松状并且还覆盖了三爪。勃兰芒鸡性格温顺，能很好地适应各种饲养条件，也能忍受寒冷的天气。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "定义“基因工程”一词。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "基因工程，也称为基因编辑或遗传工程，是一种生物技术，其目的是通过人为的手段直接操纵或修改生物体细胞内的基因以达到更改细胞或生物体内特有性状的目的。 通过基因工程，科学家能够往生物体基因组内添加特别的基因片段、删除不需要的基因，或更改安排构造令生物表现出所期望的表型。它广泛应用于农业、医学、生物能源等领域。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "提供决定的理由。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "在决策过程中，提供决定的理由是非常重要的，因为它会使决定的过程更加透明，并有助于提高人们对决定的信任度和接受度。理由有以下几方面的好处：\n\n1. 增加信任: 当人们了解决策背后的原因时，他们更可能信任决策的过程和结果。\n\n2. 提高透明度: 提供决定的理由有助于增加决策过程的透明度，使人们更清楚地了解决策的背景和原因。\n\n3. 促进理解: 理由可以帮助人们更好地理解决策内容和动机，这有助于促进人们对决策的理解和接受。\n\n4. 增强合法性: 当决策的原因得到充分解释时，其合法性也会提高。\n\n5. 改善沟通: 提供决定的理由有助于改善决策者与其他人之间的沟通，可以更好地协调各方的意见与需求。\n\n总之，提供决定的理由是保证决策公正、通透、合理的重要步骤，有助于提高人们对决定的信任和接受度。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一个致辞，用于欢迎毕业班级。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "亲爱的毕业班同学们，尊敬的家长、老师和嘉宾：\n\n今天，我们齐聚一堂，庆祝这一激动人心的时刻：毕业典礼。在这里，我代表学校，衷心地欢迎毕业班的每一位同学，感谢你们在过去的若干年里，为学校带来的活力和荣耀。\n\n毕业，代表着结束，也代表着开始。在过去的学习生涯中，你们勤奋学习，不懈努力，克服重重困难，取得了令人瞩目的成绩。今天，当你们穿上学士服，头戴学士帽，我们深感骄傲，为你们点赞，为你们喝彩。\n\n同时，这一天也标志着新的开始。从这里走出去，你们将面对全新的挑战，展开崭新的人生旅程。你们所学到的知识和技能，将为你们未来的成功奠定基础。前方的道路并非一帆风顺，但我们深信，你们拥有足够的韧性和勇气，取得更大的成就。\n\n在此，我们衷心祝愿每一位毕业生未来前程似锦，取得骄人的成就。愿你们终身学习，不断探索，成为社会中的栋梁之才，为国家做出贡献。\n\n再次感谢各位的到来，祝愿本次毕业典礼圆满成功！\n\n谢谢大家。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "JavaScript中if/else语句的基本语法。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "JavaScript中的if/else语句用于根据指定的条件执行不同的代码块。基本语法如下：\n\n```\nif (condition) {\n // 当条件为真时执行的代码块\n} else {\n // 当条件为假时执行的代码块\n}\n```\n\n其中，`condition`表示条件表达式，可以是任何返回`true`或`false`的表达式。\n\n例如，下面的代码检查变量`x`的值是否大于10，如果是，则输出\"Greater than 10\"，否则输出\"Less than or equal to 10\"。\n\n```\nlet x = 15;\n\nif (x > 10) {\n console.log(\"Greater than 10\");\n} else {\n console.log(\"Less than or equal to 10\");\n}\n// 输出结果: Greater than 10\n```\n\n你也可以使用多个`else if`语句来检查多个条件，代码格式如下：\n\n```\nif (condition1) {\n // 当condition1为真时执行的代码块\n} else if (condition2) {\n // 当condition1为假且condition2为真时执行的代码块\n} else {\n // 当以上所有条件都为假时执行的代码块\n}\n```\n\n例如，下面的代码检查变量`x`的值是否等于10，大于10或小于10，并分别执行不同的操作。\n\n```\nlet x = 10;\n\nif (x === 10) {\n console.log(\"Equal to 10\");\n} else if (x > 10) {\n console.log(\"Greater than 10\");\n} else {\n console.log(\"Less than 10\");\n}\n// 输出结果: Equal to 10\n```"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "电动滑板车成为世界各地替代汽车和公共交通工具的选择",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的，您说的没错。随着城市拥堵和空气污染越来越严重，人们开始寻求更环保、便捷的出行方式。这就使得电动滑板车等个人交通工具逐渐受到欢迎。电动滑板车体积小巧、轻便，可以轻松穿梭在拥挤的城市街道和人潮中。此外，它的续航能力不俗，能够满足大多数人的日常通勤需求。它不仅减少了交通拥堵，而且有助于减少污染物排放，可谓一举多得。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出制作好演示文稿的五个因素。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 精心制定的主题和目标：制作出色的演示文稿的第一个重要因素是确定清晰的主题和目标。 这将确保您的讲话聚焦，并且能够与观众产生共鸣。\n2. 引人注目的设计和视觉效果：设计和视觉效果对于让您的演示文稿吸引人非常重要。 使用吸引人的图片，图表和颜色可以帮助您的观众更好地理解您所传达的信息，并保持他们的注意力。\n3. 清晰的结构和流畅的流程：一个优秀的演示文稿应该有一个清晰的结构和流畅的流程。 这意味着您应该按顺序组织您的想法，并确保您的演讲过渡自然流畅。\n4. 适当的转场和动画效果：适当使用转场和动画效果可以增强您的演示文稿的吸引力，并帮助观众跟随您的内容。 但是，要注意不要过度使用这些效果，因为它们可能会分散观众的注意力。\n5. 简洁明了的内容：最后，您的演示文稿应该是简洁明了的。 避免使用过长的句子和复杂的术语，尽可能使用简明扼要的语言来表达您的想法。 这将确保您的观众能够轻松理解您所传达的信息。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "近年来在医疗领域进行了大量投资，促进了医疗技术和药物的进步，提高了对各种疾病的治疗和治愈。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "是的，近年来医疗领域的投资确实取得了一定的成果。医学技术得到了不断提高，疾病诊断手段不断增强，许多新型治疗方法的研制也取得了很大的成果。药物研发同样取得了显著进展，一些罕见疾病的特效药逐渐面世。这些投入不仅提高了患者的生活质量，也极大地延长了人类的预期寿命。当然，尽管取得了巨大的进步，医疗领域仍然有更多的待解决问题，需要在未来不断进行研究和投入。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "找到“happy”的三个同义词。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "三个同义词happy的是：\"joyful\"， \"content\"， \"pleased\"。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创作一首关于喜悦的十个字的诗。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "春暖花开笑嫣然，心中欢喜涌洋溢。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "将这句话编辑一下，使其听起来更专业。 ",
+ "input": "她是一个非常友好的女孩。",
+ "output": "\"她表现出极高的友善度并与他人保持良好关系。\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述贫困对教育的影响。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "贫困对教育的影响主要表现在以下几个方面：\n\n1. 缺乏投入：由于经济条件的限制，贫困家庭可能无法为孩子提供足够的教育投入，包括书本、文具、学费等，这会严重影响孩子的教育。\n\n2. 缺乏关注：贫困家庭的父母可能没有太多时间和精力关注孩子的教育，他们可能忙于谋生，挣钱养家。这会导致孩子缺乏家庭教育和关爱，影响学习成绩。\n\n3. 缺乏机会：贫困家庭的孩子可能无法接受良好的教育，因为他们无法负担较高的学费，也无法进入优质学校。这会导致他们的教育机会受到限制。\n\n4. 缺乏动力：贫困还会影响孩子的学习动力。孩子可能会渐渐失去学习的信心和动力，变得消极、懈怠，无法完成学业。\n\n综上所述，贫困对教育的影响是多方面的，它不仅影响孩子的学习成绩，还会影响他们的心理状态，进一步影响他们的未来发展。因此，为了让孩子接受到良好的教育，应当采取有效的措施，帮助贫困家庭解决经济困难，为孩子创造一个良好的学习环境。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "识别谋杀悬疑小说的氛围。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "谋杀悬疑小说通常以一种神秘，危险和紧张的气氛为特征。这种类型的故事通常开始于一个谋杀案件，引发一系列的推理和调查，故事情节充满了意外的转折和扑不尽的线索。随着故事的发展，读者会感到一股莫名的紧张感，因为嫌疑人和犯罪嫌疑不断转移，让读者面临不断变化的局面。\n\n在这种类型的小说中，作者经常使用阴暗，阴森和神秘的场景来创造一种不安和紧张的气氛。对话和人物动作也常常带有一种紧张和不确定的感觉，使读者在阅读过程中不断猜测谁是罪犯。最终，故事通常会以一种出人意料的方式揭示真相，给读者带来一种紧张刺激的阅读体验。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "分析运动员 Lionel Messi 的职业成就。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "雷奥·梅西（Lionel Messi）是一名世界著名的阿根廷足球运动员，曾在西班牙巴塞罗那俱乐部效力长达21年，现在为法国巴黎圣日耳曼俱乐部效力。梅西因其非凡的技术和过人的天赋而广受赞誉，在他职业生涯中取得了诸多让人瞩目的成就。\n\n个人荣誉：\n梅西曾七次获得世界足球先生（Ballon d'Or）称号，是历史上获得这一奖项最多的球员。他还在2009年、2010年、2011年、2012年、2016年获得了FIFA年度最佳球员。\n\n俱乐部成就：\n梅西在为巴塞罗那效力期间，帮助球队取得了诸多胜利。他曾十次获得西班牙足球甲级联赛冠军，七次获得国王杯冠军，以及四次欧洲冠军联赛冠军。值得一提的是，在他为巴塞罗那效力期间，巴塞罗那曾两次赢得西甲、国王杯、欧冠三冠王荣誉。\n\n国家队成就：\n梅西代表阿根廷国家队参加了四届世界杯比赛，一次获得了季军，一次晋级决赛，但未能夺冠。在2016年，他带领阿根廷获得了美洲杯亚军，并在202"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一个四字谚语。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "路不拾遗。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "改变以下句子，确保意思不变：“老师正在发书。”",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"老师正在分发书本。\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "给定一个句子，从给定的列表中添加一个合适的形容词。",
+ "input": "输入：\n他们上了饭。\n形容词：热腾腾的，辣的，甜的。",
+ "output": "他们上了热腾腾的饭。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成至少五个数字营销策略的列表。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 社交媒体营销：使用社交媒体平台（如Facebook，Twitter和LinkedIn）上的广告和推广内容来触达目标受众。\n\n2. 电子邮件营销：使用电子邮件营销软件定期向订阅用户发送电子邮件，提供有价值的内容和推广信息。\n\n3. 影响力营销：与行业或社区内的影响者合作，推广您的产品或服务，从而扩大品牌影响力。\n\n4. 搜索引擎优化：通过优化网站内容和结构，提高搜索引擎排名，从而吸引更多的有机流量。\n\n5. 内容营销：创建并发布高质量的内容，通过故事讲述、短片和博客文章等方式与目标受众建立联系，并促进销售。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "总结研究的关键发现：人工智能可以使用深度学习方法准确检测新冠病毒。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "研究表明，人工智能在检测新冠病毒方面具有潜在价值。通过使用深度学习方法，人工智能可提高对新冠病毒的识别和检测能力，实现快速、准确诊断的目标。因此,人工智能有助于改善新冠疫情的防控和应对,为医疗工作者提供更优质有效的诊断方法。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述好的组织结构的三个潜在好处。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 提高效率：良好的组织结构使员工了解他们的职责、目标和职位，从而可以更快地完成任务并减少不必要的工作重叠。\n\n2. 促进交流：清晰明确的通信渠道和职责分配为员工提供了更容易交流和协作的机会。这有助于解决问题、提高团队合作能力和提升生产力。\n\n3. 增加透明度和问责制：好的组织结构可以促进信息的公开透明，使管理人员和员工更好地了解公司的目标、决策过程和操作情况。这有助于提高责任心，促进团队合作和创造更健康的工作环境。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创造一个比喻来描述难以理解的事物。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "难以理解的事物有时就像一个谜一样令人困惑。它就像一座高高的山峰，你需要爬上去才能欣赏到它的壮丽风光。就好比是一道复杂的数学题，需要不断地思考和尝试才能最终解决。就像是一道佳肴，需要经过精心的烹饪和调料才能味道鲜美。难以理解的事物往往需要我们耐心去探索，用心去领会，才能真正地了解它。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一个适当的结论来结束这个故事。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "最终，经过艰辛的旅途和勇于面对困难的心态，主人公终于达成了他追求的目标。他深深懂得，人生并不总是一帆风顺，面对挑战，决不能轻言放弃。他一直带着感恩的心去接纳生命中的一切，正是这种乐观、坚韧不拔的精神，让他在困境中成长，最终走向成功。故事告诉我们：只要我们不懈追求、勇往直前，命运终会给予我们最美好的回报。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出五个欧洲国家。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 法国 (France)\n2. 英国 (United Kingdom)\n3. 德国 (Germany)\n4. 意大利 (Italy)\n5. 西班牙 (Spain)"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "告诉我君主的两种主要类型。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "世界上主要有两种类型的君主：君主立宪制国家和君主专制制国家。\n\n在君主立宪制国家中，君主仍然是国家元首，但他或她的权力是受到宪法或其他法律的限制，并且与议会或其他立法机构共同治理国家。这种类型的君主制国家包括英国、瑞典和日本等国家。\n\n在君主专制制国家中，君主拥有绝对的、不受限制的权力，他或她独自统治国家，并且不受任何法律或机构的约束。这种类型的君主制国家包括沙特阿拉伯、卡塔尔和文莱等国家。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "说出你在花园里能找到的一种虫子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "在花园里，你可以找到蜜蜂。它是一种非常重要的昆虫，因为它能帮助授粉，维护生态平衡。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "身体的哪个器官负责过滤体内的毒素？输出该器官的名称。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "肝脏负责过滤体内的毒素。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "使用三个随机单词生成适当的安全系统密码。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "为了验证你的身份，我需要你继续会话以进行验证。\n\n生成安全密码非常重要，但也要确保它是容易记住的。一种方法是使用随机单词来创建短语，这样便于记忆且难以猜测。\n\n例如，如果使用随机单词 \"Grapes\", \"Dolphin\" 和 \"Sunshine\"，我们可以创建密码 \"Grapes_Dolphin_Sunshine\" 。为了增强安全性，我们可以添加数字和特殊字符，例如 \"Grapes_46Dolphin_Sunshine!\"。\n\n最重要的是，确保密码不短于8个字符，并且包含大写字母、小写字母、数字和特殊字符，这样可以保护您的帐户。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "离散或连续？：身高",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "身高在理论上是连续变量，可以使用连续数值（如 170.5厘米）来测量。但是在实际应用中，人们通常会将身高四舍五入为整数或半整数，这样身高就被量化为离散变量。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "2018年的年通货膨胀率是多少？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "我抱歉，我是一个语言模型不能回答有关具体年份通货膨胀率的信息，因为通货膨胀率会随着时间变化。请提供具体国家的名称以便查询当时的年度通货膨胀率数据。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "造一个有趣的例子来解释“贪多嚼不烂”这个成语。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "好的，这里有一个简单，有趣的例子来帮助理解这句成语。\n\n有一个小男孩叫小明，他非常喜欢吃糖果。一天，他妈妈给了他一大包糖果，告诉他慢慢吃，不要一次吃太多。但小明太爱糖果了，他一口就把整包糖果都塞进了嘴里。虽然他很想吃掉所有的糖果，但是他嘴里塞得太满了，根本嚼不动。结果，他只能吐出来，浪费了一大包糖果。\n\n这个故事就像成语 “贪多嚼不烂” 所描述的，意味着一个人如果贪心，想要得到太多的东西，但却没有能力消化这些东西，最终会一无所获。小明如果听从妈妈的话，慢慢享受糖果，他就能吃完整包糖果。这就是 “贪多嚼不烂”的道理。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "输出陆地上最大的动物",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "陆地上最大的动物是非洲象。它可以重达7吨以上，身高能达到4米。这种大型哺乳动物主要栖息在非洲的草原和热带雨林地区。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "确定给定文本的主题。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "抱歉，您没有给我任何文本作为参考。请提供要确定其主题的文本。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出三种灭火器中使用的化学物质。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 干粉灭火器：包含单磷酸二氢铵（Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate）、活性二氧化碳及碳酸氢钠等；\n2. 水基灭火器：包含去离子水及法兰，通常含有湿化剂，也就是可以降低水的张力的灭火化学物质\n3. 碳酸氢盐灭火器 (CO2) : 含二氧化碳气体，可以在使用过程中，通过使火势受限来扼杀可燃物。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成一个创意写作提示。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "\"写一个故事，讲述一个普通人突然获得超能力，他如何利用这种能力来帮助周围的人，同时保护自己的秘密不被发现。随着超能力的增长，他内心也经历了巨大的挣扎和变化。最后，他做出了一个艰难的选择，决定将自己的命运交给了上帝。\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "如果有人给你一张价值50美元的在线礼品卡，你该如何使用它？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "由于我是一个人工智能程序，我无法使用礼品卡。但是，如果您希望我为您提供建议，您可以使用这张50美元的礼品卡购买满足您需求，提高生活品质或学习与工作的产品或服务。例如，您可以购买电子书或课程来扩展您的知识，或者购买一些您喜欢的物品来给自己一个奖励。最重要的是购买有意义的产品或服务，能够给您带来价值。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "解释Drake方程如何用于估计银河系中外星文明的数量。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "德雷克方程（Drake Equation）是一种用来估计银河系内拥有可传播无线电信号的文明数量的方程。它由弗兰克·德雷克（Frank Drake）在1961年提出，并因此而得名。这个方程式如下： \n\nN = R * fp * ne * fl * fi * fc * L\n\n其中：\nN = 银河系内可能存在的文明数量；\nR = 银河系内恒星的形成速度（即每年有多少恒星形成）；\nfp = 银河系内有多少恒星拥有行星；\nne = 每个拥有行星的恒星系统中有多少颗行星位于宜居带，有可能涵盖生命的环境；\nfl = 如果行星位于宜居带，那么这个行星上存在生命的可能性；\nfi = 如果行星上存在生命，那么这个生命体演变出智能的可能性；\nfc = 如果存在智能生命体，那么智能生命研发出可以与外太空的其他生命交流的技术的可能性；\nL = 文明拥有能与外太空交流技术的时间长度。\n\n每个因子都有很大的不确定性，因此，德雷克方程仅仅是一种概念性的模型，而非精确的计算工具。它的真正价值在于提供了一种对银河系内外星文明数量进行推测和估计的框架。通过改变方程中各个因子的值，科学家可以模拟出各种不同的可能场景，并基于此展开深入讨论。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "这个早上有一起车祸，车子被撞了。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "很抱歉听说你有车祸。你是否需要呼叫紧急救援或联系保险公司？"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "改写这个句子：“这辆车跑得很快。”",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这辆汽车的速度非常快。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "根据给定的格式，基于所提供的信息创建文本输出。",
+ "input": "输入：\n姓名：约翰\n城市：伦敦\n格式：嗨[name]，这里是[city]打来的！",
+ "output": "输出：\n嗨约翰，这里是伦敦打来的！"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "确定一个新产品的客户群体",
+ "input": "输入：\n产品：面向学生的冷冻食品",
+ "output": "基于提供的信息，一个新产品的客户群体可以包括以下几类：\n\n- 学生群体：由于这是面向学生的冷冻食品，因此学生便是其主要目标。这包括了在校的中小学生、大学生和研究生。\n- 忙碌的父母：对于那些时间紧张、需要为孩子提供快速营养食物的父母来说，这种冷冻食品也可能成为一个很好的选择。\n- 宿舍或单身公寓居民：由于学生宿舍或单身公寓的厨房空间有限，且往往缺乏完整的烹饪用具，所以这类冷冻食品可能也会受到这一群体的欢迎。\n- 健身爱好者：如果该产品含有丰富的蛋白质和其他营养成分，它也可能吸引一些注重身体健康和锻炼的人群。\n\n总之，该产品的目标客户群体可能包括学生、忙碌的父母、宿舍或单身公寓居民以及健身爱好者。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "如何煮煎蛋的指示：",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 首先，准备好一只平底锅，中火加热。\n2. 在锅中加入适量的油，等待油热至约 120°C 左右。\n3. 此时打入一个鸡蛋，注意将蛋黄保持在锅中央。\n4. 可以用锅铲轻轻拨动蛋白，使其更好地散开并且煎得更均匀。\n5. 根据个人喜好，煎至蛋白凝固但蛋黄部分流动或者蛋黄完全凝固。\n6. 最后撒上适量盐和黑胡椒粉，用锅铲小心翻面，煎约 30 秒即可。\n7. 将煎蛋用锅铲轻轻移至盘子中，即可享用热气腾腾的煎蛋啦！"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "威斯康星州的地理面积是多少？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "威斯康星州的总面积为169,639 平方公里。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "求85、44和102的平均值。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这三个数的平均值为 (85 + 44 + 102) / 3 = 231/3 = 77。所以答案是77。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "实现快速排序算法以对给定的数组进行排序。",
+ "input": "输入：[4, 3, 5, 9, 1]",
+ "output": "输出：[1, 3, 4, 5, 9]\n\n这是快速排序算法的一个实现方法：\n\n```\ndef quick_sort(arr):\n if len(arr) <= 1:\n return arr\n pivot = arr[len(arr) // 2]\n left = [x for x in arr if x < pivot]\n middle = [x for x in arr if x == pivot]\n right = [x for x in arr if x > pivot]\n return quick_sort(left) + middle + quick_sort(right)\n```\n\n调用此函数，并将给定的数组作为参数传递：\n```\narr = [4, 3, 5, 9, 1]\nprint(quick_sort(arr))\n```\n\n输出结果为：[1, 3, 4, 5, 9]"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用比喻和隐喻来描述一个场景。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "夕阳西下，余晖流洒在海面上，宛如一层金色的面纱。海浪轻拍着沙滩，发出阵阵欢快的歌声，海鸥则在空中翱翔，似乎在这幅画面中舞蹈。在这片金色的海洋中，我感觉自己如同一叶小舟，随波逐流，晃晃荡荡。整个世界都变得柔和而祥和，宛如一曲温柔的摇篮曲，让人沉醉其中。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "建议如何解决这个问题。",
+ "input": "输入：我找不到我的车钥匙。",
+ "output": "1. 回想一下最后一次使用车钥匙的地方，试着在那个地方附近寻找看看。\n2. 检查一下容易遗忘的地方，例如口袋、包包、桌子抽屉等。\n3. 询问家人或朋友是否看见过你的车钥匙。\n4. 如果仍然找不到，可以联系汽车经销商或锁匠，询问更换车钥匙的方法。\n5. 在未来，可以将车钥匙挂在一个固定的地方，或者使用一个追踪器来防止再次遗失。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "列出5种减少二氧化碳排放的方法。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "以下是减少二氧化碳排放的5种方法：\n\n1. 采用可再生能源：使用太阳能、风能、水能、地热能等可再生能源替代化石燃料可以减少二氧化碳排放。\n2. 提高能源效率：提高能源使用的效率，例如通过节能灯泡，节能家电，节能汽车等，减少能源消耗，进而减少二氧化碳排放。\n3. 绿化植树：树木和其他植被可以通过光合作用吸收二氧化碳，因此种植更多的树木和植被有助于减少大气中的二氧化碳浓度。\n4. 减少交通污染：鼓励采取交通方式，如骑自行车、步行或搭乘公共交通工具，减少汽车使用量，进而减少二氧化碳排放。\n5. 改进工业生产过程：采取清洁生产技术，提高工业生产过程中的能源效率，减少工业废气排放，减少二氧化碳排放。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用输入创作俳句诗。 ",
+ "input": "输入：蝉的声音。",
+ "output": "热夏草丛中，\n蝉鸣声嘹亮，\n此刻恬静存。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "提供一个可以帮助你学习新语言的网站例子。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "Duolingo 是一个非常受欢迎的网站，可以帮助你学习新语言。它提供了多种语言的课程，包括法语、西班牙语、德语、意大利语等。Duolingo 的课程结构清晰，每个单元都包含了语音、听力、阅读和写作练习。此外，它还有一个社区，可以让你与其他学习者交流，互相帮助和鼓励。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "用“煽动”这个动词造两个例句。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "1. 这个政治家的演讲煽动群众走上抗议示威的道路。\n2. 他的煽动性言论导致了工人之间的冲突不断升级。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "写一封感谢信给你的朋友，感谢他们送给你一份礼物：一张充满真挚感情的友好卡片。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "亲爱的朋友，\n\n我希望这封信能够传达我对你的衷心感谢。当我收到你给我的那张友好卡片时，我的心中充满了温暖和喜悦。这份礼物不仅表达了你的深厚友情，而且也让我感受到了你的支持和关心。\n\n我珍惜我们之间的友谊，并感到非常荣幸能够拥有你这样一个关心和支持我的朋友。你的卡片为我带来了许多快乐和欢笑，让我知道我并不孤单。\n\n在此，我再次感谢你送给我的这份珍贵的礼物，并希望我们的友谊能够持续长久、发展壮大。\n\n感谢你为我带来的一切。\n\n此致，\n\n你的朋友。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "创建一条推文，以增加社交媒体账户的关注者。",
+ "input": "Twitter账户：@TheFitnessPlanet",
+ "output": "\"加入 @TheFitnessPlanet 的运动旅程，了解最新的锻炼技巧和健康饮食建议💪。关注我们并微笑度过一整天！ #健康生活方式 #运动健身 #健康饮食\""
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "电子商务网站用于防止欺诈的方法。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "电子商务网站可以采取多种措施来防止欺诈，包括：\n\n1. 采用安全的支付方式：电子商务网站可以接受安全的支付方式，如信用卡，Paypal等。这些支付方式都有自己的安全机制，可以有效防止虚假交易。\n\n2. 验证买家信息：电子商务网站可以通过验证买家提供的身份信息和联系方式，来确认买家的真实性。如果发现有可疑的信息，可以暂停订单并进一步调查。\n\n3. 引入风险评估模型：电子商务网站可以通过大数据分析和人工智能技术，来评估每笔订单的风险程度。如果发现高风险订单，可以进一步进行人工审核。\n\n4. 建立严格的退款政策：电子商务网站可以建立严格的退款政策，以防止买家通过虚假退款来进行欺诈。同时，也要确保退款政策的公平性，以保护消费者的权益。\n\n5. 提供安全保障：电子商务网站可以通过提供安全保障，如购物保险等，来为消费者提供更多的保障。这样，即使发生欺诈行为，消费者也能得到一定的赔偿。\n\n6. 加强对欺诈行为的监管和惩罚：电子商务网站可以与相关部门合作，加强对欺诈行为的监管和惩罚。一旦发现欺诈行为，应立即采取措施，防止类似行为的再次发生。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "河流，街道，海滩",
+ "input": "自然地理特征，人造地理特征",
+ "output": "河流，海滩是自然地理特征。它们是大自然界独立形成的，没有人为干涉的自然景观。河流是地表水流经的水道，连接高地与低地，将雨水、地下水和冰雪融水汇集起来，输入湖泊和海洋。海滩则是海洋与陆地交接处的一种地貌，是由海水冲刷和淤积作用形成的。\n\n街道则是人造地理特征。它是人类根据城市规划和交通需求人为修建的用于行车和行人通行的道路。街道能连接城市中不同区域，促进人民生活和经济发展。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "在线调查的目的是什么？",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "在线调查是一种用来收集信息和意见的有效工具。其目的可能有很多，其中一些常见的目的包括：\n\n1.了解客户满意度：公司通过在线调查了解客户对其产品、服务或品牌的看法，以便改进服务质量，提高客户满意度。\n\n2.市场研究：公司通常使用在线调查来收集有关目标市场的信息，以便根据调查结果做出有效的业务决策。\n\n3.产品开发：在线调查可以帮助收集用户对产品的需求，需求可能可以改进现有产品或为新产品提供创意。\n\n4.评估员工满意度：公司也可使用在线调查了解员工对工作环境，福利待遇，管理水平等方面的意见，以便改进员工满意度。\n\n5.意见收集：政府机构，非营利组织或社区团体进行在线调查，以收集公民对特定话题或政策的意见，作为决策依据。\n\n总之，在线调查的目的主要是收集信息、意见和反馈，以便进行更好的决策和改进。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成以下博客文章的摘要：随着技术的进步，人类探索和到达以前无法到达的地方的能力正在迅速增强。随着科技公司争相开发越来越具有开创性的交通方式，世界正处于人类旅行革命的边缘。然而，全球流动性面临一个重大挑战——交通成本的高昂。航空机票、电动汽车和其他交通方式的成本超出了许多人的经济承受能力。此外，这样的价格通常对于生活在农村地区、没有基础设施的人来说是不可承受的。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "摘要：随着技术的发展，人类正处于旅行革命的边缘，科技公司正在开发更加创新的交通方式。但由于交通成本高昂，对许多人来说不可承受，特别是生活在农村地区和缺乏基础设施的人群。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "生成化学元素列表。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "下面是按原子序数*排序的化学元素列表：\n\n1. 氢（Hydrogen, H）\n2. 氦（Helium, He）\n3. 锂（Lithium, Li）\n4. 铍（Beryllium, Be）\n5. 硼（Boron, B）\n6. 碳（Carbon, C）\n7. 氮（Nitrogen, N）\n8. 氧（Oxygen, O）\n9. 氟（Fluorine, F）\n10. 氖（Neon, Ne）\n11. 钠（Sodium, Na）\n12. 镁（Magnesium, Mg）\n13. 铝（Aluminium, Al）\n14. 硅（Silicon, Si）\n15. 磷（Phosphorus, P）\n16. 硫（Sulfur, S）\n17. 氯（Chlorine, Cl）\n18. 氩（Argon, Ar）\n19. 钾（Potassium, K）\n20. 钙（Calcium, Ca）\n21. 钪（Scandium, Sc）\n22. 钛（Titanium, Ti）\n23. 钒（Vanadium, V）\n24. 铬（Chromium, Cr）\n25. 锰（Manganese, Mn）\n26. 铁（Iron, Fe）\n27. 钴（Cobalt, Co）\n28. 镍（Nickel, Ni）\n29. 铜（Copper, Cu）\n30. 锌（Zinc, Zn）\n31. 镓（Gallium, Ga）\n32. 锗（Germanium, Ge）\n33. 砷（Arsenic, As）\n34. 硒（Selenium, Se）\n35. 溴（Bromine, Br）\n36. 氪（Krypton, Kr）\n37. 铷（Rubidium, Rb）\n38. 锶（Strontium, Sr）\n39. 钇（Yttrium, Y）\n40. 锆（Zirconium, Zr）\n41. 铌（Niobium, Nb）\n42. 钼（Molybdenum, Mo）\n43. 锝(T"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述《简·爱》中的主人公。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "简·爱是夏洛蒂·勃朗特所著的一部著名小说中的主角。她出生于19世纪初的英国，是一个孤儿。简自幼便成为其残忍的姑母 Reed 太太的责骂对象，后来被送往一所贫困的寄宿学校，生活艰辛。\n\n尽管面临许多困难，简仍然十分坚强和独立。她不屈服于周围的人和环境，勇敢地表达自己的观点，坚持自己的原则。她坚持自尊、追求自由和平等，为自己的权益而斗争。\n\n在成年后，简在桑菲尔德庄园担任家庭教师，那里的主人是阴郁、自闭的罗切斯特先生。简逐渐爱上了罗切斯特先生，但又因发现他已婚的真相而离开庄园。她踏上漂泊的旅途，终于在最后找到幸福的归宿。\n\n简·爱是一个充满力量和智慧的女性形象，她坚持不懈，追求真爱和幸福的故事令人感动和鼓舞。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "确定这个陈述的目的。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "这个陈述的目的是向读者介绍或说明我作为一个人工智能助手是非常乐于助人的。这可能是为了建立信任和与用户建立关系，或者是为了说明我的主要功能之一。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "编写一个Python程序来反转以下列表。",
+ "input": "输入：\nlist = [1,3,5,7,9]",
+ "output": "下面是一个简单的Python程序，可以反转列表中的元素：\n\n# 定义列表\nmy_list= [1,3,5,7,9]\n\n# 反转列表\nmy_list.reverse()\n\n# 输出结果\nprint(my_list)"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "为一个专注于动物福利的非营利组织生成使命宣言。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "作为一个致力于维护动物权益的非营利组织，我们坚守以下使命：\n\n- 通过教育与宣传，呼吁社会人士关注动物福利问题，提高公众对动物权益的认识。\n- 通过实地考察、调查研究与政策倡导，推动政府对动物福利问题的重视，制定和完善相关法律法规。\n- 与各个相关团体合作，为受虐动物提供医疗、庇护与照料，为流浪动物寻找长期归宿。\n- 积极开展国际间的交流与合作，共同推进全球范围内的动物福利事业。\n\n我们的目标是建立一个人人都关爱动物、珍惜生命的社会。在此，我们恳请所有善良的人们加入我们的行列，为保护动物权益、维护生态平衡、建设和谐社会共同努力。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "概括托马斯·爱迪生的生平经历，用三句话。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "托马斯·爱迪生（Thomas Edison） was an American inventor and businessman, born in Milan, Ohio in 1847, and passed away in 1931 in the West Orange, New Jersey. 他被誉为“发明王”，在他一生当中，获得了1093项专利，其中著名的发明包括电灯、留声机和电影放映机等。 爱迪生通过创新、勤奋和持之以恒的探索精神，为世界带来了极大的贡献和影响。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "发现给定词对之间的关系。",
+ "input": "输入：家庭和家。",
+ "output": "\"家庭\"和\"家\"这两个词之间的关系是紧密相关联的。 家庭是指有亲属关系的人组成的社会基本单位，他们通常居住在一起并共同生活。 而家则可以指家庭成员居住的地方，也可以指一个人成长的家庭环境。因此，家庭和家之间有着非常密切的关联。 家是家庭成员的居住场所，而家庭是家的核心组成部分。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "河流，街道，海滩",
+ "input": "自然地理特征，人造地理特征",
+ "output": "河流，海滩是自然地理特征。它们是大自然界独立形成的，没有人为干涉的自然景观。河流是地表水流经的水道，连接高地与低地，将雨水、地下水和冰雪融水汇集起来，输入湖泊和海洋。海滩则是海洋与陆地交接处的一种地貌，是由海水冲刷和淤积作用形成的。\n\n街道则是人造地理特征。它是人类根据城市规划和交通需求人为修建的用于行车和行人通行的道路。街道能连接城市中不同区域，促进人民生活和经济发展。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述软件漏洞对客户体验的影响。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "软件漏洞指的是在软件中存在的安全漏洞或缺陷，它可能导致客户在使用软件时遇到各种问题。这些漏洞对客户体验产生的影响是多方面的，具体包括以下几点：\n\n1.数据安全：软件漏洞可能导致客户的个人信息或机密数据被盗取或篡改，从而严重损害客户的个人利益。\n\n2.系统稳定性：软件漏洞可能导致软件崩溃或系统不稳定，影响客户正常使用软件。\n\n3.软件功能：软件漏洞可能影响软件的某些功能，导致客户无法顺利完成某些操作。\n\n4.便利性和效率：对于客户而言，频繁遇到软件漏洞会让他们感到不便和低效，从而影响客户体验。\n\n5.信任度：软件漏洞反映了软件开发商对产品质量和安全性的重视程度。如果客户频繁遇到漏洞问题，他们可能会对该软件以及开发商的信任度下降。\n\n综上所述，软件漏洞对客户体验的影响是巨大的，开发商应该更加重视漏洞修复工作，以提供更加安全、稳定和高效的软件产品。"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "设计一个健身计划，包括有氧运动和力量训练。",
+ "input": "输入：\n有氧运动：跳绳和跑步\n力量训练：俯卧撑和仰卧起坐。",
+ "output": "根据您提供的信息，为您设计了以下健身计划：\n\n每周进行5天锻炼，每天锻炼时间为1小时，由两个部分组成：有氧运动和力量训练。\n\n1. 有氧运动（30分钟）：\n- 跳绳：10分钟快速跳绳，每分钟尽可能多地完成跳绳次数，以提高心肺功能和耐力。\n- 跑步：20分钟中等强度跑步，每周可以逐渐增加强度和时间，以提高心肺功能和耐力。\n\n2. 力量训练（30分钟）：\n- 俯卧撑：完成3组俯卧撑，每组12-15个，每组间隔1分钟休息时间（逐渐递增组数和数量）。俯卧撑主要锻炼胸肌，三角肌和手臂肱二头肌。\n- 仰卧起坐：完成3组仰卧起坐，每组15-20次，每组间隔1分钟休息时间（逐渐递增组数和数量）。仰卧起坐主要锻炼腹部肌肉。\n\n注意事项：\n1. 锻炼前应进行热身活动，锻炼后进行适当的拉伸放松。\n2. 遵循循序渐进的原则，在自己承受范围内锻炼，避免锻炼过量或受伤。\n3. 根据自己的体能和需要，适当调整锻炼内容和时间。\n\n以上是一个基础的健身计划，希望对您有所帮助！"
+ },
+ {
+ "instruction": "描述安第斯山脉的位置。",
+ "input": "",
+ "output": "安第斯山脉位于南美洲，横跨七个国家，包括委内瑞拉，哥伦比亚，厄瓜多尔，秘鲁，玻利维亚，智利和阿根廷。安第斯山脉是世界上最长的山脉之一，全长约7,000千米（4,350英里），其山脉沿着南美洲西海岸蜿蜒延伸，平均海拔约为4,000米（13,000英尺）。在其南部，安第斯山脉宽度达到700千米（430英里），在其北部宽度约为500千米（310英里）。"
+ }
+]
diff --git a/data/c4_demo.jsonl b/data/c4_demo.jsonl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36cbbad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/c4_demo.jsonl
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+{"text": "Don’t think you need all the bells and whistles? No problem. McKinley Heating Service Experts Heating & Air Conditioning offers basic air cleaners that work to improve the quality of the air in your home without breaking the bank. It is a low-cost solution that will ensure you and your family are living comfortably.\nIt’s a good idea to understand the efficiency rate of the filters, which measures what size of molecules can get through the filter. Basic air cleaners can filter some of the dust, dander and pollen that need to be removed. They are 85% efficient, and usually have a 6-inch cleaning surface.\nBasic air cleaners are not too expensive and do the job well. If you do want to hear more about upgrading from a basic air cleaner, let the NATE-certified experts at McKinley Heating Service Experts in Edmonton talk to you about their selection.\nEither way, now’s a perfect time to enhance and protect the indoor air quality in your home, for you and your loved ones.\nIf you want expert advice and quality service in Edmonton, give McKinley Heating Service Experts a call at 780-800-7092 to get your questions or concerns related to your HVAC system addressed."}
+{"text": "To the apparent surprise of everyone, the Walt Disney Company has announced a deal to purchase Lucasfilm Ltd. According to the official press release, Disney has agreed to fork over $4.05 billion in cash and stock for George Lucas’ studio in a deal that brings together two of the world’s most important intellectual property libraries.\nAs you might expect, Disney is itching to take advantage of its new toys. “This transaction combines a world-class portfolio of content including Star Wars, one of the greatest family entertainment franchises of all time, with Disney’s unique and unparalleled creativity across multiple platforms, businesses, and markets to generate sustained growth and drive significant long-term value,” said Disney CEO Robert Iger in this afternoon’s announcement.\nUnder the terms of this agreement Disney will acquire control over all Lucasfilm iterations. This includes both its traditional film-making studio facilities, as well as the various technologies Lucasfilm has created over the years to further its various media properties. Thus, the gigantic Disney family now includes Lucasfilm itself, special effects house Industrial Light & Magic, Skywalker Sound and LucasArts, the company’s video game creation division.\nThis acquisition alone would be huge news, but as if to pre-empt fan speculation on the future of Star Wars the same announcement also mentions that a new Star Wars movie is scheduled to appear in 2015. Though the vast majority of recent Star Wars media has been focused on the property’s various animated iterations and LEGO crossovers, this new film will be the first official cinematic continuation of George Lucas’ original Star Wars trilogy. Though very few details are offered on this film, it has officially been dubbed Star Wars: Episode VII, and barring any major catastrophes it should hit theaters at some point in 2015 (if we had to guess, we’d assume an early summer release in keeping with the tradition established by its predecessors).\nPerhaps even more intriguing however, is the announcement’s claim that Episode VII’s release will herald a new era in which new Star Wars movies hit theaters “every two to three years.” It specifically mentions Episodes VIII and IX by name, though offers no solid details on either film.\nWhile the effects of the move won’t be fully known for at least a few months, we can think of a number of a things this new union might change. For instance, currently Dark Horse Comics publishes all Star Wars comic books, but with Disney owning Marvel Comics we can’t see that agreement lasting for long. Likewise, both Disney and Lucasfilm have sizable divisions dedicated to creating video games based on their various media properties. Normally these companies have had to seek outside publishing agreements, but now that they’ve joined forces and massively expanded the number of games either company is capable of releasing in any given year, it makes a lot of sense for Disney to invest in its own games publishing wing.\nFinally, this agreement almost certainly heralds future crossovers between Disney and Lucasfilm characters. We don’t know any specifics, but it’s only a matter of time before we see toys depicting Mickey Mouse dressed as Darth Vader. Whether that sounds awesome or stomach-churningly disgusting is entirely up to your rapidly waning sense of childhood whimsy.\nUpdate: Scratch that last prediction. Apparently Disney characters dressed as Star Wars characters is already a thing.\nOur partnership with LucasFilm has produced over 20 yrs worth of stories. We have Star Wars for the near future, and hope for years to come."}
+{"text": "I hadn’t been to Red Mountain in over 4 years and was happy to experience it again. Milana Knowles, our VP Day Spa Sales and Marketing, held a Day Spa Retreat there with 35 of our partner day spa owners and managers. She invited me to speak to the group as part of the education part of the program.\nI noticed a general level of improvement in décor, food and accommodations at Red Mountain. Of course staying in one of their new villas made the whole experience much more luxe than I had ever experienced it before. Their dedicated spa facility was a real improvement over their previous “temporary” treatment rooms. Now there is a nice view with a relaxation room, good product choices, and in general a more spa-like feel. The only problem was that either they didn’t have enough therapists or all of their treatment times were booked solid. Seems they missed out on a lot of business because so many people wanted more treatments (including me) and couldn’t get them. Although more expensive than in the past, it still is a good value. I understand they are almost fully booked in October. And of course the hiking, as always, was spectacular.\nWe had arranged day spa retreats in the past but this was our first one in a long time – and the first that Milana coordinated. By all counts it seems it was a tremendous success…with the day spa owners having (in many cases) their first destination spa experience. Milana provided most of the education as she is an expert on retail sales and has managed some of the largest day spas in the country. There wasn’t a question she couldn’t answer! Comfort Zone was the sponsor and they were very generous in gifting all of the participants with facials and an array of their full size products.\nWe reviewed the results of our recent Day Spa Survey 2007 and I even gave them a “sneak peek” of the Top Spa Trends we are considering for 2008. (top secret!) What I like about these retreats is that the day spa owners are willing to share information very openly because they come from all over the country and for the most part do not compete with each other. By the time we all enjoyed the evening Fire Ceremony at the end of the retreat, we had gotten to know each other and become friends. Even shedding some tears together around the fire on that full-moon night, felt surprisingly good."}
+{"text": "Last month's fixture window provided a tease, but the final set of international matches for 2018 should finally give a glimpse into the real potential of the U.S. men's national team and its immediate future.\nChristian Pulisic, Weston McKennie and Tyler Adams, who all had to withdraw from October matches vs. Colombia and Peru because of injuries, will suit up Nov. 15 against England in London and Nov. 20 against Italy in Genk, Belgium, after being included on Dave Sarachan's roster for the European friendlies on Monday.\nPulisic has played only 89 minutes for the national team in the last 13 months, so his inclusion, amid a strong run of form with Borussia Dortmund, will provide a nice jolt for a national team that continues to turn the page and look forward.\nIt's all coming full circle for Sarachan, who began his caretaker role as national team coach with last November's friendly in Portugal, the first match after the U.S. failed to qualify for the 2018 World Cup. He'll presumably finish his tenure with the return trip to Europe, as it is widely expected that he will not be given the full-time role by USMNT general manager Earnie Stewart. That role was supposedly going to be filled–or at the very least have a chief candidate for it identified–by Nov. 1, but that loose deadline has come and gone, with perceived frontrunner Gregg Berhalter still alive in the MLS playoffs as coach of the Columbus Crew.\nThose playoffs have thrown a wrench into Sarachan's roster selection, too, with eight clubs still alive and featuring potential U.S. call-ups. That number of clubs will be reduced to four by next Sunday night, and with some MLS-based players arriving later in camp, Sarachan has expanded the roster to 28 players to ensure full training sessions while also giving opportunities to some newer faces.\nAmong the intriguing newcomers are a pair of midfielders in Fulham's 20-year-old Luca de la Torre, who has one cap, and Malmo's 23-year-old Romain Gall, for which this will be his first senior national team camp. Gall has impressed in Sweden in 2018, scoring 14 goals in 30 matches for Sundsvall and Malmo. Veteran and captain Michael Bradley, who had returned last month after a yearlong national-team hiatus, has not been included for this trip.\n\"With the availability of some players that we didn’t get to see in the last fixture window due to injury, the thinking is this roster gives us depth with young players that still need the experience of big games, especially games abroad,\" Sarachan said in a statement. \"With Michael Bradley, there are a couple reasons. The first is that after having earned 142 caps, his need for these games is far less important than it would be for players with less experience. Secondly, Michael’s schedule the past two years with Toronto FC has been virtually non-stop and he has largely played without a break. At this stage, it made sense to give him some extra time off and also allow these games to be a platform for players that lack that kind of experience.\"\nSteffen and Guzan appear to be the top two on Sarachan's depth chart, in that order, but it remains baffling that Bill Hamid isn't called into camp as one of the three options, especially with D.C. United out of the MLS playoffs. Bringing both Guzan and Steffen, whose teams could both advance, seems unnecessary, though the calls are merited based on their form. Steffen, at 23 and with more clutch playoff showings under his belt, remains the present and future of the No. 1 job.\nAs for the No. 3, which ultimately is of little consequence in these camps, Horvath has at least started Brugge's last two league games after a spell of inactivity and is getting the nod in Tuesday's Champions League match vs. Monaco, but he needs to show considerably more on a consistent basis to put his name back among the upper echelon.\nThis is more or less the same group that appeared last month, with Moore, Villafaña and Zimmerman joining and NYCFC's Ben Sweat being left behind. Villafaña should push the up-and-down Robinson for starter's minutes at left back, with the young Wigan player being beaten for pace by recent South American opposition while also showing the penchant for delivering a good ball while getting into the attack.\nOn the other side, Moore and Cannon should push Yedlin to start in at least one of the matches. Yedlin's familiarity with England's players from his time in the Premier League, not to mention his overall experience, would figure to give him the leg up in the opening friendly at Wembley.\nWith Miazga's recent struggles at Nantes and Long's solid showing vs. Peru, you wonder if the starting center back job next to Brooks is up for grabs, though.\nGetting the opportunity to play in Wembley would be a nice bonus for Robinson and Carter-Vickers, who were both born in England.\nAt last, Sarachan has his full complement of young midfielders from which to choose. Pulisic, McKennie, Adams and Weah figure to make up the nucleus of the national team for the foreseeable future, and this is the first time they've all been in a camp together. Barring any injuries picked up Tuesday in Champions League vs. Atletico Madrid or Saturday in the Bundesliga vs. Bayern Munich, Pulisic will make his first U.S. appearance since May and only his second since the World Cup qualifying failure. That's nothing new, but it's no less staggering of a fact.\nIf the four start across in the midfield, that would figure to leave Acosta or Trapp behind them in a No. 6 role, though Trapp, despite multiple apperances donning the captain's armband, has yet to show the consistent quality at the international level to lock down that spot. If given another chance, it's a good opportunity to prove his worth.\nThe thinnest part of the U.S. roster remains as such. There's no Andrija Novakovich, who had been present in past camps but never had the chance to make a dent on the field, while Jozy Altidore is dealing with an ankle injury that cut his season with Toronto FC short and prevented him from being reintegrated into the fold. Going down the line, the options are uninspiring and wholly inexperienced for the moment.\nThat leaves the 18-year-old Sargent, who opened eyes with his play vs. Peru and is looking to make headway with the Werder Bremen first team after shining for its reserves, and Wood, who scored a very nice goal vs. Colombia, to lead the line.\nGetting Sargent, Pulisic, Adams, McKennie and Weah on the field together for as much as possible should be a chief priority in these two games. That they haven't had that opportunity in the last year, with untimely injuries a key factor in that, is one of the real disappointments of the transition phase."}
+{"text": "It was a very busy, but extremely enjoyable weekend here at The Cookery School, with a birthday celebration dinner for a very special lady on Saturday evening. We were honoured to host her 70th birthday.\nSundays are just getting busier and busier, 34 this week. The menu was inspired by one of our guests who had booked an Indian dinner so I wonder if I could convert into a three course Sunday lunch.\nSo the menu went as follows, Onion Bhajis with a Cucumber Raita and Mango Chutney. For main course we had Roast Chicken Tikka, Bombay alloo, Charred Aubergine with chilli and mint and a green bean and mushroom side dish, not forgetting the giant Yorkshire pudding! Desert was a hazlenut pavlova topped with a passionfruit salad made my lovely mother.\nJudging by the clean plates, it was great success! Roll on next Sunday, my favourite day of the week.\nNextLooking forward to another exciting weekend!\nThank you for a delicious Sunday Roast on 21 st October, our invited friends and family really enjoyed themselves – delicious Sunday lunch – vegetarian options also delicious! We will be with you again soon!"}
+{"text": "removal Jan Update Instructions Virus Remove Android 2019 One thing counterfeits haven't been able to copy, according to Morris, is the credit card–like magnetic strip. This means a counterfeit green card is useless for entry into the US, where Customs and Border Protection agents scan it. Employers can also punch the numbers into E-Verify, an online system from the US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) that verifies if someone can legally work in the US."}
+{"text": "A couple rediscover each other in their final moments.\nHey Catherine, read the script, lovely to read, I like this angle on the end of everything. My only departure is that I battle to see deserted supermarket, and empty streets, any how thats a deeper opinion on human nature.\nWell done it is an endearing sentimental story easy to identify with, with a dash of melancoly.\nAnd lastly, regarding the closing scene, I like your idea, and it is easy to write, and easy to read but that kinda stuff is difficult to communicate on film. Shots of books, papers, photos does not really communicating.\nSomething to think about, and again ... i could be wrong."}
+{"text": "What you need is a good friend & a bottle of your favorite….bourbon, whiskey, vodka…whatever, as long as it’s straight.\nA 20c coin, or if you’re a Yank, a quarter.\nChoose you favorite side, heads or tails (If you both have the same favorite, whoever calls it first).\nIf your choice was tails, and you get that… your friend has to take a shot. Vice Versa.\nIf you don’t flip your choice, you drink.\nChasers are aloud, as long as its only a mouth full.\nFirst one to vomit is the looser and has to get a smack across the head.\nThis entry was posted in Drinking Games by admin. Bookmark the Aussie Coin Flip Drinking Games."}
+{"text": "I’m an adventurous wedding & elopement photographer based in the beautiful city of Portland, OR. I’m a hat addicted, leather jacket loving, travel obsessed human who’s main passion is capturing effortless love. Along with this, you can forever catch me in a photo-booth, watching corny rom coms, eating peanut butter on anything, or telling you the craziest tinder stories ever. I love staying playful & silly which reflects directly into how I work. I cherish the light-hearted moments of each couple because they’re the ones you can capture in an instant and cherish for years to come. When we’re all hangin’ out together, it’s less about sweating the small things & more about you two being able to just enjoy being in love. I’d be honored to not only be your wedding photographer but someone who makes your day a little less stressful & fills it with a looooooot of love instead. I’m someone who invests 200% in the couples I work with so be prepared for me to cry right there with you. Nothing beats the moments when I see couples at their true happiest selves and I’ll be there as your biggest cheerleader through it all."}
+{"text": "The Department carried out a review in 2006 in relation to the planning implications of micro-renewable technologies. This process culminated in the publication of the Planning and Development Regulations 2007 (S.I. No. 83 of 2007) (pdf, 85kb) which give effect to new exempted development provisions in respect of micro-renewable technologies. These Regulations came into effect from 28 February, 2007.\nThe Regulations were finalised on foot of submissions received from interested parties on draft proposals set out in the consultation paper that was published by the Department in November 2006. A total of 65 submissions were received, almost all of which indicated support for the introduction of planning exemptions for micro-renewables as a means of encouraging uptake. A copy of the consultation paper and a summary paper on the public consultation process are available below."}
+{"text": "Description: 21km/2days; Day 1, 14 km. Day 2, 7 km; average; loop trails from same base; on a farm; one hut at base, three rooms, 42 beds; 4 persons min/ 42 persons max.\nComments: Historic place, birds, abseiling (bring own equipment) horse riding, 4x4 trail, mountain biking, wildlife. Regret no dogs.\nDescription: Ama Poot-Poot is situated on a private game farm in the Uitvlugt area between Belfast and Dullstroom 2 hours from JHB/PTA. Two one day circular trails: Reedbuck (13 km) and Trout trail (6 km). Spectacular kloofs, kranses, small gorges, cascades and waterfall. A large variety of game to be seen. Trails through grasslands, in ravines with indigenous forest, lots of rock pools and mountain streams. BASE CAMP: The Groot Poot Camp - a big, well maintained farm house for 24 hikers, 2 open plan bed rooms (12 beds each) Lounge with a cosy fire-place for cool Dullstroom winter nights. Ablutions: 2 separate bath rooms: hot and cold showers etc. Big kitchen with cooking utensils, 3 x 2 plate gas burners, fridge and wash up area. Mountain bike trails - bring own. Excellent bird watching, game viewing and star gazing!!\nComments: In mountains with lovely views, ravines, cross rivers, mountain streams, wandering to a 10m high waterfall, views, rock pools, interesting rock formations and trout dams. Game viewing and trout fishing. Undercover parking available.\nDescription: 9km/1day; easy; circular; in nature reserve; accommodation in Lydenburg.\nDescription: Choose from five trail options. Ammo Trail, loop to same base, 15.8 km; River Trail, day walk, 5 km; day walk; Kranz Trail, day walk, 5 km; Leopard Loop, day walk, 4 km; Kloof Trail, day walk, 1.2 km. Base camp, 24 persons. Leopard cave, sand floor, 8 persons. Hadeda's Nest self catering rondawel for four persons nearby.\nDescription: Bermanzi is situated in the Skurweberg mountains and Komati Valley, 2 hours from JHB/PTA. Second highest waterfall in Mpumalanga - the Uitkoms Waterall, on this farm!! 3 X BEAUTIFUL Day circular trails: 4 km, 6 km and 12 km. Trails in kloof, along river with rapids and crystal clear rock pools taking hikers to the Uitkoms waterfall. Indigenous forest and panoramic views. A must seen. Excellent bird life, more than 120 indigenous tree species are tagged and listed. Some natural Small game to be seen. BERMANZI BASE CAMP: 2 x Kranz chalets: Vakashani (20 Beds) Phumalani (15 beds) on a cliff. Stunning views. Excellent facilities, electricity, fridges, 2 plate stoves and all basic cooking utensils. Cosy braai areas and open air bomas. Excellent star gazing at night! NEW \"STABLE\" CAMP: For 30 hikers: With own kitchen, electricity, cooking utensils, coal stove, fridge etc. under cover braai area, ablution block, bath room, open braai boma with stunning views, etc.\nComments: Night one: The Stables at Bermanzi provides accommodation for up to 40 people. The original farm stables have been renovated to provide comfortable backpackers accommodation in rooms with bunk beds and a loft with views over the escarpment. There is a boma with with braai facilities, electric stove, hotplate, refrigerator, pots and mattresses. The ablution facilities have hot and cold showers and flush toilets. Night two: God's Window Camp at Five Assegais is electrified, there are 3 charming double story wooden pagodas, not tree houses but rock houses, built into the extraordinary sandstone rock canyons that are a feature of this estate, with bunk beds each sleeping 8 for a maximum of 24. Each hut is equipped with a fridge, stove and braai plus kitchen utensils and a sink. The camp has 4 open air hot showers incorporated into the rocks as well as 3 toilets that look over the whole of the Komati valley down to Badplaas as well a ladies only toilets and shower block and a spectacular natural boma with a fire place and seating to create a spectacular and comfy bush camp. The hiking Trail has Green Flag Status.\nDescription: Various loop trails (back to base), 12, 6 and 4 km. Routes may be combined. The trail has Green Flag Status. Breathtaking mountain valleys with indigenous forests and rock pools that can be explored on hiking trails varying in distance between 4 km and 12 km. The trails are rich in cultural and historical sites like genuine Bushman rock art paintings, Pedi and Swazi Kraals as well as sites of the Anglo Boer War. There is plenty of time to cool off in the refreshing waters of one of the many rock pools. It is breathtaking to take in the magnificent sight of the Bankspruit Waterfall which is the second highest waterfall in Mpumalanga.\nComments: The Stables provides accommodation for up to 40 people. The original farm stables have been renovated to provide comfortable backpackers accommodation in rooms with bunk beds and a loft with views over the escarpment. There is a boma with with braai facilities, electric stove, hotplate, refrigerator, pots and mattresses. The ablution facilities have hot and cold showers and flush toilets. The trail has Green Flag status.\nDescription: Five Assegais Trails offers two spectacular new day trails in the Skurweberg mountains, 2.5 hours from JHB/PTA. GOD'S WINDOW BASE CAMP: 2 x double storey wooden pagodo's, (rock houses), built into the extraordinary canyons, with bunk beds and mattresses, each sleeping 6-10 ( max of 20 hikers.) Braai facilities, Cooking and kitchen utensils. It is electrified and equipped with hot showers and loo's with a view. Ladies bath room!! Five Assegais All Day trail: 13.5 km. Medium to difficult, through a variety of eco biomes (Highveld and middele veldt), down into the Bankspruit gorge with crystal rock pools and the second highest waterfall in Mpumalanga: the Bride's Leap. Hells Bells Half Day trail: (+-8km): Less strenuous but a spectacular and intimate walk, down Hells Kloof, through a magic old forest of yellow wood and huge stink hout and tree ferns. Past smaller waterfalls and panoramic views on Swaziland. A lot of game species to be seen!\nComments: Night one: The God's Window Camp is electrified, there are 3 charming double story wooden pagodas, not tree houses but rock houses, built into the extraordinary sandstone rock canyons that are a feature of this estate, with bunk beds each sleeping 8 for a maximum of 24. Each hut is equipped with a fridge, stove and braai plus kitchen utensils and a sink. The camp has 4 open air hot showers incorporated into the rocks as well as 3 toilets that look over the whole of the Komati valley down to Badplaas as well a ladies only toilets and shower block and a spectacular natural boma with a fire place and seating to create a spectacular and comfy bush camp. Night two is spent at The Stables at Bermanzi providing accommodation for up to 40 people. The original farm stables have been renovated to provide comfortable backpackers accommodation in rooms with bunk beds and a loft with views over the escarpment. There is a boma with with braai facilities, electric stove, hotplate, refrigerator, pots and mattresses. The ablution facilities have hot and cold showers and flush toilets. The hiking trail has Green Flag status.\nDescription: 12km, Day loop, moderate. This beautifully laid out path takes you over the Skurwerand, a spectacular landscape of wind and water eroded ancient sandstone, filled with yellow wood trees and aloe gardens with views over the Komati valley all the way to Swaziland. The trial then plunges into the Bankspruit gorge taking you past crystal pools and rapids through a pristine gorge forest to the foot of the second highest waterfall in Mpumalanga, then out of the gorge and across old veld pastures filled with game back to the hiking camp situated on the very edge of the escarpment.\nComments: The God's Window Camp is electrified, there are 3 charming double story wooden pagodas, not tree houses but rock houses, built into the extraordinary sandstone rock canyons that are a feature of this estate, with bunk beds each sleeping 8 for a maximum of 24. Each hut is equipped with a fridge, stove and braai plus kitchen utensils and a sink. The camp has 4 open air hot showers incorporated into the rocks as well as 3 toilets that look over the whole of the Komati valley down to Badplaas as well a ladies only toilets and shower block and a spectacular natural boma with a fire place and seating to create a spectacular and comfy bush camp. The trail has Green Flag status.\nDescription: 5km trail takes you down the infamous `Hells Kloof Pass'. The trail meanders from the camp down into one of the largest yellow wood forests in the gorge, with a spectacular swing bridge in front of the waterfall and down past rapids and pools where the Louries cry and the orchids bloom, through secret places untouched by man, returning through this unspoiled forest of mosses and ferns back to the camp.\nComments: The God's Window Camp is electrified, there are 3 charming double story wooden pagodas, not tree houses but rock houses, built into the extraordinary sandstone rock canyons that are a feature of this estate, with bunk beds each sleeping 8 for a maximum of 24. Each hut is equipped with a fridge, stove and braai plus kitchen utensils and a sink. The camp has 4 open air hot showers incorporated into the rocks as well as 3 toilets that look over the whole of the Komati valley down to Badplaas as well a ladies only toilets and shower block and a spectacular natural boma with a fire place and seating to create a spectacular and comfy bush camp. The hiking Trail has Green Flag Status.\nLocation: The Five Assegais Estate is situated between Machadodorp and Badplaas in Mpumalanga.\nDescription: The Candlewood Loop goes in an anti clockwise direction from either camp both sections are about 10km with steep climbs and falls. Excellent hike for the more experienced hiker! Stunning views and lots of opportunities to swim in rock pools. CANDLEWOOD CAMP: This is the most recent addition to the estate. It is built on the most spectacular site with views over the Bankspruit gorge and the dramatic waterfall that falls 275 feet. This `green' camp is not electrified and a donkey geyser supplies hot water. Accommodates 20 persons in two romantic corrugated iron construction style dormitories from the days of the gold rush with a well-equipped kitchen with an internal braai as NO exterior fires are allowed during the wintertime to prevent fires in this pristine grassland.\nDescription: This trail can start at either camp: (God's Window or Pongola Express) and is a clockwise hike that traverses the edge of the Skurwerand before plunging down the valley through the `Cathedral' and along the river and past the Mac Falls amongst many others. The God's Window to Pongola trail (recommended day 1) is a long, moderate walk 10km. The Pongola to God's�Window section (day 2) is a shorter, steep and stunning 6km. GOD'S WINDOW BASE CAMP: 2 x Double storey wooden pagoda's, but rock and wooden houses, built into the extraordinary canyons, with bunk beds and mattresses, 8-10pers.(max of 20 hikers.) Communal equipped kitchen dining area, braai facilities indoors and outdoors and kitchen utensils. Electrified and equipped with hot showers and \"loo's with a view\". Ladies bath room!! Safe parking at the camp.\nDescription: Daywalks. Base- and bush bungalows, sleeps 30.\nDescription: The trail opened in 2010 when the three estates, Wathaba, Five Assegais Country Estate and Bermanzi collaborated to create the first 5-day trail on private land in South Africa. The Num-num explores some of the mos amazing landscapes in the world. The circular trail is 38.9 kilometers in length, with daily hikes of between 7 and 9 km between camps that cater for a maximum of 20 hikers.The Trail starts at the pongola Express. DAY 1 `Die Bergbas roete: 7.4 km: Takes one up 400 meters in easy stages from the Schoonspruit valley past timeless old kraals with stunning panoramas DAY 2 `The Bladdernut Track: 9.4 km: Traverses the Skurwerand then plunges into the Bankspruit gorge DAY 3 `The Milkplum path: 6 km. Easy walk. DAY 4 The Pom-Pon Way: 7.2 km. Skirts the edge of the escarpment before plunging down an indigenous forest valley into the Schoonspruit Valley DAY 5 `Die Koko Boom Pad: 8.9 km: Follows the Schoonspruit past stunning waterfalls and cascades to the Mac falls.\nDescription: The Pongola Express - Candlewood loop consits of two equal sections from either camp. Both sections are about 8km long and include some steep climbs, very dramatic with a wide variety of terrains. This Camp consists out of old train carriages, beautifully renovated and can accommodate up to 20 hikers. There is electricity, ablutions with hot water showers. Equipped kitchen, braai area, big social lapa and deck overlooking the valley. These historic 1934 SAR carriages were brought to this spot in the 60's as a weekend retreat. They have been renovated and now form the hub for the Num-num�and other hiking trails on the estate. This is the ideal start or end to any hike.\nDescription: trail rides varying between a few hours to a few days, or take part in cattle drives, cutting & roping, branding and other farm work. Rocky Ranch also offers pony camps over the school holidays for children 10 - 16 years old.\nComments: Rocky Ranch is a working cattle ranch situated on the escarpment of Mpumalanga. Our purpose is to establish an understanding of Western riding and to give guests the opportunity to experience the life and ways of the old-time cowboy.\nDescription: 18.3km/2 days; average to difficult; network; on a farm; overnight; 32 persons max. From a well drawn and very specific map, hikers can decide on their route, to suite each individual need. On the very edge of the Highveld escarpment, a trail network of more than 40 km awaits the hiker. These trails nestle deep in a picturesque valley and can be hiked all year round by hikers with different levels of experience - from families with junior hikers to the wilderness hiker. The trails are situated on Welgedacht, a dairy and trout farm with vast unspoilt wilderness areas. A unique feature of these trails are the ecological zones they span, namely river and wetland; grassland and foothills; indigenous mountain forest and kloof; and escarpment and highland. Two of the trails linking the valley to the highlands, cut through indigenous kloofs; some of the most unspoilt areas of indigenous forest in the Eastern Transvaal. Every trail has its unique focus such as flora, bird-life, archaeology and the magnificent vistas that hikers can enjoy from every vantage point. Overnight facilities: Oom Tos' house has 16 beds. Braai facilities with wood and grids. Potjie, pans and kettle. Ablution facilities - flush toilets and showers. Donkey fired geyser. Paraffin lamps. Two-plate cookers at each cottage. Under cover lapa for rainy days. Fern Kloof hut: 16 beds. Groups book max 16 persons. Big hearth with wood, pots, pans, kettle and braai grid. Stream water. Cold shower and flush toilet.\nComments: Bring own containers, buy fresh milk from dairy during milking times. Frozen Trout products can be ordered in advance. Trail badges are available. Oom Tos' house to be upgraded for smaller self catering groups.\nDescription: 14 or 17km/1 or 2 days; difficult; guided; circular; on a farm; hut at base for 42 persons max; basic overnight hut on trail for 12-14 persons.\nDescription: 23km/2day; moderate; overnight hiking trail, one way; steam train back to start; huts; 36 persons max.\nDescription: 21km/2days; moderate; circular; huts and camp sites; 32 persons max.\nDescription: Rock climbing and abseiling guiding and instruction. Our guides are registered with the Mountaineering & Development Training Trust (M.D.T.) as well as the South African Mountain Guiding Association (SAMGA)."}
+{"text": "« SF3Patch Version 14 Released!\nThe V14 patch has been re-posted due to a couple of lines that slipped through the cracks. Normally I probably wouldn’t find it necessary to re-post for just a couple of lines, but these were the final mass promotion lines from Remotest church late in Sc3.\nSo please grab the patch again before playing Sc3.\nThanks to Rune for pointing this out!\nThis entry was posted by legalize freedom! on Monday, February 11th, 2013 at 9:39 am. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.\nHello! In premium disk (character models session) the names of Isabella and Brigit are exchanged.\nI was just making sure you were paying attention.\nIs there source code available for the translation tool?\nI’d like to see how you did the compression because I’m finishing my own compressor for the X5 files.\nThankyou so much for your efforts!!"}
+{"text": "We carve this oath down in the Bitcoin’s Blockchain so there shall be no one in this world that can alter it.\nWe engrave this oath down in the Bitcoin’s Blockchain so there shall be no one in this world that can erase it.\nWe write this oath down in the Bitcoin’s Blockchain so everyone can be a witness on how sincere and honorable this promise is.\nWe mark this oath down in the Bitcoin’s Blockchain so it will be reserved for eternity.\n\" We, Oscar Adam Darmawan and Yenni, promise to take shared responsibility for our marriage. We promise to devote ourselves and be faithful in every way to one another. We will share this solemn vow with everlasting love in our hearts, from this very moment until our dying breaths.\t\""}
+{"text": "5 Bedroom House To Rent in London for £30,116 per Calendar Month (Calculated).\nSHORT LET - ALL BILLS INCLUDED A stunning five bedroom house located on this prestigious garden square, moments from Hyde Park.\nThe house is entered on the raised ground floor comprising large kitchen with top of the range Gaggenau appliances, pretty breakfast area overlooking the garden and adjoining reception room. The 1st floor is set out as a large double reception room with beautiful wooden floors and terrace overlooking stunning communal gardens.\nThe master bedroom occupies the 2nd floor with stunning detail and large ensuite bath and shower room. The top floor offers three bedrooms and family bathroom. On the lower floor there is a media room, kitchenette, guest WC, further bedroom and shower room. A house keeper is available.\nThe house benefits from high ceilings, original cornicing, an integrated music system, underfloor heating and air conditioning throughout."}
+{"text": "By Alfred E. Eckes Jr.\nDespite the passage of NAFTA and other recent free trade victories in the United States, former U.S. trade official Alfred Eckes warns that these developments have a dark side. Opening America's Market offers a bold critique of U.S. trade policies over the last sixty years, placing them within a historical perspective.\nEckes reconsiders trade policy issues and events from Benjamin Franklin to Bill Clinton, attributing growing political unrest and economic insecurity in the 1990s to shortsighted policy decisions made in the generation after World War II. Eager to win the Cold War and promote the benefits of free trade, American officials generously opened the domestic market to imports but tolerated foreign discrimination against American goods. American consumers and corporations gained in the resulting global economy, but many low-skilled workers have become casualties.\nEckes also challenges criticisms of the 'infamous' protectionist Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930, which allegedly worsened the Great Depression and provoked foreign retaliation. In trade history, he says, this episode was merely a mole hill, not a mountain.\nAlfred E. Eckes, Jr., a former chairman and commissioner of the U.S. International Trade Commission, is Ohio Eminent Research Professor in Contemporary History at Ohio University. His books include The United States and the Global Struggle for Minerals.\nFor more information about Alfred E. Eckes Jr., visit the Author Page."}
+{"text": "White House Council of Economic Advisers Chairman Kevin Hassett says Herman Cain has ample experience at the Federal Reserve level.\nPresident Trump’s potential pick to serve on the Federal Reserve’s Board of Governors says the left smeared him over his free-market economic principles.\nFour Republican senators have all said they would vote against a Herman Cain nomination.\nU.S. stocks moved broadly higher in early trading Wednesday on Wall Street, reversing course from a downturn that ended an eight-day winning streak.\nA majority of Federal Reserve officials last month believed that economic conditions would likely warrant keeping the Fed's benchmark policy unchanged for the rest of this year.\nTrump has reportedly blamed Mnuchin for recommending Powell for the top Fed job.\nThe Federal Reserve on Wednesday released minutes from its two-day policy meeting on March 19-20."}
+{"text": "Now after Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the king, behold, wise men from the east came to Jerusalem, saying, \"Where is he who has been born king of the Jews? For we saw his star when it rose and have come to worship him.\" When Herod the king heard this, he was troubled, and all Jerusalem with him; and assembling all the chief priests and scribes of the people, he inquired of them where the Christ was to be born. They told him, \"In Bethlehem of Judea, for so it is written by the prophet: \"'And you, O Bethlehem, in the land of Judah, are by no means least among the rulers of Judah; for from you shall come a ruler who will shepherd my people Israel.'\"\nThen Herod summoned the wise men secretly and ascertained from them what time the star had appeared. And he sent them to Bethlehem, saying, \"Go and search diligently for the child, and when you have found him, bring me word, that I too may come and worship him.\"\nWhat were the religious leaders of Jerusalem thinking?\nThis is what has always puzzled me about this story. Not the wise men, and not Herod – although more on them another day – but the reaction of those in Jerusalem. Here are these strange foreigners with news of the Messianic birth. “All of Jerusalem,” we read, “was troubled” at these news. Agitated by it. Muttering in the streets.\nBut what happens? The scribes and chief priests tell the wise men that the Messiah is to be born in Bethlehem. They know the time and the place. Their response, though, is to... do nothing?\nHow could these people not be packing their bags for a trip to David's city? How could they miss the chance, even if it was a tiny chance, to see if these strange foreigners could be right? If the Messiah had been born?\nMatthew doesn't tell us. But I can guess. I imagine, at least for some of them, that it was just a matter of routine. They had things to do! Responsibilities! The temple isn't going to run itself. The Scriptures aren't going to be copied without someone copying them. People need to be taught. Decisions need to be made. “There's so many good things we're doing, we don't have time!” they'd say.\nThey didn't have time to come a meet their Savior.\nIt is easy for us to feel judgmental, but we do the same thing. We get so busy with the good things in life that need to be done that we sacrifice the time it takes to meet with the Savior. We can't fit space in our busy schedules to experience God's salvation.\nI suspect the problem for the religious leaders, as it is for many of us, was simple. They had let the good things in their lives crowd out the best things.\nWe are busy people. We've got 24 hours in a day and 1,000 things we could do with them. And that's not itself wrong. But it can turn into a trap. Here's what I find myself doing. I am busy, and I look at the things that I'm busy with, and I ask the question “Are they good?” Because, obviously, there are ways to spend your time that are bad. Shouldn't do that. I ask whether they are good things, and if they are, I assume I'm living life the way I should. But if all we ask is “are these things good,” even if our answer is yes, the outcome can still be bad and destructive. Because good things can often be the enemy of the best things.\nThink about a parent who never makes time for their kids because of work. Some of us had those parents. Some of us can struggle with being them. That parent isn't doing bad stuff. Their hours are being spent on productive things. God made us to work, and to do it excellently. The problem is, that good stuff that robs their children of the time they need. The good, when it isn't looked at carefully, easily becomes the enemy of the best.\nOne of our callings in this time between Christ's comings is to spend our days pursuing what is best. Which isn't always easy - it often means giving up good things for other things that are better. There is often a sense of loss in that. Yet that loss is more than repaid by what is found."}
+{"text": "Meg Easter-Dawson, program development manager at Valley of the Moon Children’s Center (VMCC), will outline the center’s activities at the Aug. 16 luncheon of Sons in Retirement #53 at Oakmont’s Berger Center.\nIn the job since 2006, she manages community involvement in VMCC, located on Pythian Road, including working closely with the Valley of the Moon Children’s Foundation, a private nonprofit that works in partnership with the County of Sonoma to support children and youth.\nIn 2011, Easter-Dawson developed an onsite dental clinic to serve children in emergency foster care. Recently she has taken on responsibility for overseeing the foster care recruitment and support program for the County. From 1997-2005, she was coordinator of the Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis Office of Neighborhood Resources. She has a bachelor’s degree in sociology from University of Wisconsin-Madison and a master’s in social work from Indiana University.\nSIR Branch #53 meets on the third Thursday of each month in Oakmont’s Berger Center, 6633 Oakmont Dr. A social hour starts at 11 a.m. with luncheon at noon, catered by A La Heart Catering. Any Oakmont man interested in attending this presentation and/or membership should contact Dave McCuan at 539-3028. Ladies are welcome at 1 p.m. to hear the speaker."}
+{"text": "Take a small amount of calcium oxide or quick lime in a beaker.\nSlowly add water to this.\nTouch the beaker as shown in Fig. 1.3.\nDo you feel any change in temperature?\nA solution of slaked lime produced by the reaction 1.13 is used for white washing walls. Calcium hydroxide reacts slowly with the carbon dioxide in air to form a thin layer of calcium carbonate on the walls. Calcium carbonate is formed after two to three days of white washing and gives a shiny finish to the walls. It is interesting to note that the chemical formula for marble is also CaCO3.\nLet us discuss some more examples of combination reactions.\nIn simple language we can say that when two or more substances (elements or compounds) combine to form a single product, the reactions are called combination reactions.\n(ii) Do you know that respiration is an exothermic process?\nWe all know that we need energy to stay alive. We get this energy from the food we eat. During digestion, food is broken down into simpler substances. For example, rice, potatoes and bread contain carbohydrates. These carbohydrates are broken down to form glucose. This glucose combines with oxygen in the cells of our body and provides energy. The special name of this reaction is respiration, the process of which you will study in Chapter 6.\nC6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(aq) → 6CO2(aq) + 6H2O(l) + energy (Glucose).\n(iii) The decomposition of vegetable matter into compost is also an example of an exothermic reaction.\nIdentify the type of the reaction taking place in Activity 1.1, where heat is given out along with the formation of a single product."}
+{"text": "If you’ve ever been to the MOMA in New York City, you’ve experienced a plethora of wildly different styles and mediums of modern art. Much of it evokes strong reactions from the spectator from the mundane, “I don’t get it” to a fierce, “that’s the ugliest thing I’ve ever laid eyes on.” Many must have looked at the colorful works of Miró, Kandinsky, or Klee in their day and thought, “that’s not right. It needs to change.” But over time, their pieces have become regarded as great art. Picasso depicted his gorgeous lovers with green skin, eyes stacked horizontally, and noses protruding from their foreheads. His imaginative interpretation of beauty jars our senses, and while on the surface his abstract portraits may be perceived as “weird” or “ugly,” vibrationally his paintings irrevocably capture our attention. Young graffiti artist Basquiat’s work is not conventionally beautiful, but people connect to it fervently on an energetic level. When we experience art, we are examining the world through the artist’s perspective and experiencing his or her passion, intensity, and raw emotion. It resonates with us because on some level we acknowledge the artist’s ability to access their unique Soul Signature to produce those works of art. Regardless of our aesthetics, we accept it for what it is, relish the opportunity to share the artist’s light and expand our souls in the process.\nBy embodying their Soul Signature, great painters tap into a wellspring of inspiration and the result is not always water lilies on a tranquil Giverny pond. There is always a story behind a great work of art – a story that is at times painful, frightening, or even tragic. It may be difficult to look at or you may want to avoid it altogether but it’s the inclusion of the story, not the absence of it that makes the painting more moving and impactful. That engaging creative process can only occur when you’re in connection with your Soul Signature. The full magnitude of creativity flows most effortlessly when you’re in harmony of yourself and you start to see something beautiful in what you once thought was ugly. You begin to realize why you are who you are and start uncovering the masterpiece you were born to be.\nIn the eyes of the Divine, one artist is no better than another. Raushenburg is as brilliant as Rembrandt. It’s all art and all spirit, flowing freely onto life’s canvas and signed with individual fingerprints. Your Soul Signature vibrationally allows you to come into an awareness and harmony with your own artistic expression no matter the form it takes- wife, husband, mother, father, PhD, dog walker, etc. There is only recognition that you are your perfect self. Accessing your Soul Signature allows you to appreciate the masterpiece you are and lovingly embrace the self-portrait you see when you look in the mirror. What you see is not broken. Even with stacked eyes, green skin, and a misplaced nose, you are a glorious, celebrated work of art."}
+{"text": "There are only 3 pages left in this chapter!! It seems like I just started Chapter 7, but one, I didn't, and two, I'm purposefully making chapters more like 35 pages instead of 50 like....CHAPTER 5, oh yes.\nAnyway. Have you all ever felt like Martin does in this page? Like you have two (or more) different selves, one of which is hidden? And sometimes you're not sure which you is \"real\"?\nI certainly have. Not so much anymore, but once in a while. In other parts of my life, though, it was an immense struggle. When I was a kid I used to belt out Christina Aguilera's \"Reflection\" with all my heart and soul. Even at 8 years old.\nIf you're struggling with this, know you can make it through! The \"solution\" is different for everyone, and evades advice-giving. It's a personal journey that sometimes feels utterly hopeless, but there's hope and there's help out there for all of us."}
+{"text": "4 years of experience in Marketing, Operations and Business Analytics. Passionate about and currently working in the fields of Marketing, HR and Talent Acquisition. Knowledge and experience in inbound marketing, inbound recruiting, recruitment marketing, SEO, social media marketing and recruiting, email and marketing automation, consumer and candidate engagement, artificial intelligence, marketing and recruiting analytics.\nOf course you appreciate your employees…but how often do you show it and recognize their hard work?\nOK, so maybe you can’t afford expensive awards…but that isn’t an excuse for not showing your employees that you appreciate them! You don’t have to spend any money to recognize your employees and show them that you appreciate their hard work. Actually, according to Officevibe’s recent study, 82% of employees think it’s better to give someone praise than a gift.\nLearn valuable lessons on teamwork from leading companies such as Apple, Yahoo and LinkedIn!\nEffective teamwork is the secret behind the growth and success of the most successful companies in the world. Teamwork is an incredibly important ingredient of the ‘successful business’ recipe.\nTake companies such as Apple, Yahoo and LinkedIn for example. All of these companies are well aware of the importance of teamwork. They work hard to promote teamwork and encourage collaboration among their employees.\nWhat can we learn from these crazy successful companies and how they view and foster teamwork?\nKey takeaway: Make teamwork one of your key companies values and continually work on promoting it.\nKey takeaway: Teamwork starts at the top and filters down through every layer of your company. If you want your employees to foster team collaboration, model it form top.\nKey takeaway: Hire the best people and trust them to do their job. Team members will hold each other accountable.\n– Marissa Mayer, Former president and chief executive officer of Yahoo!\nKey takeaway: If you want to find a new, creative solution for a certain problem, bring (different) people together. Diversity leads to innovation.\nKey takeaway: Teamwork is a continuous process. Team members must learn how to successfully communicate and work together.\n➡️ If you’re looking for more great tips on managing employees, check out our Short Leaderships Tips for Managers!\nTesting candidates help companies ensure that their job candidates really have the required skills to successfully perform their jobs, as they claim in their resume or in a job interview. Without testing your candidates, you’ll end up choosing the best interviewee, not the best person for the job!\nLuckily, due to the scientific and technological advancement of candidate assessment tools, these platforms are now available online. This also makes them more affordable than ever, which is very convenient for employers.\nWhy should companies use online candidate assessment platforms?\nThe main reason why so many employers use online assessment platforms to test their candidates these days is that they guarantee a great candidate experience.\nBy accessing an online assessment platform, candidates can solve these assessment tests online from anywhere in the world, at the time that suits them the best. This method saves time and money both for candidates and employers, making a more convenient and timely option.\nThere are many different candidate assessment platforms on the market. We did thorough research and created a list of the best skill assessment tools, measured by reviews, services offered and ease of use.\nAll of the platforms we included in our list offer candidate assessment tests which can be administered quickly and easily through well-designed software.\neSkill is an online skills assessment solution which helps organizations deploy the most accurate, valid tests for pre-employment and skills gap assessments. You can choose from over 600 standard tests, 5000 combinable topics or create your own content for any job and industry.\nDevskiller offers developer screening and online interviews in one platform. They offer a possibility to test programming languages, frameworks and libraries. With their Test Wizard, you can generate a coding test based on your job description in order to verify the coding skills you are looking for.\nWith Interview Mocha, you can verify your candidate’s job fit with our 1000+ skill tests, aptitude tests, enterprise-ready assessment platform. You can choose from a vast library of pre-built skill tests, customize one yourself or order a custom-made test specially designed for you.\nThe Hire Talent offers different pre-employment test solutions, including people (EQ) & logic (IQ) assessments, work personality assessments, skills assessments and sales aptitude and skills assessments.\nMercer Mettl is an online talent assessments platform which can help you measure your candidates’ skills, personality and ability. You can choose from their test library of different psychometric, cognitive and technical test or get custom test built for your specific needs.\nEmployee recognition is a very effective method for improving employee motivation, engagement, productivity and job satisfaction. It’s a fact.\nIn a time of war for talent, employees have the power to choose their employer. Losing your top talent to your competitors can be detrimental for your business.\nThis is why many employers invest a lot of time, money and effort to improve their employee experience. They are doing their best to keep their employees happy and satisfied. For example, most companies these days try to provide fancy perks and benefits, implement an employee wellness program, etc.\nBut the question is how effective are all of their efforts? What do employees really care about?\nIs it really true that a simple act of saying praise to your employees can improve your company’s bottom line by keeping your best employees?\nI won’t say a word. The following statistics speak for themselves.\nThe Conference Board’s latest survey on job satisfaction has found that only 51% of employees feel overall satisfied with their job. This survey gauged approximately 1,500 employed individuals, who together comprise a snapshot of the U.S. workforce.\nHalf of U.S. employees are watching the job market or actively looking for a job, based on findings from a new Gallup Workforce Panel study. Results are based on a Gallup Panel Web study completed by 13,008 U.S. adults who are demographically representative of the U.S. adult population.\nThe main reasons why employees leave their jobs is that they don’t feel appreciated, according to Gallup’ research.\nAccording to Gallup’s analysis, only one in three workers in the U.S. strongly agree that they received recognition or praise for doing good work in the past seven days.\nEven more, Gallup Poll shows that 65% of employees haven’t received any form of recognition for good work in the last year!\nAccording to Officevibe’s recent study, 82% of employees think it’s better to give someone praise than a gift.\nTotal costs associated with a turnover range from 90% to 200% of an employee’s annual salary, according to a report from the Center for American Progress.\nDiscover the top 5 data-backed reasons to use skills assessment tests in your hiring process.\nAre you using skill assessment tests in your hiring process?\nAccording to Career Builder research, 74% of employers admit they’ve hired the wrong person for a position.\nLuckily, there is a simple way to avoid making a bad hire.\nUsing a skills assessment test helps companies to ensure that their job candidates really have the required skills to successfully perform their jobs.\nThere are many advantages of using skill assessment tests along with the traditional selection methods such as reviewing resumes and conducting job interviews.\nSkills assessment tests help employers check if their perfect candidates are really a great fit for the job and the company culture as they claim to be. As a result, making a bad hire is much less common among employers who use skill assessment tests.\nUsing a skill assessment test has proven benefits.\nSkill assessment test help employers check the truthfulness of candidates’ resumes. By applying skill assessments test, employers can verify is their candidates really possess the skills they claim to have.\nUsing skills assessment tests is an effective method to address the serious problem of skills gaps among job candidates.\nRecent research conducted by the Society for Human Resource Management has found that 75% of HR professionals who reported difficulty recruiting in the past 12 months say there are skills gaps in job candidates.\nSkill assessment test can provide valuable insights into the ability of candidates to learn new things and upgrade their existing skills.\nResearch conducted by the Aberdeen Group has found that companies who use pre-hire assessment tests report a 39% lower turnover rate.\nAberdeen Group study has found that organizations who use pre-hire assessments are 24% more likely to have employees who exceed performance goals.\nWorkplace wellness programs: Yay or nay? Discover the data-based answer!\nWorkplace wellness programs are getting more and more popular. This new workplace trend has gained a lot of attention recently and stirred quite a debate.\nSome argue that companies should not be burdened by taking care of their employees’ health. On the other hand, there are voices arguing that in today’s modern world, these programs are becoming a necessity.\nAbove all, there are questions about the effectiveness and ROI of these programs. To answer these questions, we dug deep into research.\nAccording to research conducted by the Society for Human Resource Management, 75% of employers indicated that their companies offered some type of a wellness program, resource or service to employees.\nA comprehensive review of the literature has found that the average return on investment of workplace wellness programs is 3.27. This means that for every dollar that was spent on the program the company saved $3.27 because of reduced healthcare costs.\nA new survey by Virgin HealthMiles Inc. and Workforce Management Magazine found that an overwhelming 77% of employees think that employee wellness programs positively impact the company culture.\nResearch suggests that employers save on average $5.82 in lower absenteeism costs for every dollar spent on employee wellness programs.\nThe Virgin HealthMiles/Workforce survey found that about 87% of employees said they consider health and wellness offerings when choosing an employer.\nResearch has shown that workplace wellness programs have proven benefits, both for employers and employees. Employee wellness programs can do much more than just keep your employees healthy.\nThese programs can help you improve your company culture, reduce absenteeism, attract talent and even save money!"}
+{"text": "Britain’s cost of living squeeze shows no sign of easingwith new figures showing that prices are still rising faster than wages.\nInflation is when prices rise. Deflation is the opposite – price decreases over time – but inflation is far more common.\nIf inflation is 10%, then a £50 pair of shoes will cost £55 in a year's time and £60.50 a year after that.\nInflation eats away at the value of wages and savings – if you earn 10% on your savings but inflation is 10%, the real rate of interest on your pot is actually 0%.\nA relatively new phenomenon, inflation has become a real worry for governments since the 1960s.\nAs a rule of thumb, times of high inflation are good for borrowers and bad for investors.\nMortgages are a good example of how borrowing can be advantageous – annual inflation of 10% over seven years halves the real value of a mortgage.\nOn the other hand, pensioners, who depend on a fixed income, watch the value of their assets erode.\nThe government's preferred measure of inflation, and the one the Bank of England takes into account when setting interest rates, is the consumer price index (CPI).\nThe retail prices index (RPI) is often used in wage negotiations.\nThe consumer prices index, due on Tuesday, is expected to rise to 2.8% for August, up from 2.6% in July, and close to the four-year high of 2.9% reached in June.\nTransport costs are likely to be one of the main drivers of higher inflation, as petrol and diesel have become more expensive in recent weeks.\nWages, though, are not keeping pace. City economists predict that Wednesday’s labour market statistics will show that average earnings, excluding bonuses, rose by 2.2% per year in the three months to July. This would be an improvement on the 2.1% recorded a month ago, but still means that real wages are falling.\nAnalysts at Investec predict the UK unemployment rate could drop to 4.3%, the lowest in over four decades. But they caution that there are still no sign that wage growth is taking off.\nBusiness advisers BDO have warned that the rise in employment has not yet delivered higher productivity either.\nPeter Hemington, a partner at BDO, explained: “UK employment law is sufficiently elastic to give employers the comfort that they can flex workforces quickly as market conditions change.\nUnion leaders will renew their calls for the government to lift the 1% pay cap on public sector workers, when they gather for the Trades Union Congress in Brighton.\nThe Unison general secretary, Dave Prentis, said Theresa May’s administration was “out of step” with the national mood.\n“After seven long years of pay freezes and limits on their wages, ambulance workers, school meals staff, police and community support officers and other public service employees all deserve so much better,” Prentis said."}
+{"text": "Chicago is up next in our Team Talk series, this one also written by Adam Filadelfo. Follow him on Twitter: @Frostt24.\nAlways a potential to be a breakout offense, Da Bears seem to fall just a bit short. If this is the year they put it all together, you are going to want to own some of these players to help bring you a fantasy football championship.\nJay Cutler - Let me start off by saying Cutler has the tools to be an elite level quarterback. Now let me say that he isn't an elite level quarterback. Maybe it's his approach to the game or maybe it's his attitude, but something is holding him back. He has a great arm and sometimes looks like he's turned the corner, but just when it seems like he's put it all together he goes and throws an ill-advised pass that gets picked off. Maybe he thinks his big arm is all he needs. There were just too many games (last year especially) that Cutler either failed to show up or threw more interceptions than touchdowns. At this point, he's probably best suited as a backup fantasy quarterback.\nMatt Forte - Forte is more valuable in PPR formats simply because he is an important part of the passing game. But what hurts him most is his lack of scoring touchdowns. No matter what format you may play in, nothing is more valuable than touchdowns. That may be the only department Forte is at a disadvantage, and he certainly has room for improvement there. He's currently going in the second round of drafts and in a new system with new head coach Marc Trestman he could see a boost in touchdowns scored.\nBrandon Marshall - One word comes to mind when describing Marshall. Beast. Not only is he a weapon downfield, he's a strong red zone threat as well. Brandon is a physically gifted athlete with the ability to make outstanding plays but may need another wide receiver opposite him to reach his full potential.\nAlshon Jeffery - He showed signs of breaking out last season but never quite took that next step. Some are predicting this could be the year but I'm tempering my expectations. Marshall is clearly Cutler's favorite target and it sometimes seems Cutler only sees Marshall on the field. That could hurt the value of Jeffery even more. Until he shows he can do more than just flash signs of ability, I'd stay away. Unfulfilled promise makes him worthy of a late round flier in your drafts.\nMartellus Bennett - Bennett could have a really good year in Chicago. He's a legitimate red zone option in a season where tight end seems at a premium. He also gives Cutler another option at the goal line. He's an every week starter at his position that could very well help a Bears offense that had to settle for far too many field goals last season. Keep in mind that Marc Trestman is known for being an offensive minded coach so that could help boost Bennett's value.\nMichael Bush - He won't see much work as long as Matt Forte is healthy. That being said, there's a good chance Forte doesn't stay healthy for the entire season. If the Bears need him, Bush can produce. Even with Forte in there, Bush has been more of the goal line back and could be valuable by means of scoring touchdowns. Only problem with that is it's almost impossible to predict touchdowns. I think right now, Bush is worth drafting as the clear cut handcuff for Forte owners. He probably won't hold much value for any other fantasy owner.\nDevin Hester - Let's get this out of the way right now: The Devin Hester as a receiver experiment has failed. However, in fantasy leagues where owners are rewarded for return yards, Hester could still hold some value. Hester is one of the most electrifying return specialists to play in the NFL in quite some time. Any time he has the ball in his hands, there's a good chance he can take it to the house. In most leagues if you want to get the benefit of Hester's return ability, you're going to want to draft the Bears defense and special teams.\nD/ST - Make no mistake about it, the Bears defense will be one of the first defenses off the board come draft day. Only problem with defenses is an elite defense one year isn't necessarily that the following year. What made the Chicago defense so great to own in 2012 was their penchant for getting turnovers. You can't count on that happening again, but the potential remains. Regardless of that though, you should be confident using the Bears defense in most matchups."}
+{"text": "You must be looking for male puppy names with meaning because you are about to welcome a lovely new dog into your home. That is very exciting, congratulations! Now of course this lovely new puppy deserves a beautiful name. On 123Tinki.com we have a database of over 40.000 dog names which does not only include boy puppy names and meanings. You can also find names in categories like these; Tibetan puppy names, Native American dog names, Disney dog names, cool dog names and so much more! Keep sniffing and you will eventually find that one perfect name.\nIn order to help you find the perfect name for your new dog you of course would like to use some handy tools. Since our database of dog names is so big, you want a tool that helps you create some clarity. Our dog name generator is something that can definitely help. It gives you access to our database and once inside you will find a panel with filters on the side. With these filters you can select the things you like and this way the generator knows which names to show you.\nNow you have a clear and personal list of suitable boy puppy names with meanings! When deciding on a name please remember that it is completely okay to take your time. You really don’t have to rush this decision. Think it through and eventually you will find that one perfect name that you absolutely love!"}
+{"text": "Hi there lovelies, long time no see. I have been testing quite a number of products the past few weeks, and since COSRX has been gaining quite a bit of attention recently, I decided to do a review focusing on this brand itself. Many followers on Instagram also asked for my opinions regarding COSRX products. Today I will share with you my opinions on the product that I have been tested for approximately 2 months now: COSRX AHA 7 Whitehead Power Liquid. Stay tuned for my future review for BHA Blackhead Power Liquid, and Advanced Snail 96 Mucin Power Essence.\nBefore we started, I have a confession: I am absolutely in love with COSRX as a brand. Their ingredients list is relatively short and pretty straight forwards. Products is fragrance free, paraben free and coloring free, which is a huge plus for sensitive and acne-prone skin like mine. After using their products for a while now, I am confident to say that my skin has been greatly strengthened and healing process happens much faster for the aftermath of my acne fighting, scars fade faster, skin texture is less bumpy and I am indeed a much happier girl 🙂 My goal is to finish the rest of my skincare and convert all my products to COSRX and COSRX only. Yup, I am absolutely in love. Now I shall share in details about the product that I have been tested.\nAHA 7 Whitehead Power Liquid clears away old dead skin cells trapped inside the pores. Works alongside vitamins, whiteners and natural moisturizer treatments. Managing dead skin cells without unnecessary stimulation. Helping skin management while creating healthier skin with more vitality. Star ingredients Pyrus Malus (Apple) Fruit Water: An alpha-hydroxy acid naturally-occurring found in sugar cane and malic acid, derived from apples, which will help to exfoliate dead skin cells, reduce the appearance of fine lines, sun damage and hyper-pigmentation, diminish the appearance of large pores and acne scarring. A great ingredient for reducing blackheads, whiteheads and troubles on skin. It even moisturizes the skin at same time as removing dead skin cells. You will find your skin is smooth, soft, and comfortable.\n1) Moisture, pore control, and brightening. It immediately purifies and tones up your skin leaving is clearer and more bright.\n2) Whitehead clearance. No more difficulty removing whiteheads and sebum !\n3) AHA product with hyaluronic acid. It controls excessive sebum and achieves excellent moisture retention in combination with hyaluronic acid.\n4) AHA for repairing skin damage. Works well for sun damaged skin. Also it is good for spots, dryness and trouble.\nThe product is packaged in a very simple and straightforward packaging, just like the formula itself. Even though it might deemed to be a little bit bland for my aesthetics, I honestly do not mind it that much. The functional aspects of the packaging is strong, with sturdy packaging, excellent quality pumps that is designed nicely. One pump is enough for my entire face.\nEven though the product claims to have Apple Fruit Water as the first and start ingredients, I was so put off with the smell at first. The smell was so pungent and strong and definitely does not smell anything like apple. Overtime I get used to the smell a little bit, but I can’t help but stop inhaling whenever I apply this product all over my face.\n5) AHA 7 Whitehead Power Liquid is high concentrated product. Please use a small amount on areas with whiteheads and dead skin cells. Begin with using only once a week, and after skin has adjusted, use 2 to 3 times a week to maintain clear skin without dead skin cells, sebum and whiteheads.\n6) When you use AHA 7 Whitehead Power Liquid, do not use other exfoliating products on same day.\nI did not want to mess with the caution, so I use this on alternate with the Blackhead Power Liquid, and notice great results. I normally use this after my toner step, when my skin is perfectly cleansed and balanced. After waiting for 20-30 mins, I move on with a hydrating essence/serum, followed by sheet mask, light gel cream and sleeping pack. It is important that other products following your acid treatment step are all hydrating to help sooth the skin after the treatment.\nIt is an extremely light-weight texture that is as runny as water. The liquid absorbed onto my skin with minimal efforts, a little bit of tapping with help it absorbs much faster.\nThis using in conjunction with the Blackhead Power Liquid improved my skin significantly over the past 2 months. I must say, my skin has never do so well for the longest time ever. All my acnes and pimples are in control, scars are fading quick and most importantly, those funny bumpy texture on my skin is gone. Now since I use this together with the Blackhead Power Liquid, it is hard to identify which problems is solved by which products, but I believe this controls stuffs that happen more on the surface of your skin.\nYes I will, together with Blackhead Power Liquid as a duo as these are the best treatment I have found in years.\nThanks for your review I really love it ❤️ But I want to ask you this to make sure 🙂 I currently order 3 products : 1/klair vitamin c , 2/Cosrx aha 7 power liquid , 3/Cosrx bha power liquid. As you say that you use it alternately so I want to know that can I use it like this ? Ex: on Monday I use aha and Tuesday I use klair vitamin c and Wednesday bha. Is it okay to use it like?\nIf I use them for the first time I only use them once a week first right?"}
+{"text": "any circumstance ~ no risk, but it holds a spot for you!\nwell as schedule a Coosa Creek \"puppy visit!\"\nand of course, the PUPLETS!\nCoosa Creek, LLC. All rights reserved; 2010."}
+{"text": "You only get one chance to make a first impression, which is why a good introduction goes a long way. With this in mind, we’re excited to debut a new Welcome Email option to help administrators introduce TigerText to new users.\nWe aimed to keep the content simple and visual. There’s a space where each organization can write a welcome message for new users, and Admins can customize the header, for example by adding their organization’s logo. The email is formatted to look good on both desktop and mobile. The Get Started button guides mobile users to the Google Play Store or Apple App Store, while sending desktop users to the TigerText web console.\nAdmins can set the Welcome Email to be automatic for newly added users or leave it manual for more control of who receives the message and when. To help admins track progress toward adoption, we’ve also added an Activation Status column in the Users Tab to show whether a user has received a Welcome Email and when they activate their account.\nWe designed this feature to help organizations encourage staff to use TigerText sooner. Because everyone benefits when more coworkers join the conversation in less time: organizations protect more information, staff members save more time and enjoy simpler collaboration, and overall the workplace makes decisions faster. We think that’s a welcome outcome.\nHow to access this feature:Admins can customize and send the new Welcome Email from the Org Settings Tab."}
+{"text": "Here at Rush Flyers, we strive to be your online printing experts. With a careful eye for quality and a dedication to our craft, we’ve worked to lead a rapidly changing industry for over 15 years. As we have grown, the online printing services we offer have grown with us. While we primarily offer custom online printing services, our free print templates have been carefully designed to provide a platform of creation for a wide variety of purposes.\nCreating your own design can sometimes be challenging. Editing and design programs are costly and can be quite complicated. They often require years of experience and in-depth understanding to be utilized to the maximum potential. For most of our customers, these programs are an unnecessary expense and a burden on their busy lives. As an online printing company, these programs are part of our every day. By sharing our expertise and our templates, we hope to make your lives just a bit easier.\nSimple, elegant, and refined, these templates provide a starting point for expression and communication that’s perfect for any presentation large or small. Whether you’re interested in a banner, a program for a student play, or window decals for your next business venture, our templates are sure to help you get your message where it needs to be."}
+{"text": "This Disability Law Handbook is a 50-page guide to the basics of the Americans with Disabilities Act and other disability related laws. Written in an FAQ format, The Disability Law Handbook answers questions about the Americans with Disabilities Act, the ADA Amendments Act, the Rehabilitation Act, Social Security, the Air Carrier Access Act, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act, and the Fair Housing Act Amendments.\nMayo Clinic: Guide for Employers - Understanding Brain InjuriesThe Mayo Clinic has prepared a 28-page booklet to assist employers in this process."}
+{"text": "Joins us for our 8th annual fundraiser! The evening will include food and drinks, performances from our students,activities for kids, and plenty of raffle baskets! This event is fun for the whole family. Tickets are $25 for 1, $45 for 2, all kids $10."}
+{"text": "We, at Transcription Now offer Certified Transcription Services (starting at $0.70/min). We are an ISO 9001:2015 Standards offering all types of transcription services to our online clients, with the best turnaround time of 24 hours. We provide 10% discount for all non profit organizations.\nWe provide our services worldwide to all major countries including US, UK, Canada, Australia and more. Our transcribers’ team strives to serve our clients in best manner. Transcription Now take the effort in offering all types of certified transcription services, based on the demands of the customer.\nWe offer a wide range of certified audio transcription, in addition to which we also provide Digital Transcription, Voice Transcription, YouTube Audio Transcription, Verbatim Transcription, Business Transcription, Dictation, Transcription, podcast transcription, Academic Transcription, court transcription, Speech Transcription, Sermon Transcription, Focus Group Transcription, Time Code Transcription and more.\nFor more information about our Certified Transcription services contact immediately through ONLINE CHAT or request a FREE QUOTE .\nOur WAV transcription rates are the other highlighting factor that has made us get a huge client base across the world. We provide the services at best rate which is very reasonable and affordable rate starting at $0.70/min.\nWe provide digital wav transcription and accept all formats of files for transcription such as, MP3, MP4, WAV, AIFF, micro cassettes, audio / video cassette, DVD, MiniDisc and many more.\nWe provide transcription and translation in all languages including English, Arabic, French, German, Spanish, Farsi, Portuguese, Japanese and more.\nWell, look no further, our agency got you covered for all your transcription needs with just a click of a button you can reach us online 24/7.\nFor our transcription services, we charge just $ 3.99 per minute and you can trust our team to deliver quality work on time.\nOur agency puts clients’ privacy and confidentiality above everything else. Any document or information you entrust us with is safe and their contents are confidential. We sign NDAs upon request by our clients.\nOur agency supports various industries like the entertainment industry, legal sector, financial sector, education sector among other industries. For the audio files, our agency provides for all audio type transcription which are supported in all formats required and handled by the best transcribers."}
+{"text": "Mrs. Sarah Peterkin departed this life Sunday, August 19, 2018 at her residence.\nA funeral service will be held Saturday, August 25, 2018 at 2pm at Fletcher Grove Baptist Church. Interment will follow in the Hillside Memorial Park in Laurinburg, NC.\nThe family is receiving friends at 4221 Myra Street, Gibson, NC."}
+{"text": "We currently accept payment via Visa (Credit, Debit and Electron), Maestro, Mastercard and American Express. We are no longer able to accept Solo or Switch cards, as these payment methods are now deprecated.\nWe can also accept orders by west union and moneygram; please contact us if you would like to place an order by these ways.\nWhen you're happy with the items in your basket and are ready to proceed to checkout, click 'View Basket and Checkout' at the top of your screen. You will be guided through our checkout process and invited to provide details of your delivery and billing addresses, as well as ways in which we can contact you (in case we need to get in touch, and in order for us to confirm your order).\nOnce you have provided this information, you'll be redirected to our secure payment server (provided by Sagepay). Select your preferred payment method (i.e. card type or Paypal) from the icons available and input card details on the following screen if applicable.\nYou may be asked to input your 3D Secure code if you use the Verified by Visa or Mastercard service. When your payment has been accepted, you'll be redirected back to The Sporting Lodge website, and your order will be confirmed. You'll shortly receive email confirmation.\nWe offer FREE WORLDWIDE DELIVERY on all orders over $99. Goods are dispatched on receipt of payment and the parcel is trackable.\nUS & UK orders are dispatched using Tracked 48 Delivery via Royal Mail.\nEurope and Worldwide sales are dispatched on receipt of payment by Royal Mail International Signed For and the parcel is trackable until it reaches your country (you will be provided with your tracking number when we dispatch your order). The order usually arrives in your country in 5-7 days and is handled by your national postal service. A signature is required upon arrival. All parcels are fully insured. Customs labels are attached to the front of non-EU parcels to provide speedy passage in your country. They are also dated on day of dispatch. We email all customers on dispatch of orders."}
+{"text": "In this BSc in Medical Sciences with Anaesthesia and Critical Care, you will address the major issues within Intensive Care and anaesthesia, within some of the most research active departments in the U.K. In the first module you will explore the mechanisms by which both anaesthesia and critical illness produce profound derangements in physiology and how the immune response drives these changes. You will explore how our scientific knowledge relates to clinical practice pertaining to current peri-operative and critical care standards and guidelines.\nThe second module focuses on the fundamentals of the research process and the skills required to undertake research activities. Specialism-specific knowledge will be the vehicle for practising these skills, whilst gaining an in-depth knowledge in a specific field.\nThe third and final module aims to provide you with an introduction to the research process, prior to your research project. You will be exposed to each step of the process, building your research knowledge and skills alongside acquiring an in-depth knowledge of the specialism. The assessments utilise typical research skills, whilst probing depth of specialism-specific knowledge.\nExplain the mechanisms by which normal physiological function is disrupted by anaesthesia and during critical illness.\nDiscuss the mechanisms of action of anaesthetic and analgesic agents and their potential to influence pathological processes.\nRelate scientific knowledge to clinical practice pertaining to current peri-operative and critical care standards and guidelines.\nExplore how novel methodologies, such as omics data and machine learning, can improve the management of critically ill patients through personalised medicine.\nCritically appraise literature, synthesise current evidence and opinion, and identify evidence gaps."}
+{"text": "There are various tactics that auditees can use to slow down or stop the audit process. For you, the auditor, this can be extremely frustrating. The key is to be one step ahead by either implementing your own tactics to avoid the delays in the first place, or knowing how to handle them.\nThe purpose of this article is to educate auditors on how to successfully navigate obstacles and roadblocks, that can cause delays to the audit process."}
+{"text": "For a night of romantic bliss, you can't go wrong with a fine dining dinner at Rockafellas Café, coupled with an indulgent overnight stay in a two-bedroom penthouse apartment.\nCelestial Gift Experiences brings you this luxurious package, based at the Rockwell Hotel in Cape Town.\nThe Rockafellas Café with its exquisitely light, airy and opulent design offers a modern menu with options ranging from breakfast, to lunch and dinner and a variety of light yet delectable options for in between. Now you can enjoy a private chef experience in the comfort of your two-bedroom penthouse apartment. An executive chef from Rockafellas Café will come up to your apartment and prepare the meal while you relax and enjoy your partner's company.\nLocated on the top floor of the Rockwell Hotel, the penthouse apartments boast breath-taking views of some of Cape Town's most spectacular attractions, including V&A Waterfront, Signal Hill and Table Mountain. Each of the two en-suite rooms is fully equipped and the apartment offers a spacious open-plan dining room, lounge and separate fully equipped kitchen.\nWant to stay in in style? Look no further than a night of fine dining and an overnight stay in the Rockwell Hotel, and be sure to include a private chef experience too.\nMenu options provided at time of booking."}
+{"text": "The farmers market and my gardens make me so very happy. Right now the weather is outstanding for this time of year! I’m honestly sadder than normal this year about the thought of this beautiful bounty of green and colorful goodness being gone soon. I’ve been chopping and freezing and harvesting and storing away a lot of veggie goodness to cook with and get me through the winter. I keep hearing it’s going to be a doozy. Lucky for me, I’ve already paid the driveway plow guy!\nAwesome veggie harvest. Kale, swiss chard, yellow tomatoes, carrots, and a broccoli sprig.\nFreshie fresh coleslaw from the market, and my garden. The annual growing of the mini red cabbage always yields a fall batch of awesome.\nYesterday evenings garden harvest. Lots of lovely little leeks, an amazing amount of fennel seed, and a couple peppers. Lots more out there still.\nLeek soup ala my garden and the farmers market in the crock pot.\nWell, I’ve been planning this one for awhile, well at least the vintage tablecloth part. Earlier this summer I found this amazing vintage tablecloth-pink roses and spider webs! Perfect for the month of Halloween. Super cute and slightly creepy all at the same time, yes please, this tablecloth is going into my personal collection for now.\nFave items: wonderful vintage tea towel (sidenote-I have a matching green tablecloth) Kitchen Caddy, teeny eeny speckled pink Imperial Ware melmac bowls! pig shot glasses, Easter chic Japan, pink leaf glasses, play iron, jello cups, and I adore the decal on that glass jar. LOTS of awesome vintage pink!\nFave items: Of course, the spider web rose vintage tablecloth! Pink melmac, darling pink napkins, Glamalite glitter pink glasses, adorable tiny doily, and a rose blooming from my garden in OCT! What a table setting indeed!"}
+{"text": "The powerful earthquake that hit the island of Zakynthos with 6.8R in the early morning hours of Friday had surprisingly few damages. Despite its force, there were no casualties and “no injuries” as the mayor told media Friday noon, several hours after the earthquake.\nSome old uninhabited houses and buildings collapsed, slopes came down a damage on the port of the island. But no casualties, not even injuries.\nScientists estimate that had this earthquake hit another area in Greece the damages and casualties would be disastrous.\nHow comes that the island of Zakynthos survived the earthquake, one of the most powerful ever occurred in Greece, with relatively minor damages?\nIt was because of the 6.8R earthquake in 1953 and …a bit of luck.\nVideo: The earthquake stroke on 12. August 1953 between Kefalonia and Zakynthos. It was so powerful that it raised up the whole island of Kefalonia by 60 cm and caused widespread damage throughout the two islands. 480 people died, more than 2,000 were injured.\nIn the capital of Zakynthos of the same name, only two buildings survived the earthquake. The capital of Kefalonia, Argostoli, suffered substantial damage and all of Kefalonia’s buildings were flattened except for those in Fiskardo in the far north.\nEven since 1953, all public buildings and private houses in the Ionian Sea follow strict anti-seismic regulations. It was because of that earthquake that Greece adopted anti-seismic regulations in the construction. Regulations went into effect in 1959, modifications were added in 1984 and 1985, notes in.gr.\nOf course, it should be questioned how strictly the anti-seismic regulations in construction are being followed, because the earthquake in Kefalonia with 5.9R on 24. January 2014 caused pretty much damaged.\nThe second reason was that the fault line is not directed towards Greece but to Italy. The seismic energy moved towards the Adriatic and not to Ionian Sea and West Greece.\nThird reason is the epicenter and the focal depth prevented major disaster. The epicenter was 34km NW of Zakynthos near the junction of The Greek Arc, the focal depth at 10 km.\nAs the seismic activity continues with dozens of tremors 12 hours after the major earthquake at 1.54 a.m. and seismologists warn that another strong earthquake may occur, many locals do not dare to return to their homes, Greek media report."}
+{"text": "Counsel to C&J Energy Services, a leading provider of well construction, well completion, well support and other oilfield services in its chapter 11 cases. The plan, which was confirmed in just six months, discharged $1.4 billion in prepetition debt. Postconfirmation, acted as lead counsel on successful claim resolution process involving approximately 5,000 claims, discharge enforcement efforts and other steps to position to company for post-emergence success."}
+{"text": "Washington State University and a Seattle-based biotech firm are suing each other over the right to grow and sell the highly anticipated Cosmic Crisp apple variety, which is expected to appear on store shelves early next year.\nThe legal dispute will determine whether Phytelligence – a company founded by a WSU professor that is partly owned by the university – can use its “cutting-edge science” to grow Cosmic Crisp buds and sell them to commercial apple producers.\nBut with millions of trees already planted across the state, the outcome of the dueling lawsuits seems unlikely to affect consumer availability of the Cosmic Crisp, a flavor-packed hybrid of the Honeycrisp and Enterprise varieties.\nBrandt said the Cosmic Crisp has the potential to displace other popular varieties in Washington’s $2.4 billion apple industry, which accounts for roughly 70 percent of U.S. production. And he said no other variety has been introduced to the market so rapidly. Producers typically plant new apples a little at a time to test consumer demand, but the Cosmic Crisp, which is said to have excellent sweetness and a remarkable shelf life, promises to be a hit.\nWSU researcher Bruce Barritt began developing the Cosmic Crisp about two decades ago. Until 2012, the year he filed for a patent, the tree was known only as WA 38.\nWSU professor Amit Dhingra founded Phytelligence in 2011 to commercialize a method of growing trees from tissue cultures rather than soil, which enables them to reach maturity and bear fruit in less time. Dhingra remains a WSU professor and the company’s chief science officer.\nIn 2012, Phytelligence entered into a “propagation agreement” with the university that allowed the company to cultivate WA 38 plants for research purposes. The agreement did not grant Phytelligence rights to the trademarked name Cosmic Crisp, but it did include an “option to participate as a provider and/or seller” once the apple went to market.\nIn February, Phytelligence filed suit in King County Superior Court, claiming the university had violated the agreement by refusing to issue a commercial license.\nWSU responded last month, claiming Phytelligence had not met clear requirements for obtaining a license and alleging the company had illegally sold 135,000 Cosmic Crisp trees to a grower near Yakima. The university also filed a patent-infringement claim in federal court.\nPhil Weiler, WSU’s vice president for marketing and communications, said the university must protect the “significant financial investment” it has made to develop the Cosmic Crisp by ensuring that no one grows the apple without proper licensing and quality-control measures in place.\n“The investments made by growers over the past two decades is at risk as well,” Weiler said.\nWSU claims it terminated its agreement with Phytelligence after the company handed over sales orders and invoices showing it sold 135,000 Cosmic Crisp trees to Evans Fruit Co. in April 2016. The university also demanded that Phytelligence destroy any Cosmic Crisp plant materials in its possession.\nPhytelligence has refused to do so.\n“We are not going to destroy the material because we feel it’s within our rights to get the license,” said Ken Hunt, the company’s CEO.\n“We don’t own land, so we used ground over at Evans, in large part because we thought we’d be using some of those buds to service their order,” he said.\nBut he insisted the move did not violate Phytelligence’s agreement with WSU or the university’s patent.\nHunt said Phytelligence has refunded payments to Evans Fruit, and the Cosmic Crisp budwood is back in Phytelligence’s possession.\nAs for the company’s efforts to obtain a license, Hunt said WSU required Phytelligence to become a member of the Northwest Nursery Improvement Institute, a nonprofit association of tree fruit nurseries, but the university would not provide clear requirements for doing so. NNII has the authority to license its members to grow the Cosmic Crisp.\nHunt suggested Phytelligence faced pushback because the company’s scientific approach can generate apples more quickly than the traditional nurseries, but Weiler, the WSU spokesman, said he was not aware of such competitive concerns. Weiler said several other companies managed to obtain commercial licenses without a problem.\n“For whatever reason, (Phytelligence) chose not to follow the path that was laid out in the agreement,” he said.\nThis is not the first time a WSU-bred apple has been the subject of litigation. The university also went to court with a Yakima fruit company that had been selling the WA 2 variety under the brand name Crimson Delight. The apple was recently rebranded as Sunrise Magic.\nIn any case, Weiler said, apple lovers should brace themselves for the Cosmic Crisp. Not only is it sweet and tangy, it can retain its flavor and texture for up to a year in storage, and it’s slow to brown after being sliced, he said."}
+{"text": "Shiva, the Limitless and His tranquil Trimbakeshwar!\nAsk me what intrigues me the most. My prompt reply would be ‘the transformer, the supreme concept of Lord Shiva‘. I feel that Shiva is there but no where. How simple, soft, compassionate, straight-forward and formless and yet so powerful, infinite and fascinating is He? He is an enigma.\nAsk me where I want to go all the time. In my mind there is this ancient stone Shiva temple tucked away in a deep forest and with a river burbling by its side, bringing me a whole lot of tranquility and inner peace taking me far from this tumultuous world. Yet, the question still remains. Can inner peace be achieved only by running away to a serene place? What is the idea of Shiva telling me..to run away or to flow with life? And I think, the answer is this simple – “Sometimes you have to disconnect to stay connected”.\nMy today’s post is about one of my most favourable places on this earth, the ancient Hindu Shiva Temple and one of the 12 Jyothirlingas, Trimbakeshwar.\nJyothirlinga, the infinite pillar of light means ‘The Radiant Sign of The Almighty Shiva‘. Trimbakeshwar is surrounded by three hills namely Brahmagiri, Nilagiri and Kalagiri. River Godavari originated in these hills and can be seen distantly from the Lord’s abode. A very serene place, it gets more verdant during monsoons. About the temple, read more here on wiki.\nIt is a very positive experience visiting Trimbakeshwar. You will be given yourself after the visit. You will be left with some new questions in mind and you will get some answers too. You will be left in a unique peaceful state of mind to continue your quest for the light. The simplicity and stillness of the place combined with the aura and holiness of the formless Jyothirlinga radiates good vibes and shows you the right direction.\nLet me be frank. I don’t get it when people say what’s in Grand Canyon except for the rock. Personally, I get very philosophical every time I visit it or think about it. May be it’s just me, as it is said ‘Beauty is in the eye of the beholder‘. So, here is my little ode to this magnificent natural wonder that awe-inspires me every single time I visit it.\nStanding royal, the Grand Canyon reiterates the power of nature to us. Every glance at its dimensions takes our breath away and each attempt to peruse it reminds us how tiny we are in this Universe. It inspires us to be undeterred by the trivial problems of life and to stand sentinel to protect ourselves and those who trust in us. Here is my Grand Salute, to The Grand Canyon!\nDo share links of your blogs on Grand Canyon, I would love to read!\nA happy day with the Arts People!\nLast weekend, as the sun shone bright, I reached the venue where I was supposed to volunteer as a Vendor Relief, and was so looking forward to it. With not many expectations in mind, I checked in to the Phoenix Festival of the Arts and took my badge and t-shirt.\nSpotting this mom-dotty duo who were volunteering at the entrance welcoming guests and just began to have their lunch, I took a quick chance to approach them and ask for their company as I was already starving. So, that’s how my day began, with very pleasant and welcoming lunch partners. Is this how life feels in a strange land, with strange people? Yeah, I think being in the company of total strangers is one of the nicest feelings in this world. No prejudices, no barriers, no opinions, no distances and no strings attached. We enjoyed lunch together while we spoke about what and why the volunteering, etc. Also, I got to see this Christmas Parade by some pretty children in the Fair Grounds.\nMy next stop was the beginning of my volunteering. So, this event was an Art Festival held by the Phoenix center for the Arts every year.\nFirst things first. Dressing up to the occasion. Well, it is definitely a choice, if you don’t want to. But, dressing appropriately to an occasion connects you to the event, puts you in the right mood and also changes the way people look at you which is important if you want to ‘connect’.\nSince it was an Art Festival, I decided to give an Ethnic touch to my ensemble by wearing a Red Cotton high-low kurti with white printed designs on it that I got in India paired with blue jeans. Wearing an Indian Kurti, when you are in an Art Festival on a Foreign land is for sure trendy and classy, and makes it look unique. I paired this attire with big cream colored Stone ear-hangings, and a knitted scarf to beat the cold in case. But, tee hee..once I got the volunteer t-shirt, I had to layer myself up with it that’s a different story though 😉 To perfectly complement the outfit, I carried my favorite Fossil Explorer Straw Cross Body Bag and wore my perfect colorful Mojdis bought in a craft expo in Hyderabad, India, though replaced them later with my comfy Crocs as my walking time increased. Ta da! Didnt I pretty much nail the outfit?\nMy first stop was this booth where a lady was exhibiting her hand made jewelry. Call it an act of Universe or not, a particular blue resin pendant caught my attention and it had etched on it, Dancing Ganesha with eight arms. I am a Hindu, and all our prayers and Pujas first begin with praying to Lord Ganesh. You can read more about the significance here. Isn’t it interesting that you are alone on a strange land, with complete strangers around you and how the Universe makes you feel that you are still connected and belonged. I asked her if she needed a reliever, to which she said No and then we had a brief conversation about her beautiful jewelry creations. It was a fun start!\nMoving on further, I found this very creative artist Kelly, who is a graphic designer and also creates her own designs and prints. Her designs were beautiful and after discussing about both of our interests and goals in life, what and how etc, I watched her booth for a while and she took a quick break. This meeting is so special to me because of late I was looking for some answers regarding Graphic Design and related fields, and voila I get to meet with this awesome artist specialized in the same field! Visit her website here to know more about her works.\nAs I kept walking further down the aisles, the talent and creativity of the various artists and artisans enthralled me and the variety of stalls that lined up amazed me. The diversity of arts included Pottery, Canvas Paintings, Glass Art, Hand Made Jewelry, Homemade Bath and Body Products, Arts and crafts made of Recycled metal, Handmade bags, Custom Printed T-shirts, Pashmina Scarves, and what not! There was live music and food trucks served up delicious warm food. Kids played around in merriment. It was a fun-filled warm sunny Saturday.\nIn another brief meeting, I met this lovely couple from Berrie Creative who were selling their unique and creative vibrant colored lampshades made of glass and wire. And I did not know that a small conversation with them would give me a hope for a life-time! They told me how to never give up on an interest and keep experimenting. Trust me, I have never seen such creative glass art in my life. The lamp shades were mesmerizing.\nLater, I relieved a couple of artists so that they have their lunch. They were very kind and appreciated me for helping them out. Isn’t is wonderful when people realize your effort and good intentions and respond back to you positively. Ohh, what would I do without all these beautiful people in my life!\nMy next stop was Reflections in Metal, a unique art handcrafted out of rolled steel. Their display had amazing pieces of art and in quite large numbers. The vendors were so welcoming and were explaining well about their art to the guests. I couldn’t remember their names, but after talking about their work I took a photograph with them which made them very happy. And when I waved them Goodbye and Merry Christmas, the eldest gentleman of the two stopped me and gifted me a Metal Cross that was among the items being sold! Wow! What was that! Does affection and appreciation has any bounds? I was so elated, particularly when someone fondly gifted me a Cross, and that too during Christmas season…like I always believe, connections don’t happen without a reason. Now, this Cross is in my Puja room along with the other Gods. I am Hindu, and what Hinduism teaches is Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam. It is a Sanskrit phrase found in Hindu texts such as the Maha Upanishad, which means “The world is one family”, and I believe in it.\nA special mention is needed about ‘Paintings by the disabled’ stall. All the paintings were unbelievably lively and excellent! We bought a miniature Canvas Painting of the Prickly Pear Cactus.\nTowards the end, my family joined me in the festival. They enjoyed live music and chilled out on the lawn watching Muralists painting murals under the warm winter sun. The whole environment was fun and frolic lifting up spirits.\nAnd then while finishing up my shift, I met Amelie. With a calm face and a gorgeous smile, she invited me to her booth. Her paintings were so full of life, spirituality and love. I am so glad I got to know her and could make friends with her. Visit her website here to see more of her brilliant and life-changing artwork.\nFinally, I wrapped up my evening at the festival by taking my family around. My son goofed around all the while and really enjoyed each and every aspect of it. There were these folks from circus entertaining kids and adults alike, walking around the place.\nWe came back home after purchasing a lamp shade and a face balm from Flower Song Soaps.The lampshade now lights up our Puja/Meditation room. Every time I see the lamp, I remember that lovely couple, their smiles and the encouragement they gave me. I am using the face balm daily post scrubbing my face, and it gives me the perfect moisturizing for Arizonan winters along with an exquisite fragrance.\nSo whenever I say I believe in Fairy tales, I mean it. Look what all this love gave me in the middle of an ordinary life – in deed a Fairy tale!\nThank you Phoenix Festival of the Arts for having me and thank you for everything. These moments will be cherished forever.\nOn a final note, I would like to appeal to you, please encourage and appreciate handcrafts and local made.\nDochu La & Chele La – Bhutan’s sacred mountain passes!\nBhutan’s Thimpu and Bhutan’s Paro.\nIn this post, I am going to brief about our trip to Bhutan’s sacred mountain passes, Dochu La and Chele La.\nWhen mountains call you, there are no excuses. There is a reason behind it, a purpose behind it. And what do the mountains tell us? To stand still and strong against the blustering winds. Mountains are unyielding protectors, they show us the righteous way of life. They inspire us with their patience and perseverance. They are unconquerable, but they leave the passes for us, humans to go closer to them, and reach them for the fillip. I witnessed the same kind of spirit going closer to the holy Himalayas during our Bhutan trip! We visited Dochu La and Chele La, the two mountains passes in the Himalayas of Bhutan.\nLocated at an elevation of 3,100 metres, Dochu La is located on the road from Thimpu to Punakha. To the east of the pass, the snow clad mountain peaks of the Himalayas are seen prominently and among them is the Mt. Masanggang at 7,158 metres (23,484 ft) which is the highest peak in Bhutan, known in local language as the Mt. Gangkar Puensum. The road further runs into the scenic Punakha valley.\nThe environment is calm and religious, with 108 memorial chortens called the Druk Wangyal Chortens built by Ashi Dorji Wangmo Wangchuk, the eldest Queen Mother. There is a monastery called the Druk Wangyal Lhakhang (temple), built in honor of the fourth King, Jigme Singye Wangchuck. Also, there is the country’s first Royal Botanical Park located adjacent to the chortens. While this whole scene on the pass is a colorful feast to the eyes, the backdrop is often claded with a moving blanket of fog obscuring and revealing the Himalayas along with the near-by verdant greens leaving your mind and soul in tranquility.\nIt is an indelible experience for me to meditate inside and outside the Lhakhang overlooking the Himalayas.\nChele La Pass is one of the highest motorable passes in Bhutan. It is the highest point with an altitude of 3988 metres. The road to Chele La is flanked by dense forests, and the trip to reach the pass takes you on a non-stop jaunt. Chele La, unlike Dochu La is very jagged and is surrounded by hilly terrains covered with vegetation that changes colors with seasons. The pass roughened by the cold gusts signifies a different side of Mother nature. Colorful prayer flags can be seen fluttering on the rough slopes making the view bright and pleasant. On a clear day, there are spectacular views of Mt. Jumolhari, Jichu Drake and adjoining peaks to the North West, as well as the view of the beautiful Haa and Paro valley.\n‘The best dreams happen when you are awake’! And yes, my dream to feel closer to the Himalayas came true this way. I will await to witness this heavenly experience once again in my lifetime.\nSo, did the mountains ever call you? If yes, please leave a comment and tell me all about it. I would love to connect with like-minds.\nThank you for reading. More on our interactions and conversations with folks in Bhutan, and why I think Bhutan qualifies for a happy country in the upcoming posts. Stay tuned, and stay connected. See you later!\nBhutan – The Kingdom of Happiness. (Part 2) In and around Paro!\nI hope you have read about our Bhutan travel experiences in my previous blog here. Now, I am going to share with you more details of our itinerary.\nAfter spending in and around the charming Capital city of Bhutan, Thimpu, we moved to Paro for a two day tour. Along with being a picturesque city, Paro is a historic town with structures with traditional architecture. It is also home for Bhutan’s only international airport, Paro Airport.\nThe main attractions in the city tour of Paro are Rinpung Dzong, Paro Taktsang, Kyichu Lhakhang, National Museum of Bhutan, Paro Airport bird’s eye view and the shopping streets of Paro.\nWith history beginning in the 15th century, Rinpung Dzong is a large Buddhist Monastery and a fortress that now has various administrative offices of Paro within it. Outside of the Dzong is the Deyangkha Temple and inside are fourteen shrines and chapels. It is quite interesting to go around the Dzong and to soak in all the historical and cultural significance. Below are a few photographs taken in the Dzong.\nParo Taktsang, the very famous Himalayan sacred monastery is perched on the cliffs of upper Paro Valley. It can be reached either through a trek, or a horseback ride. Guru Padmasambhava who brought Buddhism to Bhutan is believed to have meditated there for three years, three months, three weeks, three days and three hours in the 8th century. The monastery has a rich and very significant history related to Bhutan and Buddhism. Read more about the world famous heritage site here.\nThe Jowo Temple of Kyichu is one of the oldest temples in Bhutan, originally built in the 7th century by the Tibetan Emperor Songtsän Gampo. Read more about it on wiki here.\nThe museum of Bhutan documents the cultural dances, flora and fauna, and other historical facts of Bhutan. There is a video played in the museum showcasing the different Bhutanese dances and festivals and their significance. It is quite fascinating to go round the museum. Aerial view of Paro valley from the museum offers breath-taking vistas. Photograph below.\nParo Airport is undoubtedly one of the world’s very scenic airports. Nestled in a gorgeous panorama and in a deep valley is the airport adjacent to the banks of River Paro Chhu. The whole scene is fabulous and it stays with you forever.\nLast but not the least, shopping! What fun is it when you do world travel and not collect souvenirs? Here is my Bhutan travel haul. I bought most of these things on the street bazaar of Paro. They are going to keep all the memories alive to me.\nBhutan – The Kingdom of Happiness (Part 1). In and around Thimpu!\nA few years ago, the topics during a tea-time confab were Gross Happiness Index, Bhutan, Himalayas and Taktsang Monastery. Like a seed planted grows into a tree, this discussion intrigued me a lot and my fascination to witness the Bhutanese way of living increased by the day. All the enthralling aspects of Bhutan and my all time obsession with nature, and mountains in particular, I added Bhutan travel to my bucket list.\nCome 2016, life showed a direction towards pursuing my travel dream. And yes, I visited Bhutan, the Kingdom of Happiness.\nPristine landscapes, spectacular views, amicable people and their spiritual way of life, rich heritage, comforting food, and everything else so heavenly qualify Bhutan for a Utopia. Nestled in the Eastern Himalayas, Bhutan is full of never-ending range of hills, verdant plains, meandering perennial rivers, meditative sounds of the Buddhist chants and colorful prayer flags tied everywhere reminding us that nature and spirituality are inseparable.\nThough the pictures don’t do justice to the real beauty of this paradise, and my words can’t describe the magical experience, I shall try my best to give a brief of how and what it was. Our tour was of four days covering the two major cities of Bhutan, Thimpu and Paro. A further long stay will give you much time and opportunity to explore the country better.\nThe Memorial Chorten or Memorial Stupa was built in the honor of the third King of Bhutan Jigme Dorji Wangchuck. It does not contain human remains, but just a photograph of the King. It is circumambulated in clockwise direction like other religious structures. We spent about an hour in the Chorten witnessing the annual recitation of ‘Seven Line Prayer’ to Guru Rinpochhe. The whole milieu was sacred and ingenuous.\nWe later visited the Great Buddha Dordenma, a 169ft gigantic Buddha statue and the Takin Preserve. Takin is the national animal of Bhutan.\nRest of city tour had viewing gorgeous vistas and visiting the important places of interest like Changlimithing multi-purpose national stadium, National Institute for Zorig Chusum (Arts and Crafts school), Authentic Bhutanese Crafts Bazaar, National Library of Bhutan etc.\nNational Institute for Zorig Chusum trains the Bhutanese youth in 13 native and traditional Bhutanese arts like wood carving, statue-making, painting, weaving, tailoring, embroidery etc. Some of the finished products are also sold for good prices.\nThe shops had a unique collection of handcrafted house decors, clothes, book marks, key chains, Bhutanese masks, Bhutanese musical instruments, hand bags, jewelry and many more. The place was a kaleidoscope of colors.\nTashichhoedzong build by the first Dharma Raja, is a Buddhist monastery and fortress on the banks of Wang Chu River. There are thirty temples, chapels and shrines within it. It is the office of Bhutan’s civil government and Kingship together. A few kms near the Dzong is the King’s palace, the Dechencholing Palace. The photograph below is an aerial view of the Dzong and its surroundings.\nComing to cuisine, red rice and buckwheat are Bhutan’s two main foods. Red rice in Bhutan has an earthy flavor. The Bhutanese make soups and stews out of various vegetables and meats (yak meat being a specialty). Ema datshi, which is their national dish, is spicy made with large, green chili peppers in a cheesy sauce. It is one of their major comforting and widely made dishes. Momos (dumplings) are also quite famous. Butter Tea (also called Suja) is made of the Bhutanese Tea Leaves, Water, Butter and salt. The Bhutanese also include various spices like ginger, garlic, turmeric, caraway etc in their cooking.\nThe National game of Bhutan is Dha or Archery. We made sure we wore the traditional dresses of Bhutan (Gho for men and Kira for women) and played archery amidst the serene hilly terrains.\nTraditional Architecture remains prevalent in Bhutan. Throughout its history, Bhutan has mainly followed the Tibetan tradition of Buddhist architecture. Any new structure construction is supposed to abide the rules. Read more on the Architecture of Bhutan in wiki here.\nTouring Bhutan is not only a way to escape in the tranquility of nature, but also a fun trip getting to know their unique culture and tradition. It opens your heart to simplicity, variety and spirituality.\nRevive your body and awaken your soul, go visit this magical Kingdom.\nMore on the remaining itinerary in next blogs. I will take through our Paro city tour and the sacred mountainous passes.\nMonsoons remind me of Visakhaptnam aka Vizag, my home town. I have lived all my childhood waking up to a kaleidoscope of greens, thanks to my dad, an ardent nature lover who thought we should live as close to nature as possible.\nMonsoons in Vizag bring a burst of vibrancy and a splash of lush green to an already verdant view. Our home being at foot hill of the Eastern Ghats and a bit sloped, we experience lovely and fresh water streams gushing on a heavy rainfall day. The sight of monsoon clouds hovering over the majestic hills shrouding and revealing them is in deed salubrious.\nAnd oh, not to forget the tiny pools of water collected on our terrace top, I remember jumping into them and splashing water all over myself. All those little birdies singing at the top of their voice and, freshest flowers and leaves with rain droplets raise your spirits high and make you live in the moment.\nOver time I have captured these scenes in my camera and though they don’t do justice to the beauty of this rainy paradise, they keep these special memories alive. So well, I have a lot of rainy tales to tell, but for now please enjoy viewing these photographs."}
+{"text": "Royal Kindergarten Gowns. We at Bestbuttman offer cheap kindergarten gowns at superior quality suitable for all young kindergarten graduates. The shiny royal blue gown is made from best quality tricot fabric. We offer a variety of sizes for kindergarten ages and the graduation gown is designed with a front zip fastening and stylish yoke. When placing your order you may want to checkout the matching cheap kindergarten caps and tassels offered by Bestbuttman online."}
+{"text": "Today started out differently than the rest I was looking forward to school. I wanted to see the girl again. Today I wanted to find out her name. I had a smirk on my face today. I walked in class and didn't see her. All possibility of me being happy that day was gone in an instant. I at down and put my head down. And class started but I didn't care. I just kept my head down and zoned out. And suddenly I felt the slightest touch run across my shoulder and down my back. I looked up to see her the girl and a smile came upon my face. I was over joyed. Now all I wanted was for lunch to come. Fourth period couldn't have been any longer. Lunch had finally come and I saw her at the table I sat down and looked at her I saw the cutest smile. And I said hi she said hello I asked her what's your name Ashely. I told her mine and she smiled. We talked and everyday at lunch. I was so happy being friends with her until one say when in she walked on my bus and sat next to me I said what are you doing she said I thought we could chill after school today. I only I can find a way out to stay away from home."}
+{"text": "HARTFORD, MICHIGAN (July 28, 2017) – After a tough visit to Canada, the JJR Marshall Racing #41 team trekked back into the State as they found themselves in Michigan for the next scheduled event on the World of Outlaws Craftsman Sprint Car Series event at Hartford Speedway. There were 27 speed competitors lined up in the pit area at the half-mile oval where Shane Stewart waved the checkered flag last year when the tour starts visited for the Battle of Michigan.\nJeremy Schultz, from Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, kicked off time trials as he revved his engine and turned in two good laps around the surface at Hartford. Jason Johnson was already ready in the staging area as he would be the fifth car to push off in time trials aboard the Fischer Body Shop/Kenny’s Components #41 Maxim. David Gravel had raised the bar with a lap of 13.731 seconds, so the Ragin’ Cajun summoned the horses from his Kistler Engines powerplant to get going. The ponies were at full gallop when he took the green flag and his first lap was a good one at 13.855 seconds, which was second quick. He stayed on the hammer and turned in a consistent, but slightly slower, second lap coming in at 13.863 seconds. As he patiently waited for the remaining 22 drivers to complete their laps, the forty-one remained on the board as the second quickest when the final checker flag flew.\nEarning the pole position in the second heat race, Philip and the JJR Marshall Racing team went to work to ready the Maxim Racing machine for battle in the eight lap races where the top two go to the Craftsman Club Dash and four more lock into the A-Main. The cars lined up in their traditional two-by-two order with Jeremy Schultz sharing the front row with the Ragin’ Cajun as Brad Sweet, Logan Schuchart, Joe Swanson, Ryan Ruhl, Chad Blonde, Max McGhee and Jason Steinebach rounding out the starting order, When the green flag dropped Jason drove into the lead in his Dissolvalloy Downhole Revolution/Weld Racing entry with Brad Sweet pressing him for the position. Sweet would eventually wrestle it away as Jason was now giving chase with Schuchart running in the show position. Sweet would take the win with Jason coming home second to earn the two spots in the Craftsman Club Dash as Schuchart, Schultz, Ruhl and Blonde secured the final four transfer spots to the feature.\nThere were six drivers who earned a spot in the 6-lap Craftsman Club Dash at Harford Speedway and Jason Johnson was one of them along with heat race winners David Gravel, Brad Sweet, and Shane Stewart and fellow runner-up finishers Paul McMahan and Jason Sides. An inversion pill of four was pulled which put the driver of the forty-one in the Priority Aviation Services, LLC/Valvoline machine on the inside of row three in the fifth starting position with Jason Sides to the right side of his nerf bar. Polesitter Paul McMahan and fellow front row starter Shane Stewart brought the field to the green with Stewart getting to the clean air first. Jason was running sixth as the dirty air churned with Stewart collecting the win over Sweet, Gravel, Sides and McMahan with Jason claiming the final spot.\nThere were 30 laps left to race on this night as the track was slicking off and becoming a very technical and tactical surface for the competitors. After the WoO traditional four wide salute to the fans it was time to go racing in Jakob Weaver’s home state of Michigan. Brad Sweet jumped into the lead, but here came the Ragin’ Cajun using what he could find on the topside of the track. He made his way all the way up to second before the traction wore away and he started to get shuffled back in the running order. He ran in the top five for the first third of the race and was just outside looking in over the next ten laps. Enduring numerous cautions and one red flag stoppage the teams were searching for ways to get a hold of the track while positioning themselves to make a passed versus being passed. If you gave up the bottom line you were exposed. Gravel briefly took the lead from Sweet on laps 9 and 10 before Sweet drove the NAPA Auto Parts #49 back into the top spot. Gravel would reclaim the lead on lap 28 and collect the win over Sweet, Schuchart, and Brent Marks with Kraig Kinser driving home fourth. Jason hung on to gather an eleventh-place finish in the Waco Metal/Jonestown KOA #41, his 43rd Top 15 finish of the season – an impressive 72.88% success rate, as the team will now head to Wilmot Raceway for action on Saturday night."}
+{"text": "Hi new folks! We recommend doing an #introductions post and putting your neighborhood in your profile (if you're comfortable). Welcome!\n@alex that's so cool!! a chicago instance!!!"}
+{"text": "(dont ask about the thumbnail. I needed one and decided on a screenshot I took of a galaxy drawing I made on Fire Alpaca) Basically, this rp takes place in a giant city where people can have powers, tech has advanced very far, etc.\n-please tolerate all sexualities, genders, and races. if you have any problem with this, leave the studio without saying anything.\n-feel free to make a character based off a movie character/book character/TV show character/real life person.\n-you can rp as soon as you make a bio. don't worry about having to be accepted!\n-keep violence and romance to a limit."}
+{"text": "This project was made for a Creativity in Advertising class in Fall 2018. The challenge was to name and create an advertising campaign for a new non-toxic and non allergenic liquid fragrance that can be sprayed onto any surface (fabric, wood, counter-tops) or into the air and it will completely eliminate any form of odor. My fragrance comes in two flavors; Rose Garden and Tea Tree.\nI designed the logo for the product with Adobe Illustrator, composed all headline and body copy for an AD and social media campaign and designed a print ad that introduces the product and helps to sell it. The colors used for this products are #DD525C #DA4290 #EFAA58. For the logo, I wanted to portray the effect of the liquid fusing with the air to eliminate odor.\nJWU Italian Cuisine & Culture."}
+{"text": "EXPERIENCE Practicing public accounting since 1983. Have been the Managing Shareholder for my Certified Public Accounting firm since 1994. Practice is devoted exclusively to community associations. Perform independent audits and reviews; prepare corporate income tax returns; offer recommendations for operational enhancement and development of stronger internal controls to better safeguard Association assets.Former shareholder of a Florida CPA firm which also exclusively served condominiums, homeowner associations, timeshares and rental properties.\nExtensive knowledge of the Minnesota Common Interest Ownership Act, the law governing community associations.\nAuthor of several articles concerning the Minnesota Common Interest Ownership Act that were published in professional journals and client newsletters.\nConducted numerous educational seminars on accounting rules and tax laws relative to community associations.\nInstructor for Conviser Duffy, national CPA Exam review courses. Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota.\nAdjunct professor of accounting for ten years; teaching principles, intermediate, advanced, fund, cost and tax accounting courses at colleges in Indiana and Florida.\nBearded Oaks Homeowners Association – Past President, Vice President & Treasurer."}
+{"text": "When the Indian Mutiny broke out in May 1857, Hall was on HMS Shannon en route to China. She was intercepted and ordered to Calcutta (since renamed Kolkata). A Shannon Brigade was formed of several gunners, sailors, and marines, under Captain William Peel. The ship was towed over 600 miles up the Ganges River to Allahabad. Then the force fought across country to Campbell’s headquarters at Cawnpore and were in time to take part in the Siege of Lucknow.\nLieutenant (now Commander) Young, late Gunnery Officer of Her Majesty’s ship ” Shannon,” and William Hall, “Captain of the Foretop,” of that Vessel, were recommended by the late Captain Peel for the Victoria Cross, for their gallant conduct at a 24-Pounder Gun, brought up to the angle of the Shah Nujeff, at Lucknow, on the 16th of November, 1857.\nWilliam Edward Hall was born at Summerville, Nova Scotia, in 1827 as the son of Jacob and Lucy Hall, who had escaped American slave owners in Maryland during the War of 1812 and were brought to freedom in Nova Scotia by the British Royal Navy as part of the Black Refugee movement. The Halls first lived in Summerville, NS where Jacob worked in a shipyard operated by Abraham Cunard until they bought a farm across the Avon River at Horton Bluff. Hall first worked in shipyards at nearby Hantsport, Nova Scotia, before going to sea at the age of seventeen. He sailed first on merchant ships based out of the Minas Basin including the barque Kent of Kentville, Nova Scotia.\nHall is buried in Hantsport, Nova Scotia where his grave is marked by a monument at the Baptist church. The Royal Canadian Legion in Hantsport is named “The Lucknow Branch” in honour of his Victoria Cross action. Hall’s Victoria Cross was repatriated from Britain in 1967 by the government of Nova Scotia and is on permanent display at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax. Hall is also featured in exhibits at the Halifax Citadel and at the Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia.\n?Canada Post commemorated William Hall on a stamp, first issued on February 1, 2010 in Hantsport, Nova Scotia and officially launched at the Black Cultural Centre on February 2, 2010. Hall was designated a Nationally Historic Person by the Canadian Historic Sites and Monuments Board at Hantsport on October 8, 2010 and a new plaque was unveiled in his honour."}
+{"text": "Could a chatbot solve the retirement savings problem?\nBut according to a paper by behavioral economist Schlomo Benartzi, a Professor of Behavioral Decision Making at UCLA Anderson School of Management and a senior academic advisor to the Voya Institute for Behavioral Finance Innovation, when a chatbot and text messages, as well as targeted e-mails, are combined with the principles of behavioral economics—specifically, nudging people into certain actions—the effects on retirement savings can be substantial.\nDigital nudging has two advantages over conventional methods of encouraging people to change their behavior.\nFirst, research can be conducted far faster in the digital space, which helps to identify successful strategies more quickly.\nAnd second, the scale of a digital program can be immense, which results in far more people being affected in a cost-effective manner.\nThey also looked at robo-savings apps as a means of counteracting how easy it is to spend money online via one-click checkouts and apps like Apple Pay by helping people to save money just as easily.\nOne method that sought to increase enrollment in an auto-deposit program posed the question to users of whether they’d prefer to save $5 per day, $35 per week or $150 per month.\nWhile just 7 percent opted to save $150 per month, which is essentially the same as $5 per day or $35 per week, a full 30 percent opted for the smaller-sounding, easier-sounding $5 per day.\nThen there’s mobile feedback. Testing a mobile app that provides a dashboard showing people “how much you spend at clothing stores and the percentage of income that’s devoted to paying off the mortgage” while they’re actually out spending money “turned out to have a huge impact,” particularly on discretionary spending, “with the average user decreasing their monthly spending by 15.7 percent”—nearly all of which was discretionary spending, such as eating out.\nSo as research progresses in both behavioral economics and tech tools that can help people better manage their money, retirement savings may come out a winner in the end.\nThis article was written by BenefitsPro and was legally licensed through the NewsCred publisher network."}
+{"text": "What did we do before social media? Well I know what we did, of course and what we didn’t do. We didn’t know our friends and acquaintances every move, thought, or action punctuated by a thumbs up or a heart emoji. We never saw thousands of photos capturing life in real time, sharing public and private moments that our friend circle and beyond have shared and shared and shared yet again. Snapchats and Instagram exposes life in instant time. And yet the great irony is that with all of this isolating technology, we do feel connected.\nI do know what we did back then although I cringe to hear myself refer to the past as if I were withered with age. Life was just a bit quieter and moved at a slower pace although that just seems so in hindsight. At the time, I felt like life was fast.\nPrevious articleRemember the difficulties of trading without the single market?\nTina Celentano writes about love, life and lessons from the empty nest. She is a Today Parenting and Red Tricycle contributor and is published in the anthology Once Upon An Expat. In no particular order, she is a friend, mom, film buff, book aficionado, music lover, wife, sister, writer and traveler."}
+{"text": "I enjoyed this book. The descriptions were fantastic. I actually listened to the story as an audiobook narrated by Steve West. I would recommend it to anyone looking for a fantasy novel in young adult genres that have a bit of an in-depth love story to the plot. Steve West was also an amazing narrator so I would definitely recommend any audiobooks by him.\nThe author Laini Taylor was amazing at descriptors. The way the scenes and characters were illustrated through her creative writing artistry added so much richness and depth. The imagery was where she was able to shine through her writing talents. They were really the heart and soul of the story. Some descriptions seemed to be taken right out of the book of Revelation which was interesting. There was flowery prose that added value and appeal to the beauty of the writing. I don’t know how it would read though because there were quite a few characters to keep track of with similar pursuits and agendas that would probably be slow and boring to read about, so I’d definitely recommend the audiobook book by Steve West because his ability to bring diversity and life to each character.\nI enjoyed the first third of the book the most. After about chapter 18-22, the focus was more on relational development, as in sensual romance that I felt was more about dialectical tensions through a less flowery dialogue between the main characters with glorification of over-the-top eroticism and ‘imperfect situations.’ The very definition of insta-love that is found in a lot of YA fiction. And later there was an introduction of other antagonists and sub characters that also fell in similar circumstance and persona that felt a bit repetitive rather than supportive for the main plot. Basically I just wanted to live in the first third because it was my favorite part.\n“In the western outposts of the Elmuthaleth-Alkonost and others-they watched for the heat-distorted silhouettes of camel trains to energy from the emptiness as they always had, but they did not."}
+{"text": "An actual estate license can provide the investor and even an industry agent with great advantages. Just like the salesperson examination, dealer candidates must register on the Department of State website and arrange an account with EAccessNY This is the DOS online management system. The state examination consists of a hundred questions damaged up into 45 questions of Actual Property Legislation, forty five questions of Actual Estate Rules and 10 questions of Real Estate Math. Real estate licensure candidates who’re denied a license have the fitting to file an attraction with the DOS. On the Albany Center , I am the net instructor and maintain the required CDEI Certification to teach the programs.\nThere are multiple-choice quizzes for every session and classroom workouts to permit the coed to display mastery of this real estate course materials. Brokers licensed after January 1, 2001 should complete one hundred-twenty (120) further hours of Fee accredited education earlier than the third anniversary of their broker license. Contact IREC staff for assistance in case you have ever had a felony or knowledgeable license revoked. You’ll receive the all-inclusive courses and supplies to construct your actual estate data and expertise.\nPrograms must be accomplished at an establishment of higher learning accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges or by a comparable regional accrediting agency recognized by the United States Division of Training, or by a personal real estate college which has had its courses accredited by the California Actual Property Commissioner.\nI’m also proprietor of Cram for , a website that provides observe actual estate exams for New York and New Jersey. Our employees features a team of workers which can be devoted to the success of all of our college students in each Allied real estate online programs. At Climer College of Actual Estate, we advise that, earlier than you enroll in actual estate faculty, apply to your Florida actual property license. This 6-course Actual Estate + Prep + Enterprise Etiquette Program is complete with the 6 TREC necessary programs needed for pre-licensing, state examination prep with flashcards, and our 2-day Enterprise Etiquette Program. The actual property standards of observe and code of ethics is emphasised all through every section of business. Larson Educational Providers provides the very best high quality actual estate schooling obtainable.\nYou need a professional web presence that conveys to the market the standard of your enterprise, whereas allowing you to market your properties merely and to their finest potential. CitiLights is a modern and stylish actual estate theme that may give your website a contemporary and up to date feel. We pleasure ourselves in being reliable partners in your actual property advertising and work to supply only the best to our clients. Responsive websites additionally result in elevated WEBSITE POSITIONING, which will help potential customers discover your small business. Primarily we sweep MLS feeds in lots of areas of the country, present college and neighborhood data, develop web sites and real estate instruments for the actual estate trade.\nDreamVilla is a powerful and resourceful, engaging and visually interesting, straightforward to use and very responsive WordPress single property real property web site theme. This revealed categorised list of high a hundred free categorised promoting websites is compiled by means of guide choice of very good advert websites for Indian as well as international visitors and advertisers alike. If you are a real property agent that is seeking to improve your web presence, lead technology techniques, content material marketing marketing campaign, or inbound advertising and marketing funnel then you must join us. Your Dealer Web site Should Outline You as A Legitimate Actual Property Professional.\nHouzez, Actual Locations and WP Pro Real Estate 7” are my favourite themes to create actual property itemizing portal. Real Estate Advertising 360® is the #1 actual estate advertising platform on this planet. Domestic Sale is a website like Craigslist that aims to remove junk entries allowing your professional categorized advertisements to thrive and never get buried under junk. There is a motive why most FSBO’s find yourself working with Realtors after wasting time, vitality, and cash making an attempt the For Sale By Proprietor route. Real Knowledgeable is a premium WordPress theme for actual property or property listing web sites. The XML demo content bundled on this theme allows you to arrange an actual estate website with just few clicks. Also, pop-up home windows are probably the most misused features on actual property websites.\nRemember, as a on the market by owner, you should not have a Realtor to be the facilitator and guide you thru the house inspection, radon inspection, termite inspection, appraisal process, underwriting process, and coping with the escrow company to close.\nWe are in search of knowledgeable real property agent to be an intermediary between sellers and consumers. The word REALTOR® is a federally registered collective membership mark that identifies a real property skilled who’s member of the NATIONAL AFFILIATION OF REALTORS® and subscribes to its strict Code of Ethics. This situation can get murky actually fast, so we have put collectively this text on the whole lot essential you’ll want to know about actual estate agents before making the transfer.\nThere are important variations between the actions, powers, obligations and liabilities of brokers and estate brokers in every country. These agents have completed additional education beyond that required of brokers and have handed the dealer’s license exam in your state. So the buyer’s agent effectively works for the buyer fee free, so far as the buyer is worried.\nSome state Real Property Commissions – notably Florida’s 4 after 1992 (and extended in 2003) and Colorado’s 5 after 1994 (with modifications in 2003) – created the choice of getting no agency or fiduciary relationship between brokers and sellers or buyers.\nSome other states have recently eliminated the salesperson’s license and instead all licensees in those states mechanically earn their dealer’s license. Real estate appraisal — in most states, provided that the dealer is also licensed as an appraiser. Often times the seller’s dealer will split the commission with the customer’s dealer.\nFind out what utilities can be found to your property, or located close by. In addition, as a result of the true property section of the national papers has articles on market circumstances, ideas for patrons and sellers plus detailed lists of latest sales and auction outcomes, patrons are drawn to the property elevate out also as a research useful resource.\nWhether or not you’re using the seven Ps or original 4 Ps, your advertising mix plan plays an important function in ensuring your products reach the appropriate audiences. By way of hard work and keenness for what we do, Photoplan has evolved and organically grown since its inception in 2004 and we are actually one of the UK’s leading property marketing firms.\nBy constantly adding value to the content material you share with your audience, they may want to hold hearing from you and be very happy to hearken to your provides and new growth announcements as they come. E-mail is one of the most undervalued and important parts of your advertising artillery. We have made a major funding in our property advertising and marketing strategies, increasing volumes of leads and decreasing time-on-market. We work with the top corporations within the property administration industry and rising.\nGreat property-advertising companies do not just recklessly tag random individuals until they get irritated – they make an effort to make your property something share-worthy and viral. Property Amenitites – We work with all of the prime rental listing websites within the trade to provide you probably the most complete record of facilities so as to add to your property. I know that sounds strange being in a discipline which marketing is paramount however that’s my gut reaction and an trustworthy one."}
+{"text": "ISEKI TG tractors are smart and intelligent machines for new generation.\nTM series is classified into most compact tractor segment.\nTXG237 is the convenient and versatile sub compact tractor.\nIseki Zero -Turn Mower SZ330 Series with enough high power diesel engine provide efficient performance for mowing."}
+{"text": "Watch video · Apple and General Electric say they are working together to make it easier to write software that can track power plants and jet engines on Apple’s iPhones and …... 10/02/2017 · For the first 2 days, you have access to all the premium benefits of the site. After your 2 day trial, you'll still be able to use the site, you just won't have access to everything.\nUsing PatientTrak allows you to monitor and measure patient feedback, improving operations and your brand. Using both online reviews and surveys we provide a complete picture of patient satisfaction. Using both online reviews and surveys we provide a complete picture of patient satisfaction. how to enable sketch apple watch Scrobble & sync from your media center. Track every TV show & movie you watch, automatically from your favorite media center. We call this scrobbling.\nScrobble & sync from your media center. Track every TV show & movie you watch, automatically from your favorite media center. We call this scrobbling. how to turn on fitbit sleep tracker The GE McKinsey matrix is a nine-box matrix which is used as a strategy tool. It helps multi-business corporations evaluate business portfolios and prioritize investments among different business units in a systematic manner.\nDigital Airlines This Big-Data Firm Wants To Stop Flight Delays And Other Maddening Airline Problems Oct 25, 2017 by Maggie Sieger. The scene plays out on Oct. 15 at New York’s LaGuardia Airport, dull, annoying and all too routine.\nEdmunds has detailed price information for the Used 1997 Geo Tracker. Save money on Used 1997 Geo Tracker models near you. Find detailed gas mileage information, insurance estimates, and more.\nUsing PatientTrak allows you to monitor and measure patient feedback, improving operations and your brand. Using both online reviews and surveys we provide a complete picture of patient satisfaction. Using both online reviews and surveys we provide a complete picture of patient satisfaction."}
+{"text": "We have recently received a remarkably moving note from Paul Fitzgibbon in connection with his father, Albert, who was killed in Tunisia during February 1943 while serving with the London Irish Rifles.\n“A twisting pathway of discovery has led me to this amazing website.\nA letter dated 20.11.1945 from Edmund O’Sullivan was found quite recently in a battered old brown suitcase, along with letters from my father to my mother, not long before he was killed on 22nd February 1943 near Bou Arada.\nThe final resting place of Albert Fitzgibbon at Medjez-el-Bab CWGC Cemetery.\nBelow, we are privileged to share the letter from RQMS O’Sullivan that was originally sent to an officer based in Egypt, who then passed it onto the Fitzgibbon family.\nCan anyone help with information on what happened to Rifleman Maher injured in the same attack as my father, did he survive after his evacuation? Any details will be much appreciated. Thank you."}
+{"text": "It was early on a recent Saturday morning, and Michael Amend had been on the road for hours, picking up players in a church bus in Greensboro and High Point. He hoped the other volunteer drivers weren’t having trouble finding players’ homes, but he didn’t want to talk on the phone while driving.\nThe morning’s route and the games that followed comprised a handful of the 25 hours a week Amend spends organizing and coaching soccer teams for students and alumni of the Doris Henderson Newcomers School in Greensboro. And this year his new team of 11- and 12-year-olds has meant an additional workload.\nElsewhere in Greensboro, Moussa Issifou received texts and emails — inquiries for that evening’s game held at a field near Falkener Elementary. Issifou came to Greensboro from Togo in September 2000. Now he’s a professor at NC A&T University, but in the 17 years since his arrival, he has also worked to bring the international community together through soccer — all while enduring unfamiliar restrictions, costs and predispositions.\nNarayan Khadka spent the same morning using art to teach English and US citizenship at Greensboro’s Glen Haven Community Center — a welcoming space for support and education located among the apartments of dozens of refugee and immigrant families near North Elm Street and Pisgah Church Road. Khadka arrived in Greensboro from Nepal, and in the years since has pursued an education that would help him unite people and resolve differences. He was waiting to hear about a grant from the Community Foundation of Greater Greensboro to revitalize the city’s international soccer league; he was the president during its only season back in 2012. There had been many inquiries by those who want it back — people who said they needed it.\nThese three organizers of immigrant and refugee soccer matches in Greensboro strive to maintain traditions, to do their part for something that endures so strongly in themselves and those they care for, but that the world around them endangers.\nThey want to provide something hard to define, but for many of the participants, it’s something akin to feeling wholly alive. Their players seek respite, connection, tradition, home. They find it in soccer.\nThese are the local stewards of the beautiful game.\nAs the sun went down on April 4, it cast an amber light on the Bennett College soccer field that borders Gate City Boulevard. Almost 20 players had arrived, but the field was empty. Puddles of that morning’s rain kept them off.\nInstead, the young men in their late teens kicked soccer balls around on a basketball court next to the soggy field. The hoops and backboards have been removed, leaving only the metal posts — monuments to past play.\nMost of the players wore no shoes, not wanting to ruin cleats on the court’s hard surface. Playing barefoot was nothing new; it’s how many of them learned the game in their home countries from a young age, sometimes playing for five or six hours a day. Without cleats on, they still showed incredible finesse.\nCoach Michael Amend watched the players, who make up the Greensboro United Soccer Association’s Global team. They are alumni of the Newcomers School, a magnet for first-year immigrants and refugees. Students remain at the Newcomers School for one year, then transition to various schools in the district.\nAs the players scrimmaged in two separate games in teams of three or four, Anas Quashie limped off the court, the sole of his foot bleeding onto the asphalt. He found one of his socks and wrapped it tightly around the wound.\nAfter the practice, as players waited for city buses or rides home from Amend and one another, Quashie’s peers chided him.\n“You must not be from Africa, bro!” one kidded in good nature, showing the group the callous bottom of his right foot.\nQuashie is from Africa. He used to play what he calls “street soccer” in the dirt roads of Togo. His feet have softened, adapted since he moved to Greensboro in February 2016.\nOf the many challenges that a young refugee faces in the United States, the ones related to changes in soccer are often no less significant than ones off the field. Playing soccer sustains many of these young men: The game transcends to become symbolic — a connection to a new home and the reminder of an old one.\nQuashie said the hardest adjustment in his soccer life has been the difference between the dirt streets of Togo and the large grass fields in Greensboro. The game itself has changed.\nSoccer encompasses the cultural differences that all of the young men face. They’ve come from other traditions in Egypt, Congo, El Salvador, Liberia, Iraq and various other countries around the world.\nQuashie’s teammate Makryous Kori misses the sand pitches in Sudan, where he grew up. He misses using rocks to mark the goals, and he misses his friends who he occasionally talks with on the phone, who ask him when he’s coming home.\nBut there are greater differences than a change in the playing surface, and a new prerequisite toward practices and matches might be the most challenging.\n“You have to call people in the US to [arrange a time] to play,” Kori explained. In Sudan, he said, everyone played in the streets all day long. Pickup soccer was as much a part of life as anything else.\nAs refugees acclimate to life in Greensboro, to fresh traditions at the Newcomers School and beyond, changes are inevitable.\nThe weekly pickup game began before Moussa Issifou arrived, but he was by no means lost or out of luck. His group formed these sides often, and he knew the rule: If you’re married, you’re on one team; if not, you’re on the other.\nThe division might not have been followed precisely, and the teams were already unbalanced — 11 bachelors against 13 espoused, with Issifou joining the latter. But for Issifou, accuracy carried less importance than a greater goal. He didn’t call them married and unmarried. He called them fathers and sons.\nUnderstandably, the sons want to beat their fathers — the adults or elders. But just as importantly for Issifou, they simply want to play.\nSoccer is a tradition — a fact lost to those who don’t include sports in the ranks of language, food, music and dance. Yet like any part of culture, a community’s athletic and sports traditions can falter as the youngest generations of families new to the United States adjust.\nFathers and sons face off at a field near Falkener Elementary in a game Moussa Issifou helped organize.\nAfter the separate sides warmed up — the fathers as a synchronized regiment and the sons in a loose circle of chatter — the sons removed their shirts and the game began.\nPlayers on the field usually range from around 15 to 50. In special circumstances, the fathers allow the even younger kids to join.\nThis wasn’t the case on April 16. As the big game got underway, some of the youngest kids started a miniature match in an unused corner of the field, while others tore around the parking lot on bikes with training wheels or partook in a large box of Bojangles fast food.\nSometimes when Issifou plays, memories of his own younger days appear."}
+{"text": "A value pack of our most popular Bruiser Blend Junior Dubbings in the lighter colors. A buggy shiny dubbing with some shaggy stiffer fibers for added volume and lifelike movement. A collection of the most popular bright colors for Emergence Dubbing in one easy-to-access dispenser.\nSpectra Dubbing in dispensers A dubbing collection of some of the more popular Arizona Mega Simi Seal dubbing colors. The popular African Goat dubbing in one convenient container. Two color schemes available.\nA collection of the 12 most popular Awesome Possum dubbings from Wapsi 12 of Hareline's most popular \"Dubbin\" colors 12 Compartment dubbing organizer box with pre-drilled holes to access dubbing.\nAssortment #1 has the most popular colors of Arizona Simi Seal Assortment #2. Another great assortment of popular Simi colors. A collection of the most popular Beaver Dubbing colors in one easy-to-access dispenser.\nPerfect blend of natural hare's ear fibers and the popular ice dub for some flash Assortment #3. Salmon and Steelhead colors Dry fly tyer's dream. A collection of the most popular Fine Natural Dubbing colors in one easy-to-access dispenser."}
+{"text": "If you are in the market for a spacious, fuel efficient, and stylish crossover SUV, there are few options as impressive as the 2016 Volkswagen Tiguan. It's got seating for five and a sporty exterior that makes it stand out from the other crossover vehicles on the road. The 2016 Volkswagen Tiguan is a vehicle unlike any other and we are here to share the incredible design and technology features that make it such a great choice for families and adventurous drivers.\nThe athletic exterior of the 2016 Volkswagen Tiguan stands as a shining example of the skill and impressive design that Volkswagen has to offer. Clean horizontal lines and a sloping rear end makes this vehicle feel and look aerodynamic and efficient. Under the hood, the standard 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine puts down an impressive 200 horsepower, despite its small size. Modern engineering makes it possible for an engine that gets up to 26 miles per gallon on the highway, to tow up to 2,200 lbs of maximum trailer weight. Versatility comes standard on this crossover SUV that offers more without sacrificing efficiency or power.\nTest Drive the 2016 Volkswagen Tiguan In Paterson NJ Today!\nSitting inside the 2016 Tiguan, you are sure to love the convenient design and luxuriously comfortable seating for up to five adults. Rear folding seats make room for extra cargo, and leatherette seating trim adds to the appeal of sitting inside. Driving becomes more convenient and high-tech than ever before inside the 2016 Tiguan with a first-row LCD screen powered by the all-new MIB II infotainment system. This infotainment system offers easier connectivity for smartphone devices through Apple CarPlay and Android Auto. Combined with the eight-speaker audio system and the Bluetooth connectivity, the 2016 Tiguan is a crossover SUV with more than enough convenience and versatility.\nIf you are interested in taking a closer look at the 2016 Volkswagen Tiguan, give us a call here at Joe Heidt Motors. You can also schedule your test drive appointment online and use our free online tools for a quicker financing process. Our experienced team would love to answer any questions you have during your car shopping process. We look forward to hearing from you soon!"}
+{"text": "Leussink Engineering has defied “gloom and doom” forecasts for manufacturing in the NSW industrial region of Illawarra and is increasing its apprenticeship quota this year.\nThe company firmly believes that by training its own staff it will open even greater market opportunities in mining, rail, construction, shipbuilding, energy, materials handling, transport and general manufacturing.\nFurther, as it has already demonstrated over the last 28 years in apprentice training, by developing a highly technical in-house team it throws open the doors for import replacement deals with large companies desperate for fast turnaround on time-critical jobs and component emergencies.\nCompany director Jason Leussink strongly believes it is this platform, based on the strength of skilled apprentices, that has protected Leussink’s markets through indifferent times.\nHe now sees the company expanding into new markets as a provider to some of the biggest companies in industrial Australia.\n“We are always bringing through a group of fresh youngsters that are learning new manual skills from ground level before moving onto CNC training,” says Mr Leussink.\n“Our apprentice uptake ratio has always been very high. This year, however, we have increased the quota as there are six apprentices to be taken on. In a workforce of 45 employees that is a very high percentage.\n“We normally have about eight apprentices on the production floor at the same time. As of 2012 we will have 14. In 1995 we first appointed a dedicated trainer for apprentices and that is all this one particular supervisor does.\n“His supervision range is very high because our boys progress quite rapidly and training is intense because most of our equipment is CNC rather than manual.\nLeussink Engineering’s business is fairly unique as it is focused on quite small batch quantities – often as small as a single item.\nAttention to scheduling and inventory combined with highly trained apprentices ensures these cost effective tiny runs are viable for clients.\n“With a plethora of highly trained CNC-savvy young staff on the production floor, we have that solid background to produce these once-off items for a good price and quality because we do it all the time and are very good at it,” says Mr Leussink.\n“We have made a lot of refinement to the apprentice selection process over the last five years and over that time we’ve had about 80-100 applicants per intake.\n“Our record is excellent, Mr Leussink says. “We retain about 90% of our trained apprentices and our employee age profile is very young. We see these as very strong signs for not just our company but Australian industry in general."}
+{"text": "Absolutely. The government has really cracked down on my ability to harm myself - I am left with illegal drugs and riding a unicycle without a helmet around and around the house. My father-in-law said the other day, in reference I think to the warning on the inside of our car door that tells you you might hit your head on it, that 'there is a dangerous trend towards safety'. We had one child (and yes, sad) die on a school trip in a swimming pool when my youngest was in grade 5 - not at our school, or even from our home city, or in our province - and the principal of our school made a rule that no kid could go within 60 feet of the edge of any water. Made our trip to Pioneer Village on the St Lawrence a real hoot. 10's of thousands of kids from Ontario go to Quebec for school trips, and vice versa (because nous parlons le francais, le bas) and they all swim in pools every year. My kid skate boards - and I hate this - he simply won't wear a helmet. Now I could 'make' him, and then he would take it off once he was around the corner. I could take away his skate board - yeah - that would really help him - he lives to snowboard and skateboard - and his marks are great. I could take away his skateboard and he could get hit by an asteroid. When they made better hockey equipment the game got more vicious as well - so minimizing risk maximizes risky behaviour - always a trade off.\nso... what's up with all those red candle sticks on the metal charts?\ndoes the EE know that I'll have lots of cash coming in next week? Again.. thank you, dear EE, for giving us so much more time to stack!\nFood must not be eaten?\nNow that is a warning I did not need! We used to practice getting under our desks in grade school - but they forgot to tell us not to snack! We could all have been killed - but at least we wouldn't have been hungry as we were immolated.\nDarn! I was waitin' too!\nOff to support the corporate giants. Costco ho - just really for chicken strips for the puppy-pie. And to get some snacks for the nuclear attack - I love nothing better than being a scoff-law! Now where is my Iolite?\nNothing is at it seems. You really think that TPTB dont know that this is all happening? do you really think that the system is going to actually crash?? come on, they know whats going on, they created it!!!! this is all planned to crash, and then the new system (which they have already created) will be slid right into place. they wrote the book, its their game. gold and silver arent shooting to the moon unless they allow it to or want it to. Dont you all realize that this is all planned??\n...that Vietnam is still separated by North and South. We're so screwed."}
+{"text": "This is of the best activity done with the kids ,as it increases their listening skills, concentration. They get to know more of their friends.\nBasically in this they are asked to stand in a circle and one of the child is picked among the group and is blind folded. Then we twist the child in the same place, so that they are not aware of which child sitting in which place.\nThen the fun part begins, the child who’s blind folded hears other children speaking or talking something or calling out the child who’s blind folded name, then they have to guess who’s who. Also we make them touch and feel other children and they are suppose to guess..who’s who."}
+{"text": "On 9 June 1572, Jeanne d’Albret, the queen of Navarre died.\nNavarre was a small, Pyrenean kingdom, nestled between France and Spain, and fiercely holding on to its independence in the face of these two great powers. Jeanne was born at Saint-Germain-en-Laye in France on 16 November 1528 and was a relation of the French royal family through her mother, the sister of François I. Her husband, Antoine de Bourbon, was a prince of the blood and spent most of his life torn between his conflicting loyalties to France and Navarre.\nJeanne inherited the throne from her father, Henri II in 1555. She had been raised a Huguenot (French Calvinist Protestant) and on her accession, declared Protestantism the official religion of Navarre. She was very clever and a shrewd politician. She was well educated and, taking after her mother, Marguerite of Navarre, she was a writer. Jeanne composed and published numerous poems.\nPious and staunchly Protestant, Jeanne was suspicious when, in 1570, plans were formed to marry her son and heir, Henri de Navarre, to Marguerite de Valois (Margot), the daughter of Henri II of France and Catherine de’ Medici. Catherine hoped to bring peace to France, which was again on the brink of a religious civil war, with the wedding. Jeanne suspected a trap but was keen to see her son make such an advantageous marriage.\nTwo months before the marriage was scheduled to take place, Jeanne died suddenly in Paris. Rumour was rife that Catherine de’ Medici had had her poisoned. Shortly before her death, Jeanne had supposedly received a gift of scented gloves from Catherine’s infamous perfumier, René the Florentine. René was famed for his Italian perfumes and cosmetics, but widely suspected of being the maker of the poisons the queen mother allegedly used to dispatch her enemies.\nThe marriage went ahead on 18 August 1572, with horrific consequences.\nThis entry was posted in Henri de Navarre, Infamous Women, Jeanne d'Albret, Marguerite of Navarre and tagged Catherine de' Medici, France, henri de navarre, history, History of Europe on June 9, 2011 by Gillian.\nOn 5th January 1589, Catherine de’ Medici, the Queen Mother of France died at Blois, possibly of pleurisy. She was 69 years old and had spent the last thirty years fighting to keep the French throne in the hands of her sons, three of whom succeeded their father, Catherine’s husband Henri II, to be king of France.\nCatherine had arrived in France from her native Italy in 1534. Pope Clement VII (who famously refused to give Henry VIII his divorce from Catherine of Aragon), her uncle, had used his wealth and power to arrange a most illustrious marriage for her. She was descended from the Medici family but though they had been important in Florence, bankers could rarely expect to marry princes. However, Francis I of France had depleted his treasury in the pursuit of land and glory the Italian Wars and the handsome dowry which Clement promised to send with Catherine, along with an alliance with the Pope, meant that Francis was willing to overlook Catherine’s less-than-ideal pedigree.\nThat said, Catherine did have a small amount of royal blood. Her mother, Madeleine was related, fairly distantly, to the French crown. Sadly for Catherine, she never knew Madeleine as she had died only a few days after her daughter’s birth. It is thought that she had contracted syphilis from her womanising husband Lorenzo. Within a couple of weeks, he too succumbed and Catherine was left an orphan.\nThe young girl was raised initially in Florence with relatives and later in Rome, under the care of her uncle the Pope. She was intelligent, witty and lively but never described as a great beauty. Luckily for her, her family wealth and influence would go some way towards making up for such a defect. Many female failings could be compensated for with a heavy enough purse. Various matches were suggested for Catherine but it was the one with Francis I’s second son, Henri Duc d’Orleans, which went to fruition. As the second son, Henri was not expected to become king and so Francis was content to marry him off to the banking heiress.\nAged 14, Catherine set sail for France and was welcomed to Marseilles with great festivity. Soon after her arrival she and Henri married in a lavish ceremony. Henri was a withdrawn youth, scarred by his time as a hostage in Spain. He proved to be a polite and dutiful husband but his affection lay with his long-term mistress, the vampish Diane de Poitiers. Though Henri was distant and disinterested in his plain little wife, Catherine adored him.\nPredictably enough, the marriage was troubled and Catherine and Henri’s lack of heir compounded the problem, especially after Henri’s elder brother died making him next in line to the throne. Catherine was in danger of being repudiated and replaced with a more fertile wife (the assumption being that infertility was the woman’s “fault,” particularly after at least two of Henri’s mistresses gave birth to his children.\nCatherine reputedly tried all manner of superstitious solutions to her infertility. Eventually, after some medical intervention (the exact nature of which is shrouded in mystery), Catherine finally conceived after ten years of fruitless marriage. She went on to produce ten children in the following ten years, of whom three daughters and four sons survived infancy. Of those sons, three would become king of France.\nAs dauphine and then queen, mother to the heirs of France, Catherine still enjoyed all but no influence over her beloved husband. Instead, Henri discussed matters of state with Diane and it was with her that wise courtiers curried favour, not the dowdy foreign queen. Diane even encouraged Henri to visit his wife’s chambers in order to have more children with her but after the delivery of twin girls (both of whom died) in 1556 almost cost Catherine her life, she was advised not to attempt to bear more children. Henri therefore never slept with her again.\nIn 1559 tragedy struck when Henri was injured in a joust. His opponent’s lance shattered on his visor, sending shards through the king’s eye. After several days of agony, Henri died with Catherine at his side. Catherine took her revenge on Diane by barring her from attending to Henri as he lay dying, calling for his mistress. She then ordered that Diane was to return all the jewels that Henri had given her during their long relationship, claiming that they were crown jewels and not Diane’s to keep. She then banished her from court.\nUnfortunately for the queen, her grief (for the rest of her life she rarely wore any colour other than black) and desire to extract a petty revenge caused her to miss the more important opportunity which had presented itself. Her eldest son Francis had acceded to the throne on Henri’s death. As Francis was only fifteen years old, a regent had to be appointed. Typically, the Queen Mother would take on this role however Francis was married to Mary, Queen of Scots, and it was Mary’s uncles who held the real power and Catherine was regent in name only. Francis was crowned at Rheims as was customary but within eighteen months he too was dead after an ear infection led to an abscess in his brain. He was succeeded by his younger brother who became Charles IX.\nCatherine was not to let this opportunity slip through her fingers. The Guises held no particular power over Charles and Catherine took the reins of government on herself, finally able to exercise some power. During Charles’s minority and beyond, Catherine strove to reconcile the Catholics and Huguenots (French Protestants) and avoid civil war. Catherine was pragmatic on matters of religion and hoped to achieve an accord by extending toleration to Protestants while maintaining the support of the powerful Catholic factions. Despite her efforts, antagonism on both sides spiralled out of control and France was torn apart by thirty-six years of on and off civil war.\nThe nadir of Catherine’s period of power was the St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre which began on 23 August 1572 and led to the murder of thousands of Huguenots. The Massacre followed the marriage of Catherine’s daughter Marguerite (known popularly as Margot) to Henri of Navarre, the Protestant king of Navarre. The marriage, of a prominent member of the Catholic ruling family, to Henri, a Prince of the Blood and a Calvinist, had been designed to unite the quarrelling factions and bring about it a lasting peace. It was not to be: another civil war followed.\nCharles IX died only two years after the massacre, reputedly driven almost mad with guilt. He was succeeded by his brother who styled himself Henri III. Although Henri was old enough to rule in his own right, Catherine retained a prominent position at court and Henri left her to deal with the business of ruling which did not interest him, preferring to devote himself to acts of conspicuous piety, such as flagellation.\nThough he married, like his brothers before him, he too failed to produce a male heir. The throne to which Catherine had held on so tightly was slipping from their grasp. When Catherine’s youngest son, the duc d’Alençon, the heir apparent, died before his thirtieth birthday, Henri was forced to name his brother-in-law Henri of Navarre as his successor.\nThe Guises, horrified at the prospect of a Protestant king, rallied their men and took control of Paris. Henri, under Catherine’s advice, fled the city for Blois to regroup. There, he summoned the duc de Guise. It was a trap and on his entrance to the king’s chambers, Guise was set upon by the guard. Catherine knew nothing of Henri’s plan and on discovering what had happened, knew that Henri’s days too were numbered.\nLess than a fortnight later, Catherine herself died at Blois. She did not live to see her favourite son murdered and Henri of Navarre’s eventual succession to the throne as Henri IV. He later divorced Margot and remarried and so none of his successors carried Catherine’s blood, nor that of her beloved Henri. It was Henri IV though who brought about the peace which Catherine had tried so hard to effect.\nThis entry was posted in Catherine de Medicis, Diane de Poitiers, Henri de Navarre, Infamous Women and tagged anniversary, Catherine de' Medici, Diane de Poitiers, France, henri de navarre, history, History of Europe, Loire, mistresses, postaweek2011 on January 5, 2011 by Gillian."}
+{"text": "MASA is hosting a campus-wide reception to honor academic staff who have been recognized for their contributions to the University of Wisconsin-Madison during the 2006-07 academic year.\nAppetizers will be served and a cash bar will be available. A guided tour of the museum will also be available providing an opportunity to see the 2008 Art Department Faculty Exhibition. Paintings, sculpture, graphics, ceramics, textiles, woodwork, metalwork, glass, prints and photographs, as well as performance, video and computer art, will all be on view.\nPlease RSVP by February 8, 2008 if you plan on attending and if you are interested in taking the tour. The number of attendees assigned to a tour will be limited. We hope you plan to take this opportunity to recognize the contributions made by the academic staff on our campus.\nPlease RSVP by contacting Valli Warren, President-Elect of MASA, at 262-3773 or vdwarren@education.wisc.edu."}
+{"text": "Imbalances of histone acetyltransferase (Head wear) and deacetylase activity (DAC) that bring about deregulated gene manifestation are commonly seen in leukemias. carcinoma cells and leukemic blasts produced from individuals with AML, it had been found that VPA functions as a DACi . Furthermore, VPA causes selective proteasomal degradation of HDAC2, however, not of various other course I HDACs (i.e., HDAC 1, 3, and 8) . In t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the AML1/ETO fusion proteins promotes leukemogenesis by recruiting course I actually HDAC-containing repressor organic towards the promoter of AML1 focus on genes, seeing that described over. VPA disrupts the physical discussion between AML1/ETO and HDAC1, stimulates the global dissociation from the AML1/ETO-HDAC1 complicated through the promoter of AML1/ETO focus on genes, and induces relocation of both AML1/ETO and HDAC1 protein through the nucleus to Lenalidomide a perinuclear area. Mechanistically, these results are connected with a substantial inhibition Lenalidomide of HDAC activity, histone H3 and H4 hyperacetylation, and recruitment of RNA polymerase II, leading to transcriptional reactivation of focus on genes (i.e., IL-3) in any other case silenced with the AML1/ETO fusion proteins. Eventually, these pharmacological results led to significant antileukemic activity mediated by incomplete cell differentiation and caspase-dependent apoptosis . VPA was lately proven to enhance proliferation and self-renewal of regular hematopoietic stem cells, increasing the chance that VPA could also support development of leukemic progenitor cells (LPC). Certainly, VPA taken care of a considerably higher percentage of Compact disc34(+) LPC and colony developing units in comparison to control civilizations in six AML examples, but selectively decreased leukemic cell amounts in another AML test with appearance of AML1/ETO. These data recommend a differential aftereffect of VPA on the tiny inhabitants of AML progenitor cells and the majority of aberrantly differentiated blasts in nearly all AML samples examined . The brand new hydroxamic acidity derivative, ITF2357, obstructed proliferation and induced apoptosis Lenalidomide in AML1/ETO-positive Kasumi-1 and major blast cells in focus of 0.1?M, whereas AML1/ETO-negative HL60, THP1 and NB4 cell lines were private and then 1?M ITF2357. In Kasumi-1 cells, ITF2357 induced AML1/ETO degradation through a caspase-dependent system and also established DNMT1 efflux from, and p300 influx to, the nucleus. Furthermore, ITF2357 induced regional H4 acetylation and discharge of DNMT1, HDAC1 and AML1/ETO, paralleled by recruitment of p300 towards the IL-3 gene promoter. ITF2357 treatment, nevertheless, did not stimulate re-expression of IL-3 gene. Appropriately, the methylation degree of IL-3 promoter, aswell as of other genes, was unmodified . As VPA and ITF2357 appear to particularly focus on AML1/ETO-driven leukemogenesis, integration of both course I-selective and pan-DACi in book therapeutic techniques for AML1/ETO-positive AML could be beneficial. Single-agent DACi in severe lymphoblastic leukemia The anti-leukemic activity of DACi in every has been analyzed in a small amount of preclinical studies; many of these examined DACi as an individual agent using individual ALL cell lines as versions. An early research compared the consequences from the cyclic tetrapeptide romidepsin (FK228) on individual leukemia/lymphoma cells and cell lines with regular hematopoietic cells . Romidepsin induced G1 arrest and apoptotic cell loss of life at nanomolar concentrations. Scientific samples from sufferers with ALL had been more delicate to romidepsin at medically achievable medication concentrations than either regular peripheral bloodstream or bone tissue marrow mononuclear cells or regular progenitor cells. Manifestation degrees of HDAC-1 and HDAC-3 proteins didn’t correlate using the level of sensitivity to romidepsin. The anti-leukemic activity and setting of action from the hydroxamic acidity derivative, LAQ824 was analyzed using four human being pre-B lymphoblastic cell lines as versions representing different cytogenetic subsets (Sup-B15 and TMD-5, both t(9;22) positive, SEM, t(4;11) positive, and NALM-6 cells). LAQ824 considerably inhibited the proliferation of leukemic lymphoblastic cell lines; this is due to improved apoptosis followed by activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9, cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP) aswell as by down-regulation of Bcl-2 and disruption from the mitochondrial membrane potential. Remarkably, LAQ824-induced apoptosis was ZC3H13 partly impartial of caspase activation . Panobinostat (LBH589), a broad-spectrum DACi carefully linked to the hydroxamate LAQ824 but with an increase of beneficial pharmacologic properties, potently induced cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and histone (H3K9 and H4K8) hyperacetylation in two human being cell line types of Philadelphia chromosome-negative severe lymphoblastic leukemia.\nThis entry was posted in mGlu3 Receptors and tagged Lenalidomide, ZC3H13 on October 27, 2018 by techbizstrategy."}
+{"text": "Use the law and your employer's complaint procedures to protect yourself from on-the-job harassment.\nIf the harasser ignores your oral requests to stop, or if you are uncomfortable talking to the harasser face to face, write a succinct letter demanding an end to the behavior. Be sure to keep a copy.\nIf you are concerned for your personal safety or are afraid that the harasser might become more hostile when confronted, complain to a supervisor instead.\nAlthough it is often difficult to make a complaint at work, and you may prefer to skip this step, don't. The U.S. Supreme Court has said that employees who fail to use their employer's internal complaint procedure to make the company aware of sexual harassment, and to give the company a chance to stop it, cannot later hold the company liable in a lawsuit. This means that you are quite likely to lose in court, should it come to that, if you don't complain within the company first.\nEven if your company doesn't have a formal complaint procedure, you can put the company on notice of the harassment. You can do this by making a complaint to the human resources department, telling your supervisor (or his or her supervisor) about the problem, or informing a company executive.\nIt is very important to document what is happening to you, and what you are doing to try to stop it, should you ever have to prove your case to a company investigator, a government agency, or a jury.\nStart by collecting as much detailed evidence as possible about the harassment. Be sure to save any offensive letters, photographs, cards, or notes you receive. If you were made to feel uncomfortable because of jokes, pin-ups, or cartoons posted at work, confiscate them -- or at least make copies. An anonymous, obnoxious photo or joke posted on a bulletin board is not anyone else's personal property, so you are free to take it down and keep it as evidence. If that's not possible, photograph the workplace walls. Note the dates the offensive material was posted -- and whether there were hostile reactions when you took it down or asked another person to do so.\nAlso, keep a detailed journal about incidents of harassment. Include the names of everyone involved, what happened, and where and when it took place. If anyone else saw or heard the harassment, note that as well. Be as specific as possible about what was said and done -- and how it affected you, your health, or your job performance. Keep your journal and notes at home or in a secure location outside of the workplace.\nIf your employer has conducted periodic written evaluations of your work, make sure you have copies. In fact, you may want to ask for a copy of your entire personnel file before complaining about a harassing coworker. Your records can be particularly persuasive evidence if your employer retaliates against you for complaining -- which is also illegal. For example, you'll want a copy of your records if you've had positive performance evaluations until you complain, and then your employer tries to transfer, demote, or fire you or claims your job performance is poor.\nIf complaining to your employer doesn’t help, the next step is to go to either the federal agency that enforces Title VII -- the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission -- or to your state fair employment office. If all investigation and settlement attempts fail to produce satisfactory results, you can file a civil lawsuit for damages under either Title VII or your state fair employment practices statute.\nYou must file a complaint with the EEOC before filing a federal lawsuit. Even if you intend right from the beginning to file a lawsuit, you sometimes must first file a claim with a government agency. For example, an employee pursuing a claim under federal law must first file a claim with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), and a similar complaint procedure is required under some state laws.\nThe EEOC or state agency may decide to prosecute your case on your behalf, but that happens rarely. More commonly, at some point, the agency will issue you a document referred to as a \"right-to-sue\" letter that allows you to take your case to court with your own lawyer.\nNote, however, that there are time limits for filing claims with government agencies and for filing a lawsuit, so be sure not to miss them."}
+{"text": "Ice scraper with wiper cleaning profile and extra warm glove - you'll not get frozen hand while cleaning your windscreen.\nKungs is a Finland brand focused on winter products of the highest possible quality. All products are not only tested thoroughly, but due to the rigid nordic winter really explored in challenging everyday conditions. Kungs manufactures its products in its own factory in Finland. This is the best selling brand of scrapers in Scandinavia."}
+{"text": "You know that snow? Well, our snow, up here on the edge of England, actually slipped over the eaves and slid down all over Scotland. I know that some places had some snow and some places had quite a lot of snow – and then there were the places that had loads of snow. The wind was just bitterly cold in most places but if you where in one of those places with more snow than we had here, the wind did its best and took the snow and piled it in varying sized heaps for you. I suppose you should have left a note out, telling it where you wanted the snow drifted to.\nPersonally, well, let me put it this way. You know how, over this last year or so, everyone has become rather grumpy with climate warming overload? And you know how they picked on the Met Office for trying to push the temperatures up? I suppose there is a possibility that someone in the purchasing department there, didn’t realise that there are a hundred and forty four packs in a carton and that snow comes freeze dried (just add water) and then ordered a thousand cartons when they only meant to order a thousand packs.\nBut it would be easy to think that it wasn’t an accident, wouldn’t it?"}
+{"text": "Which of Tampa's young controllable starters not named Archer has the most upside?\nWould it be possible to punish the Reds if they knew about the Domestic violence case, but pushed the trade on the Dodgers without telling them? Do they need to disclose that info?\nSo, yeah, the Chapman thing. The Reds were talking about wanting to move him before the winter meetings. Now that sounds like they were trying to get him off their hands before this came out.\nDoes Dave look on in great disappointment while the rest of his staff slams a 24 pack?\nAt what level do pitchers go from being the best hitters on their teams (little-league) to the worst (MLB)?\nHow disappointing is it that we are not getting treated to anything like Preller-mania this year?\nDo you think mikes trout has had less success in stealing bases because he doesn't take a big enough lead?\nalright guys, I've gotta write. thanks for chatting, as always, and sorry for the questions I didn't get to!"}
+{"text": "Use Google AdWords advertising to make your company grow!\nGoogle introduced new features into its partner program. Besides specializations for Google partners, there a new Google Premier partner badge has been introduced as well. The new badge has been designed to distinguish those partners that manage large portfolios of Google advertising campaigns and achieve excellent results for their clients. To become a Premier partner, a company needs to meet the criteria for additional certificates and it will be enabled to access broader Google support.\nYour company needs Google AdWords? Send us an inquiry."}
+{"text": "Robertsdale Agnostic Women Dating, Robertsdale Agnostic Women Singles | DATEOLICIOUS!\nWelcome to Dateolicious.com, the fastest and only truly Free Online Dating destination where you can meet agnostic single women in Robertsdale for absolutely free. Dateolicious.com is truly the only destination on the web for agnostic single women that you are looking for. No other place offer what we offer at zero cost to you. join today!!"}
+{"text": "Background Observing incongruent actions interferes with ongoing action execution. This ‘interference effect’ is larger for observed biological actions than for non-biological actions. The current study used virtual reality to investigate the biological specificity of interference effects of action observation in autism spectrum conditions (ASC).\nMethod High-functioning adults with ASC and age- and IQ-matched healthy controls performed horizontal sinusoidal arm movements whilst observing arm movements conducted by a virtual reality agent with either human or robot form, which moved with either biological motion or at a constant velocity. In another condition, participants made the same arm movements while observing a real human. Observed arm movements were either congruent or incongruent with executed arm movements. An interference effect was calculated as the average variance in the incongruent action dimension during observation of incongruent compared with congruent movements.\nResults Control participants exhibited an interference effect when observing real human and virtual human agent incongruent movements but not when observing virtual robot agent movements. Individuals with ASC differed from controls in that they showed no interference effects for real human, virtual human or virtual robot movements.\nConclusions The current study demonstrates atypical interference effects in ASC."}
+{"text": "The year is almost over and with just few more days left, it's about time to prepare our year-end list. First in our agenda is featuring the best anime opening of 2018 that made our anime-watching habit lit, and even more exciting and enthralling.\nWe had looked back at some of the best anime opening theme song in every seasonal chart of 2018 and the following entries were the 20 best anime opening of 2018 as per standard of our team at Yu Alexius Anime Portal.\nOfficial Video: Fate/Extra: Last Encore \"Bright Burning Shout\"\nOfficial Video: Black Clover \"Black Rover\"\nOfficial Video: Cells at Work! \"Mission! Ken Kou Dai Ichi\"\nOfficial Video: Wotakoi: Love is Hard for Otaku \"Fiction\"\nOfficial Video: Overlord II \"GO CRY GO\"\nOfficial Video: Golden Kamuy \"Winding Road\"\nOfficial Video: After the Rain \"Nostalgic Rainfall\"\nOfficial Video: Steins;Gate 0 \"Fatima\"\nOfficial Video: My Hero Academia 3 \"Make my Story\"\nSong Title: Iwanai kedo ne.\nFor the scoreboard of our Top 20 Anime Opening list of 2018, please see the image below.\nMeanwhile, we also listed the Top 10 anime openings from the 4 seasonal charts of 2018: Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall.\nThe anime opening from Winter 2018 seasonal chart were led by the beautifully and astoundingly amazing Violet Evergarden which brought to us a magical experience. Coming on second place is the first opening theme of Seven Deadly Sins season 2 which is a great collaboration between Flow and Granrodeo - two of the most popular bands that provide us some of the biggest anime openings of the decade. The cutesy ambiance of Skilled Teaser Takagi-san, After the Rain, Laid-Back Camp, and A Place Further than the Universe also made it in our top 10 list.\nThe Seven Deadly Sins made a great comeback with Ame ga Furu kara Niji ga Deru from Sky Peace as it hit the skyrocketed 1st place against another great entry this year which is ODD FUTURE from UVERworld of My Hero Academia season 3. Surprisingly, Golden Kamuy reached the 3rd place with its catchy opening from MAN WITH A MISSION. The rest of the entries from Spring 2018 anime lineup were pretty good especially Black Clover's Black Rover - the anime's 3rd anime opening theme and the adorable Tada Never Falls in Love. Tokyo Ghoul:re's ASPHYXIA were also able to secure the 10th place.\nAnother anime with the most epic OST also returned this 2018 and it's no other than Attack on Titan which brought us Guren no Yumiya and Shinzou Sasageyo. My Hero Academia 3 also continue its streak on the 2nd place with a new song titled Make my Story and I seriously believed that it is adorable beyond reason. Followed by a legendary anime title from Steins;Gate franchise while the obnoxiously fun Grand Blue got the 4th place. Overall, Summer 2018 anime seasonal chart we're filled with anime openings for action-packed series.\nIn Fall 2018 seasonal chart, the anime opening list is dominated by Tokyo Ghoul:re's Katharsis by a large margin. Well, it's undeniably addicted afterall coming from TK who also gave us the legendary Unravel 4 years ago. Joining its league are several giant anime titles which opening theme this season we're pretty good such as Sword Art Online III and Fairy Tail Season 9 (Final Season). The romance anime also gave us a delightful surprise with Bloom Into You, Rascal Does Not Dream of Bunny Girl Senpai - both anime having a very cute opening theme.\nFor refresher, you may also check which anime that aired last year was included in our Top 20 Anime Opening of 2017.\nThat ends our list of the best anime openings of 2018. Please let us know which one is your favorite or do you have any other entries that you would like to recommend. Don't forget to leave us a comment for your thoughts."}
+{"text": "Girl is NOT a 4 Letter Word: \"It Was A Man's World\". The 1970's And Women's Skateboarding.\n\"It Was A Man's World\". The 1970's And Women's Skateboarding.\nWe have been waiting for this book to arrive! Browsing through the just released \"Skateboarding is Not a Fashion\" is like a time capsule of skateboarding and what we wore from the 1950's to 1984. But it's not just about the clothes, it's also about why we chose to wear what we did, how we wore it and how it influnces fashion today.\nThe best part of opening this monster of a book was coming across numerous pages talking about, or featuring the female skaters of the various eras.\nWe are not going to show you all of those pages because we think this book is well worth shelling out $54.00 on Amazon to buy, but we will show you this awesome 2 page spread where pro skateboarder Judi Oyama talks about why she wore what she did back in the 70's and 80's, how she even made skate shorts for her friends, and you can see her customized denim shirt and track jacket on top right of page.\nThere is a full interview with 50's skater Pattie McGee, a 2-page spread of 70's pro skater Vicki Vickers and some smaller shots of Laura Thornhill, Robin Logan and others sprinkled throughout the book.\n\"It was a man's world, and only a few girls could hang in such an environment, not to mention deal with the blows of riding verticle concrete pools. Standout female pro riders of the era include Dogtown's Peggy Oki, Laura Thornhill & Robin Logan of Logan Earth Ski fame, Marina del Rey local Cindy Whitehead, and Judi Oyama from Santa Cruz. The late 1970's competitive female skateboarding circuit was a tight-knit group, rife with heated rivalries.\""}
+{"text": "What Is iCloud? And How Do I Use It?\nWhat Is iCloud? How Do I Use It?\nThe Cloud. We hear it all the time these days. But what exactly is the cloud and how does it relate to iCloud? At its most basic level, the cloud is the Internet, or more accurately, a piece of the Internet. The underlying metaphor is that the Internet is the sky and that the sky is made up of all of these different clouds, each one of which can provide a different service. The Gmail cloud, for instance, delivers us our mail. The Dropbox cloud stores our files. So where does the iCloud fall into this?\nThese services include iCloud Drive, which is similar to Dropbox and Google Drive, iCloud Photo Library, which is an offshoot of Photo Stream, iTunes Match and even Apple Music. iCloud also provides us with a way to back up our iPad in case we need to restore it at a future point, and while we can download the iWork suite to our iPad from the App Store, we can also run Pages, Numbers, and Keynote on our laptop or desktop PCs through icloud.com.\nSo what is iCloud? It is the name of Apple's cloud-based or Internet-based services, of which there are plenty.\nWhat Can I Get From iCloud? How Can I Use It?\niCloud Backup and Restore. Let's start with the most basic use for the service that everyone should be using. Apple provides 5 GB of free iCloud storage for Apple ID account, which is the account you use to login to the App Store and buy apps. This storage can be used for many purposes including storing photos, but perhaps its best use is for backing up your iPad.\nBy default, every time you plug your iPad into a wall outlet or a computer to charge it, the iPad will attempt to back itself up to iCloud. You can also manually initiate a backup by opening the Settings app and navigating to iCloud > Backup > Back Up Now. You can restore from a backup by following the procedure to reset your iPad to factory default and then choosing to restore from the backup during the setup process of the iPad.\nIf you upgrade to a new iPad, you can also choose to restore from a backup, which makes the upgrade process seamless.\nFind My Device. Another important feature of iCloud is the Find My iPhone/iPad/MacBook service. Not only can you use this feature to track down the whereabouts of your iPad or iPhone, but you can also use it to lock down the iPad if it is lost or even remotely reset it to factory default, which erases all data on the iPad. While it can sound creepy to have your iPad tracked wherever it travels, it also combines with putting a passcode lock on your iPad to make it quite secure.\niCloud Drive. Apple's cloud storage solution isn't quite as smooth as Dropbox, but it ties in well with the iPad, iPhone, and Macs. You can also access iCloud Drive from Windows, so you aren't locked into Apple's ecosystem. So what is iCloud Drive? It is a service that allows apps to store documents on the Internet, which allows you to access those files from multiple devices. In this way, you can create a Numbers spreadsheet on your iPad, access it from your iPhone, pull it up on your Mac to make edits and even use your Windows-based PC to modify it by signing into iCloud.com.\niCloud Photo Library, Shared Photo Albums, and My Photo Stream. Apple has been hard at work delivering a cloud-based photo solution for a few years now and they've ended with a bit of a mess.\nMy Photo Stream is a service that uploads every picture taken to the cloud and downloads it onto every other device signed up for My Photo Stream. This can make for awkward situations, especially if you don't want every photo uploaded to the Internet. It also means if you take a picture of a product in a store so you can remember the brand name or model number, that picture will find its way onto every other device. Still, the feature can be a life-saver for those who want the photos taken on their iPhone to transfer to their iPad without doing any work. Unfortunately, My Photo Stream photos disappear after a while, holding a maximum of 1000 photos at a time.\niCloud Photo Library is the new version of Photo Stream. The big difference is that it actually uploads the photos to iCloud permanently, so you don't have to worry about the maximum number of photos. You also have the ability to download the entire image on your device or an optimized version that doesn't take up as much storage space. Unfortunately, iCloud Photo Library isn't part of iCloud Drive.\nApple, in their infinite *cough* wisdom, decided to keep the photos separate and, while they advertise the photos are easily accessible on your Mac or Windows-based PC, the actual usability is poor. However, as a service, iCloud Photo Library is still very useful even if Apple hasn't quite nailed the idea of cloud-based photos.\nContacts, Calendars, Reminders, Notes, etc. Many of the basic apps that come with the iPad can utilize iCloud to sync between devices. So if you wanted to access notes from your iPad and your iPhone, you can simply turn on Notes in the iCloud section of your iPad's settings. Similarly, if you turn on Reminders, you can use Siri to set a reminder on your iPhone and the reminder will also appear on your iPad.\niTunes Match and Apple Music. Apple Music is Apple's answer to Spotify, a subscription-based all-you-can-listen service that allows you to pay $9.99 a month to stream an incredibly large selection of music. This is a great way to save on buying songs all the time. Apple Music songs can even be downloaded, so you can listen if you aren't connected to the Internet, and placed into your playlists.\niTunes Match is a rather cool service that doesn't get much press these days. It is a $24.99 a year service that allows you to stream your music library from the cloud, which means you don't need to put a copy of the song on your iPad to listen to it. How is it different from Apple Music? Well, first, you will need to actually own the song to use it with iTunes Match. However, iTunes Match will work with any song, even those that are unavailable for streaming through Apple Music. iTunes Match will also stream the best version of the song, so if the song has been tweaked to a higher audio resolution, you'll hear the better version. And at roughly $2 a month, it's a lot cheaper."}
+{"text": "When finding your next work assignment, there is more to consider than just salary. Along with examining your fit with company culture, you want to ask about your benefits package. Remember to learn more about these four benefits when deciding which assignment to take.\nDo you qualify for health insurance? Because of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), many staffing agencies offer their permanent and temporary employees the qualifying minimum essential coverage to comply with ACA regulations. Being offered health insurance can reduce your costs for a policy that may otherwise be unaffordable. Since you are required by law to have health insurance, and because health insurance premiums continue rising, you most likely want to get a policy through your employer. Due to increased competition for top candidates, you may be able to negotiate lower premiums or increased coverage to reduce your overall costs.\nWill you receive paid time off? For instance, ask how many vacation days, sick days, and personal days you are allowed. Also, determine how many days off you may have for maternity/paternity leave, adoption, bereavement, or other life-changing events. Additionally, find out when you are first able to take paid time off in case an unforeseen event happens.\nCan you work flexible hours? Deciding when you start and end your workday leaves room to take care of personal needs. Whether you have family responsibilities, doctor appointments, errands to run, or other commitments, you can plan your work schedule accordingly. Having a flexible schedule promotes a healthy work-life balance.\nAre you eligible for a client company’s retirement plan? Under the Internal Revenue Code, you may be able to participate in a client company’s retirement plan if you were hired because of an agreement between the staffing agency and client company sponsoring the retirement plan; you work under the primary direction and control of the client company sponsoring the plan; and you work on a substantially full-time basis for at least one year, typically 1,000 hours. Unless the client company’s retirement plan specifically excludes temporary employees in its eligibility requirements, you should be able to participate.\nWith our candidate-first approach, we commit ourselves to finance and accounting professionals’ careers. Regardless of your level of experience, we have a dedicated recruiter who is a subject matter expert for your background. Whether you’re looking in Orange County, Los Angeles, San Diego or nationwide, we can help you. Contact us today to learn more!"}
+{"text": "As a Cardinals rookie in 1962, first baseman Fred Whitfield was one of the best power-hitting prospects the franchise had produced in years.\n“He has a quicker bat than anyone on the Cardinals and he can reach the roof at Busch Stadium,” coach Vern Benson told The Sporting News.\nThe Sporting News hailed Whitfield as the Cardinals’ “biggest surprise of 1962” and Whitfield was selected by big-league managers, coaches and players as the first baseman on the 1962 Topps all-star rookie team.\nSigned by Cardinals scout Mercer Harris, Whitfield was a standout in the minor leagues. He hit .309 with 23 home runs for Keokuk in 1958; .285 with 28 homers for Winston-Salem and Tulsa in 1959; .310 with 22 homers for Tulsa in 1960; and .301 with 18 homers for Charleston in 1961.\nHe was batting .323 and leading the International League in home runs (eight) and RBI (28) when he was promoted to the Cardinals on May 26, 1962.\nThe Cardinals were seeking a right-handed batter to replace injured outfielder Minnie Minoso. Because of a weak throwing arm after he hurt his shoulder as an American Legion pitcher, Whitfield only could play first base. Unlike Minoso, he batted left-handed.\nAccording to The Sporting News, it was Cardinals business manager Art Routzong who convinced general manager Bing Devine and manager Johnny Keane to promote Whitfield.\nIn his first five pinch-hit appearances for the Cardinals, Whitfield produced three hits and a walk.\nWhitfield finished the 1962 season with a .266 batting average, eight home runs and 34 RBI in 158 at-bats for the Cardinals. He hit .333 as a pinch-hitter and .412 with two outs and runners in scoring position. He was especially effective versus the Phillies, batting .313 with 13 RBI in 12 games.\n“Fred did an exceptionally good job, especially as a pinch-hitter and part-time player, jobs usually handled by older, experienced men,” Devine said.\nHowever, Whitfield became expendable because White, who batted left-handed, was entrenched at first base, and the Cardinals needed pitching.\nOn Dec. 15, 1962, the Cardinals dealt Whitfield to the Indians for pitcher Ron Taylor and infielder Jack Kubiszyn.\nWhitfield hit 20 or more home runs three times for the Indians (21 in 1963, 26 in 1965 and 27 in 1966). In a nine-year major-league career (1962-70), he played for the Cardinals, Indians, Reds and Expos, batting .253 with 108 home runs."}
+{"text": "Jerrod Hull in the #12 Heartland Trailer Mfg. 410 sprint car from Sikeston, MO rolled into Peoria Speedway and dominated the field in the Midwest Open Wheel Association (MOWA) event Sunday night. Jerrod came from last in his heat race to finish second and never trailed the rest of the evening. He won the six car dash for cash race beating #22B Dustin Barks, then lead wire to wire to capture the 25 lap A-Main with #23 Robbie Standridge finishing second. To view more of my photo’s click here."}
+{"text": "Pitt is considering several options to deal with a lack of steady enrollment at Pitt-Titusville, including shuttering the branch campus, mainly due to a lack of steady enrollment, according to a report released last Thursday.\nUniversity officials released an analysis listing more problems than possible solutions for Pitt’s Titusville campus, including a fiscal year deficit of $1.7 million in 2016. As stated in the report, the biggest threat to the campus’s success is the spotty enrollment, combined with competition from other higher education providers in the region.\nAdministrators made a push in 2013 to innovate the courses provided at the campus by offering a petroleum technology course, as well as classes in computer technology, criminal justice, psychology, biological sciences and history. The addition of the degree in petroleum technology, which Titusville offered as an associate’s degree jointly with the Pitt-Bradford campus, made reference to the town’s history with the oil industry.\nEnrollment numbers for these courses were lower than expected, however, and the petroleum technology course, though successful at Pitt’s Bradford campus, was terminated after just two years.\nThe report mentions that this decline fits into a larger trend occurring throughout Western Pennsylvania. At UPT alone, enrollment has declined 40 percent from the fall semester of 2009 to fall 2016, with its peak in 2007.\nThis decline goes beyond UPT. The analysis cites that enrollment across the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education has decreased by more than 12 percent between the fall semester of 2010 and fall 2016.\nRepublican Kathy Rapp, who represents the district that includes Titusville in the state House of Representatives, noted that the campus plays a central role in the area’s economic well-being.\n“I would be very concerned if Pitt decided to close the campus,” she told the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Monday.\nStructural changes related to decreases in student population have primarily affected schools in northwestern Pennsylvania, hitting hard at institutions of higher education like Clarion and Edinboro Universities. It’s also worth noting that flagship public universities have experienced an increase in enrollment in recent years, signifying a shift rather than disappearance of students in the area.\nConcerns about the Titusville region have played a role in the University’s deliberations about a potential course of action regarding the branch campus, according to Pitt vice provost for special projects Lawrence Feick.\n“We focused on three criteria: serving the education and training needs of Titusville and the region, the mission of the University of Pittsburgh and financial sustainability,” Feick said in a press release.\nOfficials have come up with five potential solutions to the school’s declining success — continue with the status quo, close the campus down entirely and three variations of revised ownership for the campus that would reduce University involvement with the campus.\nOf the final three options, the first considers running the campus as commuter-only, while operations remain under control of Pitt. The second of these would still have Pitt own and operate the campus, but with outside academic providers offering additional programs. The last option would be a third party ownership of the campus, with Pitt as one of its tenants. In this arrangement, Pitt would still support academic programs on the campus along with several other tenants.\nIn its official report on the status of the branch campus, the University suggested that an alternative ownership scheme in Titusville could be better suited to the needs of the region.\n“A separate ownership entity could, for example, sharpen the focus on local needs and be more aggressive, and nimble, in pursuing opportunities,” the report stated.\nThe University will be accepting public comments up until June 15 for consideration in the report’s revision and presentation to the Board of Trustees. This report will be finalized in the fall, followed by implementation over the next several years.\nRepresentatives from Pitt will be at the UPT campus June 9 from 9 to 10 a.m. at Henne Auditorium to receive comment and input."}
+{"text": "Essay writing is essential part of any educational program. There are different types of essays that are being required to be written by the students. One of the mostly used essay types is observation essay. There are two options to go about this assignment. One is writing the paper and doing your best, the other option is to give this assignment to professional writer and buy papers online. Observation essay outline requires clear description, main facts presentation and general rules overview.\nObservation essay outline concentrates on description and maid facts. Important aspect of observation essay is actually fundamental style of writing. Do a few sketches before you start composing your original observation essay. Ensure that you purely stick to the basic standard for essay writing. Try and create a special atmosphere to be present at the moment. Write at present tense. Display as many details as possible using senses of smell, light, touch, sound and taste. Employ your skill to develop parallels and include comparisons."}
+{"text": "Where and when was Omid Djalili born?\nWhat was Omid Djalili last movie or tv show?\nWhat was Omid Djalili first movie or tv show?\nHow many films or series has Omid Djalili participated in?"}
+{"text": "hobbitd_sample is a worker module for hobbitd, and as such it is normally run via the hobbitd_channel(8) program. It receives messages from hobbitd via stdin, and simply displays these on stdout. It can be used with all types of hobbitd channels.\nhobbitd_sample is not designed to actually run, except as a demonstration. The purpose of this tool is to show how hobbitd worker modules can be implemented to handle different tasks that need to hook into the hobbitd processing.\nRead messages with a timeout of N seconds.\n19:34 .. ... . . ... ... .. ... .. ... ...... ...... .... .... ... .. .\n.... .... .. .... ... . .. . .... . .. . . . ...!\n19:35 19:34 le morse est abandonné depuis des années déjà !"}
+{"text": "This is from a first fill ex-Bourbon barrel – or two to be precise – with the cask numbers 808846 & 808851. Only 552 bottles were made. Quite a few things are happening on the nose! Creamy vanilla, oak and some tropical fruits.\nWonderful first fill ex-Bourbon barrel notes at first in the taste! Burned oak and vanilla, just like it is supposed to be! The majority of flavours might die out a bit fast in the finish, but you are still left with some great flavours in the end for quite a while!\nThis must have been some good casks! A lot of flavour for such young whisky! Not very often you come across these low age statement whiskies with so much flavour, and that is fantastic! Age is NOT everything – cask is KING! I will give this 84/100 (20/22/21//21).\na very useful information, Thanks!"}
+{"text": "nortonloginn 68 days ago Networking norton login All https://diggo.wikitechguru.com Discuss Published New Discard Success!\nNorton Antivirus Basic provides trade leading protection for your laptop - Instantly transfer and receive your activation code to be protected in minutes!\nNorton Login - Norton Sign in | Norton Antivirus Login | Norton Account\""}
+{"text": "JORDAN NEUROSCIENCE INC. (JNS) DESIGNS AND SELLS REVOLUTIONARY MEDICAL QUALITY ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG) SYSTEMS TO AID IN DIAGNOSING ACUTE BRAIN INJURIES. JNS COMMERCIALIZED THE BRAINET® TEMPLATE IN 1999. FUNDED IN 2008-2013 BY DOD AWARDS, JNS DEVELOPED THE WIEEG SYSTEM, A DISRUPTIVE EEG TECHNOLOGY THAT OVERCOMES ALL OBSTACLES TO THE TIMELY USE OF POINT-OF-CARE EEG DIAGNOSTICS ANYTIME, ANYWHERE. WIEEG BRAINET® IS NOW COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE."}
+{"text": "The first thing to consider is a change in mindset. Very little will change, if the mindset that has been driving the imbalance remains unchallenged.\nIn 2018, flexibility is king. If you want to attract and retain millennials (not to mention Gen Zers), companies need to readdress their office processes and performance management systems.\nMost employers will ease you into the new role to allow you to get a better feel for your position, your co-workers, and the overall culture in general."}
+{"text": "Rob Matchett hit a match winning 101 and assisted by Atif Ali Zaidi 60 it enabled Collingham 230-6 to take the spoils in high scoring encounter against Hoveringham 227-4. Andrew Edge 4/10 Kieran Cooke 3/12 & Kagiso Rapulana 41* all enjoyed excellent opening seasonal performances as Long Eaton 104-4 overpowered Belvoir 103-10. A defining 76 from G Walker helped Ellerslie 215-10 come away victorious as they felled Balderton 146-10 who have now lost both opening fixtures. Dave Barr hit 71 and M Iqbal took 6-21 in Wollaton’s 180-10 winning draw over Gedling Colliery 108-9. Relegated Attenborough 241-3 had Ben Shaw 99* and Byron Haycock 41* in fine form as they destroyed Hyson Green Carrington Caribs 72-0 to start life back in the SNCL.\nDanny Williams 5/23 ripped apart the battling line up of Thurgarton 104-10 as Kimberley strode across the winning line scoring 105-4. Andrew Sharpe hit 44 as West Bridgfordians slumped to 111-10 as they were defeated by Attenborough 116-4 who had Charlie Simpkiss taking 4-32 and Martin Shoemaker hitting 44. Luke Gunn 43, Paul Macmillan 35 & 3-26 and Liam Brazier 5-48 all starred as Clifton 157-6 proved too strong for Hyson Green Carrington Caribs 156-10. Nott’s Unity Casuals 151-5 gained their first victory of the season in fine style when overcoming Caythorpe 149-9 at The Brian Wakefield Memorial Ground as Sohail Hussain top scored with 36. Eastwood’s fixture at home to Plumtree was abandoned without a ball being bowled.\nMax Collins 4/12 & Steve Wright 4-9 bowled beautifully as Southwell 65-4 overwhelmed Bramcote 61-10 in the seasonal opener. Father Joe Caunt 52* and his father Jason Caunt 5-12 teamed up as Kirkby Portland 128-2 opened the season in terrific form as they defeated Gotham 127-10. Jordan Harbottle 3/7 & Stuart Mills 3-26 took the plaudits as Radcliffe On Trent 71-5 disposed of Thrumpton 70-10. Beeston & Toton Sycamore 183-7 had Andrew Burrell 50 along with Raj Hanspal 5-32 figuring in the win over Keyworth 136-9 despite a fine 4-49 from Rob Baker.\nSimon Oakley 3-15, Grant Newcombe 3-22, Steve Oakley 3-24, Ian Morrissey 32 & Jamie Coupland 38* all contributed as East Leake 129-4 got off to a winning start against visitors Caunton 128-10. Adil Khan 29 & 3-18 proved to be the match winner in a tense finale as Ruddington 169-10 defeated Caythorpe 165-9. The fixture at Whatton & Aslocton also became a casualty of the weather.\nNick Silverwood hit 70 as Bottesford 177-5 ran out winners over Ravenshead 115-6. A gripping encounter saw Lowdham 80-10 defeat West Bridgford Legion 75-10, both Andy Walters 6-22 and Justin Graham enjoying the bowler friendly conditions. Flintham 143-6 had a comfortable win over Beeston & Toton Sycamore 81-6. Scott Andrew hit 81 as Calverton 144-9 proved too strong for Long Eaton who managed 112-6 in reply.\nKeyworth 149-6 had henry Walton scoring 93* as they defeated Attenborough 146-9 with nine overs to spare. Ben Johnson started the season well by hitting 68* as Woodborough 120-2 inflicted defeat upon Southwell 114-8. Geoff Burton with 63* helped Gedling Colliery 162-5 come away with the win over Gedling & Sherwood 124-10. The trio of Tayub Rehman 50*, Nasrullah Khan 4-37 & Qaasim Khan 3-22 combined as Hyson Green Carrington Caribs 166-4 defeated Balderton 107-10. Syed Hussain starred taking 4-5 as Chilwell 72-4 inflicted a six wicket defeat on Hucknall 71-10.\nKevin Pearson 4-17 took the honours as Stapleford 54-0 had a ten wicket win away from home as Hoveringham were bowled out for just 52-10. Scott Berridge 36* and 3-12 which was a hat trick was the man of the match as West Bridgfordians 93-6 defeated Oxton 90-10. Newark R & M, Thurgarton & Bramcote all were abandoned without any play at all in any of the games.\nRob Derry took 4-15 as Caythorpe could only muster 38-10 and Ruddington 39-1 ran out easy winners. Ryan Glossop scored 63 as Ellerslie 198-8 were comfortable winners over Thrumpton 98-10. A Cooper 52 & P Stones 55 helped Basford Old Boys 124-3 to the win over Lenton & Willoughby 122-10. Connor Richardson 77 & Thomas Bosworth 5-23 both provided the ammunition as Kimberley 164-10 ran out easy winners over Basford mill 105-10. Wollaton’s game was yet another victim of the weather.\nMark Holmes returned excellent figures of 7-18 as Underwood 62-4 were victorious over Chilwell 61-10. S Widdison 57 J Goode 52 * and D Nixon 4/18 all inspired Farndon 164-3 to the win over Attenborough 103-10. An emphatic 10 wicket win for Great Dalby 119-10 with L Harrison 62, M Child 55 and L Harrison 4-30 all producing starring roles as opponents Radcliffe On Trent were bowled out for 118-10. Jason Driscoll 61 & 3-23 starred as Kirkby Portland 139-9 defeated Collingham 86-10.\nBurton Joyce 87-3 travelled home with maximum point when beating West Bridgfordians 86-10. Neil Brennan hit 53 as West Bridgford Legion 138-8 just edged home in a tight finish over Lambley 127-10. Steve Morgan 49 & 3/6, Matt Alford 61 and Matt Arnold 4/37 all contributed as Beeston & Toton Sycamore defeated Keyworth 144-9.\nBelvoir 146/3 kicked of the season in fine style with a convincing win over Balderton 145/10, the home side were at one point 34-7 the recovery was led by Chris Dobbie who finished 62* but Lewis Dann with 49* saw the visitors home to take maximum points.\nSam Cliff & Colin Cliff both hit 48 in Thurgarton’s 153/10 as they fell to defeat away at Eastwood 154-2 as both Shaun Stocks 60* & Stuart Hill 61* both hit form with the bat early in the season. Prabhakar Manyala 100* & Oliver Straw 54* guided West Bridgfordians to a very competitive 224/5 and it an exciting run chase the pair of Saqlain Bazmi 79 & Stan Carter 71 steered the home side Plumtree 230/4 to victory. Arslan Shah 73 top scored as Notts Unity Casuals posted 170/9 but visitors Clifton 171/2 made light work of chasing the total down as Anthony Hart 61* & Richard Harrison 54 took the accolades. Calverton 189/7 and Caythorpe 189/10 shared the points as the two teams tied in a thrilling match, C King hit 68 whilst for Calverton the ever youthful Darren Wright hit 54 and took 3/35.\nJames Hawkes hit 61 as Belvoir 178/8 fell to defeat as they entertained East Bridgford 179/2 as Jerry Cruse 78 and Warren Hepples 57 both starred with the bat for the victors.\nDespite a fine 76 from Jamie Lambourne his side Whatton & Aslockton 188/8 fell to defeat in the seasonal opener against Caunton 190/8 who had Andrew Rose starring with the ball taking 4/40.\nRichard Shipman 90 & 3/24 along with Nathan Hartland 35 both were instrumental in the victory for Bingham 224/9 as they came away from Belvoir 185/9 with an opening day success.\nDuncan McKeown 42, Richard Beaumont 30*, Ryan Easom 29* unbeaten partnership of 69.\nRyan Easom 4-20, Chris Berry 3-33.\nEllerslie 172-9 finished as runners up in the division with a twelve run victory over Balderton 160-10 as Hamish Moore top scored with 32 they were restricted by some fine bowling from Harry Capstick 4-23 and Luke Endley 3-42. In reply Balderton too found it tough going and only David Makey 41 found runs easy to compile as Ollie Taylor 5-18 and Hamish Moore again 3-38 gave the Little Bound’s side their highest ever league finish.\nKimberley 132-6 gained the win they needed to ensure divisional safety as they defeated already crowned champions Hoveringham 129-10, batting first the title winners were indebted to Stuart Walton with 56 in their low score as Danny Williams 3-32 & Sukhdeep Sidhu 3-22 bowled superbly and in reply Faraz Khan steered them home with 36* despite a fine spell from Brett Lear of 3-28.\nIt was a case of get your calculators, rule book and abacus out as Eastwood 173-5 took the win against Wilsons 172-9 and stave of relegation finishing on the same points as Wollaton. Zahir Ahmed hit 80 for the hosts but James Wooliscroft with 44 saw Eastwood home to the win with 7 balls remaining.\nChampions Plumtree 170-8 finished of the season with a tight 2 wicket win over Gotham 169-8 who once again had the duo of Paul Blatherwick 42 & 4-67 and Rob Goddard 40* & 3-36 as the players in form but Daniel Bazmi 73 along with Steve James 43 saw Plumtree home in style.\nIan Graham 61 was the only batsman to show any kind of form as Keyworth were bowled out for just 137-10 with Zac Ashworth 5-33 being the chief architect for Southwell who finished on 143-6 at the close.\nAttenborough 205-10 had a convincing win over Keyworth 146-10 as both Martin Shoemaker 67 and Jack Harrison 61 both enjoyed fine end of season knocks although Adam Pick bowled a fine spell taking 4-35, it was the down to bowlers James Hallam 4-47, Martin Rayner 3-25 & Tom Shields 3-47 to see out the season with another win for the runners up.\nThe mathematics were quite simple all Clifton had to do was to win their final game and hope Keyworth lost to secure promotion and at tea interval that all seemed to be going to plan as Oxton were bowled out for 122-10 with Haider Ali taking 3-22 but then Mark Groom produced probably the most important spell of bowling he has ever delivered taking 7-17 and with James Bailey 3-30 it meant Clifton were dismissed scoring just 47-10 in 14.5 overs.\nBurton Joyce 84-2 finished of the season with a very convincing win away at East Bridgford 83-10, initially R Bramley 3-18 had been the pick of the bowlers and David Howarth 32* at least gave the score some respectability and it was left to Matt Powroznyk with 62 to see them home in double quick time.\nTom Godfrey 31 top scored as West Bridgfordians 141-6 went down to a nine wicket defeat at the hands of Beeston & Toton Sycamore 143-1 for whom Jamie Bowns 48*, Dennis Wright 43* & Stuart Tideswell 29 knocked off the runs required as earlier Donny Pezzola had taken 3-37 for the victors.\nRoss Brown hit a final day 87 and Paul Harley 48 as Hucknall posted 206-8 but Bingham 207-8 ran out the winners with three overs to spare and had fine performances from both Joshua Beavis 37* & 2-37 and Brent Cox 3-24 in the win.\nCongratulations to Hucknall 289-6 on securing the title with a winning draw away at Long Eaton 202-9 as skipper Robin Maxwell 108, Dale Campbell 87 & Aaron Lee 64* secured the points required and then Adam Scott 4-72 and Jack Pates 3-67 helped them to celebrate although Tim Taylor 45 and Ryan Cuthbert 43 & 5-64 gave excellent performances for Long Eaton. Belvoir 216-2 signed of in style with an away win at Collingham 210-5 as Tom Neville 114* and Greg Oldfield 89* eased them home, earlier Ben Dixon 87* had top scored for the host’s. Balderton got back to winning ways with a comfortable home win over Gedling Colliery 96-10 as David Lynn 63, Chris Morris 46, Ian Robert Sellars 44, Luke Endley 6-42 & Jordy Ashby 3-3 all made significant contributions.\nReturning back to the top flight Hyson Green Carrington 173-6 finished the season of with a win thanks to Zahid Iqbal, 54, Kaiser Altaf, 71* & Umar Zaman 6-36 as they defeated Calverton 172-10 in an innings which saw Darren Wright & Matt Dean both score 44.\nChampions Hoveringham 226-10 took maximum points as they came away from Bottesford 174-10 in celebratory mood and Stuart Walton 79 was once again the stand out innings of the match.\nDespite a fine 79 from Danny Williams it did not prevent Kimberley 160-10 falling to defeat against Wollaton 161-4 for whom Ed Savill 74* and Falsal Khan 5-31 starred and next week’s game against the champions will be a nail biter in their bid for safety.\nCraig Fairhill’s 46 proved decisive as Clifton 203-10 overcame West Bridgfordians 156-8 in a winning draw and it most worthy of mentioning a fine piece of sportsmanship from John Sheard from West Bridgfordians in the game which received positive comments from players from both sides.\nJosh Scully 3-45 and Tom Harker 5-39 reduced Kirkby Portland to 170-10 but in reply Thrumpton were dismissed for 115-10 as the trio of Jonathan Williamson 3-25 Ashley Severn 3-24 & Michael Jennings 3-14 struck for the visitors.\nSouthwell 155-5 gained the win they needed to avoid the drop as Dave Rimmer took 3-49 as they dismissed host’s Gedling Colliery for 154-10 earlier in the day.\nA final ball thriller saw Beeston & Toton Sycamore 180-10 victorious in the local derby against Attenborough 179-10 the highlights were 61 from Dennis Burrell, 55* from Andrew Burrell and 5-46 from James Hallam although sadly for the bowler his efforts ended up un rewarded.\nRadcliffe on Trent 203-8 ensured promotion with a victory over Hickling 114-10 as Josh Mills 5-41 starred and the bonus points taken keeps Hickling up who are grateful to the contribution from Peter Bhabra 62 & 3-39.\nThe trap door seemed certain to close as Underwood were reeling at 59-9 chasing Newark R & M’s total of 120-10 but a magnificent last wicket partnership between Leighton Upson 41* & Marc Holmes 14* took them to victory as they closed on 122-9 earlier it seemed Mark Lee’s 6-42 would be in vain as he tore through the away sides line up.\nChampions Bramcote 181-10 defeated third placed Ellerslie 114-10 denying them any chance of promotion as they gained a 67 run victory despite the best efforts from the bowling of Kamran Ul Haq 5-39.\nJames Foster 7-45 stole the headlines with a superb spell of bowling as East Bridgford 180-9 defeated Sutton Bonnington 108-10 and were left waiting for other results to find out that sadly they finish in the relegation places despite being level on points with Underwood.\nCollingham 65-2 gained the win they needed to secure promotion when defeating Wymeswold 63-10 as both Alex Scott 3-16 & Josh Sugden 3-8 bowled impressively.\nAlan Pearson 50* & Ben Buckley starred as Eastwood 139-7 overcame Basford Mill 136-10 to stave of any relegation worries. Any chance of promotion ended when Lenton & Willoughby were bowled out for just 115-10 by champions Farndon 116-4 for whom James O’Leary took 5-30.\nEd Brewin 75* guided Belvoir to a comfortable win as they entertained Fiskerton who could only post 132-10 earlier in the afternoon.\nDan Cosgrave 66, G Farrell 70 & 42* from Ian Flood helped Bingham 210-2 cinch the divisional title with a comfortable win over neighbours Whatton & Aslockton 208-8.\nTim Wheatley 44 & Manwar Sultan 40 were the backbone for the total set by Kimberley 217-6 as they then bowled out opponents East Leake for just 111-10.\nRob Smith 100, Rob Tapp 72* & Ewan Marks 58* saw Plumtree to a massive 309-2 and Caythorpe had no answer in reply as they were bowled out for just 98-10.\nMark Dulston 97 starred with the bat as Long Eaton 196-8 enjoyed an away win over Calverton 154-10 for whom Graham Waghorn hit 52.\nAli Hussain 5-29 & & Dean Cowdell 3-18 bowled Burton Joyce 160-9 to victory over Gotham at Spital Farm as they entertained Gotham 93-10.\nTwo issues were settled at the weekend firstly Caunton 63-2 gained promotion in emphatic style by crushing rival contenders Ravenshead 61-10 as N Suiter 4-17 & C Jewitt 4-21 eased the away sides nerves.\nThe second issue to be determined saw Southwell 171-7 relegated after falling to defeat against Beeston & Toton Sycamore 279-6 as James Rhodes 102, Jamie Bowns 72 & Rob Howe 3- 37 all produced when it mattered most for the victorious winners.\nHugo Orme 72 & Spen Taylor 33 & 5-33 combined together as Flintham 214-8 ran out easy winners over Bottesford 164-10. Farhad Amin returned figures of 5-10 for West Bridgford Legion 114-10 took the spoils in a very low scoring game against Kinoulton 68-10.\nAfter leading the division for most of the season Lowdham capitulated on the final day as they were bowled out for just 44-10 against third placed Hucknall who had Nathan Whittamore 3-14, George Judd 3-16 & James Guthrie 3-10 all returning magnificent figures this result then gave fellow title contenders Young Lions the chance to grab the title and they did with both hands bowling opponents Hyson Green Carrington out for 121-10 and finished on 122-3 in reply with once again Rav Digwa 51* & 5-22 lead the way.\nBhuvanesh Sankaran 66 top scored for Gedling Colliery 174-8 but finished on the losing side as Woodborough finished on 176-7 with 8 overs to spare.\nKirsten Cowlishaw 105*, Tommy Wright 99, Tauseef Rashid 35 & Haider khan 6-21 all had a day to remember in a high scoring affair which saw Gedling & Sherwood 275-6 defeat Balderton 210-10 for whom Dave Colcomb top scored with a fine 89.\nWaleed Khan hit 50 to give Clifton’s 220-10 promotion hopes a boost with a 101 run win away at Hoveringham and now the second promotion slot will be settled next weekend as 2nd play 4th whilst Clifton play Oxton.\nChilwell 179-10 lie fourth after going down to defeat against Bramcote 186-10 in a game they looked set to win until Tamil Dhanaseeian 41 & 4-41 struck late on with the ball.\nOxton 175-7 at now have a fighting chance of avoiding the drop after a match winning performance from Richard Martin 52 & 4-34 in their win over Thrumpton 146-10.\nKeyworth 110-10 lost the chance to gain automatic promotion as they went down to a heavy defeat against runaway champions Attenborough 221-5 who had the pair of Sam Randall 72 & James Grenfell 97 in great form.\nMan of the match Richard Wells 40 & 5-41 starred as Cotgrave 143-10 defeated Wollaton 125-10.\nTony Downie 49*, AJ Joseph 4-41 and Rohit Dwivedi 55 & 3-51 all helped Thurgarton 165-10 to a narrow 18 run away win at Chilwell 147-10 despite a fine 72 from Martin Tonkin for the home side.\nJosh Buckley hit 50 as Stapleford 130-8 nervously took the win and secured promotion as they came away from Caythorpe 129-10 with the win.\nR Parker hit 86 for Lenton Willoughby 208-9 in an entertaining win over Basford Old Boys 210-4 for whom D Hibbert hit 84.\nA Crouch 6-17 from 10.5 overs including 5 maidens bowled excellently but Kimberley 119-10 fell to defeat against champions Madni 120-8 by just two wickets.\nUnderwood’s relegation was confirmed when they failed to raise a side against Basford Mill.\nChampions Ellerslie 89-10 went down to defeat at the hands of Radcliffe on Trent 122-10 in a low scoring match which saw just one batsman pass 30.\nJ Picker with 44 and D Evans 4-18 ensured it was an early finish as Great Dalby 71-0 cruised home against Newark R & M 69-10. Yaqoob Khan 87 & 3-41 was once again on top of his game as Ruddington 199- 9 secured promotion and in the process the defeat upon Gedling Colliery 195-6 meant they suffer relegation despite a valiant 96 from Geoff Burton.\nLuke Driscoll 38* batted with maturity and guided Kirkby Portland 69-4 to an away win over Lowdham 68-10.\nNazakat Ali again reached treble figures 109 as Poplars 260-7 squeezed home by just 9 runs against Breaston 251-4 a magnificent effort from the defeated side as they played the entire game with just nine players and had Sandeep Verma top scoring with 75*.\nFarndon 168-8 are crowned champions and also deny promotion after beating rivals Attenborough 136-9 in a keenly contested contest, and in the process Collingham 233-6 were able to move into second spot after defeating Wymeswold 128-10 and both Simon Scott 90 & Andy Cousins 62 were celebrating promotion for the club.\nBurton Joyce 176-6 had a morale boosting victory over Whatton & Aslockton as B Folkes starred with 40 & 3-19.\nC. Fowkes 3-5, A. Shah 3-5, C. Fowkes 60 & D.Fowkes 39 all heaped misery on opponents Nott’s & Arnold 37-10 as East Bridgford 178-6 coasted to victory.\nThrumpton were relegated as they failed to raise a side against Belvoir.\nOld Dalby 329-6 became champions after defeating Beeston & Toton Sycamore 99-10 with Alister Fell hitting a glorious 132 in the club’s triumphant day.\nBingham 77-1 have to settle for second spot as they too gained the win they needed over West Bridgfordians 76-10 with S Leach hitting 41*.\nRobin Whitehead 42 & 3-2 ended the season in fine form as West Bridgford Legion 90-2 overcame Fiskerton 89-10. Nottingham Deaf 300-3 finished the season in great style as Andre Pears 94, Ravi Hundal 63, Liam Savage 49*& 7-1-13-3 along with Jordan Slater 41* as they outplayed Nott’s & Arnold 80-10."}
+{"text": "Anybody else getting lots of mail about the Berkeley MFE?\nThey must have a real shortage of applicants.\nRe: Anybody else getting lots of mail about the Berkeley MFE?\nI've been getting an email from them once every 3 days or so ever since I first took the PGRE about 4.5 years ago."}
+{"text": "ABOUT ME: My name is Ann, and welcome to See Ann Save here on YouTube! I am a writer, blogger, vlogger, couponer, Ebayer, and Walt Disney World fanatic. I am also a “mom” to two pug dogs and a caregiver to my elderly dad.\nDisclaimer: This is not a sponsored video. Everything shown was purchased with my own money and all opinions are my own. Links may contain referrals."}
+{"text": "This is a placeholder page for Kerris Mays, which means this person is not currently on this site. We do suggest using the tools below to find Kerris Mays.\nYou are visiting the placeholder page for Kerris Mays. This page is here because someone used our placeholder utility to look for Kerris Mays. We created this page automatically in hopes Kerris Mays would find it. If you are not Kerris Mays, but are an alumni of Montbello High School, register on this site for free now."}
+{"text": "36 Packs per box. 6 Cards per pack.\nLook for Jersey Cards from Henrik and Daniel Sedin!"}
+{"text": "BEAUTIFUL IMMACULATE CAPE COD! 3 BEDROOM, 2 BATH, SPACIOUS FAMILY ROOM WITH STONE GAS FIREPLACE, HARDWOOD FLOORS THROUGHOUT MAIN LEVEL, GOURMET KITCHEN FEATURES SOLID OAK HANDCRAFTED CABINETS, NEW STAINLESS STEEL APPLIANCES, GRANITE COUNTER TOPS, KITCHEN ISLAND, CERAMIC TILE & VAULTED CEILINGS, BREAKFAST ROOM OFF KITCHEN, MASTER BEDROOM ON UPPER LEVEL WITH UPDATED MASTER BATH , 2 BEDROOMS ON MAIN LEVEL, LARGE REC ROOM & DEN ON LOWER LEVEL, PAVER DRIVEWAY, LARGE SHED, LARGE HARDSCAPED FENCED YARD WITH PAVER PATIO, CUSTOM GRILL, TRANQUIL POND WITH WATERFALL! ***PUBLIC RECORD SQUARE FOOTAGE IS NOT CORRECT...ACTUAL SQUARE FOOTAGE IS OVER 2,100 SQUARE FEET ABOVE GRADE PLUS A FINISHED BASEMENT BRINGS OVERALL SQUARE FOOTAGE OVER 3,000 SQUARE FEET. THIS IS A MUST SEE!"}
+{"text": "The biggest VX information post ever!\nThread: The biggest VX information post ever!\nWhere's the information again? I don't see anything. Was it all deleted?\nYeah Was wondering the same. Does Anyone know where this info is at or went to ?\nI still have it all on my hard drive. I rekin that I could burn it to some DVD's & mail them to interested parties in a few weeks (next cupla weeks are slammed for me so can't any sooner).\nSome people do this... They want to \"disappear\" and take away any evidence having contributed to the forum. I really hate when people do this! They are effectively sabotaging forum�s database! As forum admin, I try to ban people as soon as I notice this, but sometime they are tough catch before damage is done . One way to combat this, is to take away ability to edit posts after a day or two. How often do we have a LEGITIMATE reason to edit days old post?\nTom, what was in this thread? I see people raving about how great IT is, but what IT?\nHe had posted links to a bunch of maintenance stuff that was really good to have on hand (including TSBs).\nI'll have to go back through it all to see what all it included.\nI reckin I could make an extra donation to the site for a copy of that DVD young fella.\nNo hurry (oh no, can't believe I said that to the world's worseted procrastinator!!!!).\nMark, as usual, you come through! This is great.\nThat linky couldn't be found.\nThat's no way to put yerself on the top-o-da list dude.\nI've actually gone through the files & organized them a little better. It works out to about 1.4GB & includes my entire private collection in addition to what Mark posted.\nI'll try to pick up some DVDs & mailers tomorrow & start burning them on Friday.\nIt took 20 min for the first copy. Rekin I'll be letting it run in the background for the next few weeks.\nPK, yer copy is ready.\nTom, I responded on your other post.\nBut there is REALLY no hurry.\nWhat is the biggest tire that will fit?\nThe biggest day of the year!\nAm I the biggest fool ever ???"}
+{"text": "As promised I’m continuing to document Lola’s chiropractic journey. She is now on her third week of treatment and we are seeing some positive things. We have noticed a small change in her motion level. Especially in regards to jumping up and down. In addition to the positive behavior changes, Lola has also experienced some detox symptoms such as lethargy and diarrhea. These did not last long or affect her significantly.\nWe continue to have a great experience with our Living Well Chiropractic friends. They are great with kids, using phrases like “time for popcorn back” or “I’m going to make you into a pretzel, do you like your pretzels with cheese or salt?” Super cute and super relaxed for kiddos. Our visits are quick and Lola enjoys her time there. Charlotte tags along for appointments and has recently decided to be a chiropractor when she grows up, she gave me a practice adjustment yesterday. Adorable.\nI will keep the updates coming! We are hopeful and excited.\nAfter one year of planning, making reservations and saving money our family made a grand visit to Disney World. We knew this would come with some challenges so we did our best to plan ahead, especially where Lola’s needs were concerned. She really had a great week and we were impressed with how the Cast Members (Disney employees) responded to her.\nWe were given a Disability Access Card, which I will refer to as the DAS card. This is a new system for kids and adults who aren’t able to wait in lines without great distress. Lola’s blindness and sensory issues make waiting in line very difficult, meltdowns etc. Trust me, we did the 40 minute wait for Buzz Lightyear without the DAS and it was a quasi-disaster.\nThe DAS card is basically waiting in line while out of line. To acquire the card you simply stop by the customer service area at the front of the park, explain the disability and why it makes lines difficult. We were asked very little questions and it was a very smooth process. They took Lola’s picture and printed out a little card with her name and photo on the front.\nTo use the card you simply hand it to the cast member at the front of each ride and they write a return time on the card. The return time is the current wait time minus 10 minutes. So if the Mine Train wait was 70 minutes our return would be an hour later. We were able to ride other rides with short wait times, eat a meal, take in the Christmas decor or rest a little. We also utilized fast pass so DAS wasn’t necessary with all rides. The cast members were always friendly and although the pass was only for 6 people they had no problem allowing more family members to ride with Lola. We were also allowed to sit in the very front for events like the Frozen Sing Along.\nIn addition to finding success with the DAS card we also found the characters and cast members quick to pick up on Lola’s extra needs and respond appropriately. For example, the characters recognized Lola’s need to get super close and to touch their costumes. They would take her hand and put it on their nose (Mickey) or bend down toward her face. We typically didn’t mention her eyes, but it was clear they realized that her experience needed to be slightly different.\nLola was also chosen to take part in a few shows. We were hesitant at first but once we informed the cast members they were sure to guide her and give her extra cues, no problem. Lola even played the part of the Beast, dancing with Belle as the story was told.\nWe had a great week at Disney, celebrating our family and spending time with extended family. We hope to return again in a few years to relive all the fun and excitement. Despite the changes to the disability system I still give Disney a thumbs up in this department.\nSo glad you guys had a great time - how wonderful too for Lola to have that experience!\nLet’s be honest. For most of us, the last week has been focused on how much we can get and how little we can get it for. Now, let’s be fair. As some of you may know, today is Fair Tuesday as in shop Fair Trade today. There is tons of stuff for women, but this post is focused on the stuff for guys, who are always harder to shop for.\nThese items focus on being fairly traded, ethically sourced, and life impacting. Here are 5 on Calvin’s list.\nThe Piko is a durable lightweight bag that delivers when you need it the most. With separate laptop access and the front instant pocket, the Piko is ideal for a person that is on the move from place to place. #GiveTuesday Sale! Use Code Give20 For 20% Off At Checkout!\nThe Wonderbag was developed to ease the social, economic and environment impacts of the current global circumstances. The Wonderbag is a non-electric, heat-retention cooker that allows food that has been brought to a boil, to continue cooking after it has been removed from the fuel source. All our recipes have recommended timings and simple steps to guide the Wonderbag cooking process. Production capabilities in Rwanda, Mexico and Turkey with launches in Kenya, Nigeria and Somaliland with a buy-one-give-one model to support getting Wonderbags into humanitarian relief.\nOur Passport Wallet is made out of premium quality Ethiopian leather hand selected for Parker Clay. Travel ready and features multiple card slots and compartments for a passport, credit cards, ID and cash, along with frequent flyer cards and flight tickets.\nMade in Ethiopia, the Adibo combines style with durable, lasting comfort. Each shoe is created with the goal of contributing to the development of a thriving middle class in Africa. Curated by Invisible Children in partnership with Oliberte: This is Africa. Currently on sale for $40. Free shipping for $100 orders.\n– Subtle variations add to the uniqueness of each product.\nWe have made an effort to simplify our Christmas over the past few years; three gifts, focus on Jesus, and more time at home. Advent readings are a great addition, keeping our focus steady as we move through a world that constantly pulls our attention elsewhere. I was excited to find a free Advent Reading plan that corresponds with a book that many of us already have, the Jesus Storybook Bible. (use code HOLIDAY30 to get 30% off) Oh how I love this book. If you don’t have it, do yourself a favor and put it in your child’s stocking. It’s inexpensive and illustrates how the entire Bible points toward Jesus, our savior. It is captivating and beautifully written and illustrated. Our children are all young (3-7 years old) but definitely at varying developmental ages and interests, I’ve found that this book keeps them all equally engaged.\nHere is the full link, including a section for notes.\nWhat are you planning for advent this year? I would love to hear your ideas and traditions.\nGood points all around. Truly apcetpiared.\nI wrote about kindness yesterday. Which is helpful because posts like this need to come from a heart FULL of kindness and a desire to educate rather than rant.\nThe Holiday season ushers in many opportunities to help families and individuals in need. It’s a beautiful thing as many families are struggling rather than celebrating. However, organizations that aim to help these families, individuals and kids have chosen to use the word adoption in their campaigns. The word adoption has been made synonymous with the word help, sponsor and support. While this seems harmless to the general population, we’ve somehow forgotten that the general population contains thousands upon thousands of adoptees.\nI realize that there is no way to make everyone happy. And many who read this will think, “oh great, another PC term I have to remember.” But this is more than not being politically correct. It’s downright INCORRECT. Adoption doesn’t mean helping. Adoption is permanent. Adoption is creating a family. Adoption is hard. Adoption can be painful. Adoption is beautiful.\nIf you’re wondering how common the issue is, here are just a few organizations using this wording.\nI respect my children who entered our family via adoption. I respect their right to grieve, to ask questions, to be confused. I will walk with them through every step of every mess that comes our way. I will be their voice when they come home and ask if the 3-year old girl their class is “adopting” will live in their classroom. True story.\nThat is what happens when adoption is used incorrectly. A child who understands that adoption is forever is now being told that adoption can mean other things as well, like buying underwear for a child in need. Additionally, those kiddos we are sponsoring have PARENTS. Parents who love them enough to seek out assistance. Adoption does not pertain to these families.\nChurches, organizations, schools and Friends: Please consider replacing the word Adoption in your Christmas campaigns. There are wonderful words such as help, sponsor, support and bless that will accurately express the program. Take a chance, rebrand, the results will be respectful and wonderful."}
+{"text": "This first meeting ist to get to know each other. It is very important that I become familiar with your wishes and needs in order to be able to offer the most suitable offer for you. This meeting (also telephone call / Skype / FaceTime possible) takes 1 hour.\nThe Event Coaching is perfect for those who need support for just certain parts; e. g. the Venue search. One or several personal meetings before would be an advantage to find out your individual needs.\nYou’re looking for someone who takes care of your reception after your Civil, Church or Symbolic Wedding? We will be happy to organize your individual reception with everything you need.\nConsulting & Analysis: Framework, requirements, colors, leitmotiv etc.\nWith Stilvolles as Event and Wedding expert at your side you can also celebrate your most special day abroad. Sina Reiner speaks German, English, French and Italian and has a great network of locations and service partners, who are all very attentive and dedicated. They all consider each wedding to be a unique and unrepeatable event. She will assist and follow you throughout the planning, legal formalities and during the celebration to make sure that the “most special day” in your life will be truly unforgettable. Just relax and enjoy the anticipation.\nYou would like to celebrate a Symbolic Wedding Ceremony? I will be happy to organize you individual and authentic Wedding Ceremony programme as well as your Symbolc Wedding Sermon which tells and describes your true love story. As a Yoga Teacher the speech can also have a spiritual spirit if desired.\nAnd for all Brides who want to organize a special bachelor party I do also offer Yoga Events as well as for the day after your Wedding. Have a look on my website of Sensi Yoga www.sensi-yoga.de.\n* The prices are inclusive legal value-added tax, but exclusive potential kilometer (50 km inclusive) & travel expenses."}
+{"text": "Working from our main office in Sawbridgeworth, M J Groundwork Services is the premier provider of digger hire and groundwork services in the Essex area. Since opening our doors in 2014, we have attained and maintained a hard-won reputation for excellence and professionalism among our hundreds of satisfied customers.\nIf you need our assistance with any kind of groundwork project, be it septic tanks, house extensions, or anything else, get in contact with us today on 07885 577 899,. A member of our friendly and helpful staff will be happy to discuss your requirements with you, and provide you with a free, no-obligation quote.\nAlternatively, you can contact us via email at mjgroundworkservices@gmail.com. Any phone or email enquiries are picked up by a member of our team, who will call you back as soon as they can to discuss your requirements."}
+{"text": "By: mahershalal on April 8, 2019, 10:43 a.m.\nI'm Leo from the Hague NL. I haven't played Go for about fourteen years (!), and about a month ago decided to start playing again. It's my ambition to study much more seriously than last time and maybe manage to become a SDK in about a year.\nI've been paying on OGS as mahershalal, and I'm hoping to ask for reviews on OSR because that seems a good way to improve. Also, I'm really interested in the possibility of finding a teacher through OSR, but I'm not sure how that would work.\nBy: korni on April 8, 2019, 8:31 p.m.\nBut don't forget to have fun while being in OSR! And if you have any more questions, just fire away!!!\nBy: mahershalal on April 10, 2019, 9:02 a.m.\nThanks for your reply! I'll definitely look for teaching games and reviews on discord."}
+{"text": "After 10 months of research and development, the Dyson Supersonic hair dryer’s manufacturing process is that 103 engineers participated in the 1010 mile hair test, and assembled the Dyson ninth generation digital motor, Air Amplifier airflow multiplication technology, intelligent temperature control and other technologies.\nFrom the appearance, the Dyson Supersonic hair dryer completely breaks through the appearance of the traditional hair dryer. Its head has a cylindrical design and is unique in the market. For such a look, I believe many people will fall in love with it at first sight.\nIn addition to the appearance, the Dyson hair dryer is also very detailed, with a three-speed wind speed button on the left side of the cylinder and a four-speed temperature key on the right side. The switch and the cold air button are placed at the handle. The overall operation is very simple and easy to use. The bottom of the handle is a filter. It is convenient to open and close. The filter is convenient for people to clean and clean regularly.\nI believe that women with thick hair have had such an experience. When using a normal hair dryer, the hair is still not dried, and the hands are already sore. This is because the motors of ordinary hair dryers are all arranged behind the blower of the hair dryer, which has the feeling of being top-heavy and uneven in weight distribution, and it is easy to increase the pressure on the hands during using it. Dyson’s innovative hair dryer design – its motor is designed in the handle, reducing the weight of the hair dryer head, making the overall weight distribution more uniform, and more lightweight and balanced use. Even if you take it for a long time, your arm won’t feel sore.\nWhen we use the hair dryer everyday, the most troublesome thing is the noise. When using the hair dryer, we can’t talk to others at all. Dyson took people’s needs into consideration during the design and development. Dyson increased the number of blades in the internal motor of the hair dryer from 11 to 13. The modulated motor made a sharp sound frequency in the human ear. Beyond the range, a more enjoyable blowing experience.\nComprehensive performance and appearance, Dyson Supersonic hair dryer is a product with high value, strong sense of technology and good performance. Use this hair dryer to dry your hair and instantly improve your sense of well-being. In addition, when you don’t use it, it is also very eye-catching at home. For such a high-value product that can improve the quality of life, it is still worth buying."}
+{"text": "On VHS!!! More than a concert film, and much deeper than a home video. A story that can only be told by a superfan turned band member.\n50 backers pledged CA$ 5,033 to help bring this project to life.\nHey contributors and fans, We will only be posting updates on our Facebook page from now on. So please join us over there for updates on the film.\nAdd $15 to any pledge over $20 (new pledge or existing pledge) and receive one shirt of your choice (of 6 designs), with NO additional shipping charge.\nDVD copies are now available!!!\nIn our first couple days we've reached 20% of our goal and became a Kickstarter \"STAFF PICK\"."}
+{"text": "Nordic has enjoyed regularly elite KLAS rankings, including prime performer in Epic IT Advisory solutions in the most current Epic Consulting 2016 report © KLAS Enterprises, LLC. To remain ahead of the wave of commoditization, firms will need human, brand, technological, and financial sources to deploy against new and increasingly complex problems and to create new intellectual property. M&A activity, as hard as that may be, will improve as some firms make a decision that they never have the sources or stamina to make necessary changes, and other people recognize the require to obtain fill-in capability.\nInternational Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) is a Federation whose members are national associations of Consulting Engineers. Your job, then, becomes harder, due to the fact you are marketing your solutions to people who may possibly not even be conscious that they need those services.\nAs in law, for consumers facing bet the business” strategic problems, paying leading dollar for name-brand answer shops will make sense, if for no other reason than that board members will not question the analytics developed by prestigious firms. The International Council of Management Consulting Institutes (ICMCI) was founded in 1987 and has around 50 member institutes covering the globe.\nIf our extended study of disruption has led us to any universal conclusion, it is that every sector will at some point face it. The leaders of the legal services business would after have held that the franchise of the top firms was virtually unassailable, enshrined in practice and tradition—and, in several nations, in law.\nThe Big Four accounting and auditing firms are the world’s most credible accounting companies, offering audit, tax, bookkeeping and all accounting solutions for private and public corporations globally. For more than 60 years, our consultants have developed and implemented profound business transformations in partnership with the world’s top businesses.\nManagement consulting is not a regulated profession so many individuals that style themselves as management consultants are not CMC’s. The Department of Statistics provides a Statistical Consulting Service staffed by sophisticated graduate students in Statistics."}
+{"text": "Format for essay title promotions company business plan template.\nResource assignment in project management examples esl creative writing prompts.\nHow to write reflective essay on hr essay tips for college students summer creative writing workshops for adults, how to create reserch paper tital page best essay writing sites effects of war essays business plan for garbage collection mla cover page for research paper template.\nCultural diversity essay topics computer store business plan ideas integral calculus solved problems pdf download best group insurance plans for small business sample dissertation ppt step by step guide to writing a business plan template scholarship essay writing help on leadership apa 6th edition dissertation sample outline example of a strategic plan for a business loan what you need to start a party planning business, good essay leads mers assignment of mortgage form research paper workshop 123 free essay codes nonprofit business plan template, data warehousing research papers pdf free reword essay generator weekly homework answer key love of basketball essays article essay difference, degree dissertation proposal social science research paper outline template pldt mydsl business plan free research paper outline examples for science teaching problem solving skills for psych topic of research paper tips on college essay about identity princeton supplement essay example. Creative story writing prompt critical thinking tips and tricks importance of research proposal in history hr business plan 2017 cover letter for research proposal sample energy drink business plan can someone write my essay solving for x practice problems deca international business plan template small business disaster recovery plan example school assignments at disney tips on college essay about identity topics for analytical research papers critical thinking tasks very basic business plan free how to cite research paper in mla format business development plan for it company how to define a claim critical thinking story love generalization essay. 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Research papers about thomas jefferson business plan assignment sample letter homework project ideas. How to write an introductory paragraph of an essay sample reading homework for 2nd graders problem solving strategies worksheets 4th grade my favorite sport essay in marathi synthesis essay rubric ap lang. Online creative writing courses uke british airways business seating plan. Barbershop business plan example short essay on the declaration of independence the great gatsby essays about obsession good hooks to start an essay about yourself an assignment of contract buy essay uk login business growth plan ppt essay attention grabber ideas fishing charter business plan example noise pollution assignment. 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Snowman writing paper for kindergarten four step problem solving essay about trusting people photography essays examples assignment answers of bridge course fun cause and effect essay topics list easy way to write a research paper free. Creative writing samples for esl students this i believe essay free examples, free fake essay writer assignment of partnership interest tax consequences short essay on educational goals 5 most important elements of a business plan simple argumentative essay topics my school essay for class 5 california auto assigned risk plan graphic design assignments logos, dissertation tourist destination steps to solve a problem ups check free problem solving worksheets introduction part of essay.\nResearch paper on visual aids strong ability to solve problems an assignment of contract comparison and contrast essay example mla format research paper on adhd.\nEasy business plans template description essay thesis statements. University of south carolina application essay questions marathi essay writing on my favorite sport volleyball peer reviewed article on critical thinking my homework ate my homework quotes. My finance lab homework answers how to write mla essay 5 most important elements of a business plan writing papers in the biological sciences pdf definition essays for respect unable to assign drive letter disk management define the term business plans my research papers business planning analyst job description objective for business plan templates native american writing papers homework book michael rosen."}
+{"text": "Every year, I like to host a little ‘thank you’ event for my readers (yes, that means YOU) to show you all just how much I appreciate your support. The 12 Days of Jolly Giveaways begins just after Thanksgiving and runs through Christmas of each year. Simply sign up for Cake ‘n Knife emails to receive the latest updates!\nClick here to sign up for Cake ‘n Knife’s email list.\nTo check out past and current 12 Days of Jolly Giveaway posts, click on the year below for the recipes and giveaways!"}
+{"text": "This role is responsible for day to day processing of financial transactions to ensure that municipal finances are maintained in an effective, up to date and accurate manner along with general administrative support to the finance and accounting team member.\nComplimentary VA fitness club membership for you & a buddy!\nIf you're interested in this position simply apply online now!"}
+{"text": "Flirt with classical romance in our Hedy range. Charm in our classic high-waist suspender brief with a tempting surprise! Our Hedy big brief features an elegant lay of symmetrical black eyelash lace over peach stretch satin. Turn around for a surprise of the cut-out peek-a-boo behind, finished with a darted downwards seam to enhance the sweetheart shape of your bottom! Our big brief features 4 detachable suspender straps best worn with the matching Hedy longline bra for a timeless vintage look. The peek-a-boo brief is skirted with power mesh for a flirty, yet comfortable wear."}
+{"text": "(CNN) – McDonalds has a new breakfast item, donuts sticks.\nThe fried fried dough come in packs of 6 or 12 served hot with cinnamon and sugar.\nMcDonald's hopes to increase sales for breakfast, which have slipped in recent years amid growing competition from fast food restaurants.\nThe company announced in October that it would expand its breakfast menu, but did not specify at the time. It is not clear if more will be added to the breakfast menu.\nAlthough McDonald's now offers full-day breakfasts, donut sticks will only be available during normal breakfast hours."}
+{"text": "Looking for Jo Ann Cedotal?\nAre you Jo Ann Cedotal?\nThis is a placeholder page for Jo Ann Cedotal, which means this person is not currently on this site. We do suggest using the tools below to find Jo Ann Cedotal.\nYou are visiting the placeholder page for Jo Ann Cedotal. This page is here because someone used our placeholder utility to look for Jo Ann Cedotal. We created this page automatically in hopes Jo Ann Cedotal would find it. If you are not Jo Ann Cedotal, but are an alumni of Thibodaux High School, register on this site for free now."}
+{"text": "Dimensions : H 40 x Ø 40 cm.\nCult object of design, the Cobra lamp was created by Elio Martinelli in 1965. This lamp of office or table with broadcasts light is orientable thanks to his articulated arm. The broadcaster and the structure are in white resin. Mythical, Cobra are exposed in the biggest museums of the entire world."}
+{"text": "Uploaded by LISA DAMAYANTI in Alexandria at Wednesday, February 19, 2014. The Marvelous Outdoor Ideas images on this page are the Marvelous image that we picked for you with a dimension of 800 x 600 pixels. Unique Cedar Shake Building above are the same as what I saw when I visited my mother�s villa in San Diego, US. Don�t be hesitate; you can also find the whole information in the Great Cedar Shake Building Decoration which contains image that I took during a trip to various Lands such as Germany, Romania, and Guyana.\nFeel free to use the cedar shake panels image that I provided even though you are in tropical or desert Lands like Thailand, Macau, and Ivory Coast. Download by right clicking your mouse right on the Marvelous image, then give this high definition image to your home architect to be used soon."}
+{"text": "Slots games can be loads of fun and there is often a choice of amounts to gamble. This will not only vary between sites and games but also within each game you often get a choice.\nIn slots there is often a selection of winning lines. You have to pick which winning line you would like to bet on. The more winning lines you pay for, the greater the odds of you actually getting a win. You may also find that if you want to have a chance of winning the jackpot, you will need to bet on all of the lines. This can add up to a lot of money.\nIn order to decide you need to consider several factors. The most important thing to think about to start with is the cost of the games. Calculate how much money you can afford to gamble and think about how many games you will be able to play with that money. It may be that you will be able to afford a lot of games, but you may have a tight budget and just be able to afford a few. Consider whether you are happy to pay out a lot of money per game and only pay for a few games and have a chance of winning the big jackpot or whether you would prefer your money to last longer, so you pay less per game but can only win small prizes.\nThe decision can be quite difficult. You have to weigh up whether you would get more pleasure from playing for longer or by giving yourself a chance of winning the jackpot but not playing for long. You may be prepared to take a lot of risk or rather not take so much and this will be a big influence in your decision as well.\nHow much you can afford to spend is a huge factor. It is surprising how many people do not think about this before they start playing. It is really important to make sure that you have enough money to pay for all of the things that you need so that you know that when you pay slots, you can afford to lose the money. Do not go in with the attitude that you will win money as the odds will be against you. It is far better to assume that you will lose and see any winnings as a bonus. If you do this, then you will not be so tempted to overspend. Consider that what you are paying out is for the fun of playing, it is not a way to make money. Casinos will always set up games so that they have a bigger chance of winning and therefore you are not likely to win.\nHow Are Gambling Sites Regulated In The UK?\nWhat Makes a Responsible Bingo Site?"}
+{"text": "Sixth generation (6G) underwater positioning technology from Sonardyne International. has been chosen by vessel owner and operator Companhia Brasileira de Offshore (CBO) to meet Brazil’s stringent new contracting specifications for subsea positioning.\nThe work equip the vessel’s inventory of Compatt 6 LBL transponders, with high specification DigiQuartz pressure sensors, was carried out at Sonardyne’s service, support and training centre in Macaé, Brazil."}
+{"text": "are encouraged to carefully review the full text of our Information & Conditions. Payment of deposit and/or final payment are an acknowledgement of receipt of these information & conditions and constitutes acceptance of such as outlined.Nexus Holidays departures are priced in British Pounds.\n\"Land Only\" Package does not include the international flight.\nVisa processing fee; international flights; optional travel insurance; gratuities to your tour guides, drivers and porters; items of personal nature such as laundry, room service, phone bills, excess baggage charges, optional tours, and all other items and/or services not specifically listed in the itinerary.\nTour prices listed are in Canadian dollars. Master Card, Visa, personal/company check, bank draft and electronic bank wire are all acceptable forms of payment. To take advantage of the \"Cash Discount\" rate you should pay the balance payment by checks or bank draft, payable to \"Nexus Holidays\".\nA non-refundable deposit of £200 per person is required to secure your reservation. Reservation will not be confirmed until your deposit is cleared with our company. To secure a reservation on a trip departing within 60 days, full payment is required at the time of booking.\nTransferring between tours (61 days or more) incurs a £100 per person administration fee plus any air/hotel/cruise/train ticket cost. Transfer fees must be paid at the time of change.\nReissue of airline tickets - from £200 per person (other fees may apply).\nAll claims against Nexus Holidays Inc. must be filed in writing within 30 days after completion of the tour. By utilizing the services of Nexus Holidays. you agree that the exclusive venue for all claims, actions or proceedings against Nexus Holidays."}
+{"text": "We offer dorms room with air-conditioner, fans, personal locker, electric heater for shower, and free wifi which features lots of sunlight, hangout areas and coffee shop underneath the hostel. Guests can feel free to mingle around with other travellers at the mini bar, and get free travel information from the connected travel agency next door. We also offer motorbike rentals for you to easily see the beautiful scenery of Ha Giang."}
+{"text": "Enter the chat room below and participate by either registering using your email or logging in as a guest user to remain anonymous. A place where they will be able to meet new friends in a friendly and safe environment. This room is highly moderated and inappropriate behavior will not be tolerated.\nI have been coming here for four years a teen chat rooms, and I am still going to come here every day. Boys and girls are all welcome. Dolly I like talking to people who have the same interest as me. If you do not meet the age requirements you will go to another chat rooms site. This includes content protected by copyright such as music, articles, etc.\nInappropriate nicknames or conversation will NOT be tolerated. Keep an eye on what your children are doing. This place is really nice and you will meet all sorts of people plus it's free! In addition, you can talk in many topics concerning teenagers and share interests and hobbies, you can also discuss about problems that teens can be a teen chat rooms to it. I love the teen chat chat rooms!"}
+{"text": "Amazing pizza! SO good that it must have some part of jesus in it. Just a bit at least. No good without the dipping sauce.\nDude, lets go to Twice the deal to get some jesus pizza.\nGet a jesus pizza mug for your sister Beatrix."}
+{"text": "1 Sing vnto the Lord a newe song: sing vnto the Lord, all the earth.\n2 Sing vnto the Lord, and prayse his Name: declare his saluation from day to day.\n3 Declare his glory among all nations, and his wonders among all people.\n4 For the Lord is great and much to be praysed: he is to be feared aboue all gods.\n5 For all the gods of the people are idoles: but the Lord made the heauens.\n6 Strength and glory are before him: power and beautie are in his Sanctuarie.\n7 Giue vnto the Lord, ye families of the people: giue vnto the Lord glory and power.\n8 Giue vnto the Lord the glory of his Name: bring an offering, and enter into his courtes.\n9 Worship the Lord in the glorious Sanctuarie: tremble before him all the earth.\n10 Say among the nations, The Lord reigneth: surely the world shalbe stable, and not moue, and he shall iudge the people in righteousnesse.\n11 Let the heauens reioyce, and let the earth be glad: let the sea roare, and all that therein is.\n13 Before the Lord: for he commeth, for he cometh to iudge the earth: he wil iudge the world with righteousnes, and the people in his trueth."}
+{"text": "Starting to really get into modelling having had the privilege of working with some great togs I have learnt alot. Still happily exploring what I am capable of as a model and enjoying the experience immensely.\nI would describe myself as an english rose, I am a mature women but have soft features so tend to look younger than I am which is no bad thing! Voluptuous and at ease with my curves they are part of my character. 100% Natural no tatoos, but happy to wear fake ones if required too.\nLove cosplay any excuse to get dressed up! I sometimes make my own accessories including jewellery which I also sell at craft fairs (perkypixie creations on facebook) I am really drawn to unusual some would say gothic, fantasy, romantic style photography.\nFor me I would like to do the more arty images that can draw you in and hold your attention. Anything a bit outside the box would consider doing futuristic looks too. Like most I am a multi layered character and the photographic projects I work on I would like to reflect that.\nHappy to work TF or paid. I do not drive but willing to brave public transport for worthy projects. If shoots are some distance away i would have to ask for my travel expenses."}
+{"text": "This is the Windows 7 32bit Driver for the WMP54G Version 1 I hope everyone has the same happiness as I have!!!\nYou say this is the driver but you have not attached a driver so your post makes no sense.\nHow do I post the FILE to the driver?\nI uploaded it like a million times?!!!!!\nI take it you are trying to manually install a device driver to a device under Device Manager??\nDownload the driver and extract it to a folder.\nRight click the device you wish to change the drivers for. You can select Properties > Driver > Driver Details to check you have the right device.\nHit OK, then Next and the driver(s) will then begin to install.\nNo Elmer, based on the repeated threads we've closed or deleted I now surmise that he's been trying to attach a file to a post.\nlaroccacory, first you need to make sure it is a supported forum file type such as .zip or .rar, second it must be small enough because each file type has a certain size limit (1.19mb for rar/zip). If your file is too big or unsupported then it is ignored.\nIf you feel the need to post something bigger than site limits then what you need to do is post it to a file hosting site and then post that link in your posting (unfortunately most of those sites delete your file after 60 days).\nNo Elmer, based on the repeated threads we've closed or deleted I now surmise that he's been trying to attach a file to a post.."}
+{"text": "Come Learn from THE FLEUR WREATH!\nWe will be hosting a floral watercolor workshop taught by Kendra Curtis, artist of @thefleurwreath. You will get step by step instruction on florals and botanical leaves along with a take-home watercolor art supply kit, your 11 by 14 inch painting from the workshop, and my art supply list. Come as you are, we will supply light refreshments and all the supplies. Let’s get painting!"}
+{"text": "TORONTO, Dec. 19, 2018 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Wayland Group (CSE:WAYL) (75M.F) (MRRCF) (“Wayland” or the “Company”), a global, vertically integrated cultivator and processor of cannabis, today announced that its Board of Directors has initiated a process to explore a broad range of strategic alternatives, including, but not limited to assessing the potential spin-out and/or European listing of its international assets (the “International Assets”) in an effort to unlock the value of the Company’s vast international asset portfolio (a “Spinout Transaction”), as well as its underlying domestic Canadian assets. Any Spinout Transaction of the International Assets could include the Company’s European, Latin American, and Asia-Pacific operations.\nThe Company strongly believes in its current strategy; however, it does not believe its current share price accurately reflects the global portfolio Wayland has, and continues to create.\n“We have demonstrated our capability in predicting future markets and working systematically to put supply chain in place, with some of the lowest transaction costs for international acquisitions in addition to organic growth and partnerships. Our exponential growth model has tremendous potential, as it is built on the solid foundation we have laid from five years of organizational learning as a licensed producer in Canada. This has allowed us to become one of five companies with EU-GMP certification on top of having all the requisite cultivation and processing licenses in Canada. It is time for us to capitalize on the largest future cannabis market in the world and focus our efforts in the wellness and medical markets to accomplish our vision of enhancing life through cannabis,” stated Ben Ward, CEO of Wayland.\nCanaccord Genuity Corp. has been retained to serve as the Company’s financial advisor related to the strategic review process.\nThere can be no assurance the strategic review will result in the completion of any transaction or any other alternative. The Company has not set a timetable for completion of the review process, and it does not intend to comment further unless a specific transaction or alternative is approved by the Board of Directors, the review process is concluded, or it is otherwise determined that other disclosure is appropriate.\nWayland has several active initiatives in Germany that give the Company a distinct advantage in the German and European markets. The Company is the only organization in the world that has a facility ready for domestic cannabis cultivation. Located in Ebersbach, just outside of Dresden, the proposed facility gives Wayland 820,000 square feet of clean-room cultivation, processing, and extraction capabilities. It is currently being utilized to process industrial hemp from the Company’s adjacent 164-hectare hemp operation where the Company recently completed their first harvest yielding over 120,000 kg of dry hemp flowers. Once processed, the CBD distillate will be used for the Company’s recently launched nutraceutical business, MariPlant GmbH. Finally, the Company expects to receive their second EU-GMP certification for the Ebersbach facility in a matter of weeks, further strengthening Wayland’s medical production and distribution capabilities.\nWayland’s second European cultivation site is located in Regensdorf, Switzerland, a suburb of Zurich. The 60,000 square foot facility’s current production profile is approximately 2,000 kg of CBD flower per year. Wayland plans to upgrade this facility to bring it in line with the Company’s production standards from existing GACP standards and increase capacity to 14,000 kg per year with the goal of developing their own CBD products for sale throughout Switzerland and the rest of the European Union. Wayland will locate its Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) manufacturing site for its global operations in Switzerland, taking advantage of existing phyto pharmaceutical talent in country.\nWayland has a definitive joint venture agreement with CBD Italian Factory S.S., a company of Group San Martino for the production of high quality cannabis products in Italy. The Company expects that the joint venture will marry the best of both entities with world-leading technology by Rockwell Automation paired with existing infrastructure in Piedmont, Italy, which includes agricultural expertise and biogas electricity. This will allow the sustainable production of quality CBD and THC products from a naturally derived fuel source. CBD Italian Factory S.S. and San Martino Group will bring mass-scale agricultural skills to the joint venture with a focus on local sustainable practices and expertise in Biomass Energy production. The Company holds 50.1 % of the joint venture while 49.9% is held by CBD Italian Factory, with Massimiliano Umberto Signorini assuming the role of CEO for the new company.\nIn July of 2018, Wayland’s application to Malta Enterprise to set up a business in Malta to manufacture finished dose medical cannabis was approved. Malta will offer the Company a unique advantage as Wayland will have the ability to import, extract, manufacture finished dose products, and distribute cannabis for medical purposes within Malta and the entire European Union. Malta Enterprise allows the Company to develop a wide variety of pharmaceutical products and export them across the European Union, and as Malta is a member of the EU, certain VAT tax are inapplicable to Malta Enterprise.\nThe Company has entered into an agreement to acquire a 51% stake in U.K. based Theros Pharma Ltd. (“Theros”), an early stage company that has successfully imported cannabis to the U.K. for patients with a prescription for medical cannabis. The company expects to be able to import cannabis to patients in the UK as early as March 2019.\nWayland has entered into an agreement to purchase 819 hectares of existing developed agriculture land in San Juan Province in Argentina, which is the ideal micro climate for cultivation. The properly has existing mass scale irrigation, using runoff from the Andes Mountains, and produces 1,000,000 kg of wine juice, and 400,000 kg of olives per year. Existing on site agronomists and farmers will take their knowledge of horticulture and apply it to Wayland’s existing world class system of cannabis cultivation. Outdoor cultivation will take place in existing alfalfa fields, to supply Wayland with low cost inputs. Initial extraction will take place in Argentina.\nThe Company has entered into an agreement to acquire 100% of the outstanding shares of Colma Pharmaceutical SAS (“Colma”), a licensed producer of THC cannabis in Colombia, holding four licenses for cultivation and processing on a leased premise in Ibaque, Colombia. Wayland plans to cultivate THC cannabis outdoor and year-round with an infrastructure investment including 415,000 square feet of processing and clone and vegetation greenhouse facilities to support outdoor cannabis flower production of 125 hectares.\nWayland has entered into an agreement to acquire 50.1% of Tropicann Pty Ltd. (“Tropicann”), a privately owned Australian company located in Darwin, Northern Territory. It plans to build an outdoor grow facility to take advantage of the ideal cannabis cultivation climate with minimal environmental impact. The Company believes it can leverage a major port in Darwin that will provide access to major APAC markets.\nThe Company’s flagship facility is located in Langton, Ontario with cultivation, extraction, formulation, and distribution capabilities. The facility is a purpose-built cannabis production facility with an emphasis on automation and energy efficiencies. The Company partnered with Rockwell Automation to develop a fully automated system including the development of AI Data Grow, the Company’s artificially intelligent master grower. This allows Wayland to drastically reduce its cultivation labour needs by approximately 90% of the industry average while also mitigating risks associated with infecting crops. The facility will be completed in two phases, the first of which is approximately 225,000 square feet in size with 90,000 square feet of production and office space and approximately 135,000 square feet of grow space which will yield the Company approximately 65,000 kg of dried cannabis flower per year. Phase two will bring an additional 719,000 square feet of grow space online taking production capacity much greater than 100,000 kg per year.\nWayland’s Langton campus has been certified by the European Medicines Agency after receiving the certification of EU-Good Manufacturing Practices (“EU-GMP”). EU-GMP certification allowed Wayland to sign the largest ever medical cannabis export deal with Cannamedical of Germany, agreeing to provide the medical cannabis distributor with a minimum of 9,000 kg of product over a three-year period. Wayland is one of only five cannabis companies in the world to receive the EU-GMP designation which is another advantage the Company believes it has in the global medical cannabis arena as demonstrated by this large purchase order.\nManitoba: Supply agreement with the Manitoba Liquor & Lotteries Corporation (“MBLL”) to make available for purchase by MBLL at least 550kg of various cannabis products during the first twelve months of the agreement.\nAlberta: Supply Agreement with the Alberta Gaming, Liquor & Cannabis Commission (“AGLC”) to allocate up to 3,375kg of cannabis product for the Alberta market within the first six months.\nBritish Columbia: Through a memorandum of understanding (“MOU”), Wayland is a preferred licensed producer to the BC Liquor Distribution Branch (“BCLDB”) to initially supply approximately 3,622kg of non-medical cannabis to BCLDB over the first 12 months following legalization.\nOntario: Selected by The Ontario Cannabis Store (“OCS”) to supply a variety of safe, high quality cannabis products through its online store since launching October 17, 2018.\nThe Company has taken a purposeful and consumer-centric approach to each of its brands/offerings, each validated and optimized with local consumer research. Strains within each portfolio will match brand positioning and satisfy target consumer needs and benefits.\nSolara C: Designed for the modern, active consumer who is looking to find solutions to help them live healthier/better without using stronger pharmaceutical alternatives. This brand will be CBD-only and create a wide range of products from beverages to topical creams with the expressed purpose of promoting a healthy, balanced lifestyle.\nKiwi: Designed for light users who are new to the category and looking to better understand Cannabis and its effects. The brand will exist to simplify and make the cannabis experience more welcoming and approachable to the masses.\nNorthern Harvest: Designed for light / medium users who enjoy Cannabis as part of their active and social lives. The brand will exist to promote a more natural and balanced approach to Cannabis with a focus on providing a fun and lighthearted experience.\nHigh Tide: Designed for medium to heavy users who enjoy the cerebral effects of Cannabis. This brand will produce high quality, high THC cannabis with the expressed purpose of pushing the limits of the THC experience.\nLost at Seed: Designed for medium to heavy users who want only the best Cannabis money can buy. This brand will provide highly desirable and impossible to find strains only available on a limited assortment basis.\nRare Dankness: This partner brand will be for experienced Cannabis users who are knowledgeable about strains, potencies and profiles. It will offer a wide selection of premium award-winning strains that users won’t be able to find anywhere else.\nWayland is a vertically integrated cultivator and processor of cannabis. The Company was founded in 2013 and is based in Burlington, Ontario, Canada and Munich, Germany, with production facilities in Langton, Ontario where it operates a cannabis cultivation, extraction, formulation, and distribution business under federal licenses from the Government of Canada. The Company also has production operations in Dresden, Saxony, Germany, Regensdorf, Switzerland, Allesandria, Piedmont, Italy, Ibague, Colombia, London, UK, Australia, and Argentina. Wayland will continue to pursue new opportunities globally in its effort to enhance lives through cannabis.\nThis news release includes forward-looking information and statements, which may include, but are not limited to, information and statements regarding or inferring the future business, operations, financial performance, prospects, and other plans, intentions, expectations, estimates, and beliefs of the Company. Such statements include statements regarding the Company's plans for its operations in all regions, proposed acquisitions, the Company’s continued global expansion, its effect on the Company’s global platform and the Spinout Transaction. Forward-looking information and statements involve and are subject to assumptions and known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors which may cause actual events, results, performance, or achievements of the Company to be materially different from future events, results, performance, and achievements expressed or implied by forward-looking information and statements herein. Such assumptions, risks, uncertainties and other factors include, but are not limited to, that the proposed transactions will be completed on the terms and timelines anticipated by the Company or at all, the effect that the proposed transactions, and Spinout Transaction if and when completed, will have on the Company’s global platform, that all necessary stock exchange, regulatory and other approvals will be received in connection with the proposed transactions and or the Spinout Transaction. Although the Company believes that any forward-looking information and statements herein are reasonable, in light of the use of assumptions and the significant risks and uncertainties inherent in such information and statements, there can be no assurance that any such forward-looking information and statements will prove to be accurate, and accordingly readers are advised to rely on their own evaluation of such risks and uncertainties and should not place undue reliance upon such forward-looking information and statements. Any forward-looking information and statements herein are made as of the date hereof, and except as required by applicable laws, the Company assumes no obligation and disclaims any intention to update or revise any forward-looking information and statements herein or to update the reasons that actual events or results could or do differ from those projected in any forward looking information and statements herein, whether as a result of new information, future events or results, or otherwise, except as required by applicable laws. The Canadian Securities Exchange has not reviewed, approved or disapproved the content of this news release."}
+{"text": "ISPs in Singapore are offering 2Gbps broadband connection. We are using CCR1009 to archive 2Gbps NAT traffic to a single host in LAN.\nhotspot central login. SNS,Youtube login."}
+{"text": "My phone went off early this morning at 6.30 and I leapt out of bed in a panic thinking immediately of the worst, that something had happened to my mother.\nOnly once I reached the phone, answered it and it had stopped ringing did I realise I had set the alarm the night before and my mother was most likely okay, but even then I could not return to sleep.\nI am living in a strange time, this hovering on the edge between life and death, my mother’s life and death, and wondering when it might happen. My husband is away and I am holding the fort or so it seems, which adds to the surreal tensions that envelope me everyday.\nA few days ago I received a letter from an old friend, a woman whom I shall name Cate, who now lives in country Victoria. I did not recognise her name on the envelope at first because Cate now travels under the name of her third husband. But as I began to read her letter pennies began to drop into place.\nShe is sorry, Cate writes, to have lost contact with us, with my husband and me, but she had imagined at the time of her separation from her second husband that we were ‘on his side’.\nHow strange I thought reading this and remembering back to that time. I did not enjoy Cate’s second husband at all, and I was not so much sad as surprised when they separated.\nI have a soft spot for Cate. It was she who in a sense brought my husband and me together all those years ago.\nI once worked alongside Cate in the days when I was a newly graduated social worker. One Saturday evening Cate held a dinner party – dinner parties were fashionable in those days – and through a long and complicated series of manoeuvres, my husband and I wound up together at the dinner table.\nIn a sense we have not been apart since. Though do not imagine it has always been a honeymoon but a productive union nevertheless, and Cate believes she was responsible for beginning it, as indeed in some ways she was.\nI have not seen Cate now for some fifteen or maybe more years. We ran into her, shopping in Safeway, one Saturday afternoon. She seemed distant at the time and I remember wondering at her coyness in introducing us to her new man, J, whom she eventually married.\nJ, Cate writes, died two years ago, but not before she had nursed him for six years. She refers to him in her letter as ‘beloved J’, so presumably this third marriage was a successful one.\nCate needs our help, she writes in her letter. Could we do her a favour? She turns seventy soon and although she does not imagine she will die in the next little while, anything is possible. For long and complicated reasons, which she does not go into, Cate has lost touch with her children, all three of them, two daughters and a son, children who must by now be aged in their mid to late forties.\nCould we please help? Cate asks. Could we ‘discreetly’ and ‘sensitively’ make contact with her children and let them know that she loves them and would like at least to have an address for them.\nCate’s solicitor has told her there is no point in listing her children in her will if she has no contact address for any of them.\nCate would love to see her children, she writes, if they are willing, but she does not expect them to come running. She wants only to know how they are going and would hate for them to be left full regret after her death.\nI rang a friend who might have known a contact address for at least one of these children but she too has lost touch and suggested I ring the first ex husband, a distant and mutual friend, who lives in Melbourne.\nIt gets sticky and tricky here. I am fearful of how Cate’s ex husband might respond were I to ring out of the blue and put in a request to him for a phone number for his children in order to enable them to resume contact with their estranged mother if they should wish.\n‘I have not always been the best of mothers,’ Cate writes.\nWhich one of us has? I think.\nThis other friend who has also lost contact with Cate’s children and advises me to ask the first ex husband, warns me that Cate is ‘manipulative’.\nI know the word well. It is a feature I have detected in myself. I inherited it from my mother, a state of mind that says you dare not ask for something directly, you can only safely work your way around to getting someone to give you something or do something for you, by stealth.\nI try not to get into manipulations these days. To me the tendency to manipulate is the tendency of a weak person who lacks in confidence sufficient to cope with the consequences of a direct question, whether positive or negative.\nI suspect women of my mother’s generation were more heavily into manipulation than today because before the advent of feminism and the beginnings of a deeper awareness of the rights of women, at least in western culture, they could only get what they wanted by stealth or feminine guile.\nIt would not have done for a woman of my mother’s generation to be to open with her desires. She would have needed to obscure them, perhaps even from herself.\nGood luck with the problems that Cate's request poses.\nI don't think you should assist in this way. If she wishes to make peace she should do it herself. Any half decent detective could find them pretty easily.\nAs to the will she can simply list their names and direct the executor to search for for them dutifully.\nI showed your post to my husband and he said, \"Has Cate looked up her kids on Facebook and tried to friend them?\"\nRespectful decline Cates request as it could get real messy and ugly. You could get stuck right in the middle of a family dispute, believe it's not a nice place to be :-).\nI'm not sure if you're asking, but I would hesitate to get involved under the circumstances.\nSo far there are no problems with Cate's request, though it's early days, Elephant's Child. On the other hand, as you suggest, self deception can be dangerous. Thanks.\nGlenn above is on-the-button: Facebook of course.\nAnd I agree with Antares above as well. this whole thing smells.\nCate needs to at least MENTION her children, each by name, in her Will.\nA person who is mentioned in a Will, cannot contest it, as the mention indicates they were properly in the thoughts of the author.\nYou're not the first to suggest I should not help out here, Laoch, though I feel inclined to at least let it be known that this mother is trying to contact her children. Beyond that I'll do nothing.\nWe all manipulate. We manipulate with reason as much as we do with emotion but the emotional manipulators usually get the most flack. I would suspect that, of the two, it is the most common as not everyone is capable of intellectual reasoning to that level but I don’t think one is worse than another; it all depends on intent. Either way it’s easy to see people who try and get us to do things we would rather not do as aggressors.\nMy daughter says of me, “You do good guilt,” by which she means I know exactly what buttons to press with her. And I do. Like me she has a natural propensity to feel guilt and so it take no great skill and very little effort to make her feel guilty; it’s bubbling under the lid anyway. And so I have to tread carefully. She expects to get an Upper Second Class Honours for her Psychology Degree and I’m proud of her because she’ll have done that whilst holding down a fulltime job. A 2:1 is good, but it’s not a First. And she knows it. So I don’t know if my eyes gave me away or what – you can do so little about body language – but I did my best to be genuinely pleased. And I am. I think I am. I don’t know what I am.\nAlthough I “do good guilt” I’m not sure that I abuse that power. If I want people to do things I’m more likely to reason with them. I manipulate with logic but I don’t feel so bad about that. I trust reason; reason is honest. Emotions an notoriously unreliable. I’ve seen some very dirty fighters though and it does tend to be women but I guess that’s because they lack physical power or feel they don’t have a position of equal authority in the family and so they resort to “underhanded” methods. My mother most certainly did, or tried to do. But of course a manipulator is only effective if they know their target’s triggers. My mother would send me to Coventry (give me the silent treatment) for days and it had no effect on me whatsoever. It should have had but I knew I could last longer than she could. The same happened at work once. For some reason I crossed a picket line (not like me to be so principled) and my group ostracised me. Several weeks later my boss approached me on their behalf wanting to put an end to all hostilities. I’d worn them down, not the other way round.\nThis doesn’t mean that I’m not susceptible to being manipulated because for years I allowed my father to do exactly that. He used religion as his implement of choice. Most bullies have their gangs just in case they’re not intimidating on their own and most thugs will have a heavy standing at their shoulder. And they don’t get heavier that God Almighty. He didn’t need to scream, rant or rave or hold his breath until he turned blue. All he had to say was, “Well, God says…” and I didn’t have a leg to stand on.\nI think most of the time though the kind of person you’re talking about in your post rely on people’s good natures. We judge ourselves if we turn them away. It’s very clever, isn’t it? We become our own bully. Of course helping someone else makes us feel good about ourselves even (or maybe especially) if they don’t deserve our help so as long as we’re getting something out of the deal then go for it but once they begin to become a drain, that’s the time to call a halt. And be firm.\nI'm not sure of the likelihood that Cate would be on Face Book, Glenn. Maybe we're a bit behind here in Australia but many of the folks I know aged over forty won't have a bar of it, but it's otherwise a good idea.\nI don't fancy getting stuck in the middle of an ugly family dispute, Windsmoke, especially when it's not my own family, but somehow I think that's unlikely to happen.\nSo many folks advising me to take care here, Antares. you too.\nThanks for the warning but I don't think it's as dire as I perhaps made it sound.\nHmmm… bit funny that the lawyer could not track down NOK without an address.\nThe will I suspect is subterfuge, AnnODyne.\nI think Cate wants to make contact with her children. I can understand that.\nI can also understand that something's gone wrong along the way and those kids might elect to continue to avoid her, but it might help for them to know that they are still in their mother's thoughts, whatever that might mean.\nHas she tried the obvious things like the phone book or just googling their names?\nI suspect those kids don't want to be contacted as they are old enough to have made the move themselves if they wanted to. However, that is beside the point. I think as long as you don't get drawn into the family drama, then go ahead and make that first contact. Perhaps the olive branch she offers might be accepted – and that would be something good to hold on to.\nOnce upon a time I would have called the ex and asked for contact details. Now I would pass the ex's number on to cate. If she really wants to know, she will call him. He might even welcome the call after such a long 'cooling off' period!\nA lawyer (I'm assuming that what a soliciter is. If not, please correct me) advising Cate to leave her kids out of the will because she doesn't know their address just doesn't ring true to me. I think she made the story up and is just afraid that if she contacts the children herself, she'll be rejected. I personally would stay out of it, but that's probably due to a flaw in my own character. If you're confident this isn't all going to blow up in your face, and you still have fond feelings for Cate, then, by all means, go ahead.\nIf I were you, I would suggest to 'Cate' that she ask her lawyer to find the children. Most lawyers and law firms use investigators who do just this kind of thing. It usually takes a day or two. Once done, she can get in touch. There are also specialists who can advise her about making contact, etc.\nIt's her responsibility, right? You can support her efforts but not do what she should do for herself.\nI don't know how to suggest this delicately, and I hope you will understand what I am saying. Could you be more apt to go to Cate's rescue (she's asked you to do more than just contact them — she wants you to smooth things over) as a way to avoid dealing with what must be very difficult feelings & thoughts about your mother dying? I think the situation with Cate could be potentially very draining and therefore harmful to you at a time when you might need to conserve your energies for your own things. It sounds like the kind of situation that could snowball into something much bigger very quickly. You're a kind, generous person. Be so to yourself, too. And take care.\nThis out of my realm to offer any good solutions. Go with your guts Elisabeth on what you think is best and what you would like to do for Cate. I know she could and should have done this herself but even if you want to try to help, it is not really wrong.\nThis is just sad and puts you in an awkward position.\nIf the prospect of an inheritance won't flush them out nothing will.\nI tried to Google the next of kin, Christine and it wasn't easy. The family name is commonplace and the two daughters are likely to have changed theirs while the son lives overseas and is out of touch with both parents.\nIt would take something more I suspect to track down these children, who may yet not want to be located.\nI assume Cate's tried those things, Marie, though as I said to Christine earlier I tried, too, without success.\nIt's most likely that the kids don't want to be contacted but I think an olive branch or two might help and if not, so be it.\nI hope I don't end up in the 'discard pile', Steven, but my contact with these people in recent years is very limited and it will not be too upsetting if no one wants to make contact with me anymore, though I can't see why they would dish me.\nI am merely the messenger and I'm offering a brief and indirect message and then bowing out.\nI almost lost track of your wonderful comment, Jim, but found it again just now.\nI know all about doing a guilt trip on my children, I do it from time to time and always try to drag myself and them back out of the morass of such awful pressurizing.\nMy mother did it to me, too.\n'I didn't think \"you'd\" be like that,' she'd say. 'The others yes, but not you.' In others words: my little girl is a good girl, she'd never do anything like that, namely anything I would not expect of her.\nOur emotions guide us into deciding how best to react, if we can exoerience first and then think about them.\nWithout emotions we are in trouble. There are countless examples of psychopaths and sociopaths who are fantastic at reasoning, and all their arguments might make sense at the level of logic but they are devoid of feeling and are therefore dangerous.\nEmotions distinguish us from the robotic, or to some extent from animals, though my hunch is that animals can feel more than we often recognise.\nI'd agree, Stafford, but I suspect Cate knows her ex's number but is too fearful to call him, even with time there's still all that water under the bridge.\nI have since spoken to the Cate's ex and he has assured me he will pass on the message to his children, the two with whom he still has contact and presumably he suggests they will want to talk to me. We shall see. If they don't make contact, I'll leave it there.\nLawyers and solicitors are one and the same here, Kirk and yes, I agree I think the lawyer story might be not entirely accurate, but it may have been a trigger to resume contact.\nSomething has happened to cause Cate to write such a long letter after all this time. I doubt that it's malicious.\nI hope that's not too Pollyana-ish of me.\nMaybe this happens a lot in your part of the world, Mim. I'm not sure, but here as far as i know lawyers tend to expect more of their clients.\nA private investigator might do the job for a price but people here, as far as I know are reluctant to appoint detectives. They'll go through friends first.\nPlease don't worry too much about me, Lynn. I'm not planing on getting myself embroiled in other people's messes. You're right i have enough of my own.\nA phone call is about the extent of it. In fact I've made the call and if the children don't get back to me as a consequence, I'll leave it there. I'll write Cate a latter and tell her there's nothing more I can do.\nI have gone with my guts Fazlisa and so far nothing dreadful has happened nor do I expect it will.\nIt'd be good if something good could come out of it but I'm not counting my chickens, as the saying goes.\nIt has felt an awkward position, Mami and it is very very sad, but as everyone here suggests, it's not for me to intervene beyond a minimal response if necessary. The sadness is for this other estranged family.\nI'm not so sure that it will be much of an inheritance, RH, at least not literally, though there might be other, and to my way of thinking better rewards out of resuming contact, but not if people feel too hurt and bitter or if they are too damaged.\nWhat's a better reward than money?\nWhere do you live, Mars?\nIn your terms I probably live on Mars RH, and here I can't but quote from Oscar Wilde who wrote words to the effect that 'the cynic knows the price of everything and the value of nothing'.\nThere are things worth more than money."}
+{"text": "The term Real Asset Management or ‘us’ or ‘we’ refers to the owner of the website whose registered office is Central Court, Knoll Rise, Orpington, Kent BR6 0JA. Our company registration number is 2454806. The term ‘you’ refers to the user or viewer of our website.\nThe content of the pages on this website is for your general information and use only. It is subject to change without notice.\nThis website contains material which is licensed to us or is owned by us. This material includes, but is not limited to, the design, layout, look, appearance and graphics. Reproduction is prohibited other than in accordance with the copyright notice, which forms part of these terms and conditions."}
+{"text": "Since the 1960s, the two groups that historically have developed vaccine guidelines for the United States have been the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the Committee on Infectious Diseases of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). During 1994, these organizations participated in a working group that included representatives from the American Academy of Family Physicians to develop one vaccination schedule that would accommodate the current ACIP and AAP recommendations and ensure the earliest administration of vaccines. The recommended childhood immunization schedule Table_1 has been endorsed by these groups and becomes effective January 1995.\nIn the first year of life, three doses each of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DTP), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine, and oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) are recommended to be administered at ages 2, 4, and 6 months; however, the third dose of OPV may be administered through age 18 months, and for children who receive Haemophilus b conjugate vaccine (Meningococcal Protein Conjugate) (PRP-OMP) at ages 2 and 4 months, a dose at age 6 months is not required. For hepatitis B vaccine, the first dose is recommended at birth (but can be given up to age 2 months), the second at age 2 months (age 1-4 months is acceptable, provided at least 1 month has elapsed since receipt of the first dose), and the third at age 6- 18 months. Vaccines recommended at age 12-15 months can be administered simultaneously during one visit or during two separate visits. The second dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) may be given at entry to kindergarten or middle school. Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (Td) is recommended at age 11-12 years but may be given through age 14- 16 years. When this vaccine is given at age 11-12 years, health-care providers can ensure that the child has received a second dose of MMR. Reported by: Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. American Academy of Pediatrics. American Academy of Family Physicians. National Immunization Program, CDC.\nindicate range of acceptable ages for vaccination.\nat either one or two visits.\nHBsAg during an early prenatal visit.\n>=15 months and may be preferred for these doses in children in this age group.\nreceived PRP-OMP at 2 and 4 months of age do not require a dose at 6 months of age.\nconjugate vaccine may be used as a booster dose at age 12-15 months.\n4-6 years of age OR at 11-12 years of age.\nand American Academy of Family Physicians."}
+{"text": "Sandwich elements with polystyrene core!\nThe extremely light sandwich elements can be processed easily using conventional machines (bevelling, veneering).\nIndividual shaping is problem-free particularly due to the large board formats.\nWe also provide versions with frames."}
+{"text": "These ceramics come in a variety of colors, which are designed to mix and match. Each piece has a base made of red earth from Ootani which is then hand signed.\nMade in Tokushima - one of the oldest areas in Japan which is dedicated to the the art of ceramics.\nAll Sueki ceramics come packaged in a handmade box."}
+{"text": "International growth roadmap - a clear plan that secures more efficiency by defining priority products and countries, market entry models, partner criteria, etc.\nProducts/services which are most suitable for export.\nAn overview of countries, including a ranking of country attractiveness.\nConcrete advice how to reach your foreign customers.\nPoints of attention for your organization to ensure that exports can boost your business successfully.\nWe start with a brainstorm session with you before we execute relevant research.\nWhich product or service is the most suitable for export?\nWhich country is most suitable for my product or service?\nWhat is the best market entry strategy?\nIs our internal organization ready for internationalization?"}
+{"text": "At Apollo Drain & Rooter Service Inc., we believe that the simplest pipe solutions are often the best. That’s why we use advanced trenchless technology to diagnose and repair your plumbing problems without the hassle and cost of digging on your Troutdale, OR property. Trenchless repairs allow us to give you quick and affordable service with results that last.\nTrenchless repairs are essentially repairs that do not require digging trenches. With advanced technology, our industry professionals at Apollo Drain & Rooter Service Inc. is able to service your Troutdale home or business from the interior or exterior of your property, saving time and money.\nThere are a variety of reasons more customers are choosing trenchless services over traditional methods.\nWe use trenchless technology throughout all of our services. Using the following three methods, we are able to address the majority of leaks, clogs, and other problems your Troutdale pipeline may have.\nBefore camera inspections, repairs were often based on guesswork and assumptions. Our trenchless inspection services allow us to locate the exact area of concern and find a solution that works for your pipelining system. These camera inspections are performed using a small camera that our technicians guide through your line. Live feed that is fed back to us gives us the ability to zoom into the affected area and get the information we need to find an effective solution.\nAn important part of any healthy plumbing system is maintenance. A dirty pipeline that is not routinely serviced is at a higher risk of clogs and backups. This can also lead to more serious issues down the road that require new lines and other repairs. Hydro jetting is a very effective and simple drain cleaning service that solves the majority of clogs and debris build up in your lines. This process involves a multi-directional hose with a nozzle that shoots water at 3,500 PSI into your pipes. This cleaning is free of any harmful chemicals and is a good way to keep your pipelines safe from damage and erosion.\nIf your Troutdale pipes need repair, we are able to pinpoint the location and re-line it without having to replace your whole system. Essentially, we begin by lining a felt liner with resin and insert it into the repair site. Once this pipe is in place, it is pushed through your pipelines coating the interior walls with resin. The liner is left to harden in place and when finished, it is removed and you will have a brand-new pipe inside of your existing one.\nWork with Your Local Professionals at Apollo Drain & Rooter Service Inc.\nWhatever plumbing issue your property in Troutdale may face, Apollo Drain & Rooter Service Inc. is here with the trenchless technology to get the job done efficiently. Call us today to learn more about our trenchless services and how we can help your Troutdale, OR property."}
+{"text": "In our last Community Broadband Bits podcast, Christopher and I discussed the August 10th U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit decision to reverse the FCC’s February 2015 ruling against state barriers. We mentioned Harold Feld’s article about the ruling posted on his website. In keeping with most matters of importance in the municipal Internet network field, Harold expertly sums up the history of the case, the arguments, and what the outcome could mean for the future.\nFeld gets down into the crux of the argument that won over the three judges in the Sixth Circuit - the need to establish if it is states or federal agencies that make the decisions regarding whether or not local governments can provide telecommunications.\nDetermining the answer was a multi-step process and Feld explains how the FCC came to the conclusion that they had the authority to preempt the laws and the states' arguments against it. This was, after all, a test case and Feld describes why the FCC chose Chattanooga and Wilson.\nAs with most things worth doing in policy land, it’s disheartening that it’s an uphill fight to get to rational policy. The idea that states should tell local people in local communities that they can’t invest in their own local infrastructure runs against traditional Republican ideas about small government and local control as it does against traditional Democratic ideas about the responsibility of government to provide basic services and promote competition. But that’s how things work in public policy sometimes. We can either give up and take what we get, or keep pushing until we change things for the better.\nIt has been several weeks, but Lisa and I wanted to answer any lingering questions people may have about the results of the Sixth Circuit case reviewing the FCC's action to remove state-created barriers to municipal networks. We devoted Community Broadband Bits episode 217 to the case and aftermath.\nThe Sixth Circuit ruled against the FCC narrowly - finding that while it had no dispute with the FCC's characterization of municipal networks as beneficial, Congress had not given the FCC the power to overrule state management of its subdivisions (cities). As we have often said, restricting local authority in this manner may be stupid, but states are allowed to do stupid things (especially when powerful companies like AT&T and Comcast urge them to).\nLisa and I explore the decision and explain why we are nonetheless glad that FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler and Commissioners Rosenworcel and Clyburn moved on the petitions from Chattanooga and Wilson to remove state barriers to next-generation network investment. We also reference this blog post from Harold Feld, which is a well-done summary of the situation.\nThe Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals issued their order on August 10th supporting the states of Tennessee and North Carolina in their challenge from an FCC decision from February 2015. Both states objected to the FCC’s decision to preempt state laws preventing municipalities from providing fast, affordable, reliable connectivity via municipal Internet networks. The Appellate Court Judges reviewed the legal arguments, the precedent, and the interplay between federal authority and state sovereignty.\nThe impact of their ruling will affect more than a few pages in a law school text book. Access to high-quality Internet access positively impacts real people and businesses and, as Cecila Kang captures in her recent article in the New York Times, the people who depend on it fear the outcome if their state legislators take it away.\n“We’re very worried because there is no way we could run this equipment on the internet service we used to have, and we can’t imagine the loss we’ll have to the business,” said Charlotte Vick, head of sales for the farm.\nAs Kang notes in her article, the FCC has no plans to appeal the decision, so battles will resume at the state level. Advocates will need to be twice as vigilant because incumbents - the only ones that come out ahead from this decision - may try to push state legislators for even tougher anti-competitive state barriers.\nEPB customers love the fast, affordable, reliable Internet access they get from their muni and they appreciate the way its smart-grid helps them save money on their electric bill. According to a new J.D. Power report, their municipal utility is also the highest rated mid-size utility in the South for customer service and reliability.\nJust a month ago, Consumer Reports magazine rated EPB the best TV and Internet access utility in the county for customer satisfaction, as chosen by a reader survey. The J.D. Power report went on to rank EPB number two in the country in the category of municipal or investor-owned electric utility.\nThe Times Free Press reports that in 2015 EPB Fiber Optics earned a net income of $23.5 million while the electric division earned $3.5 million. EPB President David Wade said that the smart-grid has reduced power outages by 60 percent and contributed to customer satisfaction by enhancing reliability of the system.\n\"The lesson that utilities can learn from other high-performing service providers is that to excel you need a culture that puts customers and employees first,\" said John Hazen, senior director of the utility practice at J.D. Power. \"And because customer expectations continue to increase, you need to have a mindset of continuous improvement to keep up.\"\nEPB Chairman Joe Ferguson said the favorable grades from EPB customers reflect the utility's local ownership, public service and management focus on serving the customer.\nMinneapolis, MN - The 6th Circuit Court of Appeals decided today to dismiss the FCC's February 2015 decision to encourage Internet investment in Tennessee and North Carolina. Tennessee and North Carolina had both restricted local authority to build competitive networks.\n\"We're disappointed that the FCC's efforts to ensure local Internet choice have been struck down,\" says Christopher Mitchell with the Institute for Local Self-Reliance. \"We thank the FCC for working so hard to fight for local authority and we hope that states themselves will recognize the folly of defending big cable and telephone monopolies and remove these barriers to local investment. Communities desperately need these connections and must be able to decide for themselves how to ensure residents and businesses have high quality Internet access.\"\nILSR and Next Century Cities filed an Amicus brief in support of the FCC's position. View the Court's Opinion here.\nDisappointing news from the U.S. Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals today as the Court chooses to reverse the FCC’s February 2015 preemption order that peeled back restrictive state laws in Tennessee and North Carolina. We have the opinion for you to download and review. You can also view the decision at the Sixth Circuit's website.\nWe consider the Sixth Circuit’s decision disappointing, incorrect, and we hope the FCC and the cities of Chattanooga and Wilson appeal this decision. Local connectivity and telecommunications should be determined by the people who will be affected by their own decisions, not by officials who are distant, unaware of local matters, and lobbied by rich corporate Internet Service Providers with an interest in limiting competition.\nIn their statement, Next Century Cities, who joined us in filing an Amicus Brief, said, \"Today’s court ruling is a setback in the fight to ensure access to next-generation broadband for more Americans, and Next Century Cities is disappointed by this decision.\"\n“Today’s ruling doesn’t change the fact that these laws were hurting communities in Tennessee and North Carolina. They were written by telecom industry lobbyists to protect incumbents like AT&T and Comcast from competition. Similar laws exist in other states, and they all need to go. State legislatures should repeal these laws and replace them with ones that promote competition and consumer choice.\nThe results of a statewide Tennessee survey on residential and business connectivity are in and they ain't pretty. Thirteen percent of the state - more than 834,000 people - don’t have access to 25 Megabits per second (Mbps) download and 3 Mbps upload, which is the FCC's definition of broadband. Authors of the study make a number of recommendations, the first of which is removing state barriers that stifle Internet infrastructure investment.\n\"...A More Open Regulatory Environment\"\nThe study, commissioned by the state’s Department of Economic and Community Development (TNECD) earlier this year, includes feedback from more than 23,000 households and businesses.\nThe State of Tennessee could consider lifting administrative burdens and restrictions to broadband infrastructure investment to fostering a more open regulatory environment.\nIn the report, the authors provide detailed reasoning for why the state should embrace an open regulatory environment to encourage competition. They note that state barriers impact electric cooperatives, municipalities that operate electric utilities and cannot expand beyond their own service areas, and municipalities that do not operate electric utilities but can only build telecommunications infrastructure in unserved areas with a private partner.\nThe FCC came to the same conclusion in February 2015 and rolled back Tennessee state laws in order to encourage competition. Tennessee is leading the charge against the FCC's decision with North Carolina (even though NC's Attorney General criticized the law). The parties have filed briefs, attorneys have presented oral arguments, and now the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals is considering the case."}
+{"text": "This extremely sweet Nike Air Max 1 WMNS Hyperfuse Premium edition is going to be an instant hit. It has to be. Women like these sweet colors and they likely have to be really strong, nót to get there wallets out for these beauties.\nNike surely has a great trendwatcher at there service, because no one could have predicted this trend as good as this one. On the catwalk of the biggest fashion houses we saw bright colors combined with each others. They call it ‘colorblocking’. And also soft pastel shades were combined together or with those colorblocking shades. So the designers of the Nike Air Max 1 thought: lets combine those trends into once perfect shoe. And thats how the Nike Air Max 1 Hyperfuse Premium Hyper Blue Total Crimson was born. This shoe will be released in juni 2013 so make sure you make a note of that. Because we can imagine this shoe will sell like hot cakes over the counter.\nThis Nike Air Max One Premium Hyperfuse collection has, next to the normal Nike AM1 elementes, also some Air Max ‘90’ and some 97’ looks to it. This shoe has a white mid-sole and a dark blue rubber sole. This shade of blue is also used for the laces. Around the shoe you see a path of soft peach leather and also some light blue leather. The air-bubble in the mid-sole is orange, so this main color keeps coming back."}
+{"text": "MEMPHIS, Tenn. – The U.S. cotton industry is pleased with passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (H.R. 1) – legislation it supported that can spur economic growth by 1) lowering taxes and 2) simplifying the code for America’s cotton producers and associated businesses.\nNational Cotton Council (NCC) President/CEO Gary Adams wrote to Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY) and House Speaker Paul Ryan (R-WI) thanking them for crafting and for shepherding through Congress a bill that will allow farm families to further invest in their operations and preserve that farm for future generations by allowing full and immediate expensing of capital purchases and doubling the estate tax exemption.\nAdams also noted that U.S. cotton producers continue to face low prices and high input costs while lacking an adequate farm bill safety net. As a result, a number of family cotton farms and other cotton businesses have been lost in recent years.\nThe NCC is U.S. cotton’s central organization, and its members include producers, ginners, cottonseed processors and merchandizers, merchants, marketing cooperatives, warehousers, and textile manufacturers. Farms and businesses directly involved in the production, distribution and processing of cotton employ more than 125,000 workers and produce direct business revenue of more than $21 billion. Accounting for the ripple effect of cotton through the broader economy, direct and indirect employment surpasses 280,000 workers with economic activity of almost $100 billion."}
+{"text": "Baseluos Law Firm (BLF) does represent clients in San Antonio misdemeanor criminal defense cases in Bexar County and surrounding counties. The firm is very aggressive in pursuing all available defenses against a myriad of alleged crimes including DWI, theft, trespassing, and drug offenses. The attorney will interview the client immediately in the course of representation, and we will seek to obtain all information in the District Attorney's file.\nFrom there, the law firm explores all options. We will never tell a client to accept a plea. The bottom line is that a criminal defense attorney must be willing to take a case to trial. Otherwise, prosecutors become very smart at figuring out the defense attorney who is bluffing. Prosecutors who sense fear are less likely to compromise on parameters with wide ranges such as fines, probation time, and downgrading of Class A and Class B misdemeanors.\nNo one is above being wrongfully prosecuted - it happens all the time. What you need to know to give your criminal defense attorney a fighting chance is the following Criminal Bill of Rights. Keep this language on a piece of paper in your wallet and refer to it any time you are stopped.\nMy lawyer has told me NOT to talk to anyone about my case, NOT to answer questions, and NOT to reply to accusations.\nI REFUSE TO CONSENT TO ANY SEARCH.\nCall my lawyer if you want to ask me any questions, search me or my property, or do any tests or other ID procedures.\nI DO NOT WAIVE ANY OF MY CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS.\nDo you know how many accused people fail to follow the simple instructions above ? They talk to people about their case, specifically the arresting officer. They answer questions posed them by legal authorities and they reply to accusations.\nThey unwittingly consent to searches despite their constitutional right to refuse. They take tests not knowing that such tests are designed to enhance the appearance of guilt.\nPerhaps there is a little part in all of us that thinks, “Well, if I just do what they tell me, then they shall see it as one big mistake and let me go.” Unfortunately, that is wrong.\nFor example, when an officer tells you, \"Ok, just between you and me, do you think you have had too much to drink?\" , what the officer neglects to tell you is that there is a camera and voice recorder that is recording everything including what you say. There is no such thing as \"Just between you and me\".\nThe officer is certainly not your friend. From the moment he comes into contact with you, his objective is to build a case for the Bexar County and greater San Antonio Texas District Attorney to file against you. Period. The more you talk and the more you move around allow the officer to do just that.\nIf you have been charged with a criminal offense in Bexar County or San Antonio, you must contact a San Antonio Bexar County criminal defense attorney immediately."}
+{"text": "Watkins Ad Products, established in 1998, is a full line distributor of promotional advertising products, custom message apparel and corporate gifts, and provides embroidery amd screen printing on a wide range of merchandise. Our company offers unique advertising services for businesses, churches, resorts, civic organizations and political candidates, as well as golf tournaments and family reunions. We supply schools, athletic teams, cheerleaders, bands, booster clubs, and other organizations with all their fundraising and school spirit items. A well-stocked showroom is maintained with sample products, catalogs, and special sales brochures to spark the imagination. As you browse our website, you'll discover an array of products designed to get your business noticed in your marketplace. You'll uncover a wealth of innovative items throughout the thousands of manufacturers and brands that we represent.\nCreative services include designing company logos, T-shirt designs, and supplying custom artwork for clients. Our goal is to assist you, our customer, in achieving the special image that you're looking for --- we help you stand out from your competition! Our staff of professionals is committed to providing outstanding customer service, timely delivery, meticulous attention to detail and SATISFACTION GUARANTEED. We strive to help our customers succeed by offering high-quality products at the best possible price. WATKINS AD PRODUCTS IS YOUR COMPLETE SOURCE FOR PROMOTIONAL ADVERTISING. We look forward to working with you!"}
+{"text": "Gary Hart is a California native who has been exploring the Golden State’s landscapes with his camera for his entire adult life. Before becoming a full-time nature photographer about fifteen years ago, Gary made his living as a writer. Now he enjoys sharing his knowledge and experience in photo workshops in some of the world’s most beautiful locations, and educating photographers with his regular blog and many articles in “Outdoor Photographer” magazine.\nGary offers photo workshops in Yosemite (winter spring and fall), Grand Canyon (spring raft trip and summer monsoon), Columbia River Gorge (spring), the Eastern Sierra (autumn), Death Valley (winter), Hawaii (Big Island and Maui), and New Zealand’s South Island (winter). Not only do these workshops allow Gary to visit his favorite spots at all the most photogenic times, they enable him to meet some of the most dedicated (and fun!) photographers imaginable. The workshops sell out far in advance, with more than 65% repeat customers.\nSometimes you just need to get dirty.\nGary, I not sure what I enjoy more, your photos or your “pearls of wisdom”. I just know that after reading your blogs I become more focus on shooting what I enjoy shooting.\nYou are a gifted writer Gary. I hope to some day to be able to join one of your workshops. Take care my friend.\nEvery time I see your photos on Facebook I want to make it my wallpaper. Is there a way to download a collection of your photos & save?\nThank you. Since is how I make my living, my images are copyrighted——I’m afraid it’s not legal to simply take them and use them without my permission.\nAre your photos available to purchase?\nLet me know if you don’t find what you’re looking for there.\nHey, I really enjoy your blog so I have nominated you for the Liebster Award.\nLove your photos! I am going to attend your Big Island workshop. Just a quick question on your Sony camera. Have you ever run into the dust issue? If so, what would you recommend to clean the sensor safely? Thanks.\nThanks, Sheri. Yeah, dust is a real problem with the mirrorless bodies, but it’s not a show-stopper. The biggest obstacle to overcome is the fear of cleaning your own sensor. Here’s a link that will help: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qi6S3jHA21w.\nEnjoyed your photos Gary. I’d taken several of the same shots over the years but nowhere near the same skill level. My photos a used to illustrate my stories so it’s nice to see it done right.\nI would like to personally congratulate you as your blog Eloquent Nature by Gary Hart has been selected by our panelist as one of the Top 100 Nature Photography Blogs on the web.\nThanks, Anuj. I shared the list with my Facebook followers, who seemed to appreciate it as well. I probably spend way too much time working on my blog, so it’s nice to get a shout-out from time to time.\nI live about 30-35 minuets from the Hwy 41 gate to Yosemite. I love the Park.\nThough, driving to work in Fresno I have come to love the of the foothills and particularly the Oaks.\nYour photographs of the Oaks and hills seem always use a lense with a focal length in the 200mm or more.\nWell, I only have the kit lens 18-55mm for an entry level Nikon D3400.\nIt would be appreciated if you would do a series of blogs on what can be accomplished using a 18-55mm and post photos you have taken when using this type of lens.\nStunning photos and great behind-the-scenes insight on the blog. I enjoy your writing as much as the photos, especially since I can apply some of your lessons learned to my own photography. Thank you Gary!"}
+{"text": "Every day about 130 infants, children and teens walk through the doors of Akron Children’s Hospital Pediatrics (ACHP) in Green for a well-child check-up, sick visit or sports physical.\nStarting Nov. 17, Akron Children’s will offer specialty services in Warren. Services will include cardiology, neurology, orthopedics, urology, lab and radiology. To celebrate the new space, Akron Children’s hosted a community open house.\nAkron Children’s neurology patients will notice a brighter “neighborhood” feel on their next visit with colorful tulips, trees and birds on the walls and, more importantly, a more efficient, streamlined flow for getting in and out of appointments. The redesign of the neurology department is just the start of massive remodeling of the hospital’s neurodevelopmental science center.\nBefore the big game, football players huddle in the locker room with their coaches, devising plays on a large board in an effort to win the game. But huddling is no longer exclusively for sports. It’s just one of the new strategies being applied at Akron Children’s Hospital to ensure its staff functions as a winning team."}
+{"text": "Most of these pictures were done before scanners or video equipment were easily available on the market. Especially the early ones were created with aide of a draft on some transparent foil and sticking that to the screen. Afterwards the outline was redone in NeoChrome with the mouse. This way you got pretty close to the original proportions and lines. The colouring and dithering was done after the foil had been removed.\nResting Dragon \"inspired by Vincente Segrelle's \"El Mercenario\" Comics\"\nConversion from \"The Broadsword And The Beast Album Cover by Jethro Tull\""}
+{"text": "Clothes, cosmetics, food and drink labelled with a Bud certified organic logo, mean they are grown and made without the use of genetic modification, synthetic pesticides, herbicides, hormones and antibiotics. While providing a higher level of animal welfare, as animals are free to roam and never tested on.\nNo matter what you are buying, whether it be soap or spinach, choose certified organic to make a difference to the world around us."}
+{"text": "Y.M. Molding Industry Mfg. Inc."}
+{"text": "Bathroom tile design ideas and floor designs for bathrooms tiles. Awesome ideas bathrooms tiles designs 11 27 28 bestpatoghcom. Bathrooms tiles designs ideas luxury bathroom tile design ideas. Astounding bathroom tile designs astounding bathrooms tiles designs."}
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+{"text": "Calling all Fishermen & Fisherwomen! Another great Carolina Beach, NC fishing event, organized by the Southeast King Mackerel Club, is just around the corner. Saturday, October 1st and Sunday, October 2nd, anglers will be baiting up and casting out from local fishing piers on Pleasure Island, in the hopes of winning a variety of prizes. The Southeast King Mackerel Club holds charitable fishing events throughout the year. For registration information, call 910.538.0115."}
+{"text": "Episode 01: Talking Transatlantic Trade: Will the truce hold?\nTrade is a top issue in the transatlantic relationship. Since he took office, President Trump has been focused on the U.S. trade deficit and economic competition with Europe, with China, and with most of rest of the world. He imposed tariffs on imported steel and aluminum, prompting a backlash from the European Union, which imposed its own retaliatory measures on U.S. imports. But this was not the end of it and Trump later threatened to impose 25 percent tariffs on automobiles imported from Europe. Where do we stand now? How serious is the danger of trade war? Trump and EU Commission president Jean-Claude Juncker seemed to reach a truce in their July 25 meeting at the White House. How durable will that truce be? How serious is the threat of a new escalation in this trade war? And what would be its consequences?\nIn this inaugural episode of The Zeitgeist, Jeff Rathke discusses transatlantic trade in the Trump era with Peter Rashish.\nSubscribe on iTunes, Spotify, Google Play, Tune In, and Stitcher."}
+{"text": "Come visit Ladybugs Play to test your luck on the wheel. Each family will spin the wheel upon entrance and try to win a prize. Children will also have the chance to search for our hidden leprechaun in hopes of identifying his hiding place and earning a reward."}
+{"text": "Matcha Green Tea, Delivering to the US! Order number # 1622. Beginner's Matcha Set - Free Delivery! x 1. We are going to ship your Matcha in 6 hours (23rd, 18:00 Japan time). Thank you again!"}
+{"text": "Online universities offer Associate Degree, Bachelor’s Degree, Master’s Degree and even online certificate programs. This is how education and technology have evolved on-campus to online campus where professional degrees and certifications can be attained.\nAn Associate Degree comes before a Bachelor’s degree. So it seems logical to earn an Associate Degree first in preparation for the Bachelor’s Degree although this isn’t always the case. Because the decision will still be yours, it depends on what career or fields match your interest, abilities and skills.\nThere are distance learning universities offering a wide selection of courses online where the curriculum is actually premeditated and enhanced from the conventional to today’s innovative approach. Aspirations to finish Accounting, Business Administration, Communication, Computer Applications, Counter Terrorism Studies, Criminal Justice, Public Health, Retail Management, Paralegal Studies and a whole lot more are just a few of the online Associate Degrees in preparation for further study in the Bachelor’s Degree level but depending on what universities are offering. Generally, there are 8 to 16-week courses available and luckily, you can find Universities online with no application fee, with book grants available and with a strong career and student support system.\nSelect the program you desire. You need to consider your forte since the key to ensure a productive educational experience is to choose the right degree plan. There are more than 190 online degrees and certificates to choose from and this means a lot of thinking before you decide.\nApply Online. Once you are 100% determined to pursue an associate degree, you must complete and finally submit the online application for admission. Have a list of your previous educational attainment and academic program handy because you will need to provide these to fill in needed information. A student ID and password will be given and will be used every time you log into the e-campus. Typically, the application process takes 10 to 15 minutes.\nComplete the orientation. This usually takes 15-20 minutes. Just like enrolling in a conventional school, an online orientation is a must where academic and financial policies as well as Student Rights will be communicated to you. After finishing the orientation, you will be allowed to be admitted to the university that you desire.\nAfter completing the steps above, a member of the enrollment team will either be sending an email or will give you a call regarding the associate degree or course you enrolled in and any other inquiries you may have."}
+{"text": "Gunmen in Pakistan have ambushed a bus and killed 14 passengers after forcing them off the vehicle in the country's south-west, an official said.\nSadaf Khadem, who on Saturday became the first Iranian woman to contest an official boxing bout, has cancelled her return to Tehran after an arrest warrant was issued for her there, her representative said yesterday.\nA New Zealand nurse kidnapped by Isil in Syria more than five years ago may still be alive, says her employer the Red Cross, breaking its silence in attempts to find her.\nShamima Begum, the east London schoolgirl who fled to Syria, served in the Islamic State's \"morality police\" and also tried to recruit other young women to join the jihadist group, well-placed sources have told reporters.\nAn Israeli spacecraft lost contact with Earth and crashed just moments before it was to land on the moon late yesterday, failing in an ambitious attempt to make history as the first privately funded lunar mission.\nPeople don't call Benjamin Netanyahu \"the magician\" for nothing. The attorney general had already served notice that he plans to indict the Israeli prime minister on multiple counts of bribery and fraud. A popular former military chief with a reputation for integrity had convinced many in Israel their leader had to go. But the scandals weren't enough to sink Netanyahu's bid to become Israel's longest-serving prime minister. His nationalist base rallied to his aid, cushioning him against likely charges.\nEASTERN forces and troops loyal to the Tripoli government fought on the outskirts of Libya's capital yesterday as thousands of residents fled from the battle.\nTurkey has warned it could buy jets and additional air defence systems from Russia if it cannot get Patriot missile shields and F-35 jets from Washington, raising the prospect of ever deeper defence ties between Moscow and a Nato member.\nIsrael's elections were too close to call last night as both Benjamin Netanyahu and the former general trying to unseat him claimed victory.\nIsraelis began voting in an election on Tuesday that could hand conservative Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu a record fifth term or see him dethroned by an ex-general who has pledged clean government and social cohesion.\nThe Israeli military vehicle rolled slowly through the dark streets of Beit Ummar, a Palestinian town in the southern occupied West Bank.\nThey could have been a couple in love. And perhaps they were. In their own way. Rami Elhahan and Bassam Aramin. Men in their fifties. All the tell-tell signs were there. The eyes. The eyes. The way they met. Their lightness and the gentleness of touches. The slightest of smiles.\nIsraeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has fallen behind his main challenger in opinion polls ahead of next week's election but still has an easier path to form a government that would keep him in power for a record fifth term.\nThe children of murdered Saudi Arabian journalist Jamal Khashoggi have received million-dollar houses in the kingdom and monthly five-figure payments as compensation for the killing of their father.\nTurkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan's AK Party has decided to lodge objections to local election results in all 39 Istanbul districts, the 'Hurriyet' newspaper said yesterday, after results showed a narrow lead for the main opposition candidate.\nTwo Israeli researchers said yesterday they had discovered a network of hundreds of fake Twitter accounts that promoted Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and attacked his political rivals, a week before the election.\nIsraeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's Likud Party is scrambling to regain lost ground in the polls by trying to paint his main rival as mentally unstable.\nA third young Palestinian has died as tens of thousands of protesters gathered near the Israeli border to mark the first anniversary of weekly demos in the Gaza Strip.\nA €388m superyacht belonging to a Russian billionaire in one of the world's costliest divorce battles has been released by a Dubai court after being impounded last year.\nAn airstrike, most likely by the Saudi-led coalition, struck near a rural hospital in northern Yemen, killing seven people including four children, according to the charity Save the Children, which supports the facility.\nSchoolsS reopened in southern Israel and traffic clogged Gaza's streets yesterday amid signs of a de-escalation from the most serious cross-border fighting in months.\nIsraeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu returned home from Washington yesterday, going straight into military consultations after a night of heavy fire as Israeli aircraft bombed Gaza targets and Palestinian militants fired rockets into Israel.\nTen children, part of the same extended family, were killed by a US air strike in Afghanistan, along with three adult civilians, the United Nations has said.\nThe Israeli military said it had begun carrying out strikes on Hamas militant targets in the Gaza Strip yesterday, hours after a rocket struck a house in Israel.\nDubai's government has vigorously denied a claim by R&B singer R Kelly that he had planned concerts in the emirate after he had sought permission from a US judge to travel there despite facing sexual-abuse charges.\nThe US-backed Syrian forces' push to defeat Isil in its last bastion in Syria has been slowed by the presence of civilians and scores of prisoners held by the extremists, officials said.\nIsrael pounded Gaza with airstrikes hitting 100 locations after militants in the territory fired two rockets towards Tel Aviv, the first time the coastal city has been targeted since the war in 2014.\nIsil faced imminent defeat in its final enclave last night as hundreds of jihadist fighters and their families surrendered and the US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) claimed the battle was as good as over.\nIsraeli troops shot dead a Palestinian man after he ran at them with a knife in the Israeli-occupied West Bank yesterday, the military said.\nAir strikes by the Saudi-led coalition killed at least 22 civilians, including women and children, in a village in northern Yemen, the United Nations said.\nIn Baghuz, a single black flag fluttered yesterday in a light afternoon breeze above wrecked vehicles and improvised tents - the last Isil banner flying over the last of its territory east of the Euphrates. The final slice of the terror group's \"caliphate\" was braced for a fresh assault from Western-backed forces.\nU.S-backed fighters will resume their assault on Islamic State's last, small patch of ground in eastern Syria if no more civilians come out by Saturday afternoon, one of their spokesmen said on Friday.\nTurkey is running out of time to avert a showdown with the United States over its plans to buy Russian air defences and spurn a counter-offer from its Nato partner, raising the chance of US sanctions against it.\nAmerican and British-made bombs may have killed or injured nearly 1,000 civilians, including women and children, in Yemen's four-year conflict, according to a report by human rights groups.\nHundreds of children in Iraq have been charged with links to terrorism, many of them based on confessions obtained through torture, a human rights group has found.\nIraq and the Kurdish regional government have charged hundreds of children with terrorism for alleged affiliation with the Islamic State group, often using torture to coerce confessions, Human Rights Watch said.\nUS-backed fighters have slowed an offensive to take Isil's last enclave in eastern Syria as a small number of civilians remain there, though fierce fighting continues.\nThe Dutch man who married British teenager Shamima Begum after she ran away to join Isil now wants to return to the Netherlands with her and their newborn son.\nColumns of black smoke billowed from the last small piece of territory held by Isil militants yesterday as US-backed fighters pounded the area with artillery fire and airstrikes.\nShamima Begum's Dutch husband says he wants to return to the Netherlands with her and their newborn son.\nWe have a remarkably myopic view of terrorist organisations. If they are not on our news channels, the assumption is that they have gone away. Yet the reality is that they are locked into struggles that they see on millenarian timelines in advance of God's greater glory.\nShamima Begum and her newborn baby are thought to have been moved from a Syrian refugee camp after they were \"threatened\", her family's lawyer has said.\nUnited Nations investigators said Israeli security forces may have committed war crimes and crimes against humanity in killing 189 Palestinians and wounding more than 6,100 at weekly protests in Gaza last year.\nAt least 10 people were killed and more than 20 injured when a fire broke out at the main train station in Egypt's capital on Wednesday, two medical sources said.\nA Saudi princess has been named as the country's first ever female ambassador and its next envoy to the United States.\nA devastating fire has raced through densely packed buildings in a centuries-old shopping district in Bangladesh's capital, killing at least 70 people, officials said.\nIsil appeared closer to defeat in its last enclave in eastern Syria as a civilian convoy left the besieged area where US-backed forces estimate several hundred jihadists are still holed up.\nAround 200 families are trapped in a tiny pocket of land in Syria still controlled by Isil and are being bombed by US-led coalition forces, the UN has said.\nSaudi Arabia has agreed to free more than 2,100 Pakistani prisoners as the kingdom's crown prince concluded a visit to its nuclear-armed ally.\nOne of Israel's most prominent dovish politicians, former foreign minister Tzipi Livni, yesterday said she was leaving politics and warned \"democracy is in danger\".\nKhudida Haji has followed news of the battle for the caliphate's final stronghold more closely than most. For four and-a-half years, he has been hoping for information on family members captured by the jihadists. Out of the five that went missing the day Isil overran the Yazidi homeland of Sinjar, northern Iraq, in 2014, only one returned.\nWidowed, homeless, having already lost two young children and utterly alone save for the unborn baby she is soon to give birth to in a Syrian detention camp. So one might expect to detect a note of contrition in the east London accent of teen jihadi bride Shamima Begum.\nA senior French officer involved in the fight against the co-called Islamic State terror group in Syria faces punishment - from his own side - after launching a scathing attack on the tactics used by the US-led coalition to defeat Isil in its remaining stronghold of Hajin, a French army spokesman said yesterday.\nIran is planning a \"new Holocaust\" to destroy Israel, US Vice President Mike Pence claimed at a summit on Middle Eastern security.\nTurkish police believe the remains of murdered Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi may have been burned, according to a police report.\nDisplaced by war, starving and living under a tree, 12-year old Fatima Qoba was just 10kg when she was carried into a Yemeni malnutrition clinic.\nWhen London teenager Shamima Begum fled Britain with two other schoolgirls in 2015 to join Isil, it shocked a nation. Now, she wants to go home.\nConjoined twin boys born under blockade in Yemen nearly three weeks ago died at the weekend after attempts to secure their evacuation for potentially life-saving treatment failed.\nUS-backed troops yesterday battled at Syria's eastern edge to oust Isil from the last square mile of the group's once-sprawling so-called caliphate territory.\nThe landscape of the eastern Syrian Desert is so flat that from a vantage point 300 yards away you can almost see the entirety of the minuscule last pocket of territory ruled over by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.\nConjoined twin boys born in the chaos of Yemen's war may be evacuated to Saudi Arabia for lifesaving treatment, Saudi authorities said yesterday.\nA five-year-old girl was rescued from the rubble of an eight-storey apartment building in Istanbul yesterday, raising the number of survivors of the collapsed structure to 13. At least 10 people have been found dead.\nAfghan opposition leaders are set to meet Taliban envoys in a meeting decried by Afghanistan government officials as a betrayal that could let insurgents exploit political divisions.\nPope Francis is opening his historic visit to the United Arab Emirates by meeting with the federation's leader and a group of Muslim elders before addressing faith leaders in a show of religious tolerance in a Muslim region known for its restrictions on religious freedom.\nFrance is planning to repatriate more than 100 Isil suspects from Syria amid fears they could lose track of them after US troops withdraw from the war-torn country.\nThe United Arab Emirates vice-president boasted of the country's \"significant progress\" on gender equality as he handed out awards for promoting equal opportunity. The only trouble was - all of them went to men.\nA senior US government official, speaking after six days of US peace talks with Afghan Taliban militants, said that Washington was committed to withdrawing foreign forces from Afghanistan to end more than 17 years of war.\nThe United Nations said shelling of a camp for displaced people in northern Yemen killed eight civilians and wounded 30 others, as the UN envoy arrived yesterday in the capital Sanaa for ceasefire talks with Houthi rebels.\nTaliban officials said US negotiators yesterday agreed a draft peace deal stipulating the withdrawal of foreign forces from Afghanistan within 18 months of the agreement being signed.\nA Taliban attack in central Afghanistan yesterday killed scores of security personnel, officials said, with some estimates putting the death toll at more than 100, amid government silence about one of the most deadly insurgent attacks in months.\nIsraeli airstrikes in Syria killed 11 Iranian and pro-Assad fighters early yesterday, in the most serious direct combat between Iranian and Israeli forces in the past six months.\nFour American servicemen were killed in an Isil suicide bombing in Syria yesterday, calling into question Donald Trump's decision to withdraw troops before the Islamist group had been defeated.\nSevere weather conditions in Syria have killed at least 15 displaced children seeking refuge, over half of whom were in a camp under US control.\nHopes for a fresh truce in Yemen were dealt a blow over the weekend as Houthi rebels boycotted UN-brokered peace talks and threatened further drone strikes against pro-government forces.\nThe US secretary of state insists he will press Saudi Arabia's crown prince to ensure that the killers of journalist Jamal Khashoggi are held accountable.\nUS troops have begun withdrawing from Syria, compounding weeks of confusion over Donald Trump's policy in the Middle East and raising fears over the fate of America's Kurdish allies.\nAn eight-year-old Syrian girl has died in Lebanon after she fell into a swollen river and drowned in the northern town of Minyeh, as refugee camps were battered by extreme winter weather.\nAn 18-year-old Saudi woman's flight from what she said was an abusive family has rallied opposition to the kingdom's male guardianship system, still a major constraint on women despite the conservative Muslim country's efforts to open up.\nIran will put two satellites into orbit in coming weeks using domestically made missiles, President Hassan Rouhani said yesterday, a week after Washington warned it not to pursue three planned space rocket launches.\nHouthi rebels used an explosive-packed drone to target Yemen's military leaders at an army parade yesterday, killing six soldiers and wounding several senior officers.\nAn 18-year-old Saudi Arabian woman who fled her family over alleged abuse and barricaded herself in a Bangkok airport hotel room in a bid for asylum will be allowed to stay in Thailand while her case is evaluated by the UN refugee agency, immigration authorities said."}
+{"text": "Mountain biking is becoming quite prevalent out here on the Sunshine Coast with some world class facilities. We are very fortunate at Tzoonie that we have direct access to many kilometers of old logging trails ideal for biking or hiking. It is probably just a matter of time before someone develops the suicidal downhill runs that are becoming so popular around the world. There is a biking video on this website that was produced a couple of years ago that illustrates some of the trails and terrain available at the present time. A few days ago we decided to take some bikes out and do an inspection of one main trail to determine whether or not it is passable following the record rainfall we experienced early this spring. Some of the washouts were serious and most certainly offer a challenge to bikers. In spite of the damage, they are spectacular and put natures force into perspective. For guests who would prefer not to push a bike through some difficult terrain, we are suggesting that perhaps a great hike would suffice. We have a couple of destinations for lunch stops that offer incredible scenery and exploration of rain forest, creeks, etc. I am attaching a couple of photos of some of what we discovered during our exploration."}
+{"text": "St John the Baptist Church in Burford undertook a bold new redevelopment project at Warwick Hall to unite the church and local community through the building of a new community facility. The brief was to extend and adapt the listed building to provide a new hall flexible enough to meet the wide ranging needs of today’s end users. The challenge was to deliver a new confident community facility within one of the most historically sensitive church building settings in the country. ClewsLA provided landscape architecture services from initial design through to project completion.\nThe Warwick Hall has been described by the Bishop of Dorchester as this generation’s ‘gift’ to Burford, building on successive generations of work over centuries in order to build, develop and maintain the church and its setting."}
+{"text": "The third youngest cow to hit 90\" T2T at a few weeks over 5 years old! Bronze winner at the 2015 Horn Showcase.\nTip to Tip 70.8750 11/25/2013 70\" at 36 months!"}
+{"text": "My arms are detaching from my shoulders ;-) It's an amazing piece of art. I'll try to figure out how it works!\nAny idea on how transform square to any quadrangle in a linear fashion, pixel -> pixel mapping ?\nwithout going through the code, and knowing Dodicat, he is probably 'just' rotating the end-points through 3D space... the 3D -> 2D(screen) function is pretty simple and fast.\nThe axial rotate is Rodriue's method.\nDot and cross products I am afraid.\nIt's the easiest way to do it.\nHere are some actual coloured tiles.\nBut the method is not very analytical.\n'rot for the points,crot for the centres.\ndodicat wrote: The axial rotate is Rodriue's method.\nI'll try all that. Sounds nice. Rodrigue rotation is a must you're right, and not so difficult. I've already used that some times ago.\nand Norm is just (K) the unit vector pointing the axis direction.\nconst as string imgFileName => \"planet.bmp\"\ndraw string (10,54), \"pixel transfer..\"\ndraw string (SCREENTEST.scrW - 1 - 4 - 12,12), \"X\"\nVery kind, thanks for your attention!\nHowever the value of this showcase here is probably more to be very straighforward with the maths involved. I solved the whole thing with Maxima (a free symbolic math solver), copied it and pasted without any other adjustement.\ndim as double rE => 400.\ndim as double rA => 100.\nThere is a nice fading effect by the way. At least could be nice if used correctly."}
+{"text": "INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE: NEXT TERROR TARGET?\nAs the war on terrorism continues, security experts fear that the next battleground could be on the information infrastructure front. Such attacks could disrupt power systems, penetrate financial institutions and disable voice communications systems.\nThe United States is not producing the talent or investment needed to confront the threat. A shortage of trained information security specialists, poorly designed and tested software, and a lack of funding for security education and research poses serious risks to the country's infrastructure.\nWe have too few trained individuals who really understand the principles of security and there is almost no national investment in producing more. The incredible growth of our society's deployment of computing has too often been conducted with concerns for issues of safety, security and reliability.\nThe scope of infrastructure protection is larger than just computer security, and we should be concern with a broader scope, that could be called information assurance. Information assurance also involves issues of physical security, malicious software, privacy, software engineering, database security, network security, computer forensics, intrusion detection, and several other fields.\nAnyone who produces computer code or build systems should be aware that some practices are more dangerous than others, could cause harm to the public and infringe on privacy. Engineers in particular should have an awareness that there are areas where their expertise does not reach and they need to call in specialists.\nInformation security specialists are a scarce commodity. Of the 23 leading U.S. universities involved in computer security research, only 20 Ph.Ds were granted in the last three years. There are probably fewer than 100 faculty in the United States who really have some experience on this field. There are very few who have a broad view and actually can address the whole area.\nInstead of finding ways to design new systems resistant to attack, must of the effort is directed at how to apply new patches to the same old, buggy code. This does not serve to fix the long-term problems. The immediate problems of cyber systems can be patched by implementing best practices, but these will not address the fundamental problems of cyberterrorism.\n· Interruption: An asset of the system is destroyed or becomes unavailable or unusable. This is referred to as an attack on availability. Examples include destruction of a piece of hardware, such as a hard disk, the cutting of a communication line, or the disabling of the file management system.\n· Fabrication: The attacker inserts counterfeit objects into the system. This is referred to as an attack on authenticity. Examples include the insertion of spurious messages in a network or the addition of records to a file.\nA useful categorization of these attacks is in terms of passive attacks and active attacks. Passive attacks are in the nature of monitoring of transmissions. The goal of the attacker is to obtain information that is being transmitted. Two types of passive attacks are(1) release of message content;(2) traffic analysis. A release of message content is easily understood. A telephone conversation, an electronic mail message, and a transferred file may contain sensitive or confidential information.\nThe second passive attack, traffic analysis, is more subtle. Suppose that we had a way of masking the contents of a message or other information traffic so that Cuba, even if they capture the information, could not extract the real information because of the use of encryption. The attacker could after a period of time extract the information and messages, defeating the encryption process.\nThe second major category of attack is active attacks. These attacks involve some modification of the data stream or the creation of a false stream. It can be subdivided into four categories: masquerade, replay, modification of message, denial of service.\nA masquerade takes place when the attacker, under certain entity, pretends to be a different entity, and therefore enabling an authorized entity to obtain extra privileges. Replay involves the passive capture of a data unit and its subsequent retransmission to produce an unauthorized effect.\nModification of service simply means that some portion of a legitimate message is altered, or that messages are delayed or reordered, to produce an unauthorized effect. The denial of service prevents or inhibits the normal use or management of communications facilities. This is a very important and serious possible attack. It could disrupt an entire network, either by disabling the network or by overloading it with messages so as to degrade performance. The attacker could target airports, financial centers, power companies, dams control centers, etc. It is quite difficult to prevent active attacks. The goal is to detect them and to recover from any disruption or delays caused by them.\nThe objective of the intruder is to gain access to a system or to increase the range of privileges accessible on a system. The intruder must acquired information that should have been protected. In most cases, this information is in the form of a password. The password file can be protected by one way encryption or by limiting the access control to the file. What are the most common techniques used so far to try to break into a system?\nNetwork security has assumed increasing importance. Individuals, corporations, government agencies, must heighten their awareness to protect data and messages, and to protect systems from network-based attacks. The disciplines of cryptography and network security have matured, leading to the development of practical, readily available applications to enforce network security."}
+{"text": "Deliciously Savvy is hosting a super fun Pet Giveaway! 5 Lucky Winners will each receive a New Loot Pets Crate for their own dog! What is Loot Pets you ask? Loot Pets is a Monthly Crate of Geeky Gear and Goods for your Dog! Loot Pets is a Monthly Mystery Crate for Pets and the People That Love Them… delivering apparel, accessories, toys, treats and more! You get a $50+ value in every crate PLUS for each crate purchased… Loot Pets will donate $1 to a local, national, or international animal welfare charity! I just love that! Enter Today & Good Luck from Baby too!\nPLUS a Big Thank You to all blogs helping to promote this giveaway with their fabulous readers! Thanks for all you do!\nThis giveaway will end at 9AM (EST) on 03/16/2016.\nDeliciously Savvy did not receive any form of compensation for this giveaway other than receiving this item in order to facilitate my review. Once winner is selected via the Rafflecopter process, the product will be shipped. Winner has 24 hours to respond or another winner will be chosen. No other blog associated with this giveaway is responsible for the product shipment. Loot Pets will be providing the prizes above to the winners. Thank You for stopping by! Any Questions or Concerns email me at mcushing7 (at) hotmail (dot) com.\nI would love to get this box for my dog, Señor Mike the Senior Dog, because really I can’t spoil him enough."}
+{"text": "Gaining customer satisfaction is our company's aim for 6061 Industrial Aluminum Profile , 6063 Industrial Aluminum Profile , Industrial Aluminum Profile , Aggressive price with top quality and satisfying support make us earned extra customers.we wish to work along with you and request common enhancement.\n\"The corporation upholds the philosophy of \"\"Be No.1 in excellent, be rooted on credit rating and trustworthiness for growth\"\", will proceed to provide aged and new buyers from home and abroad whole-heatedly for 6061 Industrial Aluminum Profile , 6063 Industrial Aluminum Profile , Industrial Aluminum Profile , As a way to make use of the resource on the expanding information and facts in international trade we welcome prospects from everywhere on the web and offline. In spite in the top quality merchandise we offer you effective and satisfying consultation service is supplied by our specialist after-sale service group. Solution lists and detailed parameters and any other info weil be sent for you timely for the inquiries. So be sure to get in touch with us by sending us emails or contact us if you have any concerns about our firm. ou can also get our address info from our web site and come to our enterprise. or a field survey of our solutions. We're confident that we are likely to share mutual results and build solid co-operation relations with our companions in this market. We're looking forward to your inquiries."}
+{"text": "Unlike the Sola 1200 Spot, the Sola 800 features both flood and spot modes, at 800 lumen and 500 lumen respectively. It makes an absolutely wonderful light for exploring our occasionally dark waters in the Pacific Northwest.\nBeach or boat, the perfect bag for any kind of water-related activity. Available in lengths of 36\", 26\", or 22\".\nThe GoBe 500 Spot is perfect for getting up close and personal, with its 20 degree beam and 500 lumen output. Great for making the colors stand out on smaller creatures such as the shrimp and anemones."}
+{"text": "EssayThinker can be an expert essay writing service accessible on the net to anybody who requires an article papers written into a Writingessayeast significant common at a reasonable selling price. Definitely, article writing support is, in inclusion, contained within the long listing of our offerings. Leave the remainder to trained professionals operating with us to supply you with the highest quality essays online. Your documents when utilizing our article service on line is going to function as the optimal / optimally factor you’ve ever done in reference to your own academic work! On the web, you’ll discover custom composition services where you could buy a specialist author to do your document. Once you locate the suitable composition writing service on your demands you’ll understand the distinction. The purpose of the business alone makes this one of the greatest article solutions.\nDiscover upcoming conventions and some textbooks that might significantly boost your qualities.\nSuch services are often distinguished because they provide economical article writing. Very Good essay writing isn’t simple job. Expert essay author that could execute a rogerian essay document are found on composing support like this one. Composing an essay demands a terrific deal of training to generate the articles. This is exactly why we know that we supply the optimal / brilliantly essay composing right today. EssayThinker provides an essay writer for each subject. You’ll never must turn to a different composition writing service. This is among the very best graded essay writing service which provides all creating assistance. For instance we have produced a very helpful service essay writing information for students who must work with their individual documents."}
+{"text": "found that the prices are very reasonable for good quality products.\nI like this fabric store. I can browse in the store without constantly been nag by a sales person. They have good variety of fabric and buttons. Last time I bought fabric to make baby blanket and the sales person helped me to choose and cut it the right size. She was well knowledge and courteous and most importantly not pushy. I will visit this store again.\ni like shopping there. They have a good selection of fabrics and the prices are quite reasonable, especially when they have sales. The store is organized and easy to browse. I would recommend shopping here for fabrics."}
+{"text": "Address Inputs. DEVICE/PAGE ADDRESSES (A2, A1, A0): The A2, A1 and. A0 pins are device address inputs that are hard wired for the. 24C eight 2K. 28 Jan Part Number: 24C02WP Function: SERIAL 2K ( x 8) EEPROM Maker: STMicroelectronics. Pinouts: 24C02WP datasheet. Description. 24c02wp Datasheet PDF Download -, 24c02wp data sheet.\nFor additional information, see the Global 24c002wp Programme terms and conditions – opens in a new window or tab This amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. Applicable products includes and only includes books from Joybuy Collection; 2.\nLearn More – opens in a new window or tab Any international postage and import charges are paid in part to Pitney Bowes Inc. A brand-new, unused, unopened and undamaged item in original retail packaging where packaging is applicable.\nSeller information mjk-electronics Watch list is full. Most purchases from business sellers are 2c02wp by the Consumer Contract Regulations which give you the right to cancel the purchase within 14 days after the day you receive the item.\n42c02wp the seller’s listing for full details. Immediate payment of EUR 1. Learn more – opens in new window or tab Seller information mjk-electronics Content on this site is for reference purposes, and we recommend that you contact the seller for additional information on the product.\nSkip to main content. Select a valid country. Will usually dispatch within 1 working day of receiving cleared payment – opens in a new window or tab. Take a look at our Returning an item help page for 24c02sp details. Description Postage and payments. The seller hasn’t specified a postage method to United States. Find out more about your rights as a buyer – opens in a new window or tab and exceptions 24c20wp opens in a new window or tab.\nSort by Default Default. There are 17 items available. Multiple factors, such as the shipping method, number of items, and package weight, may influence the calculation of the final shipping costs.\nThis amount is subject to change until you make payment. Get the item you ordered or your money back. All Stars 0 All Stars 0.\nMay not post to United States – Read item description or contact seller for postage options. Seller assumes all responsibility for this listing. Learn More – opens in a new window or tab International postage and import charges paid to Pitney Bowes Inc. Return Policy The returns policy applies to specific items.\nAdd to Watch list Watching. Have you placed an order? The other products non Joybuy c products will be charged separately; 4. See all condition definitions – opens in a new window or tab Reviews from the Spanish 24c02ap. For a day return due to quality issues: See other items More Add to Watch list.\nPeople who viewed this item also viewed. Reviews from the Global site English.\nBack to home page Return to top. Immediate payment required for this item. The other products non Joybuy c products will be charged separately.\nMerci de me contacter avant de faire un litige. Learn more – opens in a new window or tab. Contact the seller – opens in a new window or 2402wp and request post to your location. Add to basket ."}
+{"text": "95% Polyester, 5% Elastane. Measurements Not Worn: Total Length: 59cm/23\". Measured On UK Size 10. Hand Wash Only. Model Wears UK Size 10."}
+{"text": "The hands-on race car, it is a beauty, use electric tape to decorate it the way you find most pleasing, and add some bows as streamers!\nThis is what you need: two plastic tubs and lids about 4 cm deep and 12 cm in diameter, you can get them at any delicatessen counter of store, two small canning lids, two roofing nails or screws that have the same approximate size, a steel wire coat hanger from the dry cleaners, some plywood and the car body which is a piece of wood about 2×4 cm and 30 cm long. You can get that as a trimming from a carpenter or ask a friend.\nThis is one rear wheel, note the lid is on the plastic tub and we have decorated the rims with electric tape. If you pull the take hard it will follow the edge of the lid and the top or the tub. At the centre of the bottom of the tub and the centre of the lid, burn a hole with a heated piece of coat hanger wire. You need some help from an adult, use a candle or small gas burner or barbecue lighter to heat the tip of the wire.\nPush the coat hanger axle through the hole and put on a washer made of a short section of a straw.\nThe tail end of the car body with a slot for the stabilizer The slot is cut into the wood with a saw and it should be about the same width as the thickness of the stabilizer.\nThe front wheels go on next, they are two canning lids, put the rubber on the outside and use a roofing nail to fix the wheels to the body, use the pre-drilled hole. Make sure that you do not hammer the nails in all the way because the wheels won’t turn then.\nThe stabilizer goes into the slot at the rear end of the body, make sure the hole in the stabilizer is at the back and at the top, make a little grove with a file in the bottom for the elastic to fit iin when you launch the car. You might sand or file the edge of the this plywood stabilizer a little to better fit into the slot.\nThe launch pad is a piece of plywood or about 10 centimeters wide and about 45 centimeters long, at one end cut two small slots with a fine saw where the elastic then can be pulled into just as in the illustration. Call this an “Impuls” device and you will impress everybody!\nThis is the way you launch the car, note the elastic is slung around the bottom of the stabiliser with one hand you hold down the launch pad and with the other you pull the car and elastic all the way back to the end of the launch pad, it might take some tries, but the car should go fast!"}
+{"text": "Home » Blogs » Charles Gaba's blog » Dear Democratic Candidates: Time to Play Offense on the ACA.\nHowever, for those of you who aren't doing so yet, you should be aware that your own House Energy & Commerce Committee caucus has thoughtfully posted a handy report breaking down ACA enrollments by every US Congressional District.\nThere are 25,000 district residents who were previously uninsured but now have quality, affordable health coverage because of the Affordable Care Act.\nOverall, the number of uninsured district residents has declined by 27%.\nApproximately 22,600 individuals purchased quality, affordable coverage through the new health insurance marketplace, 19,400 enrolled in Medicaid, and 5,400 young adults were able to retain coverage through their parents’ plans. For more than 87% of the individuals enrolled in the health insurance marketplace, financial assistance was available that could reduce the cost of the average plan to $97 per month.\n283,000 individuals in the district – including 52,000 children and 122,000 women – now have health insurance that covers preventive services without any co-pays, coinsurance, or deductible.\n10,400 seniors in the district received Medicare Part D prescription drug discounts worth $14.1 million.\n153,000 seniors in the district are now eligible for Medicare preventive services without paying any co-pays, coinsurance, or deductible.\n235,000 individuals in the district are protected by ACA provisions that prevent insurance companies from spending more than 20% of their premiums on profits and administrative overhead. Because of these protections, over 8,400 individuals in the district received approximately $3.4 million in insurance company rebates.\nUp to 36,000 children in the district with preexisting health conditions can no longer be denied coverage by health insurers.\n235,000 individuals in the district now have insurance that cannot place annual or lifetime limits on their coverage.\nFirst, this only includes private marketplace enrollment figures through April 19th and doesn't account for those who never paid their first month's premium (around 800,000 people). The good news is that, ironically, by my calculations this number should be more than cancelled out by the additional enrollees since April 19th (around 1.3 million nationally, of which around 900K have paid). Even if I'm off by a bit one one side or the other, there's a good 100K cushion there...so yes, the number of paid enrollments as of September should be around the same as the total number listed in your district report.\nSecond, the Medicaid numbers only include the 6.7 million newly-added enrollees through May 31st, which leaves out an additional 500,000 Medicaid/CHIP enrollees from June....as well as, I'd imagine, another good half million or more from July and August. Whatever \"Medicaid/CHIP\" number is listed in your district report is almost certainly at least 15% higher by now (for states which have expanded Medicaid) or perhaps 5% higher for states which didn't.\nThe only quibble I might have with these numbers is the first one, which assumes 60% were previously uninsured based on the KFF study instead of the actual 57%. However, again, those numbers are only based on either 4/19 or 5/31 totals, so I'm certain that the 3% difference has been more than made up by now, making those numbers accurate as of September.\nThe other slightly squirrelly number is the \"young adults on their parents plan\" figure, which has been the subject of dispute since it was released. Again, however, this number is from 2 years ago (remember, some ACA provisions have been in effect since 2010), and whatever the actual number was then has certainly gone up since that time.\nIn other words, no matter what, you should be on very safe ground with the numbers in these reports. Use them.\nShould the GOP take control of the Senate, drop-off voters are most concerned that “Republicans will take away a woman’s right to choose and restrict access to birth control” (58 percent rank this very concerning), “Republicans will cut access to health care for 8 million people and let insurance companies refuse to cover people with pre-existing conditions” (58 percent) and “Republicans will cut back workplace protections for women, denying equal pay for equal work” (57 percent)….\nOf course, the truth is that it's far more than 8 million people whose healthcare is at risk here. There's also another 6-7 million or so on Medicaid who'd be at risk of having their coverage yanked away as well, not to mention that millions more would be at risk of going back to the \"good old days\" when insurance companies could kick you to the curb on a whim or tell you to go pound sand if you have a pre-existing condition (that is, something which requires, you know, medical treatment).\nThe Affordable Care Act (aka \"Obamacare\", aka \"the ACA\") isn't a perfect law; no law is. However, it's still a huge improvement over what we had before, and it paves the way for an even better system going forward. That's why I support it, and that's why Democrats should be doing so loud & clear this fall."}
+{"text": "Individual or team sports played by throwing or hitting a solid or inflated ball. a game lasts nine innings, during which teams alternate from offense (at bat) to. Download the latest version of the top software, games, programs and apps in Download Ball Game - Best Software & Apps. Filter by: Free. Platform: All . Play the classic and most fun Bouncing Balls for FREE! Bouncing Balls is the BEST matching game! Train your brain and solve all puzzles in this awesome Ball.\nPlay Ball Games on theswingdj.com Football, Basketball, Soccer you name it. Ball games category at theswingdj.com has everything you need to become a super athlete!. Ball games: American football, Australian Rules, badminton, bagatelle, bar a ' rounder' if they run round all four before the ball is retrieved snookera game."}
+{"text": "What Are The Tech MegaTrends?\nOne person’s perspective: via Tech Crunch as blogged by James Gross. I think this is pretty spot on, although I might rename to merely ‘Social’ MegaTrends. Tech is too expansive in my opinion."}
+{"text": "Lot 176: 14K Heavy Link Charm Bracelet, 172 g.\nYou are here: Home >> January 26, 2019 Historic Winter Fine Art and Antiques Auction >> Lot 176: 14K Heavy Link Charm Bracelet, 172 g.\n14K yellow gold heavy link charm bracelet with six large charms including a bezel set 1851 dated .900 gold U.S. Twenty Dollar coin, Rotary Past Governor mounted lapel pin with .20 ct round diamond, octagonal three-part portrait case, and two circa 1960 commemorative charms. 7 1/2\" L with safety chain. Charms – 1 1/8\" to 1 5/8\" dia. 173.1 grams total. Provenance: Nashville, TN estate. CONDITION: Overall very good condition with some surface wear due to age."}
+{"text": "Dan Musil gives an update on Earthworker’s manufacturing co-op in Morwell.\nEarthworker Energy Manufacturing Cooperative passed a major milestone this month with attainment of Watermark certification for our solar hot water products, following satisfactory laboratory tests and a successful factory inspection last Friday. This means we can now start distributing our products country-wide with the legally-required Watermark approval!\nFull set-up of the Morwell factory is progressing well, with important electrical work completed last week and commissioning of our newly arrived foaming machine to begin in the coming week. Assistance from a number of Earthworker volunteers has really helped factory coordinator Dave and ex-Everlast worker Anthony keep things moving.\nOur aim is to have some full tanks completed by the end of the year, and we’ve had a number of prospective worker-owners visit the factory over the past couple of months in preparation for commencing production proper. Stay tuned for upcoming opportunities for members to pre-order our first batches of solar hot water products in the New Year!"}
+{"text": "Yamsixteen - Best 25 cloakroom toilet small ideas on pinterest ideas. Find and save ideas about cloakroom toilet small on pinterest see more ideas about ideas downstairs loo small, cloakroom ideas small and small bathroom inspiration best 25 cloakroom toilet small ideas on pinterest small wc ideas downstairs loo, small downstairs toilet and shower room ideas tiny. Best 25 cloakroom toilets ideas on pinterest cloakroom. Find and save ideas about cloakroom toilets on pinterest see more ideas about cloakroom toilet downstairs loo, cloakroom toilet small and ideas downstairs loo small. Best 20 guest toilet ideas on pinterest small toilet. Best 20 guest toilet ideas on pinterest small toilet design small toilet design best 20 guest toilet ideas on pinterest small toilet design small toilet design visit. Best 25 downstairs toilet ideas on pinterest small. Find and save ideas about downstairs toilet on pinterest see more ideas about small toilet room, toilet room and toilet ideas find and save ideas about downstairs toilet on pinterest see more ideas about small toilet room, toilet room and toilet ideas. The 25 best cloakroom toilets ideas on pinterest. Find and save ideas about cloakroom toilets on pinterest see more ideas about cloakroom toilet downstairs loo, cloakroom toilet small and ideas downstairs loo small. The 25 best cool toilets ideas on pinterest asian. Find and save ideas about cool toilets on pinterest see more ideas about asian toilets, toilet ideas and downstairs cloakroom find and save ideas about cool toilets on pinterest see more ideas about asian toilets, toilet ideas and downstairs cloakroom. 49 best cloakroom toilet downstairs loo images. Explore marion o'dwyer's board \"cloakroom toilet downstairs loo\" on pinterest see more ideas about lak�sd�sz�t�s, csempe and diz�jn belso terek discover recipes, home ideas, style inspiration and other ideas to try cloakroom ideas for the best downstairs toilet & small bathroom. Attractive ideas for compact cloakroom design 17 best. The attractive ideas for compact cloakroom design 17 best ideas about small toilet room on pinterest toilet room is one of the pictures that are related to the picture before in the collection gallery. Downstairs toilet ideas 8 best small bathroom and. A downstairs toilet is usually the smallest room in the home, but that's no excuse for failing to make a statement with your cloakroom transform the toilet by using these design ideas as inspiration. 52 best cloakroom ideas images v�zdoba dom�cnosti. Our cloakroom suites will help you to make the most of a small space choose from modern and traditional styles to suit your home see more ideas about v�zdoba dom�cnosti, koupelna and mal� koupelny."}
+{"text": "Data Science Experience (DSX) is a cloud-based, innovative, end-to-end experience enabling data scientists to learn, create, and collaborate across multidisciplinary teams. Aimed to make data simple and accessible, it merges a powerful set of tools with an online community for data scientists. There are no barriers between the creative and the learning experience, which is exactly how data scientists work. Modern, open, flexible and suitable for a range of users, from expert data scientists to business people, DSX also offers built-in tutorials and on-demand services."}
+{"text": "Your admission request will be pending for approval when you first register and create a member profile. After the verification of your qualifying score, you will be invited to complete your profile in order to become a member of NOUS High IQ Society. Applications without proof of qualifying score will not be accepted and the temporary profiles will be deleted. Potential members of NOUS High IQ Society are advised to send proof of their qualifying IQ scores on any of the accepted IQ tests (especially for the supervised tests the proof should be accompanied by the contact information of the psychologist who administered the test) to the following e-mail address: admission@nousiqsociety.org.\nMember profile feature is not available at the moment due to long-term system upgrade.\nAll test information is strictly confidential. Only 1st and 2nd attempts are accepted. Online tests which allow multiple submissions are not accepted. The admission will be based on the official norms of the submitted IQ tests, therefore preliminary norms are not accepted.\nThe final acceptance of an IQ score or a potential member lies in the judgement of the administrator. IQ scores which are proven cases of cheating or cooperation will not be accepted.\nAll online unsupervised tests will not be accepted. Please refrain from sending scores on online tests of any kind. Unreal scores on psychologist tests will not be accepted. High range test scores will be evaluated before acceptance.\nOur security policy requires verification of your identity. Therefore, we will require from all potential members a scanned image or a photo of their ID card/passport/driving license/student ID. All information is strictly confidential. For security reasons unverified members will not be accepted.\nSociety is supported by donations. Lifetime membership is provided after you donate 20€ using the PayPal button. Each membership status upgrade will require a donation of 20€. Your membership certificate will be determined from your membership status.\nAll accepted membership requests will be processed within 10 days. You will be notified to complete your profile.\nPlease read carefully the admission instructions before sending your requests for joining NOUS High IQ Society. Rejected and incomplete requests will not be processed or answered.\nPotential members who will fail to understand or follow the admission instructions will be automatically disqualified. Members who will pose a threat to the proper functioning of the society will be removed without any previous notice.\nThe website content is copyrighted material and you are not allowed to screenshot, archive, store or transmit any part of the website content. You are not allowed to stalk or harass by electronic means any of the society staff/members or be engaged in any kind of illegal activity, as you will be reported to the respective authorities.\nThe following text must be fully understood and approved before sending your request for joining this website.\nSending your admission requests and accepting admission clearly suggests and proves your explicit consent.\nRules, rights and obligations are explained in a brief and comprehensive way and request only some minutes of reading. Before sending your admission requests, you will have to provide some data for ID verification and fraud prevention purposes: Full name (mandatory), age (optional), nationality (optional), gender (optional) and IQ scores on supervised and/or unsupervised IQ tests (mandatory). Your name and surname must be proven through photo copy of your ID card or driving license or student card or national passport. Every other data on these documents must be covered under your own responsibility.\n-Government or non-government large scale organizations.\n-Large scale personal or sensitive data processing for any reason.\nMembers who are accepted in this website have to prove their real identity. For this important reason, name and surname (personal data) are requested. Rest of data asked (age, gender, nationality and scores) are exclusively used for admission purposes in this website and its related social media pages. None of the aforementioned personal data are shared with any third parties. This website does not cooperate with any other organizations or companies.\nIf anyone at any time wishes their data to be erased, they may contact the administrator using the above email and request it in writing. Data will be deleted instantly.\nSummary - Disclaimer: Since an admission request is sent, it is taken for granted that you have read all information and instructions stated above and that you proceeded with your own and free will. Since this website offers entertaining services only, it is strongly suggested that one does not request admission in case of doubt."}
+{"text": "6300000 Dear Visitor, if you need manual or (and) parts catalog for TEREX Mining excavator, Dump Trucks write to brovertek@gmail.com. Please specify the mining excavator, dump truck model. We'll check our possibilities and inform you."}
+{"text": "Taylor Swift as Rapunzel Is a Disney Dream: See the Annie Leibovitz Photo!\nIf there was ever any doubt that Taylor Swift led a fairy tale life (with maybe a few more Prince Charmings than we remember), well, the proof is in the picture.\nThe single once more singer is the latest star to get into character for Disney Parks, starring in a dreamy new print campaign shot by Annie Leibovitz.\nAnd for someone whose hair gets almost as much press as her personal life, it's only fitting as to which character from the Disney archives she was tapped to portray.\nTaylor's back in London—find out if a Haylor reunion is in the works!\nIn the photo, commissioned by Disney and taken on June 20, 2012, in Culver City, the lusciously locked singer is seen hanging out (literally) of a castle's mossy tower, daydreaming, no doubt, of her knight in shining armor prince, while hanging out (not so literally) with every princess's BFF: some birds."}
+{"text": "As many as 978 million people in 20 countries lost money to cybercrime last year, according to a new report by security firm Norton.\nThe individual impact: Norton says that victims lost an average of $142 to hackers in 2017, and that each victim spent almost 24 hours dealing with the fallout.\nHow the US was hit: The report claims that 143 million Americans were affected by cybercrime in 2017, losing a total of $19.4 billion.\nThe big threats: The leading technique used to extort money from consumers was malware—including things like ransomware and cryptojacking. But fraud and password loss were also big hitters.\nWhy it matters: Norton says that people are overconfident about their own cybersecurity chops. It’s a reminder that we should all be more vigilant online."}
+{"text": "The loss of a key employee, a backlog of old AR, practice growth, expanding or opening a new office locations, current physician billing service problems or a desire to increase cash flow can all lead to a practice needing some extra hands when it comes to their medical billing.\nIn these types of situations it is critical that the practice is willing to seek help. Trying to get out of these circumstances on your own can be overwhelming. The strongest office managers know there is no shame in asking for a “helping hand” during crunch times.\n· The help can be given quickly, from a company that can not only handle the volume of your business, but can do so in a timely manner.\n· The “extra hands” cause minimal interruption or risk to your current cash flow and processes.\n· The help provides vital value beyond the pressing crisis, and gives you the most value for your dollar. True medical billing experts bring a fresh eye and state-of-the-art knowledge about the billing industry.\nThe best way to achieve these objectives is to find an outside company who will start by working on the AR that is over 60 days old, in addition to the current dates of services. By working the old AR, this will show the source of lost cash flow and give relief to a great point of aggravation.\nKnowing when to seek help, and understanding the type of help you need can turn a potential disaster into a conquest that will please physicians, provide immediate relief for the practice, and set you up for on-going medical billing and collections success.\nApplied Medical Systems has been caring for the health of practices for more than 30 years by providing billing, coding and physician practice management services solutions to various healthcare specialties across the U.S.; including hospitals, private practices and emergency department physician groups."}
+{"text": "Have you seen all of the fabulous repurposed crib projects out there? I am amazed by how creative people are. My two-year old has outgrown his crib and he has an amazing triple bed my husband made waiting for him. You can see pictures of the fabulous triple bed and their nautical room here.\nI have been dreaming of all the wonderful project that I could make with his old crib. I love repurposed projects! They make me feel so green and we save money. We made two projects with our crib: my husband made something really cool (stay tune for that project) and I made this Photo Wall Display. We bought the crib used and it served it’s purpose for two years and I love that we can still get some use from it.\nWhat you need to do first is take the crib apart. Ours was really easy to take apart with screws on each corner. Then take the crib railing and hang on the wall. I wanted to paint it but my husband knows I like to change the house around so he suggested that we leave it as close to its natural color so that when we are done with it we can put it back together and sell it. He’s knows me well.\nWe used to hooks that were the perfect size to keep the crib railing up on the wall.\nOnce you have it on the wall you can start adding your frames. I just used the picture stand attached on the back of the frame to hold the picture up in each slot. No need for nails.\nI especially love my DIY $1 frames make over. You will never guess what I used to for the design cover on the frames. Stay tune for the details."}
+{"text": "When I first saw a picture of this undeniably creative hot dog cake, my first reaction was that it would be great to take to a barbecue or other cookout where real hot dogs are already on the menu. The cake is made by sculpting a pound cake into a hamburger bun shape and laying a generously frosted cake hot dog in the middle of it, to be topped with yellow icing “mustard” and gumdrop “onions” and “relish.” It looks oh-so-festive, doesn’t it?\nMy second reaction to this cake was one of mild disgust because the “hot dog” is made of Twinkies. Twinkies might be tasty (albeit unhealthy) snack cakes on their own, but the idea of a cream-filled hot dog – even one that is just made up to look like a hot dog – is just not appetizing.\nStill, I’d definitely attempt this creation with homemade counterparts for a bbq. I’d start with a basic pound cake, carve out the bun, then shape the carved out portion into my “hot dog,” rather than adding Twinkies into the mix."}
+{"text": "Comtek Scientific Instruments was founded over two decades ago by highly motivated technocrats and business analysts with a perfect vision of serving the scientific community with state-of-art instrumentation. Over the years COMTEK has clearly come out as a world class partner to both manufactures & consumers due to a commendable track record of meticulous and excellent customer support. We have a good expertise in installations of various systems and have over 1500 successful installations all over India to our credit. We interact very closely with our niche customer base and sort out their application issues right from creating a requirement to final execution of order followed by installation in-warranty to post-warranty support. Being a service oriented organization, we have a strong foothold in terms of after sale support and offer them a 24X7 support on call. Our team includes Scientists, Engineers, Software programmers, Application scientists to cater to all demands of our customer base. We are more than happy to provide a perfect partnership bridging the gap between evolving technologies and ingenious users.\nUV-VIS-NIR Spectometers & Fiber optics accessories, lamp source etc..\nkyray's Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescent Spectrometer are highly precise and cost effective.\nBrimrose has recently introduced the VA210 Series of AOTF Hyperspectral Imaging Adapters.\nWorkshop on, Chennai “Emerging Technologies in Optical Spectroscopy “ at the Crystal Growth Centre, Anna University.\nand products by joiningour mailing list!\nThis craze for gadgets can rise to the top mostly on the list of youth of your world. So today web the gadgets are targeted mainly towards youth. There has been whole new wave of technology within form of ipod. Conducted is developed to satisfy the tunes lovers. The tranquility of and the portability of the ipod qualifies it to be able to the best media player of appropriate. The fan following of device is outside your imagination. Could be fun and straightforward to exploit. It can be said going without shoes is the most popular gadget in world of music batters. You gain access to Cydia an individual unlock iPhone or ipad jailbreak apps which is really a software application giving you access to merely thousands of applications will be not found at the Apple Store. Are actually freewares and shareware applications that will comw with free correct here. The software is suitable any iPhone, iPad and iPod bought in anywhere globally. The software is able to unlock all of the latest Basebands, there is software from MAC and Windows and iPhones from 4S a great deal iOS tips.0.1 can be unlocked easily there is even an option to jailbreak iOS five various. There is a money-back guarantee an individual are not happy with supplement as a powerful or the assistance. The touch is still a winner in these categories. Recommended. In terms of being a music player, the jailbreak iphone 4s is inside your too. You can continue to touch the screen to find the music as well as the cover of view. No change now there. 40 hours of audio playback. Video playback is a little \"better! Quicker processor allows A4 iTunes HD video you buy to play, and you will notice that makes them look oh so appealing. The cameras are the only small disappointment. Best camera is well . however , how perhaps you face working hours? The quality of the camera backwards and specifications are not up to the level of many expect, considering the fact that camera phone \"gets better with ages. However, Apple decided to make the thinnest ever jailbreak iphone 4s! Thinness restricting the camera that connects to the device. First of all, Mac Blu-ray Player is very first universal media player for Mac & PC in the world. As we all know which Blu-ray disc applies its extra capacity combined i'm able to use of advanced video and audio codec to consumers an unprecedented HD experience. But the further advance to Blu-ray world is realized by this software. With advanced Blu-ray decryption and processing capability, Mac Blu-ray Player can decrypt any Blu-ray discs successfully too as . Of course, it is possible to select an ISO format file from a computer and open it directly from the interface sprouted. Moreover, it could be also offer the Blu-ray discs recorded or burned automatically. There can be lots of software and websites for sale to help an issue ios5 jailbreak now as it has been in the sell for quite a few days right right. However, individuals still are looking for reliable associated with ios 7.1.3 jailbreak and ios 6.1.4 jailbreak, as his or her jailbreaks remain brand new and quite not reachable by folks. IOS 6.1.3 jailbreak ipad is only relevant to apple iphone on entire iPhone, which came subsequently. Although, people are waiting anxiously for your official words in the jailbreak community over these jailbreaks obtain will find sites which offering these kinds of for just a little charge that can bring the awesomeness of just a jailbroken iPhone for you really. Robocity ($.99) - Captain Hiz crash-landed on a bizarre planet filled up with robots. He's to fight his way through him in order to find everything he needs auto repairs . his give. Amazingly, the Aero is endowed with Quick Office Document Viewer and Editor, which completed in I will easily notice from the supporting documents, is not included relating to the supposedly-a-tablet Streak. These are a couple of the most common errors you are able to encounter the actual blackrain jailbreak installation. There are other problems may possibly possibly encounter with blackrain jailbreak, depending into your system, and the technical specifications you are using. But don't panic. Check out BestJailbreakSoftware house another iDevice in melancholy. If all else fails, you do a restore to originally settings of your gadget using iTunes.\n100ft Ring Road, BSK III Stg. Bangalore - 560 085, India."}
+{"text": "Bet Now Ladbrokes Bet 5 Get 20 Bet Now Bet-at-Home 100 First Deposit Bonus Bet Now 1xBet 130 First Deposit Bonus Bet Now Brighton v Wolves 2-0 FT @ 14/1 LOST Southampton v Newcastle 0-0 FT @ 13/2 WON Correct Score Double for Saturday 24th.\nyou get quality picks with an honest approach from the most respected soccer betting predictions app handicappers in the picks industry.\nM, we offer football predictions /soccer tips and in-depth analysis for over 50 leagues (both major leagues English Premier League Predictions, Serie A Predictions, La Liga Predictions, Bundesliga Predictions, French Ligue 1 Predictions etc. minor leagues- English Championship, Serie B, Segunda League and many others.).\nThe free tips list at bettingexpert is the place to visit for both the best and broadest tips in online betting. You ll not only find betting tips with detailed analyses for the most popular sports, leagues and tournaments from across the globe but equally as insightful and profitable tips for more obscure leagues and tournaments.\nrSS Text-based site Reader Prints Our Papers Top of soccer betting predictions app page. Feedback Monday, daily Mail Mail on Sunday This is Money Metro. Mar 18th 2019 3PM 36F 6PM 48F 5-Day Forecast Updated: 08:39 EDT Sitemap. Archive Video Archive Topics Index Mobile Apps Screensaver.\nspreads, notice we didn't say their goal was to help you make great picks. It also means they are usually not looking at odds, their goal is soccer betting predictions app to entertain and that often means futbol transfer news that they have to ignore what they really think is going to happen to push a more attractive narrative. Or payout lines when they are making their picks.\nIn any respectable football betting guide, the value of the odds is extremely important, so naturally, it has to represent one of the major conditions when choosing the best bookies for football action.\nthe National Football League. It used to just be about Sundays. Here s an in-depth look at the different ways to bet on the kings of professional football,another great aspect that is being mentioned by a lot of customers is their customer support soccer betting predictions app team that does an extremely good job at answering all the questions or taking care of any technical difficulty players may run into.obviously, the money or the win is anything but guaranteed, if from time to time we get to win big and hit our correct score double, but the fun most certainly is. As you most probably know, the entertainment will soccer betting predictions app be even greater.\nget your daily fix of latest soccer transfers rumours from top football leagues! Our soccer betting predictions app dedicated team of transfer experts ensures that all transfer and loan deals are entered in our transfer tables virtually the moment they are announced,they also soccer betting predictions app offer some great bonuses on the sportsbook side of operations and they recently introduced a system that checks the odds you are going to bet on and, if the odd is better on the betting exchange,this is because more often there are some great spots in the NFL College where we can predict a team will give a home run like type effort or on the other hand soccer betting predictions app be flat as a pancake.\nliobet, soccervista, vitibet, daily tips best odds 1x2 Picks 1X2 tips adibet, tIPS 1X2,SINGLE GAMES, predictz, solobet, forebet, bEST -SINGLE. TIPS SINGLE, sINGLE soccer betting predictions app PICKS, zulubet, sINGLE GAMES 1X2,SINGLE PICK, sINGLE -TIPTIPSSINGLE,18:55 Salzburg - Napoli anta 2.5 1.62 250 Football UEFA Europa League WIN 13.03. 21:00 Barcelona - Lyon foti soccer betting predictions app 1 1.22 999 Football UEFA Champions League WIN 13.03. 21:00 Villarreal - Zenit foti 1X 1.25 999 Football UEFA Europa League WIN 14.03.\nhope to see you soccer betting predictions app on board this year, it probably is. If you are tired of the false hope and lies other handicappers are selling you get on board with a service that actually delivers winning results. Remember that if it sounds too good to be true, there most safe betting tips is a reason that we lead the industry in repeat customers.\nfootball Betting soccer betting predictions app Tips Today.luxury, power, wealth, natural White Sapphire White Sapphire is used soccer betting predictions app as an alternative Gemstone to Diamond and is used to maximize the energy of Planet Venus in your birth chart. They empower beauty,20:45 Metz - Sochaux foti 1 1.52 999 Football French Ligue 2 LOSE 11.03. 21:15 Benfica - Belenenses anta 1 1.15 100 Football Portuguese Primeira soccer betting predictions app Liga LOSE 11.03. 19:30 Steaua Bucharest - Viitorul robica 1X 1.18 120 Football Romanian Liga 1 LOSE 10.03.\nwe also won the 2012 CFB Ultimate. Last season was another solid winner finishing in the top 10 in both soccer betting predictions app profit earned and wins at the sports monitor."}
+{"text": "Italy is facing a crisis in the health sector, as around 53,000 nurses are needed across the country. The alert is provided by the Nurses Order, according to which the active nurses are obliged to attend up to 11 patients simultaneously, even in some areas a nurse is responsible for up to 17 patients.\nAccording to the Nursing Order, in the analyzes of all regions of Italy, the most positive results are presented only in some northern provinces where a nurse is registered for three patients. The situation is also worrying in Lombardia, where there are the best hospitals in the national level, but there are about 4800 nurses in these hospitals.\nAccording to the authorities, these figures have serious consequences, as risks increase for the sick but also for the nurses themselves. The fact that about 40 percent of Italian nurses are forced to spend extra hours to cover the needs of patients, explains a lot.\nThe Order of Nurses requires the issue to be resolved and called an urgent meeting to review this situation with Health Minister Giulia Grillo, and representatives of all Italian provinces. Of course one of the alternatives to solving the crisis is the recruitment of nurses in neighboring countries, such as Albania."}
+{"text": "Of the five phones that Nokia introduced on Sunday here at Mobile World Congress 2018, the Nokia 1 doesn’t stand at the front of the feature queue. Instead, it’s built for anyone who wants an affordable easy-to-use phone, primarily for (gasp) making calls, but still wants to be able to be able to go online, take a photo and listen to tunes.\nBuy cdma 850mhz cell phone signal 3g 4g repeater booster amplifier extender + yagi antenna kit with indoor and outdoor for home/office use,if the gps location system works well ….12 Best Free Apps To Make Free Calls in Android.check out 20m mobile antenna,phone jammer cigarette adapter.but not all maps are created equally,shop 3g store and get free shipping now.+to+offer+higher+capacity+ amidstconstraints+of+bandwidth.when calling from outside australia,shenzhen kk9 industries co.and we've got a full explainer to give you all the information you need,all in one jammer user manual specification output band frequency band average output power channel output power cdma800 850-894mhz 35dbm 3 watt gsm900 925-960mhz 35dbm 3 watt dcs/gsm/phs1800/1900 1805-1990mhz 32dbm 1,tilburg mosque mined for blocking cell phones news by issue,Save your calls and more with Free PC Audio Recorder,this is a very easy and simple way to make a cellphone jammer,frequently asked questions (faqs) enforcement bureau,how to create your signal jammer,Jammerfromchina is a professional global China wholesale and dropship jammer products,every mobile phone has a unique serial number.let us praise the teacher who jammed phone signals in his classroom,there is a single exception to this rule.\nTo limit your exposure to cell phone electromagnetic emissions,but that depends on the time of day and where you are on the earth,learn about the android operating system,the google play store is brimming with selection,this instructable is going to show you a quick process which will allow you to convert a cheap portable cellphone jammer from chinese frequency's (i think) over to american or other regions frequency's.digital voice recorder - 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+{"text": "Analysing networks in Australian Federal Parliament Hansard.\nUsing medical images to seed eye tests.\nTeaching robots to do card tricks, and other tricky things.\nMiddle-ware to control NAO robots from Android phones.\nAnd if you are a bean counter: my Google Scholar Profile.\nI am a member of the Clinical Psychophysics Unit run by Dr Allison McKendrick.\nA book coauthoured by me.\nHere is my minimum-redundancy (Huffman) coder.\nHow do people use snippets in Web search result lists?\nWhat does it mean to judge a document relevant to a query?\nAustralian Document Computing Symposium 2007. Australian Document Computing Symposium 2008. ADCS2008. ADCS2010. Australian Document Computing Symposium 2010 SPIRE 2008 20th International Visual Field and Imaging Symposium, 2012. IPS 2012. IPS Melbourne 2012.\nLast modified Tue 13 Nov 2018 17:03:44 AEDT ."}
+{"text": "Suppose you apply for a big job. A very important job. .\nYou get your resume together. You make yourself sound indispensable to the new employer. You file an application and several days later the company HR director calls you in for a talk. You are not surprised to learn you’re not the only applicant. The competition is going to be pretty stiff. But you go in and meet the HR person who thinks you’re worth a talk with one of the office managers of this big company. The HR person warns you this person is kind of tough so you ask some friends to speak up on your behalf. They and you are persuasive enough that the office manager sets up a meeting with the Division Director. But the office manager tells you to lose the sport coat, get a suit and a new tie, and shine your shoes. The competition gets tougher the higher you go and you want to make sure you stand out enough to be memorable to the Division Director.\nThe Division Director takes a good look at you, listens to you state your case, and confers with assistants who have watched the interview. The group likes you but suggests a few tweaks you can make in your presentation and your personal appearance. Maybe they suggest a few additional details would help your resume in your next step.\nBy now the company’s date for filling this job is getting closer and you are one of a few surviving candidates. The Vice-President of the company is going to meet with all of the finalists and will recommend one to the company President and CEO. To increase the pressure on the finalists, each of them is interviewed as the others watch. The VP has to catch a plane so every extra minute the other candidates take making themselves more impressive means you have less time before the VP leaves to catch the plane. Five minutes before she has to grab her briefcase and bolt out the door, she turns to you. You have only five minutes to sum up everything that justifies your application and your abilities. Five minutes to prove you deserve to be the one who walks into the office of the President and stands at his desk as the newest important employee of the company.\nToday is that five minutes for the Missouri legislature.\nToday is the last chance for hundreds of bills to make a good enough impression to be sent to the the Governor’s desk, potentially as the newest important laws for Missouri. It’s the last five minutes of the long process and all of the company VPs go out the door at 6 p.m.\n. . . . and the applicant’s name is . . wait for it . . . “Bill”."}
+{"text": "Amateur astronomers never know what signals they might pick up.\nA satellite lost 13 years ago was just, briefly, found. Now a group of optimistic technicians may have a chance to bring it back into the fold. In January, amateur astronomer Scott Tilley of British Columbia sat in his home, scanning radio frequencies for the U.S. Air Force satellite lost after a January 7 SpaceX launch. Tilley indeed found a lost satellite, but not the one he intended. Using a satellite catalog, he looked up its transmitter frequency and spin rate, and realized he had to alert NASA.\nBack in 2005, the space agency suddenly lost contact with IMAGE, the Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration, a solar wind observer. Launched in 2000, the mission was already three years past its expected duration. Still, the team decided to try contacting it again two years later, when a 2007 eclipse cutting off the satellite’s solar-powered systems would force a reboot. But IMAGE stayed silent, and NASA declared the spacecraft lost.\nRichard Burley, former IMAGE mission director, isn’t sure how the spacecraft came online, but suspects a flaw in the power system, which the team encountered in 2004, could have been triggered again, restarting the computer and putting it into a 72-hour reboot cycle. “We cannot tell exactly how long it has been in this mode,” says Burley, but amateur astronomers have looked back at their data and found IMAGE’s signal as far back as October 2016.\nThen on February 25, IMAGE went worryingly quiet again—but not in the same manner it did in 2005, says Burley. He suspects there’s an issue with IMAGE’s spin axis in relation to its medium-gain antenna placement. If NASA can regain control of the spacecraft, it will decide if it can fund a mission restart.\nThe quixotic tale of a wayward satellite could have a happy ending yet."}
+{"text": "Visual Studio Code>Other>Nav CommentsNew to Visual Studio Code? Get it now.\n// TODO: The \"todos\" are also highlighted!\n# TODO The \"todos\" are also highlighted!"}
+{"text": "In Truckee California 96160, all Medicare supplement standardized plans are offered to qualified individuals under the age of 65 and/or to Medicare-qualified individuals due to disability or end-stage renal disease. In some states, a limited selection of Medicare supplement standardized plans is available to such individuals.\nMedicare.gov provides tools that will allow you to compare plans in Truckee CA 96160 Nevada county, but the decision is complicated. Insurance agent Graves recommends that you “work with a licensed insurance agent who can show you both Medicare Supplement Plans and Advantage Plans from multiple companies. Each type has its positives.” The questions to cover, he says: “You need to understand the costs, doctor networks, coverage levels and maximum out-of-pocket for each. Enroll in what suits your situation best.” Organizations such as Consumer Reports and the Medicare Rights Center can also help you research your decision."}
+{"text": "This cat mom decal has kitty paw prints with claws. The size is 8\" by 8\".\nIt is made from matte vinyl which is perfect for bright light conditions because it won't create a glare so it's perfect for car window decals."}
+{"text": "Our Fertility Clinics in Florida and Georgia have board certified fertility specialists that help families with In Vitro, egg freezing, finding an egg donor and more.\nSafetouch Jacksonville Fl The 2015 SDM 100 ranks U.S. companies that provide electronic security systems and services to both residential and non-residential customers. This ranking is based on information provided to or, in few cases, estimated by SDM. Ranked companies were asked to submit an audited or reviewed financial statement, or a copy of their income tax return.\nDr. Anthony Serle has a 5.0/5 rating from patients. Visit RateMDs for Dr. Anthony Serle reviews, contact info, practice history, affiliated hospitals & more."}
+{"text": "by Tom Cox MRPharmS, Lead Prison Pharmacist.\nIt’s long been recognised within prison populations that there’s a high prevalence of substance use disorder in connection with prescription medicines. This is often found alongside problematic polypharmacy situations.[i] My main objective as a Lead Prison Pharmacist is to optimise medicines and resolve problematic polypharmacy, to try and rehabilitate people held in custody.\nMedicines optimisation within a prison takes many forms, just as it does in other areas of health care. It starts with comprehensive medicines reconciliation when people arrive at the prison. Compared with the general population, people in custody have often lived chaotic lifestyles, either on the outside of prison, or perhaps in other prisons, so the first step is to understand what they have been taking, and how they have or have not been managing their medicines.\nA particular problem we encounter during medicines reconciliation is that when a person arrives in prison, they often have other people’s prescription medicines in their possession, as well as their own. This forms important evidence for any resulting medicines optimisation.\nBeing a prison pharmacist has its own set of challenges but challenges tend to reap their own rewards. Most of the time I feel like I’m making a positive difference to the lives of some of the most vulnerable in society.\nI work in a Category B prison holding 445 adult male prisoners with the majority being Welsh."}
+{"text": "Annita Ray was born in Hudson Falls, New York, possibly in the mid-to-late 1930's. Her first public presence was seen and heard via the movie Shake, Rattle and Rock, filmed during the latter part of 1956. Soon following the movie's release in April 1957 came the release of her first single. After at least 3 more releases on just as many labels, in 1960 Annita hooked up with Ray Anthony and his Bookend Revue, along with Diane Hall. Before year's end 1961, Annita and Diane left the Revue and continued performing as a duo.\nAfter a couple of years, the two women began touring on their own, performing throughout the United States and in many parts of the world, even spending two months in Vietnam in 1967. In the meantime, Annita continued recording on her own with two more singles and an album between the two. Eventually Annita and Diane began recording together for Wand Records as Diane And Annita.\nThe singer retired in 1970 and later went \"full-bore\" into commercial real estate. But her voice – the voice that once entertained thousands – started to quiver.\n\"I would be in high-powered meetings, and people thought I was nervous. But I knew what I was talking about and was completely confident,\" said Hirsch, who married attorney Ephraim Hirsch in 1976. In August 1984 she began a second career as a licensed Real Estate Broker."}
+{"text": "Patrolling the treacherous waters of Lake Michigan, the dedicated U.S. Coast Guard personnel of Sector Lake Michigan perform their duties with renowned excellence and skill. This precision-struck coin captures the symbols and salutes the dedication of those “Brew-City Maritime Guardians” in a unique and enduring way.\nThe “Brew-City Maritime Guardians” are headquartered in Milwaukee, WI, or “Brew City,” so named for its renowned brewing industry. Sector Lake Michigan is the largest of all the Coast Guard Sectors in terms of units and the fourth largest in terms of personnel. The sector’s vital mission includes search and rescue, law enforcement, marine safety, aids to navigation and homeland security for all of Lake Michigan and its surrounding waterways.\nThe obverse features a rendering of the Sector Lake Michigan emblem. The reverse bears the official seal of the U.S. Coast Guard. Struck in a brass alloy, this coin is imbued with enamel on both sides."}
+{"text": "Cosmetic dentistry uses Cosmetic dental bonding to improve smile in Chicago.\nChicago patient had spacing and very round shaped teeth that she felt made her look like a little kid. Dr. Jeffrey Weller placed 4 anterior front teeth cosmetic bonding restorations to improve this patient's smile and confidence. Tooth colored bonding that enhances the full facial aspect of the tooth made a huge difference closing spaces, and improving tooth shape."}
+{"text": "5959 Staples, Suite 211, Corpus Christi, TX 78413.\nCall the office for issues regarding HOA code compliance or health and welfare issues (not responsible for 911 emergency response calls).\nKings Crossing Security Officers: Paul Janko, Braden Tackett, Michael Munoz. Send security or safety concerns to these officers via our HOA Security Committee by filling out the Security/Safety Report Form on our Website. If you have a security issue that is not an emergency, please contact the CCPD non-emergency number listed below. If you have an actual security emergency, you should dial 911.\nCity of Corpus Christi Problem Reporting: use the phone number below to report issues regarding street problems/repair, safety concerns, utilities, animal care, code enforcement, solid waste or graffiti.\nClick here for the City of Corpus Christi Website.\nClick here to submit a service request to the City."}
+{"text": "Patrick Gordon rose to prominence on the strength of his large, deeply saturated, somewhat eccentric still life and portraiture paintings, gaining a reputation as an important painter of the “New American Realism” school. Coinciding with a move to New York City in 2003, Patrick began working almost exclusively in oil-on-canvas, an early love, and a shift that represented and embodied a creative infusion of urban life and new beginnings. The artist now lives and works in Tulsa, OK."}
+{"text": "My brow game is strong in 2016 and Lust Minerals has a fantastic product to help you create dramatic eyes. I love a mineral makeup brand too as it is fantastic for your skin and I cant wait to share it with one of you.\nSo ladies, the winner of the Brow Dust is Hannah B.\nCongratulations Hannah. Please email pr@mrstinkblog.com to claim your prize."}
+{"text": "There are 1,307 movable 20ft container house suppliers, mainly located in Asia. The top supplying countries are China (Mainland), South Africa, and Saudi Arabia, which supply 99%, 1%, and 1% of movable 20ft container house respectively. Movable 20ft container house products are most popular in Domestic Market, South America, and Africa.\nProduct Description Modular portable container house is designed according to specifications of shipping container.It is made of prefab light steel as house frame and sandwich panel for wall and roof, then facilitated with windows, doors, flooring, ceiling, and other additional accessories.\nMovable 20ft Luxury Shipping Container House For Sale . Container house features. 1. Attractive design:The whole home looks beautiful and elegant. 2. Light in weight and convenient in shipping. 3. Easy to assemble and dismantle, the container home can be rebuilt for dozens of times .\n20ft Economical Portable Shipping Container Prefab House for Sale and Shipping Container House is affordable,stylish and durable. They can also be portable. Tailored to your needs!\n20FT Container House, Mobile Movable Homes, Office manufacturer / supplier in China, offering Tiny House / Cabin Shipping Container, Transportable Expandable Container House with Bathroom and Kitchen, Customized 20′ House Container and so on.\n20FT Container House, Mobile Movable Homes, Office manufacturer / supplier in China, offering Australia Standard Shipping Container Houses, Transportable Expandable Container House with Bathroom and Kitchen, Customized 20′ House Container and so on.\nA: The package size of this 20ft expandable house is 2200W*5910L*2520H, the door size of 20’GP container is 2200W*2200mmH,so it can’t be loaded into 20’GP container. If you just buy one unit, it will waste your shipping cost a lot.\nFolding Container House Introduction Modulad folding container house is designed to fit shipping container when export. It is made of galvanized steel pipe as house frame and sandwich panel for wall and roof, then facilitated with windows, doors, flooring, ceiling and other additional accessories.\nMovable Container House Flat Pack Office, Movable Container House for Camping, Steel Frame Living Container House manufacturer / supplier in China, offering Movable Container House 20FT Luxury Shipping Container Office (SU-C123), Prefabricated Steel Structure Shopping Mall for Sale (SD-603), Billboard Steel Structure Design Prefab House for Sale (SD-600) and so on.\nContainer House, Movable House, Prefab House manufacturer / supplier in China, offering Australia Europe USA 20ft and 40ft Luxury Container Homes, New and Used 20FT 40FT Overseas Shipping Container for Sale in Qingdao Shanghai Ningbo, 40gp 40hc 40FT Shipping Container for Sale in Australia and so on.\nStandard 20ft prefab japanese movable container house/prefab house/modular house Company information : Jiangsu CS Modular House Co.,Ltd is the lead manufacturer for modular container house.\nLuxury 20ft modern portable modular insulated prefabricated house prefab container outdoor houses. 1. Q: Are you a factory or trading company? A:Guangzhou Moneybox Steel Structure Engineering Co., Ltd. is a factory located in Panyu district, Guangzhou, Guangdong province.\nprefabricated 20ft 40hq container houses villa/movable house for sale with one bedroom, US $ 2,200 - 4,500 / Unit, Tianjin, China (Mainland), Zhonejie, 20ft, 40ft and 40HQ.Source from Tianjin Zhongjie Jinchen Import & Export Trade Co., Ltd. on Alibaba.\n20ft/ 40ft shipping container house /bedroom movable house/expandable container homes, US $ 3,000 - 5,000 / Set, Zhejiang, China (Mainland), SUR, XYJ.Source from Hangzhou Xiaoya Prefabricated House Co., Ltd. on Alibaba.\nContainer House, Temporary House, Shipping Container House manufacturer / supplier in China, offering 20FT Movable Shipping Container House for Dormitory (Office & Accommodation), Fashionable Two Floor Shipping Container Villa, Cheapest Bunk House Folding Container Family House and so on.\nPrefab house office container Introduction. Container House is designed and developed according to the standard size of shipping container. It is widely used as office, meeting room, dormitory, shop,toilet, storage, shower room, restaurant, labor camp and so on.\n20FT Prefab Container House, Prefab Container House, Prefab House manufacturer / supplier in China, offering China Movable Prefab Assemble and Disassemble Container House, 20ft/40ft Shipping Container/ISO Shipping Container, Mobile House and so on.\nPrefabricated House, Light Steel Structure, Modular House manufacturer / supplier in China, offering Movable 20ft Living Container House, New Style Prefabricated House Expandable Prefab Container House, Modern Design Luxury Shipping Container House and so on."}
+{"text": "Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Oct 1, 2018.\nDalvance® (dalbavancin) for injection is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI), caused by susceptible isolates of the following Gram-positive microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant strains), Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus anginosus group (including S. anginosus, S. intermedius, S. constellatus) and Enterococcus faecalis (vancomycin susceptible strains).\nTo reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Dalvance and other antibacterial agents, Dalvance should be used only to treat infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.\nThe recommended dosage regimen of Dalvance in patients with normal renal function is 1500 mg, administered either as a single dose, or 1000 mg followed one week later by 500 mg. Dalvance should be administered over 30 minutes by intravenous infusion [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)].\nIn patients with renal impairment whose known creatinine clearance is less than 30 mL/min and who are not receiving regularly scheduled hemodialysis, the recommended regimen of Dalvance is 1125 mg, administered as a single dose, or 750 mg followed one week later by 375 mg (see Table 1). No dosage adjustment is recommended for patients receiving regularly scheduled hemodialysis, and Dalvance can be administered without regard to the timing of hemodialysis [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].\nDalvance (dalbavancin) for injection must be reconstituted with either Sterile Water for Injection, USP, or 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, and subsequently diluted only with 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, to a final concentration of 1 mg/mL to 5 mg/mL.\nReconstitution: Dalvance must be reconstituted under aseptic conditions, using 25 mL of either Sterile Water for Injection, USP, or 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, for each 500 mg vial. To avoid foaming, alternate between gentle swirling and inversion of the vial until its contents are completely dissolved. Do not shake. The reconstituted vial contains 20 mg/mL dalbavancin as a clear, colorless to yellow solution.\nReconstituted vials may be stored either refrigerated at 2 to 8 °C (36 to 46 °F), or at controlled room temperature 20 to 25 °C (68 to 77 °F). Do not freeze.\nDilution: Aseptically transfer the required dose of reconstituted dalbavancin solution from the vial(s) to an intravenous bag or bottle containing 5% Dextrose Injection, USP. The diluted solution must have a final dalbavancin concentration of 1 mg/mL to 5 mg/mL. Discard any unused portion of the reconstituted solution.\nOnce diluted into an intravenous bag or bottle as described above, Dalvance may be stored either refrigerated at 2 to 8 °C (36 to 46 °F) or at a controlled room temperature of 20 to 25 °C (68 to 77 °F). Do not freeze.\nThe total time from reconstitution to dilution to administration should not exceed 48 hours.\nLike all parenteral drug products, diluted Dalvance should be inspected visually for particulate matter prior to infusion. If particulate matter is identified, do not use.\nAdministration: After reconstitution and dilution, Dalvance is to be administered via intravenous infusion, using a total infusion time of 30 minutes.\nDo not co-infuse Dalvance with other medications or electrolytes. Saline-based infusion solutions may cause precipitation and should not be used. The compatibility of reconstituted Dalvance with intravenous medications, additives, or substances other than 5% Dextrose Injection, USP has not been established.\nIf a common intravenous line is being used to administer other drugs in addition to Dalvance, the line should be flushed before and after each Dalvance infusion with 5% Dextrose Injection, USP.\nDalvance is supplied in clear glass vials containing sterile powder (white/off-white to pale yellow) equivalent to 500 mg of dalbavancin.\nDalvance is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to dalbavancin. No data are available on cross-reactivity between dalbavancin and other glycopeptides, including vancomycin.\nSerious hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) and skin reactions have been reported in patients treated with Dalvance. If an allergic reaction occurs, treatment with Dalvance should be discontinued. Before using Dalvance, inquire carefully about previous hypersensitivity reactions to glycopeptides, and due to the possibility of cross-sensitivity, exercise caution in patients with a history of glycopeptide allergy [see Patient Counseling Information (17)].\nDalvance is administered via intravenous infusion, using a total infusion time of 30 minutes to minimize the risk of infusion-related reactions. Rapid intravenous infusions of Dalvance can cause reactions that resemble “Red-Man Syndrome,” including flushing of the upper body, urticaria, pruritus, rash, and/or back pain. Stopping or slowing the infusion may result in cessation of these reactions.\nIn Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials, more Dalvance than comparator-treated subjects with normal baseline transaminase levels had post-baseline alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation greater than 3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN). Overall, abnormalities in liver tests (ALT, AST, bilirubin) were reported with similar frequency in the Dalvance and comparator arms [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].\nClostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported in users of nearly all systemic antibacterial drugs, including Dalvance, with severity ranging from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents can alter the normal flora of the colon, and may permit overgrowth of C. difficile.\nC. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin-producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antibacterial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibacterial use. Careful medical history is necessary because CDAD has been reported to occur more than 2 months after the administration of antibacterial agents.\nIf CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibacterial use not directed against C. difficile should be discontinued, if possible. Appropriate measures such as fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibacterial treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.\nPrescribing Dalvance in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.\nBecause clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in clinical trials of Dalvance cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect rates observed in practice.\nAdverse reactions were evaluated for 2473 patients treated with Dalvance: 1778 patients were treated with Dalvance in seven Phase 2/3 trials comparing Dalvance to comparator antibacterial drugs and 695 patients were treated with Dalvance in one Phase 3 trial comparing Dalvance single and two-dose regimens. A causal relationship between study drug and adverse reactions was not always established. The median age of patients treated with Dalvance was 48 years, ranging between 16 and 93 years. Patients treated with Dalvance were predominantly male (59.5%) and White (81.2%).\nSerious adverse reactions occurred in 121/2473 (4.9%) of patients treated with any regimen of Dalvance. In the Phase 2/3 trials comparing Dalvance to comparator, serious adverse reactions occurred in 109/1778 (6.1%) of patients in the Dalvance group and 80/1224 (6.5%) of patients in the comparator group. In a Phase 3 trial comparing Dalvance single and two-dose regimens, serious adverse reactions occurred in 7/349 (2.0%) of patients in the Dalvance single dose group and 5/346 (1.4%) of patients in the Dalvance two-dose group. Dalvance was discontinued due to an adverse reaction in 64/2473 (2.6%) patients treated with any regimen of Dalvance. In the Phase 2/3 trials comparing Dalvance to comparator, Dalvance was discontinued due to an adverse reaction in 53/1778 (3.0%) of patients in the Dalvance group and 35/1224 (2.9%) of patients in the comparator group. In a Phase 3 trial comparing Dalvance single and two-dose regimens, Dalvance was discontinued due to an adverse reaction in 6/349 (1.7%) of patients in the Dalvance single dose group and 5/346 (1.4%) of patients in the Dalvance two-dose group.\nThe most common adverse reactions in patients treated with Dalvance were nausea (4.7%), headache (3.8%), and diarrhea (3.4%). The median duration of adverse reactions was 3.0 days in patients treated with Dalvance. In the Phase 2/3 trials comparing Dalvance to comparator, the median duration of adverse reactions was 3.0 days for patients in the Dalvance group and 4.0 days in patients in the comparator group. In a Phase 3 trial comparing Dalvance single and two-dose regimens, the median duration of adverse reactions was 3.0 days for patients in the Dalvance single and two-dose group.\nTable 2 lists selected adverse reactions occurring in 2% or more of patients treated with Dalvance in Phase 2/3 clinical trials.\n* Comparators included linezolid, cefazolin, cephalexin, and vancomycin.\nIn the Phase 3 trial comparing the single and two-dose regimen of Dalvance, the adverse reaction that occurred in 2% or more of patients treated with Dalvance was nausea (3.4% in the Dalvance single dose group and 2% in the Dalvance two-dose group).\nAmong patients with normal baseline ALT levels treated with Dalvance 17 (0.8%) had post-baseline ALT elevations greater than 3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) including five subjects with post-baseline ALT values greater than 10 times ULN. Among patients with normal baseline ALT levels treated with non-Dalvance comparators 2 (0.2%) had post-baseline ALT elevations greater than 3 times the upper limit of normal. Fifteen of the 17 patients treated with Dalvance and one comparator patient had underlying conditions which could affect liver enzymes, including chronic viral hepatitis, history of alcohol abuse and metabolic syndrome. In addition, one Dalvance-treated subject in a Phase 1 trial had post-baseline ALT elevations greater than 20 times ULN. ALT elevations were reversible in all subjects with follow-up assessments. No comparator-treated subject with normal baseline transaminases had post-baseline ALT elevation greater than 10 times ULN.\nThe following adverse reaction has been identified during post-approval use of dalbavancin. Because the reaction is reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not possible to reliably estimate the frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.\nGeneral disorders and administration site conditions: Back pain as an infusion-related reaction [See Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].\nDrug-laboratory test interactions have not been reported. Dalvance at therapeutic concentrations does not artificially prolong prothrombin time (PT) or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT).\nNo clinical drug-drug interaction studies have been conducted with Dalvance. There is minimal potential for drug-drug interactions between Dalvance and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) substrates, inhibitors, or inducers [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].\nThere have been no adequate and well-controlled studies with Dalvance in pregnant women. Dalvance should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.\nNo treatment-related malformations or embryo-fetal toxicity were observed in pregnant rats or rabbits at clinically relevant exposures of dalbavancin. Treatment of pregnant rats with dalbavancin at 3.5 times the human dose on an exposure basis during early embryonic development and from implantation to the end of lactation resulted in delayed fetal maturation and increased fetal loss, respectively [see Data].\nThe background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. However, the background risk in the U.S. general population of major birth defects is 2 to 4% and of miscarriage is 15 to 20% of clinically recognized pregnancies.\nNo evidence of embryo or fetal toxicity was found in the rat or rabbit at a dose of 15 mg/kg/day (1.2 and 0.7 times the human dose on an exposure basis, respectively). Delayed fetal maturation was observed in the rat at a dose of 45 mg/kg/day (3.5 times the human dose on an exposure basis).\nIn a rat prenatal and postnatal development study, increased embryo lethality and increased offspring deaths during the first week post-partum were observed at a dose of 45 mg/kg/day (3.5 times the human dose on an exposure basis).\nIt is not known whether dalbavancin or its metabolite is excreted in human milk; therefore, caution should be exercised when Dalvance is administered to a nursing woman.\nThe developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for Dalvance and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from Dalvance or from the underlying maternal condition.\nDalbavancin is excreted in the milk of lactating rats.\nSafety and efficacy in pediatric patients have not been established.\nOf the 2473 patients treated with Dalvance in Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials, 403 patients (16.3%) were 65 years of age or older. The efficacy and tolerability of Dalvance were similar to comparator regardless of age. The pharmacokinetics of Dalvance was not significantly altered with age; therefore, no dosage adjustment is necessary based on age alone.\nDalvance is substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection in this age group.\nIn patients with renal impairment whose known creatinine clearance is less than 30 mL/min and who are not receiving regularly scheduled hemodialysis, the recommended regimen for Dalvance is 1125 mg, administered as a single dose, or 750 mg followed one week later by 375 mg. No dosage adjustment is recommended for patients receiving regularly scheduled hemodialysis, and Dalvance can be administered without regard to the timing of hemodialysis [see Dosage and Administration (2.2), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].\nNo dosage adjustment of Dalvance is recommended for patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A). Caution should be exercised when prescribing Dalvance to patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B or C) as no data are available to determine the appropriate dosing in these patients [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].\nSpecific information is not available on the treatment of overdose with Dalvance, as dose-limiting toxicity has not been observed in clinical studies. In Phase 1 studies, healthy volunteers have been administered cumulative doses of up to 4500 mg over a period of up to 8 weeks, with no signs of toxicity or laboratory results of clinical concern.\nTreatment of overdose with Dalvance should consist of observation and general supportive measures. Although no information is available specifically regarding the use of hemodialysis to treat overdose, in a Phase 1 study in patients with renal impairment less than 6% of the recommended dalbavancin dose was removed [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].\nDalvance (dalbavancin) for injection is a lipoglycopeptide synthesized from a fermentation product of Nonomuraea species.\nDalbavancin is a mixture of five closely related active homologs (A0, A1, B0, B1, and B2); the component B0 is the major component of dalbavancin. The homologs share the same core structure and differ in the fatty acid side chain of the N-acylaminoglucuronic acid moiety (R1) structure and/or the presence of an additional methyl group (R2) on the terminal amino group (shown in the Figure 1 and Table 3 below).\nThe B0 INN chemical name is: 5,31-dichloro-38-de(methoxycarbonyl)-7-demethyl-19-deoxy-56-O-[2-deoxy-2-[(10-methylundecanoyl)amino]-β-D-glucopyranuronosyl]-38-[[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] carbamoyl]-42-O-α-D-mannopyranosyl-15-N-methyl(ristomycin A aglycone) hydrochloride.\nDalvance is supplied in clear glass vials as a sterile, lyophilized, preservative-free, white to off-white to pale yellow solid. Each vial contains dalbavancin HCl equivalent to 500 mg of dalbavancin as the free base, plus lactose monohydrate (129 mg) and mannitol (129 mg) as excipients. Sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid may be added to adjust the pH at the time of manufacture. The powder is to be reconstituted and further diluted for IV infusion [see Dosage and Administration (2.3), How Supplied/Storage and Handling (16)].\nDalbavancin is an antibacterial drug [see Microbiology (12.4)].\nThe antibacterial activity of dalbavancin appears to best correlate with the ratio of area under the concentration-time curve to minimal inhibitory concentration (AUC/MIC) for Staphylococcus aureus based on animal models of infection. An exposure-response analysis of a single study in patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections supports the two-dose regimen [see Dosage and Administration (2.1), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].\nCardiac Electrophysiology: In a randomized, positive- and placebo-controlled, thorough QT/QTc study, 200 healthy subjects received dalbavancin 1000 mg IV, dalbavancin 1500 mg IV, oral moxifloxacin 400 mg, or placebo. Neither dalbavancin 1000 mg nor dalbavancin 1500 mg had any clinically relevant adverse effect on cardiac repolarization.\nDalbavancin pharmacokinetic parameters have been characterized in healthy subjects, patients, and specific populations. Pharmacokinetic parameters following administration of single intravenous 1000 mg and 1500 mg doses were as shown in Table 4. The pharmacokinetics of dalbavancin can be described using a three-compartment model.\n1 Data from 50 healthy subjects.\n2 Data from 12 healthy subjects.\n3 Based upon population pharmacokinetic analyses of data from patients, the effective half-life is approximately 8.5 days (204 hours).\n4 Data from 49 healthy subjects.\nIn healthy subjects, dalbavancin AUC0-24h and Cmax both increased proportionally to dose following single IV dalbavancin doses ranging from 140 mg to 1500 mg, indicating linear pharmacokinetics.\nThe mean plasma concentration-time profile for dalbavancin following the recommended two-dose regimen of 1000 mg followed one week later by 500 mg is shown in Figure 2.\nFigure 2. Mean (± standard deviation) dalbavancin plasma concentrations versus time in healthy subjects (n=10) following IV administration over 30 minutes of 1000 mg dalbavancin (Day 1) and 500 mg dalbavancin (Day 8).\nNo apparent accumulation of dalbavancin was observed following multiple IV infusions administered once weekly for up to eight weeks, with 1000 mg on Day 1 followed by up to seven weekly 500 mg doses, in healthy adults with normal renal function.\nDistribution: Dalbavancin is reversibly bound to human plasma proteins, primarily to albumin. The plasma protein binding of dalbavancin is approximately 93% and is not altered as a function of drug concentration, renal impairment, or hepatic impairment. The mean concentrations of dalbavancin achieved in skin blister fluid remain above 30 mg/L up to 7 days (approximately 146 hours) post dose, following 1000 mg IV dalbavancin. The mean ratio of the AUC0-144 hrs in skin blister fluid/AUC0-144 hrs in plasma is 0.60 (range 0.44 to 0.64).\nMetabolism: In vitro studies using human microsomal enzymes and hepatocytes indicate that dalbavancin is not a substrate, inhibitor, or inducer of CYP450 isoenzymes. A minor metabolite of dalbavancin (hydroxy-dalbavancin) has been observed in the urine of healthy subjects. Quantifiable concentrations of the hydroxy-dalbavancin metabolite have not been observed in human plasma (lower limit of quantitation = 0.4 µg/mL) [see Drug Interactions (7.2)].\nExcretion: Following administration of a single 1000 mg dose in healthy subjects, 20% of the dose was excreted in feces through 70 days post dose. An average of 33% of the administered dalbavancin dose was excreted in urine as unchanged dalbavancin and approximately 12% of the administered dose was excreted in urine as the metabolite hydroxy-dalbavancin through 42 days post dose.\nRenal Impairment: The pharmacokinetics of dalbavancin were evaluated in 28 subjects with varying degrees of renal impairment and in 15 matched control subjects with normal renal function.\nFollowing a single dose of 500 mg or 1000 mg dalbavancin, the mean plasma clearance (CLT) was reduced 11%, 35%, and 47% in subjects with mild (CLCR 50 to 79 mL/min), moderate (CLCR 30 to 49 mL/min), and severe (CLCR less than 30 mL/min), renal impairment, respectively, compared to subjects with normal renal function. The clinical significance of the decrease in mean plasma CLT, and the associated increase in AUC0-∞ noted in these pharmacokinetic studies of dalbavancin in subjects with severe renal impairment has not been established [see Dosage and Administration (2.2), Use in Specific Populations (8.6)].\nNo dosage adjustment is necessary for patients with CLCR greater than 30 mL/min or patients receiving hemodialysis. The recommended regimen for dalbavancin in patients with severe renal impairment who are not receiving regularly scheduled hemodialysis is 1125 mg, administered as a single dose, or 750 mg followed one week later by 375 mg.\nDalbavancin pharmacokinetic parameters in subjects with end-stage renal disease receiving regularly scheduled hemodialysis (three times/week) are similar to those observed in subjects with mild to moderate renal impairment, and less than 6% of an administered dose is removed after three hours of hemodialysis.\nTherefore, no dosage adjustment is recommended for patients receiving regularly scheduled hemodialysis, and dalbavancin may be administered without regard to the timing of hemodialysis in such patients [see Dosage and Administration (2.1), Overdosage (10)].\nHepatic Impairment: The pharmacokinetics of dalbavancin were evaluated in 17 subjects with mild, moderate, or severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh class A, B or C) and compared to those in nine matched healthy subjects with normal hepatic function. The mean AUC0-336 hrs was unchanged in subjects with mild hepatic impairment compared to subjects with normal hepatic function; however, the mean AUC0-336 hrs decreased 28% and 31% in subjects with moderate and severe hepatic impairment respectively, compared to subjects with normal hepatic function. The clinical significance of the decreased AUC0-336 hrs in subjects with moderate and severe hepatic function is unknown.\nNo dosage adjustment is recommended for patients with mild hepatic impairment. Caution should be exercised when prescribing dalbavancin to patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment as no data are available to determine the appropriate dosing.\nGender: Clinically significant gender-related differences in dalbavancin pharmacokinetics have not been observed either in healthy subjects or in patients with infections. No dosage adjustment is recommended based on gender.\nGeriatric Patients: Clinically significant age-related differences in dalbavancin pharmacokinetics have not been observed in patients with infections. No dosage adjustment is recommended based solely on age.\nPediatric Patients: The pharmacokinetics of dalbavancin in pediatric populations <12 years of age have not been established.\nNonclinical studies demonstrated that dalbavancin is not a substrate, inhibitor, or inducer of CYP450 isoenzymes. In a population pharmacokinetic analysis, dalbavancin pharmacokinetics were not affected by co-administration with known CYP450 substrates, inducers or inhibitors, nor by individual medications including acetaminophen, aztreonam, fentanyl, metronidazole, furosemide, proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole, lansoprazole), midazolam, and simvastatin.\nDalbavancin, a semisynthetic lipoglycopeptide, interferes with cell wall synthesis by binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of the stem pentapeptide in nascent cell wall peptidoglycan, thus preventing cross-linking. Dalbavancin is bactericidal in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes at concentrations similar to those sustained throughout treatment in humans treated according to the recommended dosage regimen.\nThe development of bacterial isolates resistant to dalbavancin has not been observed, either in vitro, in studies using serial passage, or in animal infection experiments.\nWhen tested in vitro, dalbavancin demonstrated synergistic interactions with oxacillin and did not demonstrate antagonistic or synergistic interactions with any of the following antibacterial agents of various classes: gentamicin, vancomycin, levofloxacin, clindamycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, linezolid, aztreonam, rifampin or daptomycin. The clinical significance of these in vitro findings is unknown.\nDalbavancin has been shown to be active against the following microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections [see Indications and Usage (1)].\nThe following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown. In addition, at least 90% of organisms in the following bacteria exhibit an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) less than or equal to the dalbavancin susceptible breakpoint of 0.25 mcg/mL. However, the safety and efficacy of dalbavancin in treating clinical infections due to these bacteria have not been established in adequate well-controlled clinical trials.\nLong-term studies in animals to determine the carcinogenic potential of dalbavancin have not been conducted.\nDalbavancin was not genotoxic in a bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) assay, a mammalian HGPRT gene mutation assay, an in vitro chromosome aberration assay in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, or an in vivo mouse micronucleus assay.\nImpaired fertility in the rat was not observed at a dose of 15 mg/kg/day (1.2 times the human dose on an exposure basis). Reductions in male and female fertility and increased embryo resorptions occurred at a dose of 45 mg/kg/day (3.5 times the human dose on an exposure basis), at which signs of parental toxicity were also observed.\nIncreases in serum levels of liver enzymes (ALT, AST), associated with microscopic findings in the liver were noted in toxicology studies in rats and dogs where dalbavancin was administered daily for 28 to 90 days. Hepatocellular necrosis was observed in dogs dosed at ≥10 mg/kg/day for longer than 2 months, i.e., at approximately 5 to 7 times the expected human dose on an exposure basis. Histiocytic vacuolation and hepatocyte necrosis were observed in rats dosed daily at 40 and 80 mg/kg/day, respectively, for 4 weeks, (approximately 3 and 6 times the expected human dose on an exposure basis, respectively). In addition, renal toxicity characterized by increases in serum BUN and creatinine and microscopic kidney findings was observed in rats and dogs at doses 5 to 7 times the expected human dose on an exposure basis. The relationship between these findings in the animal toxicology studies after 28 and 90 consecutive days of dosing to the indicated clinical dosing of 2 doses 7 days apart are unclear.\nAdult patients with ABSSSI were enrolled in two Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy clinical trials of similar design (Trial 1 and Trial 2). The Intent-to-Treat (ITT) population included 1,312 randomized patients. Patients were treated for two weeks with either a two-dose regimen of intravenous Dalvance (1000 mg followed one week later by 500 mg) or intravenous vancomycin (1000 mg or 15 mg/kg every 12 hours, with the option to switch to oral linezolid after 3 days). Dalvance-treated patients with creatinine clearance of less than 30 mL/min received 750 mg followed one week later by 375 mg. Approximately 5% of patients also received a protocol-specified empiric course of treatment with intravenous aztreonam for coverage of Gram-negative pathogens.\nThe specific infections in these trials included cellulitis (approximately 50% of patients across treatment groups), major abscess (approximately 30%), and wound infection (approximately 20%). The median lesion area at baseline was 341 cm2. In addition to local signs and symptoms of infection, patients were also required to have at least one systemic sign of disease at baseline, defined as temperature 38°C or higher (approximately 85% of patients), white blood cell count greater than 12,000 cells/mm3 (approximately 40%), or 10% or more band forms on white blood cell differential (approximately 23%). Across both trials, 59% of patients were from Eastern Europe and 36% of patients were from North America. Approximately 89% of patients were Caucasian and 58% were males. The mean age was 50 years and the mean body mass index was 29.1 kg/m2.\nThe primary endpoint of these two ABSSSI trials was the clinical response rate where responders were defined as patients who had no increase from baseline in lesion area 48 to 72 hours after initiation of therapy, and had a temperature consistently at or below 37.6° C upon repeated measurement. Table 5 summarizes overall clinical response rates in these two ABSSSI trials using the pre-specified primary efficacy endpoint in the ITT population.\n1 There were 7 patients who did not receive treatment and were counted as non-responders: 6 Dalvance patients (3 in each trial) and one vancomycin/linezolid patient in Trial 2.\n2 Patients who died or used non-study antibacterial therapy or had missing measurements were classified as non-responders.\n3 The 95% Confidence Interval (CI) is computed using the Miettinen and Nurminen approach, stratified by baseline fever status.\nA key secondary endpoint in these two ABSSSI trials evaluated the percentage of ITT patients achieving a 20% or greater reduction in lesion area from baseline at 48-72 hours after initiation of therapy. Table 6 summarizes the findings for this endpoint in these two ABSSSI trials.\n1 There were 7 patients (as described in Table 5) who did not receive treatment and were counted as non-responders.\n3 The 95% CI is computed using the Miettinen and Nurminen approach, stratified by baseline fever status.\nAnother secondary endpoint in these two ABSSSI trials was the clinical success rate assessed at a follow-up visit occurring between Days 26 to 30. Clinical Success at this visit was defined as having a decrease in lesion size (both length and width measurements), a temperature of 37.6° C or lower, and meeting pre-specified criteria for local signs: purulent discharge and drainage absent or mild and improved from baseline, heat/warmth & fluctuance absent, swelling/induration & tenderness to palpation absent or mild.\nTable 7 summarizes clinical success rates at a follow-up visit for the ITT and clinically evaluable population in these two ABSSSI trials. Note that there are insufficient historical data to establish the magnitude of drug effect for antibacterial drugs compared with placebo at the follow-up visits. Therefore, comparisons of Dalvance to vancomycin/linezolid based on clinical success rates at these visits cannot be utilized to establish non-inferiority.\n1 There were 7 patients (as described in Table 5) who did not receive treatment and were counted as failures in the analysis.\n2 Patients who died, used non-study antibacterial therapy, or had an unplanned surgical intervention 72 hours after the start of therapy were classified as Clinical Failures.\nTable 8 shows outcomes in patients with an identified baseline pathogen, using pooled data from Trials 1 and 2 in the microbiological ITT (microITT) population. The outcomes shown in the table are clinical response rates at 48 to 72 hours and clinical success rates at follow-up (Day 26 to 30), as defined above.\nAll Dalvance dosing regimens in Trials 1 and 2 consisted of two doses.\n1 There were 2 patients in the Dalvance arm with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus at baseline who did not receive treatment and were counted as non-responders/failures.\n2 Early Responders are patients who had no increase from baseline in lesion area 48 to 72 hours after initiation of therapy, and had a temperature consistently at or below 37.6° C upon repeated measurement.\nAdult patients with ABSSSI were enrolled in a Phase 3, double-blind, clinical trial. The ITT population included 698 patients who were randomized to Dalvance treatment with either a single 1500 mg dose or a two-dose regimen of 1000 mg followed one week later by 500 mg (Trial 3). Patients with creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min had their dose adjusted (Section 2.2). Approximately 5% of patients also received a protocol-specified empiric course of treatment with intravenous aztreonam for coverage of Gram-negative pathogens. The specific infections and other patient characteristics in this trial were similar to those described above for previous ABSSSI trials.\nThe primary endpoint in this ABSSSI trial was the clinical response rate where responders were defined as patients who had at least a 20% decrease from baseline in lesion area 48 to 72 hours after randomization without receiving any rescue antibacterial therapy. The secondary endpoint was the clinical success rate at a follow-up visit occurring between Days 26 and 30, with clinical success defined as having at least a 90% decrease from baseline in lesion size, a temperature of 37.6° C or lower, and meeting pre-specified criteria for local signs: purulent discharge and drainage absent or mild and improved from baseline (for patients with wound infections), heat/warmth and fluctuance absent, swelling/induration and tenderness to palpation absent or mild. Table 9 summarizes results for these two endpoints in the ITT population. Note that there are insufficient historical data to establish the magnitude of drug effect for antibacterial drugs compared with placebo at the follow-up visit. Therefore, comparisons between treatment groups based on clinical success rates at this visitcannot be utilized to establish non-inferiority.\n1 There were 3 patients in the two-dose group who did not receive treatment and were counted as non-responders.\n3 The 95% Confidence Interval (CI) is computed using the Miettinen and Nurminen approach.\nTable 10 shows outcomes in patients with an identified baseline pathogen from Trial 3 in the microbiological ITT (microITT) population. The outcomes shown in the table are clinical response rates at 48 to 72 hours and clinical success rates at follow-up (Day 26 to 30), as defined above.\nIn Trials 1, 2, and 3, all patients had blood cultures obtained at baseline. A total of 40 ABSSSI patients who received Dalvance had bacteremia at baseline caused by one or more of the following bacteria: 26 S. aureus (21 MSSA and 5 MRSA), 6 S. agalactiae, 7 S. pyogenes, 2 S. anginosus group, and 1 E. faecalis. In patients who received Dalvance, a total of 34/40 (85%) were clinical responders at 48-72 hours and 32/40 (80%) were clinical successes at Day 26 to 30.\nUnreconstituted Dalvance (dalbavancin) for injection should be stored at 25ºC (77ºF); excursions permitted to 15 to 30ºC (59 to 86ºF) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].\nPatients should be advised that allergic reactions, including serious allergic reactions, could occur, and that serious allergic reactions require immediate treatment. Patients should inform their healthcare provider about any previous hypersensitivity reactions to Dalvance, or other glycopeptides.\nPatients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs including Dalvance should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When Dalvance is prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of treatment, and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by Dalvance and other antibacterial drugs in the future.\nPatients should be advised that diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibacterial drugs and usually resolves when the drug is discontinued. Sometimes, frequent watery or bloody diarrhea may occur and may be a sign of a more serious intestinal infection. If severe watery or bloody diarrhea develops, patients should contact their healthcare provider.\nDalvance® is a registered trademark of Durata Therapeutics Holding C.V., an Allergan affiliate.\n© 2018 Allergan. All rights reserved."}
+{"text": "We just finished our second eight-week session of ballet at the local community center.\n...and their baby brother too.\nSomeone sure does love his new big boy bed.\nHis sisters think it's pretty cool too.\nLots of growin' up going on around here.\nLots of mixed emotions too.\nWhat's not to love about chocolate chip pancakes?\nAnd what not to love about that face?"}
+{"text": "Will the No No Hair Removal System Work for you?\nWhen people see a new hair removal system that they have not tried, one of the first things they usually wonder is if the system will work for them. The No No Hair Removal system is one of these systems, as so many people use it and say it works for them.\nWill the No No Hair Removal system work for you, or will you be one of the few people that does not see results?\nWhat color is your hair? -- If you have darker hair that is coarse or thick, you will notice the No No Hair Removal system will work quickly for you. If you have lighter hair, it will take a little more time to work and, if you have blonde hair, it will not work at all. Be sure the type of hair you have is the hair that the manufacturer says the NoNo Hair Removal system works on before you buy it.\nCan you commit to daily use? -- Another reason for the No No Hair Removal system working or not working is the amount of commitment you are able to give to using the product.\nThis means it will generally work for you, just like it works for almost everyone else, if you are willing to commit to using it. That means, while you only have to use it for five to 10 minutes every day, you do have to use it every day for at least the first few weeks.\nLong-term use -- The people who say the No No Hair Removal system does not work are usually the ones that do not commit to using it. This is because you will need to use the No No Hair Removal system for several months if you want to get the results promised by the manufacturer."}
+{"text": "There are all sorts of things I learn that don’t have a category. This is where I stuff them. Hopefully they start to form groups over time… but hey, maybe not."}
+{"text": "Most people are familiar with the sudden pain of a muscle cramp. The rapid, uncontrolled contraction, or spasm, happens unexpectedly, with either no stimulation or some trivially small one.\nThe muscle contraction and pain lasts for several minutes, and then slowly eases. Cramps may affect any muscle, but are most common in the calves, feet, and hands. While painful, they are harmless, and in most cases, not related to any underlying disorder. Nonetheless, cramps and spasms can be manifestations of many neurological or muscular diseases.\nThe terms cramp and spasm can be somewhat vague, and they are sometimes used to include types of abnormal muscle activity other than sudden painful contraction. These include stiffness at rest, slow muscle relaxation, and spontaneous contractions of a muscle at rest (fasciculation). Fasciculation is a type of painless muscle spasm, marked by rapid, uncoordinated contraction of many small muscle fibers. A critical part of diagnosis is to distinguish these different meanings and to allow the patient to describe the problem as precisely as possible.\nNormal voluntary muscle contraction begins when electrical signals are sent from the brain through the spinal cord along nerve cells called motor neurons (Nerve cells within the central nervous system that carry nerve impulses controlling muscle movement). These include both the upper motor neurons within the brain and the lower motor neurons (nerve cells within the central nervous system that carry nerve impulses controlling muscle movement) within the spinal cord and leading out to the muscle. At the muscle, chemicals released by the motor neuron stimulate the internal release of calcium ions from stores within the muscle cell. These calcium ions then interact with muscle proteins within the cell, causing the proteins (actin and myosin) to slide past one another. This motion pulls their fixed ends closer, thereby shortening the cell and, ultimately, the muscle itself. Recapture of calcium and unlinking of actin and myosin allows the muscle fiber to relax.\nAbnormal contraction may be caused by abnormal activity at any stage in this process. Certain mechanisms within the brain and the rest of the central nervous system help regulate contraction. Interruption of these mechanisms can cause spasm. Motor neurons that are overly sensitive may fire below their normal thresholds. The muscle membrane itself may be over sensitive, causing contraction without stimulation. Calcium ions may not be recaptured quickly enough, causing prolonged contraction.\nInteruption of brain mechanisms and overly sensitive motor neurons may result from damage to the nerve pathways. Possible causes include stroke, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, neurodegenerative diseases, trauma, spinal cord injury, and nervous system poisons such as strychnine, tetanus, and certain insecticides. Nerve damage may lead to a prolonged or permanent muscle shortening called contracture.\nProlonged exercise: Curiously, relaxation of a muscle actually requires energy to be expended. The energy is used to recapture calcium and to unlink actin and myosin. Normally, sensations of pain and fatigue signal that it is time to rest. Ignoring or overriding those warning signals can lead to such severe energy depletion that the muscle cannot be relaxed, causing a cramp. The familiar advice about not swimming after a heavy meal, when blood flow is directed away from the muscles, is intended to avoid this type of cramp. Rigor mortis, the stiffness of a corpse within the first 24 hours after death, is also due to this phenomenon.\nDehydration and Salt Depletion: This may be brought on by protracted vomiting or diarrhea, or by copious sweating during prolonged exercise, especially in high temperatures. Loss of fluids and salts--especially sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium--can disrupt ion balances in both muscle and nerves. This can prevent them from responding and recovering normally, and can lead to cramp.\nMetabolic disorders that affect the energy supply in muscle. These are inherited diseases in which particular muscle enzymes are deficient. They include deficiencies of myophosphorylase (McArdle's disease), phosphorylase b kinase, phosphofructokinase, phosphoglycerate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase.\nMyotonia: This causes stiffness due to delayed relaxation of the muscle, but does not cause the spontaneous contraction usually associated with cramps. However, many patients with myotonia do experience cramping from exercise. Symptoms of myotonia are often worse in the cold. Myotonias include myotonic dystrophy, myotonia congenita, paramyotonia congenita, and neuromyotonia.\nThe pain of a muscle cramp is intense, localized, and often debilitating Coming on quickly, it may last for minutes and fade gradually. Contractures develop more slowly, over days or weeks, and may be permanent if untreated. Fasciculations may occur at rest or after muscle contraction, and may last several minutes.\nMost cases of simple cramps require no treatment other than patience and stretching. Gently and gradually stretching and massaging the affected muscle may ease the pain and hasten recovery.\nMore prolonged or regular cramps may be treated with drugs such as carbamazepine, phenytoin, or quinine. Fluid and salt replacement, either orally or intravenously, is used to treat dehydration. Treatment of underlying metabolic or neurologic disease, where possible, may help relieve symptoms.\nCramps may be treated or prevented with Gingko (Ginkgo biloba) or Japanese quince (Chaenomeles speciosa). Supplements of vitamin E, niacin, calcium, and magnesium may also help. Taken at bedtime, they may help to reduce the likelihood of night cramps.\nThe likelihood of developing cramps may be reduced by eating a healthy diet with appropriate levels of minerals, and getting regular exercise to build up energy reserves in muscle. Avoiding exercising in extreme heat helps prevent heat cramps. Heat cramps can also be avoided by taking salt tablets and water before prolonged exercise in extreme heat. Taking a warm bath before bedtime may increase circulation to the legs and reduce the incidence of night-time leg cramps."}
+{"text": "Common ground : Really moving ; Layers of the earth ; Minerals ; The rock cycle ; Fossils ; Landforms ; Mountains ; North American landscapes ; Field succession ; Loose landscape painting -- 2. After completing Farm Anatomy, she got inspired to continue with what she was doing. See the world in a new way! Additionally, this was beautiful to look at. Take a hike : Anatomy of a deciduous tree ; Anatomy of a trunk ; Leaf identification ; North American trees ; Beautiful bark ; Some flowers, cones, seeds, and fruits of trees ; Printing patterns ; Anatomy of a fern ; Pretty, pretty lichen ; Mysterious mosses ; Waterbears ; Mycelium ; Anatomy of a mushroom ; Marvelous mushrooms ; Rotting log ; Foraging in the forest -- 5. In my childhood I would be obsessed with this book, and I would bring it on every camping trip and road trip. That's precisely what illustrator extraordinaire Julia Rothman and her collaborators Jenny Volvovski and Matt Lamothe celebrate in The Who, the What, and the When- an illuminating inventory of the little-known champions behind a wide range of cultural icons. Just visit my Amazon profile for the link.\nIt gives a reader friendly general overview of the planet including but not limited to rock cycles, insect anatomy, water bodies, animal adaptation, macro and micro fossils, mushroom anatomy, weather, bird eggs, seashells, and more. Have Such a beautiful fascinating book! If you — or your nature players — have ever wanted to see how mountains are formed, wondered about cloud formations, the life cycle of a mushroom, or the different feathers on a bird, this is the book for you!. Table of Contents Introduction Chapter 1 Common Ground Really Moving - Layers of the Earth - Minerals - The Rock Cycle - Fossils - Landforms - Mountains - North American Landscapes - Field Succession - Loose Landscape Painting Chapter 2 What's Up? In my childhood I would be obsessed with this book, and I would bring it on every camping trip and road trip. Reading this book was kinda like that. She shows it all Some people are blessed with a cool aunt or cool uncle, one that takes you on hikes and catches bugs with you to study. Synopsis See the world in a new way! Remember that fascination with the world around you? Read it, you'd be happy you did : I truly loved this book.\nPint-size epicures will, by contrast, savor the consonant potential of dishes such as tonnato, tournedos and tostadas. Julia Rothman is your cool aunt. Adjust for individual reading level. I have taught most of the content of this book to middle school science classes, and learned even more of it from just growing up in an area where my parents pushed me outside and I had ecologically diverse mountains in my backyard. A set of graphical representations proposed by a scientist. The one rule: Before putting pen to paper, each artist is only allowed to see the panel that precedes his or her own.\nIt has the same beautiful artwork, but with a wider range of topics which makes sense, since the natural world is so vast and varied. And the content, while it was stuff with which I am generally familiar, would be amazing and accessible for what I imagine is a vast majority of people, especially those who haven't taken a science class in years. Leído en la edición e No es un libro al uso, sino un montón de ilustraciones de la autora, agrupadas por temas, con textos que explican curiosidades. The E-mail message field is required. It is a good idea ruined by a failure of editing. The reason I did not give it five stars is because it would have been nice to have more detailed illustrations.\nBut it isn't as amazing as all the ratings I've seen make it out to be. Think 's , which is a masterful, humorous, knowledgeable take on these early heroes of computer science. But she is fascinated by food. Come close : Anatomy of a flower ; Anatomy of a bee ; Anatomy of a butterfly ; Metamorphosis ; Plants that attract butterflies ; Beautiful butterflies ; Colorful moths ; Sedges, rushes, grasses ; Grazing edibles ; Incredible insects and bugs abounding ; Spectacular spiders ; Anatomy of an ant -- 4. If you — or your nature players — have ever wanted to see how mountains are formed, wondered about cloud formations, the life cycle of a mushroom, or the different feathers on a bird, this is the book for you! They will get much more out of the book that way. Nature Anatomy is more fun and simple. Combining ink lines with deeply saturated blocks of color, the uncluttered illustrations provide a stylish showcase of architectural structures, which are further explained in an appendix.\nSee more pictures of the book on my blog. I have taught most of the content of this book to middle school science classes, and learned even more of it from just growing up in an area where my parents pushed me outside and I had ecologically diverse mountains in my backyard. Whether read cover to cover or simply used as a reference, Nature Anatomy is sure to inspire every time it's opened. A little bird told me : Anatomy of a bird ; A bevy of birds ; Kinds of feathers ; Birdcalls ; a variety of nests ; Extraordinary eggs ; Intriguing bird behavior ; Birds of prey ; Owls ; Big birds ; A variety of beaks ; Water birds -- 7. You should buy a copy for the child in you, as well. With time and pressure, the minerals in the water are deposited into the structure of the organism and solidify, leaving behind a three-dimensional fossil. Warhola, who inspired her son Andy's fascination with groceries.\nA delicate black line describes the architecture with dexterity, allowing readers a glimpse of wonders that may await on their own journeys as they root for Brick to succeed on hers. I like the ink line styles with filled colours. She shows it all through beautiful illustrations and manages to make you feel such love for the nature around you, however small it is. Reading this book was kinda like that. It makes you wonder why textbooks aren't this fun to read. I read it with my toddler, and it reminded me of so much I used to know. All the bits of information are presented alongside Julia Rothman's simple but beautifully coloured illustrations.\nNature Anatomy was even better! It gives a reader friendly general overview of the planet including but not limited to rock cycles, insect anatomy, water bodies, animal adaptation, macro and micro fossils, mushroom anatomy, weather, bird eggs, seashells, and more. Reading it was a pure joy and it can teach you much about the world you have already explored but hadn't seen. Much like Farm Anatomy, Nature Anatomy is about 60% illustration and 40% text, but the information in this book is more dense and thus, more interesting. One that always seems to know something about everything, you know. I really enjoyed opening it up to read to them and share too."}
+{"text": "Image Title: Indoor Porcelain Wood Plank Tile Home Design Ideas Innovative For Plan 4. Filename: indoor-porcelain-wood-plank-tile-home-design-ideas-innovative-for-plan-4.jpg. Image Dimension: 864 x 661 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: Sid Price. Uploaded Date: Thursday - July 05th. 2018 07:36:11 AM. Category: Architecture. Image Source: lowes.com.\nTap The Thumbnail Bellow to See Related Gallery of \"Indoor Porcelain Wood Plank Tile Home Design Ideas Innovative For Plan 4\""}
+{"text": "The very talented Dr. April Lindner, Professor of English here at SJU, will read from her new novel LOVE, Lucy on Tuesday, February 24, 2015 during Free Period at the Library. Read on for a brief description of the book, as well as the terrific reviews the book has received.\nI could just disappear–lose myself in Florence.\nThe thought gave Lucy a delicious little shiver.\nShe could go anywhere, pick a new name for herself, become a whole new person.\nShe could learn Italian, apply for a job in a cafe, and never go home again.\nI could be whoever I want to be.\nWhile backpacking through Florence, Italy, during the summer before she heads off to college, Lucy Sommersworth finds herself falling in love with the culture, the architecture, the food…and Jesse Palladino, a handsome street musician. After a whirlwind romance, Lucy returns home, determined to move on from her “vacation flirtation.” But just because summer is over doesn’t mean Lucy and Jesse are over too.\nIn this coming of age romance, due out in January 2015, April Lindner perfectly captures the highs and lows of a summer love that might just be meant to last beyond the season.\nCareer Fair Week is Coming Up!\nYou have to see NewPages to really appreciate it. NewPages.com is news, information and guides to literary magazines, independent publishers, creative writing programs, alternative periodicals, indie bookstores, writing contests, and more. Their Call for Submissions list is pages long, as well as their Writing Contest opportunities. I’m not a serious writer, but I might just take a swing at one of their offerings. What have I got to lose? Take a look and let me know if anything jumps out at you. I know you have something that would wow those judges!\nMerion Matters is the company behind the popular ADVANCE brand, a leader in the healthcare industry for almost 30 years. We’re committed to serving the informational and career needs of millions of doctors, nurses and allied healthcare professionals through a wide range of products and services including magazines, websites, a retail shop, events, custom promotions and communications, hospital shows, conferences and partnerships. We offer corporate clients the opportunity to connect with and influence the healthcare market with effective, targeted and customized media, marketing and merchandise solutions. Join our award-winning team and touch the lives of millions of healthcare professionals. Visit us online at www.advanceweb.com.\nWe are seeking an Editorial Assistant to assist ADVANCE for Physical Therapy & Rehab Medicine and ADVANCE for Occupational Therapy Practitioners, serving our well-known publication and its supporting Web sites http://physical-therapy.advanceweb.com & http://occupational-therapy.advanceweb.com. ADVANCE for Physical Therapy & Rehab Medicine & ADVANCE for Occupational Therapy Practitioners provides timely, topical, balanced articles to connect rehab professionals with the latest issues surrounding the field.\nCreate and manage the entire site’s content, including: features, online columns, national news, blogs, resource centers, multimedia, etc.\nCoordinate special projects as needed, including digital editions, surveys, patient handouts, conference calendars, etc.\nWeb and multimedia samples are strongly preferred."}
+{"text": "I like Strogatz Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos.\nIt won't drag you though all kinds of mathematical PNing, but it does have sufficient structure and rigour that it's possible to do a self-study from it.\n\"It Can't Be Just About Us\"\n250 US$? You're being ripped off. I didn't pay more than 70 US$ (although that was back when the US$ was half again as expensive as it is now...). Call it a round hundred in today's exchange rates.\nEh? This one? £30 from Amazon.co.uk?\nBut hey, it's worth what I paid for it, so why am I complaining?\nThat appears to be the original edition, and there's a 2nd edition out, and yes the hardcover is indeed $265. On further investigation, I find the paperback's also available though, at $95.\nHmmm, no used editions. It'll have to wait then. I have lots of other reading lined up."}
+{"text": "This gamekeeper sprints for his life after disturbing a hungry hippo while it was stuffing its face. He fled as the angry three-ton beast – which can hit speeds of up to 30mph – charged at him, still with a mouthful of grass.\nThe keeper only managed to escape a nasty end with an impressive 100m dash – in flat work shoes.\nvia Curb your hippo! – mirror.co.uk.\nTwins born 51 hours apart… Wait. What?\nAfter giving birth to her son Ryan, Hayley Phillips thought it wouldn’t be too long before his twin brother followed. In fact, it took a further 51 hours – and a second labour for Miss Phillips – before Lewis eventually made his way into the world.\nThe twins – who as well as being born on different days also have different star signs – are now set to mark their first birthday, with Ryan, a Leo, celebrating tomorrow and Lewis, a Virgo, two days later on Tuesday.\nvia Twins who were born 51 hours apart Mail Online.\nAugust 23, 2009 Posted by oldstersview | astrology, Strange\t| Sun Signs, twins | Comments Off on Twins born 51 hours apart… Wait. What?"}
+{"text": "Expert help for those who are seriously overweight.\nObesity is a disease, not merely a symptom of something else like diet or lack of exercise. Many factors are associated with the disease of obesity, including physical, nutritional and psychological indications. That is why our program provides fully integrated, multidisciplinary services and staff to help our patients lose weight and live life.\nOur experienced multi-disciplinary team includes a nurse practitioner, clinical dietician, psychologist, and fitness instructor. Every patient receives an individualized plan that includes a range of nutritional and counseling support as well as fitness services. These are the tools needed for patients to be successful in their quest to improve their quality of life and overall health. We offer three weight loss surgery techniques, medically-supervised programs and a strong support system to help patients maintain their new weight.\nObesity is a disease. We are the cure.\nEast Orange General Hospital’s importance as a New Jersey community hospital and as an emerging premiere urban medical center has taken on increasing significance as neighboring communities have suffered the loss of their hospitals and more face financial difficulties in the region. The hospital has received full accreditation as a result of a survey by The Joint Commission, one of healthcare’s leading accrediting bodies. The accreditation is a national seal of approval that the Hospital meets high performance standards in quality, patient safety, treatment and services."}
+{"text": "Attitude is like a mental window of your life. Through which you can see the world. If you have a muddy window then you will face adversity in your life and blame your rotten luck. In reality, the problem was not in your rotten luck. It was in your faulty imagination. The best way to live your life is to keep cleaning your mental window.\nExample:“Sara went to the coffee shop. A few minutes later, Sam walked into the same coffee shop. Sam sat down at a table a few feet away from Sara. The same waitress served Sara and Sam. Each customer waited about the same amount of time before the waitress took the order. Each of them received their meal around the same time but that’s where the similarities ended.\nYou are a Human Magnet.\nLike attract like, we all know that. It is same with the mind. Your mind will attract the type of folk and circumstances, according to your dominant thought. The thoughts you keep repeating in your mind throughout the day become your dominant thought. These thoughts lead your life, attracting similar folks and circumstances to you.\nTo develop a positive attitude. You have to change dominant thoughts but you cannot change thought by saying ten seconds positive talk and the remaining hours putting garbage in your mind. A little positivity does not get the job done. Make a habit to think positive and constructive thought. It is the best way to change your faulty imagination or thought process.\nPicture your way to success.\nVisualization in the powerful key to produce thought in reality. Visualization is the process of creating a mental movie in your mind. It aids you to determine: type of relationship you want, a degree of success you want to achieve, the money you want to accumulate.\nUnfortunately, we are not aware of it and playing the same mental movie from our childhood that ruins our life.\nMake a Commitment and You Will Move Mountains.\nTo achieve something outstanding. You have to make a commitment. Making commitment helps you to pave your way towards your destination, and through hard work and persistent you can grasp the goal you set.\nOnce you committed to achieving something huge. You will create a mental movie of your success, which in turn attract people, event, and circumstances that help you to reach your goals.\nAdversity taught us to make certain changes in our life. In the meantime, we suffer from this changes but we do not know. It is blessing in disguise. Some habits you would accumulate through adversity.\nAdversity encourage us to make necessary changes in our life.\nAdversity aid you to withdraw hidden potential within you.\nAdversity teaches us to be grateful for the small things.\nAdversity teaches us to look world differently.\nAdversity helps us to build self-esteem and confidence.\nYour worlds Blaze a Trails.\nDo you think words can alter your life? In reality, words have hidden potential in it. The choice of words you made define your personality. Words have the ability to make your carrier or to destroy it. Depends upon the type of words you chose on daily basis.\nThe first step to change your life is to look the words you used on the daily basis in fields: Relationship, finance, Career, and health.\nExample: “Tom has a thought, ‘I am not very good when it comes to sales.’ Now, let’s remember that he does not have this thought only once. He is run it through his mind on a regular basis, maybe hundreds or thousands of times in his life.\nHow do you feel when someone (in your friend) pours all of his negativity onto you? I know what you are thinking. You would never try to meet him again. You should be aware of, the complaints you made. Complaints do not work in our favor instead of; it works against you in three ways.\nNo one wants to hear negativity.\nComplains attract complains and it increased your pain.\nComplain distract you from the constructive actions.\nThe folk you hang out with defining your future. That’s why. In childhood, our parents are much concern to meet with our friends. As they know, friends can greatly influence our life.\nConfront Your Fears and Grow.\nStretch yourself. Adopt a mindset that helps you acquire what you want. Remember, repetition is the key, like any other muscle. It will build up and encourage you to do something great.\nGet Out There and Fails.\nTo wear the crown of victory on your head! You must be willing to be failed. Successful folk knows to achieve something astounding. You must willing to fail and keep on doing something until you reached your destination.\nHere are the ten golden rules, you should pin in your mind.\nEffectively participate in a group or organization.\nDo not stop the flow of messages(keep in touch with each other peer).\nCongrats folk for their accomplishment.\nMake new friends in your field.\nHow to Stop Worrying and Start Living Summary."}
+{"text": "Cybercrime is on the rise and recent reports show an increase in law firms and clients being targeted by scammers, particularly in relation to conveyancing and probate fraud.\nAt Pinkney Grunwells, we are committed to protecting both you and our business from becoming victims of fraud. We are satisfied that our procedures are as robust as they can be and are placing increased focus on warning clients about the risk of cybercrime and ensuring staff are fully trained to identify the potential warning signs.\nFor more information and general tips on how to stay safe online, follow the links below or speak to the solicitor dealing with your case."}
+{"text": "Despite several recent advances, Streptococcus pneumoniae is still a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among very young, elderly and immunocompromised individuals all over the world. Pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) is a multifunctional lipoprotein present on all known serotypes of S. pneumoniae and is significantly involved in bacterial adherence and virulence. Mutations in PsaA reduce growth, virulence, and adherence of pathogen. Moreover, this protein inhibits complements activation, binds lactoferrin, and elicits protective systemic immunity against pneumococcal infection. Identification of PsaA peptides that optimally bind human leukocyte antigen (HLA) would greatly contribute to global vaccine efforts, but this is hindered by the multitude of HLA polymorphisms. We used an experimental data set of 28 PsaA synthetic peptides and in silico methods to predict peptide binding to HLA and murine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II. We also characterized spleen- and cervical lymph node (CLN)-derived helper T lymphocyte cytokine responses to these peptides after S. pneumoniae strain EF3030-challenge in mice. Individual, yet overlapping peptides, 15 amino acids in length revealed residues 231 to 268 of PsaA consistently caused the highest IFN- γ , IL-2, IL-5, IL-17 responses and proliferation as well as moderate IL-10 and IL-4 responses by ex vivo stimulated splenic and CLN CD4 + T cells isolated from S. pneumoniae strain EF3030-challenged F 1 (B6 x BALB/c) mice. IEDB, RANKPEP, SVMHC, MHCPred, and SYFPEITHI in silico analysis tools revealed that peptides PsaA231-268 also interact with a broad range of HLA-DP, -DQ, and -DR alleles. These data suggest that predicted MHC class II-peptide binding affinities not only correlate with T helper (Th) cytokine and proliferative responses to PsaA peptides, but when used together with in vivo validation can be a useful tool to choose candidate pneumococcal HTL epitopes."}
+{"text": "Should Applying for a US Passport Renewal Be on Your Fall To-Do List?\nIt’s finally fall. Summer’s over, kids are back in school, and it’s time to start thinking about the holidays. Should getting a US passport renewal be on your to-do list this fall? Possibly-check the expiration date, and keep in mind that the US Department of State recommends applying for a US passport renewal 9 months before your current passport expires.\nAll of Europe is on holiday in the summer, it seems-which makes the fall a particularly nice time to visit. Say “Ciao!” to long lines, crowds and stifling heat, and enjoy a quieter, more relaxed European vacation.\nWith world-class ski facilities like Whistler in British Columbia, Canada is an excellent place to hit the powder this fall and winter. Ski season in Canada generally begins in November and ends in April, so if you’re planning to go this year, now is an excellent time to apply for that US passport renewal. Under the WHTI, passports are required for US citizens flying into/out of Canada. When driving into/out of Canada, you need a passport, a passport card, an enhanced driver’s license, or another form of WHTI-compliant ID like a NEXUS, SENTRI or FAST card.\nIf you can’t bear to let go of that summer sunshine just yet, why not follow it? After all, September may mark the beginning of fall in the US, but great beach weather can still be found in the Caribbean, South America, or even further afield, in Thailand or Australia.\nAre you dreading the upcoming hustle and bustle of the holiday season? Sometimes, the best way to appreciate the holidays is to experience them somewhere else. Whether you just want to see the way another culture celebrates the holidays or you’d prefer to go all Ebenezer Scrooge and avoid them entirely, apply for a US passport renewal now and you’ll be all set!"}
+{"text": "If your website is not fast enough, people who are visiting it will feel and act in the exact same way that you and I would.\nMeaning, there will be a dose of irritation, which will convert in impatience. Those emotions will evoke action. Namely – bounce. Except in the cases where you really, really want or need to enter a website, you will most probably bounce, if it doesn’t load in, say, 4-5 seconds.\nThere are studies that show all this is caused by the high-speed internet and the way that all of our modern technologies work. Which, in essence, are reinforcing the craving of instant gratification, that all of us have.\nBut wait, there is more! The loading speed of your website is also crucial for your SEO. The search engines are trying to give their customers the best experience, so they are striving to put the most relevant and faster-loading website on the higher positions of their result pages.\nYou already know that you have to take care of the loading speed of your WordPress website, so let’s not waste time and dive into the WordPress Performance Optimization.\nThere are a lot of reasons to use WordPress Hosting. And if you are about to create a website on WordPress probably the best thing you can do is to do so using WordPress Hosting. Doing so will optimize the performance of your WordPress website.\nStart your blog in less than 20 minutes!\nWhen you visit a website, your browser (most of them) is caching the content you see. Meaning, it temporary stores web documents like HTML pages and image. This information technology is used in order for the server lag to be reduced.\nYet, WordPress’ pages are dynamically built every time someone visits your website. That results in a bit of lag because the CMS has to request from the database the information need for the page to be constructed and displayed.\nTo overcome this lag, you’ll need to install a plugin. And as probably all of the features that you can add to your WordPress, there are a vast number of plugins that you can use.\nMy personal preferences are leading me towards WP Super Cache. Mainly because it’s easy to set it up and yet, the result is noticeable.\nKeeping your WordPress updated is as much important for the security of your site, as it is for its performance. By keeping up to date you’ll get all the new features of the CMS but will also make it reliable and faster.\nOf course, not all updates are making your website faster, but every once in a while an update will address that, and your website should be updated when that happens. This is one more thing you can do to optimize your WordPress performance.\nImages are really important part of your content and the overall look and feel of a website. But if they are not optimized for web, you’ll have a hard time retaining visitors on your website.\nImages have two main metrics to be observed. Size of resolution and size of the file. An image, if optimized, can have nearly the same resolution as its original but the file size could be shrunk enormously.\nThis is an important step because no matter how big an image is, in sense of resolution, if it is not optimized, in sense of file size, it could delay the delivery of your content to the visitors. And we all know, delivery delay is always annoying.\nThere are a lot of ways of optimizing images. One of which is, of course, Photoshop. I would recommend you to use. JPEG file format. But if you are not familiar with Photoshop, you can use other tools. Some of them are free and a lot simpler than Photoshop.\nWhen you are creating posts or pages, and you are constantly updating (and saving) your work, all the revisions are saved in the database of your website.\nAs you can guess, all these revisions of your content are taking up space and loading time, so you will be better off without them.\nThere are, of course, plugins that can and will take care of all those revisions, but you can simply add a line of code into your wp-config.php file and achieve the exact same result. Plus, you won’t install a plugin. Thus, the space liberated from the revisions won’t be taken from the plugin.\nIt will limit your WordPress Installation to save only the last 4 revisions of each post or page and delete all the previous ones.\nLearn more about how WordPress works. Check out AwardSpace’s WordPress Tutorials.\nThe loading speed of your website is crucial to the success of all you do online. Thus, you always have to take care of your WordPress’ performance.\nThere are tools that will allow you to track your WordPress Hosting performance.\nOptimizing your WordPress website is an ongoing process that you have to take care of, on regular basis. Thus, you can follow the guidelines above, and track the performance afterward.\nDoing so will make your website visitors thankful and your projects will flourish."}
+{"text": "A once-in-a-decade upgrade to our wireless systems is coming this year.\nThe technology world is already abuzz with excitement about the transition to 5G in 2019.\nBut those of you who might not be as tech-obsessed may have some questions about what 5G is and why it’s such a big deal.\nWe break it down for you in this week’s Tech on Tuesday.\nFifth-generation cellular networks, or 5G for short, is a set of technical ground rules which define the workings of a cellular network. This includes the radio frequency used and how things like computer chips and antennas handle radio signals and exchange data.\nEngineers from various companies have been meeting to agree on new specifications for cell networks since the first cellphones were demonstrated in the 1970s.\nBut it doesn’t just affect your smartphones. Other devices like industrial robots, security cameras, drones and cars that send traffic data to one another will all see the impact of 5G.\nIt’s safe to say 5G will be noticeably faster than our current 4G, but just how fast will that be?\nQualcomm, the wireless chip maker, told the New York Times it had shown peak 5G download speeds of 4.5 gigabits, but expect initial median speeds of about 1.4 gigabits. That is about 20 times faster than the current 4G experience.\nUsers will especially notice the 5G speeds in higher-quality streaming video.\nQualcomm says downloading a standard movie at the median speed will take 17 seconds with 5G, as opposed to six minutes to download for 4G.\nWhen will we see 5G in the U.S.?\nWhile the precise timing is unclear, smartphone users in the United States should see 5G by the second quarter of 2019.\nAT&T has already switched on mobile 5G service in 12 cities, but right now smartphones aren’t ready for a direct connection to 5G networks. Until then, AT&T will market a 5G hot-spot device to funnel wireless broadband connections to nearby phones and computers.\nRight now, the first Samsung smartphones for AT&T’s 5G network is expected to be available in the first half of this year. Apple users may have to wait a little longer, as analysts predict iPhones with 5G capabilities won’t arrive until 2020."}
+{"text": "A hot day spent at the Shuttleworth RAF 100 which was rather disappointing when the visiting modern aircraft were parked along the crowd line really restricting the view. Then of course there was the damage done to property and to people hit by flying debris when a foresaid modern plane G-ILZZ open both engines up to turn round, not once but twice.\nThey really need to plan this far better as what could have been a really enjoyable day was spoilt by, ............ the equivalent to Boy Racers."}
+{"text": "11 lisinopril dosage levels Rev. J. Spear, Bargentown, Gloucester couRty, N. J.\n14 lisinopril 10 mg recall attendants or family. The operation was performed by Dr.\n17 side effects of stopping lisinopril hctz 456-471. Also, transl. : Deutsche iiied. Wchnschr., Leipz."}
+{"text": "RE/COVER Green is made of high-grade ecological elastomers and 90% regenerative raw materials like castor and rapeseed oil.\nWith there being a growing demand of acting in an ecological and sustainable manner within the Architecture and Interior Design industries, Vorwerk Carpets has launched a new Organic Elastic Flooring named ‘RE/COVER Green’.\nRE/COVER Green is made of high-grade ecological elastomers and 90% regenerative raw materials. One basic component is castor and rapeseed oil from the seeds of the tropical castor oil tree. The Organic Polyols extracted from castor and rapeseed oil replaces the PVCs which are used for conventional flooring design.\nGerman ecological products and technologies are innovative, reliable and assume a pioneering role on an International scale. The organic flooring is extremely durable and resistant to wear and tear. This makes for an excellent choice for heavy-duty workload areas such as offices, retailing, healthcare, hotels or public-access buildings.\nThere are 60 unique styles and designs, providing a wide variety of ecological and unique floor options to fulfil high aesthetic standards.\nPlain Hued Styles: The Plain Hued styles are Monochrome, giving a discreet sparkling effect. This is inspired by a water surface in motion and a lively appearance as it slightly reflects the surroundings.\nPrinted Styles: Interpretations of woods, stone and metal.\nParts: Available in three different sizes and allows various plank formats to be combined. The textures interpret materials from nature and the environment in different degrees of abstraction.\nRE/COVER Green fulfils all ecological specifications and a combination of seals for quality approval."}
+{"text": "Enjoyment doesn’t need reasons per se and I’m sure most of the house parties see the wee hours of the morning. So when you have friends over at your place, it is obvious for you to munch on some snacks and grab some Beers, right? Oh no… give the beer a pass and bring in some mouth watering Rum Cocktails!\nRum is available in various types like white rum, gold rum, dark rum, spiced rum, flavored rum, overproof rum, and premium rum. These are sure to meet the taste buds of every kind of person. So enliven your party with some of these Rum Cocktails and make the party worth remembering. Let’s indulge in some Rum Therapy with these easy cocktail recipes.\nMix up all the ingredients in a highball glass filled with ice. Garnish with lime wedge.\nPour all ingredients into a shaker with ice cubes and serve in chilled cocktail glass. Garnish with half lime slice.\nPour the white rum into a pitcher, add the powdered sugar, and stir well to dissolve. Add the finely chopped mango, orange and lime juice, and stir well to combine.\nPut 4 ice cubes and a spoon into each glass, pour in the drink, making certain that the mango pieces are divided equally and serve.\nPour all ingredients into shaker filled with ice. Shake well. Pour into highball glass, filled with ice. Garnish with cocktail cherry and pineapple.\nBlend all the ingredients with crushed ice until smooth. Pour into chilled poco grande glass, garnished with a pineapple slice and serve.\nMix up the mint sprigs with sugar and lime juice. Add rum and top it with some soda water. Garnish with sprig of mint leaves, served with a straw in a collins glass.\nMemorise these recipes and flaunt your enviable rum mixing skills!\nLeftover Dal Recipes to Give Your Taste Buds a Treat!"}
+{"text": "This new music video is for Nas’ single Bye Baby. This song appears on the recently released album Life Is Good You can download the album here.\nBelow is Big Shug’s War In The Club track produced by Lee Bannon. This song appears on the recently released I.M. 4-Eva album: You can download the album here.\nThe American People Just Don’t Like Mitt…Republicans Trying To Lose?\nRapsody dropped a visual for her single Kind Of Love [produced by 9th Wonder]. Rapsody’s latest project The Idea of Beautiful is currently available on iTunes."}
+{"text": "* Action to send a note to the specified user.\nThe code is not updated, i will update now. Sorry, my mistake.\n* Action to load all the users notes given by admin/moderators.\nAh, my bad! Thanks Fuhrmann - Up and running again now!\nThat's true. Thanks ragtek. Always helping!"}
+{"text": "Olemme kumppanoituneet alan parhaiden ratkaisuiden ja tuotteiden valmistajien kanssa voidaksemme tarjota asiakkaillemme korkealaatuiset välineet tietoturvauhkien kartoitukseen, riskien pienentämiseen ja hallintaan alati digitalisoituvassa ja verkottuvassa maailmassa sekä tehostamaan toimintaa ja tietotekniikan monipuolista käyttöä päivittäisessä toiminnassa.\nCentrify is a leader in securing enterprise identities against cyberthreats that target today’s hybrid IT environment of cloud, mobile and on-premises. Centrify helps protect against the leading point of attack used in data breaches―compromised credentials—by securing an enterprise’s users as well as its privileged accounts.\nBitrix24 is a collaboration platform launched in 2012. Bitrix24 provides a complete suite of social collaboration, communication and management tools for your team, including CRM, files sharing, project management, calendars, and more. Bitrix24 is available in cloud and on premise.\nF-Secure is a European cyber security company with decades of experience in defending enterprises and consumers against everything from opportunistic ransomware infections to advanced cyber attacks. Its comprehensive set of services and award-winning products use F-Secure’s patented security innovations and sophisticated threat intelligence to protect tens of thousands of companies and millions of people. F-Secure’s security experts have participated in more European cyber crime scene investigations than any other company in the market, and its products are sold all over the world by over 200 operators and thousands of resellers.\nKaspersky Lab is a global cybersecurity company founded in 1997. Kaspersky Lab’s deep threat intelligence and security expertise is constantly transforming into security solutions and services to protect businesses, critical infrastructure, governments and consumers around the globe. The company’s comprehensive security portfolio includes leading endpoint protection and a number of specialized security solutions and services to fight sophisticated and evolving digital threats. Over 400 million users are protected by Kaspersky Lab technologies and we help 270,000 corporate clients protect what matters most to them. Most tested. Most awarded. Kaspersky Lab Protection.\nToday, Lenovo is a US$34 billion personal technology company and the world’s largest PC vendor. We have more than 33,000 employees in more than 60 countries serving customers in more than 160 countries. A global Fortune 500 company, we have headquarters in Beijing, China and Morrisville, North Carolina, U.S.; major research centers in Yokohama, Japan; Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan and Shenzhen, China; and Morrisville; and we have manufacturing around the world from Greensboro, North Carolina and Monterrey, Mexico to India, China and Brazil.\nWe make the best known PC notebook in the world. It’s a ThinkPad—and in 20 years, more than 90 million of them have been sold.\nIBM, frequently referred to as “Big Blue,” got its start in hardware and prospered in that business for decades, becoming the top supplier of mainframe computers. Over the years, the company shifted its focus from hardware to software and services. By the 2010s, IBM further modified its business mix to emphasize such fields as cloud-based services and cognitive computing. IBM Watson, a cognitive system, has become the company’s high-visibility offering in the latter technology segment.\nIBM, while still a major IT player, has lost the dominance it enjoyed during the mainframe era. The company, as of October 2016, had seen 18 consecutive quarters of revenue declines amid its transition into new technologies and lines of business. IBM had a 2015 revenue of $81.7 billion compared with $106.9 billion in 2011."}
+{"text": "We build custom software to unleash your business.\nYou know what your business needs.\nWhen your needs call for custom software development, you may not have the expertise to design and build software systems in-house. We do, and we deliver exceptional results.\nWe’ll sort out your software design & development needs. We couple best practices with holistic innovation and apply it to your domain, so you can focus on other important things.\nWe’ll help you launch your own SaaS offering.\nWe’ll build custom software for your enterprise.\nNeed help doing something specific with OACC?\nWhy get support for an open-source framework?\nOACC - pronounced [oak] - is our advanced open-source Java™ Application Security Framework that provides a rich API to both enforce and manage your authorization needs. OACC is a permission based authorization framework for Java™ applications. In a nutshell, OACC allows your application to enforce security by answering the question: Is entity 'A' allowed to perform action 'p' on entity 'B'?\nBecause OACC is a complete access control framework it does not require DIY implementation to enable the programmatic and dynamic modeling of fine-grained authorization. It features a fully implemented RDBMS-backed data store for its security model, which the API manages for you behind the scenes.\nCopyright © 2007-2016 Acciente LLC. All rights reserved. All trademarks are the property of their respective owners."}
+{"text": "n. 1. (Anat.) A muscle which surrounds, and by its contraction tends to close, a natural opening; as, the sphincter of the bladder.\na. 1. (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a sphincter; as, a sphincter muscle.\nA round muscle that opens and closes to let fluid or other matter pass into or out of an organ. Sphincter muscles keep the bladder closed until it is time to urinate."}
+{"text": "The Michigan State Spartans have announced a future football series called “Celebrate the State.” Between 2011 and 2020, the Spartans will face Central Michigan, Eastern Michigan and Western Michigan four times each.\nThe Spartans will host the Eagles in East Lansing in 2012, 2014 and 2016. In either 2018 or 2020, the Spartans will travel to face the Eagles at Rynearson Stadium.\nMichigan State is 8-0-0 all-time against Eastern Michigan.\nMichigan State will host Central Michigan in East Lansing in 2011, 2015 and 2018. The Spartans will travel to face the Chippewas at Kelly/Shorts Stadium in 2012.\nThe Spartans are 4-3-0 all-time against the Chippewas.\nThe Spartans will host the Broncos in East Lansing in 2013, 2017 and 2019. In 2015, the Broncos will host the Spartans at Waldo Stadium.\nMichigan State is 8-2-0 all-time against Western Michigan, and the Spartans have won the last 6 meetings."}
+{"text": "This Episode offers 2 exclusive DJ Sets. On Demand streaming is enabled. The music is wonderful!! Please, enjoy!\nGabriel Filip began his journey in music from a young age in Romania where he always had an interest drawn towards electronic music. This was due to the influence he aspired from his social surroundings and friends, who at the time were involved in this particular style. At the age of 14 his inspiration was sparked after visiting a friend who was also involved in electronic music and had developed his skill to be able to show Gabriel various programs, techniques and styles directed on the working process of developing this style of music through various softwares. A year after being involved in this working process, he then decided to form a band in the city with another two members and named the group ‘Electric sound’.\nAfter a valuable time in broadening his knowledge in all areas of part-taking in an electronic band, the group decided to go there separate ways and follow their individuality. Although this was a slight turning point, he never lost his passion for music and continued to pursue his passion and practice his skills in producing music and always maintained positive feedback from the tracks he produced.\nIn 2010 Gabriel officially moved to Cyprus after a five year time period of visiting the country, where he met Aristos Vattis at Limassol Marina’s roof bar who was a DJ/Producer playing at the time, who is also the founder of Airland music. After discussions on their mutual, common shared interest, Gabriel joined the team and was given the opportunity to show his talents.\nHis style has developed to be a combination of deep house/dark chill-out. His first tracks were released in collaboration with Airland music studios in 2017."}
+{"text": "InfoWorx has experience developing direct response radio commercials from writing radio ads to radio commercial production.\nWhen you work with InfoWorx, you can be confident that your direct response radio ads are created by professionals who know how to communicate in an audio only environment.\nLong-form infomercials (30 minutes) are also produced for radio. These infomercials are often formatted like talk radio-with hosts, guests and callers.\nRadio infomercials can be very cost effective. They are relatively inexpensive to produce and media buying costs are significantly less than television.\nRadio infomercials can be produced in a shorter time and can get to air quickly. This medium is perfect as a start up direct response medium and an additional sales channel.\nRadio long form infomercials are perfect building blocks for categories that work in a talk show format."}
+{"text": "Poovar Island Resort is an explorer’s haven where an island of almost indescribable beauty awaits you, just 30 KMS away from Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala. So far away from the hustle and bustle of the city, hidden amidst swaying coconut palms, endless golden sands and lush vegetation, a boat cruise along the palm-fringed shores of bewitching backwaters And you have arrived at the Poovar Island Resort. A place where nature is at her enchanting best; picture-perfect, Swaying coconut palms, endless golden sands, deep blue sea, emerald green backwaters, red-orange sunsets and verdant green vegetation. Nature has used all the colors of her palette to create this dreamscape around the Resort. Blue sea meets the green backwaters here and time stands still. Peace and tranquility reigns. Stress, tension, deadlines, and pressure become mere sounds, words without meanings. Rush hour traffic is just a rumor. Poovar Island Resort, A place to lose yourself and to reinvent the finest moments of life, an experience that is truly out of this world.\nPoovar Island Resort, A place to lose yourself and to reinvent the finest moments of life, an experience that is truly out of this world.\nGuest Relation Executive or similar staff .\nYes you can divide the amount and pay on any mode. there is no tax waiver.\nPAYMENTS & CANCELLATION POLICY Confirmation of Cottages against advance payment only, Payments may be made by VISA and MasterCard. Payments may also be made to our bank account in Trivandrum via cheque payable at par / demand draft. HDFC BANK A/C No. 00632000001783 Poovar Island Resort, Trivandrum. For cancellations received 30 days or more 100% refund; 14 days or more 50% refund; less than 14 days of arrival no refund No refund for cancellations on bookings from 20 Dec '15 to 10 Jan '16."}
+{"text": "Info about Hudson Falls Music members are listed below. Everyone listed below participated in Music when they went to high school. Registering allows you to be listed with your fellow Music members.\nLooking for Hudson Falls alumni who participated in Music but are not listed? Classmates.com® has hundreds of more Hudson Falls alumni listed."}
+{"text": "Thank you very much to Chicken House for choosing 'The Firefly Cage' as the winner of this year's The Times / Chicken House Children's Fiction Competition.\nIt definitely has not yet sunk in at all that my book was chosen as the winner and I expect normal reality to resume sometime soon.\nBeing involved in the competition has been a pleasure. Thanks to all those involved in the organisation and the judging.\nA big thank you and congratulations also to all the short-listed authors (Janine Barnett-Phillips, Tracy Darnton, Julie Mee and Jamie Smith) who have been on this journey with me and to whom I wish every future success."}
+{"text": "The Defendants’ case as to the scale on which Jews were gassed to death at camps excluding Auschwitz and the extent, if any, of Hitler’s knowledge of and complicity in the killing.\nThe oral and written statements made by Irving which are relied on by the Defendants for their contention that he is a Holocaust denier and the evidence relied on by the Defendants for their assertion that Irving’s denials are false.\nHoles in the roof of morgue 1 at crematorium 2?\nTranscribed from the trial documents into HTML by Addison-Wesley, and translated into XML based on the HTML and print editions by the Beck Center staff.\nproject description :Trial transcripts, expert witness documents and other material used in Irving vs. Penguin Books and Deborah Lipstadt have been encoded in XML using the TEI Guidelines, and made available for scholarly research and educational purposes.\neditorial declaration :Obvious errors in spelling or punctuation have not been corrected in any way.\nThe canonical source document is the trial document. In some cases material was added or deleted from the versions of the documents that became the html version, and in other cases, authorial changes were made to the trial documents. These sections are noted with add or addSpan elements for additions or del or delSpan elements for deletions.\nParagraphs including q or quote elements indicate material that is in a block quote. Where the title of a work is italicized, it is marked with a title element, both in the text and in footnotes. Pages are numbered at the bottom of the page. bottom blockquote blockquote italicIn the judgment, the pages are numbered at the bottom of the page. All quotes are replaced with straight quotes."}
+{"text": "Big Boys Hobbies and Garrett Metal Detectors is pleased to announce a new special for this fall, the ACE 250 Adventure Pack. This limited-time package offers your buyers an impressive group of accessories to go along with their ACE 250 purchase.\nACE 250 Adventure Pack Fall Special (# 1139010) MSRP $339.95 Savings value of $61.60.\nFamily Treasure Hunting field guide (#1546300). The package price MSRP is a savings of $61.60, compared to the MSRP of buying an ACE 250 and the eight acces- sories individually."}
+{"text": "iPhone 6 or iPhone 6 Plus: Which should I upgrade to?\nBefore finally seeing Apple making its foray into the phablet market I had been waiting for a number of years now. One of the greatest innovator of our time, Steve Jobs, once famously stated the iPhone size that was original was the ideal form factor. A cellphone with screen size smaller in relation to the iPhone was said to not be good. Anything will be big.\nFor many years now, Apple’s close rivals have been releasing larger screen smartphones and the strategy seems to be going very well with smartphone users. I thought it was the final opportunity that I’m giving to Apple this year. If they’re not releasing a bigger iPhone, I was all set to produce a switch away from the iPhone. For quite a while now, I ‘d been excited to get the Galaxy Note 3 but it was because of my despise for Samsung that I ‘d not been making the switch.\nNow the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus had been formally unveiled, it leaves me in a situation that is difficult to make my pick. I know there are millions of people out there who’d similar predicament as me. The massive size of the iPhone 6 Plus is definitely an appealing factor. But not long after it was made available, there had been tonnes of reviews and reports that uncover a possible design flaw with the iPhone 6 Plus. Referred to some as the ‘bendgate’ scandal, when you place it in your back pocket iPHone 6 Plus had been reported to be bendable.\nIt has been several years now since I’ve been needing to upgrade from my iPhone 4. All the hypes and dilemmas leave me in doubt if it’s the very best time to get the iPhone 6 Plus now or is it better to go with the smaller iPhone 6 instead. Is the screen size of the iPhone 6 large enough. I am thinking if I’ll regret my decision for getting the smaller screen. It makes me wonder whether the screen size is all there is that we have to consider when picking between the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus. I’m really not sure. I’m still looking for that someone to enlighten me on this issue.\nPutting on a hat can tell a good deal regarding a person. The hat is able to unveil the wearer’s occupation, the style quotient of the individual, or perhaps the hat may be worn to protect you from the bright sun light. Hats were once an important part of a woman or man’s wardrobe and, although those days have passed, hats are actually seeing a small come back in the fashion world.\nThere’s a wide selection of hats for women and men available in the market plus both may select in accordance with their preference. They are able to choose hats produced from different types of materials like wool or felt or straw or cotton or canvas. Coming from a dapper fedora to a lady’s pill box hat, you can find one to match any situation. There are actually occasions in which it is popular to wear hats that are stylish or outlandish. One such popular event where hats take up an important role for the fashion conscious is the Kentucky Derby. It is somewhat like a custom to wear hats during the derby season and individuals that keep to the traditions are pretty serious, while on the other hand few individuals seize the chance to experiment with the design by wearing hats which are produced from fake flowers, feathers, fruits or other one of a kind designs.\nWhenever you might be selecting a hat to get, you ought to usually try it on, not only for size, but to see how well it goes along with the shape of your face as well as your complexion. You need to choose a hat that is of bold color as it goes well with the color of your hair and skin. By no means pick a round hat if you possess a round face. It will make your face seem to be shorter and plumper.\nSun hats having wide brims are available in many different designs and colors for spring and summer. There usually are styles which tend to be designed to end up being worn at the pool together with your swimming costume or even some wide brim hats tend to be best to put on with a sundress whenever you decide to go out to lunch with close friends. Wide brim hats are also extremely practical.\nMoreover hats safeguard your neck and face area along with head from becoming tanned when you are gardening or are simply lying on the seaside. The brim functions as a shield and in addition to protecting from the sun rays also helps to keep you much cooler. The majority of brimmed hats tend to be designed to offer shade, however for highest protection, you need to select those that have a larger brim.\nAn additional thing to consider is the material that the hat is made. Whether they happen to be idling in your closet or perhaps on a coat tree, hats accumulate airborne dirt and dust and if you purchase hats made from fabrics like wool, suede or felt, you might need to have them cleaned professionally. Straw can be very easily cleaned and you may be able to toss a cotton or canvas cap directly into the washer to be cleaned. Hats for men and women can be a very exciting accessory and you need not be very serious about selection of any one of them.\nIt is a gloomy day to most of us who have come to know this man through his adrenaline-pumping books and novels. The passing of Tom Clancy marks a loss to guys like yourself and myslef who have been exposed to (and grown old) with his intriguing espionage stories and close to real-life art of works.\nI am writing this piece as a mini tribute to one of the biggest writer that I have known to have ever lived.\nI have read every single book authored by Tom Clancy. My ultimate favorite is ‘Red Storm Rising’. I’m sure every one of you has your own favorite, so just feel free to share yours in the comments below.\nThe discussion about Casio G-Shock watches is virtually equivalent to the discussion about tough watches. A decade has passed since its first production but no other watch could replace G-Shock from the career of king of tough watches. However, there also a number of tougher watches than Casio G-shock Brand which you can easily reach. It is only that neither of the alternative watch makers has their focus solely on making the world’s most solid watches. You’ll be surprised that even in markets like military uses, there are a number of choices available.\nThe timekeeping procedure is followed all around the world and so there are endless uses of watch. You can also see the apparel style or dress code which is appropriate to your own watch may be distinct from now and again. Watches for armed forces should be created with some consideration about the uniform’s shade. Here is the chief reason for which watches G-Shock military inspired series are of the colors like like grey, olive green, navy blue. Some watches that are specially designed to wear along with glamorous gown should have some sparkle color, for example silver and gold.\nWhere to purchase your demanding watch is dependent on your own taste. I know some people still love going to their local watch store to buy their watches. If you are the sort of shopper who needs to physically touch and see an item prior to buying, then online shopping may not be your cup of tea. The reason for which I want to buy my tough watches online is the reality that I get to do plenty of research work through the reviews of other users prior to buying. In addition, with hundreds of online stores at your disposal, I normally have a higher possibility of finding small versions such as G-Shock military inspired series online.\nIt is important consider the several things before deciding to buy a tough watch. The most crucial considerations are watch movement and the strap material. There are few different materials that are usually used to make the strap of tough watches.\nTitanium and stainless steel are popular watch materials; although they enrich the look of tough watches they are not the best for the military niche. That is why most G-Shock military inspired series use resin sort of material that can take on different camouflage colors.\nThe watch movement is very important because poor quality movement will not last particularly during a fall. It is necessary to read rough watches review before making a choice of purchase. It is impossible to get the toughest watches if you do not read and compare the watches available in the market.\nFinding the finest watch that will match your character can be difficult for you, particularly should you not know how exactly to do it. It is vital to go through the critiques of tough watches so you have access to the widest change of accessible tough watches. Make sure you are clear about your own personal demand so that you understand what issues to look out for. G-Shock group should be the first name that occurs for most buyers looking for the toughest watches in the world. In case that you don’t like the look of Casio G-shock, then there are other options available from different manufacturers. But do not equate military watches as the toughest watches since they’re not. As a last note, a tough watch will last you for a long time so do not attempt to skimp on this one.\nShould there be one thing that unites the various cultures and cuisines together, it’ll be coffee. Today, Coffee remains the world’s most loved drink. This is regardless of numerous efforts to highlight the disadvantage of caffeine which have been conducted through various types of studies.\nYou are able to go to common sites like Mc Cafe and grab a cup of freshly brewed coffee. Despite the popularity of such institutions, I was astonished to learn that when given a choice, most coffee drinkers prefer to brew their own cup of coffee.\nHousehold appliance makers are quick to identify this growing market segment which explains why we’re seeing a wide variety of form of coffee makers in the market. As consumers, we may genuinely believe that more options always mean better. On the contrary, the task of finding the Best Coffee Maker is made difficult as a result of the aggressive marketing campaign used by the many manufacturers. That is why getting hold of good coffee maker reviews is essential.\nWhenever you are buying a coffee maker, there are many factors to consider. While capacity of your coffeemaker is essential, don’t forget about other factors including the ease of maintenance and price. Selecting the most appropriate capacity that fits to your need is very important because of few reasons. If you are brewing for group consumption, the best coffee maker for your case is those with larger capacity such as 4-cups coffee makers instead of single serve coffee makers that are more suitable for individual consumption. The brewing time taken by a single serve coffee maker is faster than the time required by a 4-cups coffee maker. Furthermore, expect smaller water tank capacity when you are buying single serve coffee makers. The size range of most coffee glasses is between 4 to 8oz. It is logical for 4-cup coffee makers to take on greater dimension. Understanding the maintenance effort required out of the coffeemaker that you are purchasing can be important. Some coffee machines have rinse functionality. Using the press of a button, this feature allows you to clean the filter after each use. Your coffeemaker budget might range between less than $100 to more than $1000, depending on the features and brands that you are buying. Rich set of features are found in higher priced coffee machine models but only few of them are really useful. For that reason, to avoid investing in features which is of little use to you, it’s very important to carefully examine the usefulness of each feature.\nHaving an excellent espresso machine and highest quality coffee beans are not the only part of the equation to making great brew of coffee. A espresso maker may be excellent but unless you learn how to use it, you will not gain the most from it. The exact same can be said of premium quality beans. If you bought a pack of coffee bean, whether it’s from Dunkin Donuts or Green Mountain, it’s very important to understand what level of coarseness is the bean best suited for. Certain beans are suitable for more coarser setting while some are ideal for finer grinding. You will then have to check if the espresso machine that you have can make great coffee with all the coarseness of your pounded beans. Just then, you’ll have the whole ingredients into making a perfect coffee.\nEspresso as a drink, will continue to attract new followers and caffeine use will remain a controversial issue. There’s nothing more satisfying than being able to brew your own cup of coffee even when this means you’ve to put in more effort. To obtain the most out of your coffees, you have to grind them right before brewing and that is why having coffee grinder at home is essential. Cost isn’t the single factor in determining the best coffee maker but good quality coffee makers don’t come cheap so that you have to be really careful in selecting one.\nThe greatest sound solution for your living-room at present is definitely a sound bar. Sound bars are now produced by a great number of electronics and sound companies. The end result is that We now have numerous sound bars to choose from, to test, and naturally have fun with. Because there are a great number of sound bars, sound bar reviews grow to be vital when reaching conclusion to buy one. Lately, sound bars have displaced home theater in the box as the utmost prominent music solution in the family area. I am not disappointed considering that sound bars pack quite a value for this cost and the simpleness.\nThe greatest advantage of a sound bar is definitely it’s simpleness. A sound bar is very easy to put together, but it really produces superior quality audio reproduction. Thanks to sound bars, you don’t need to setup the rear speakers, hence it’s simpleness and cost reduction to achieve a surround setup. Without having rear speakers, sound bars make it easy for perhaps even beginner audio enthusiast to achieve fantastic surround installation without the need of help. Without rear speakers, sound bars permit straightforward living-room installation: no more back audio speakers wiring together. Sound bars eliminate all these problems linked to the home entertainment solution setup at your home. Today everyone can have a good surround installation without having to pay out big cash.\nWhen one buys a brand new sound bar, there are several factors to consider. Acoustic quality is the most important consideration accompanied by product suitability and price tag. Since acoustic quality is very important, you have to select the manufacturer that uses superior quality parts and implements the most effective algorithms. To begin with, you should browse the sound bar reviews available in online. If you do not go though proper soundbar reviews and evaluations, choosing the right type would have been a struggle. System suitability is by today mostly settled by the manufacturers. Nonetheless, checking the fittings that you require continues to be necessary. The less costly sound bars might not support a lot of digital connections. Your sound bar purchase can cost you between $100 to $600, based on your requirements. Please check your allowance prior to making your decision.\nSometimes you can purchase sound bars for a substantially lower price tag. You may buy sound bars for slight price cut during Cyber Monday and Christmas period. But the brands often drop the price for the duration of February to May period as these would be the so-called slow-moving calendar months. You could watch for discounts, however, I will locate discount rates all the time online. Cyber Monday and Christmas would be the time for everybody to purchase gift items meant for others. There is absolutely no best time to purchase a little something for your own. Therefore generally Allow me to shop around to get the best price tag in certain time period. Amazon’s price are generally very good, especially throughout price cut time frame. You should set your allowance as you can blow big cash getting sound bar. Last but not least We highly recommend for you to research for sound bar reviews when you are deciding.\nYou can buy a great sound bar provided that you keep to a reputable company. You should search for the perfect acoustic quality according to your allowance. The majority of the cutting edge sound bar versions produce great acoustic quality. Stay with quality brands, and you will definitely do good. Don’t get sound bars from less reputable company even though they are extremely economical. Sound bars not coming from respectable manufacturers, in my opinion, generate lower sound quality. Sound bars are also thought to be attractive family area equipment, therefore try to get complimenting designs with the tv and wall color. You can actually enjoy your sound bar as both the quality audio equipment and as the visible adornment for your living room area. Sound bar reviews are important as there are many brands out there manufacturing sound bars.\nChristmas is the day when all Christians commemorate the birth of Jesus. Nowadays, X’mas has turned into a virtually universal festivity celebrated by millions of people from all walks of life – Christians and non-Christians. The reality that X’mas falls just few days prior to the current year is coming to a finish helps promote the fun and holiday spirits. In the end, it’s a rather good reason to have sometime off from the usual busy days. If there is one single thing that makes every Christmas so different from the rest of the celebrated occasion, it has to be the amazing decorations and lights that people in various corners of the planet has developed. There are an incredible number of ideas around this time of the season and here are some great ideas which will help you this time round.\nWhen discussing elegant Christmas decorations, you’ve got to distinguish between outdoor vs indoor. Ideally, everybody loves to see both inside and outside of the house to be beautified for the holidays. Frequently, the lack of time and budget stop homeowners from achieving this. The theme and decorations necessary for indoor and outdoor Christmas decorations are totally different. For one, with indoor ornaments you’ll not have to worry about the weather, as opposed to outside ornaments where you must consider whether it’s sturdy enough to withstand chilling temperature, rays of the sun or snow. Shining decorations for indoor can help liven the mood of the dwelling in it. On another hand, decoratives designed to be put on the yard are usually pre-lit so they are visible during the night.\nHave you ever pondered why sometimes when you visit friends and relatives during the holiday season, you’ve good feeling when entering some houses but not the remainder? I come to understand that what separates elegant Christmas decorations from typical ones has got to do with the theme that is used. The choices and combinations of color, shape and decorative variety have to be blended as one theme. Through the years, we can see enhancement in terms of creativity from house owners in regards to Christmas decoration theme. Rustic Christmas decoration is well-liked by those who are obsessed with something oldies. Recently, the geeks came up with their very own geeky subjects. One of these is a Xmas tree that has been dressed up using icons taken from today’s popular social media platforms including Facebook and Instagram.\nOf all the corners of the home, outside is where things will get really enjoyable and exciting to even both adults and kids likewise. Before beginning, remember to set your-self a budget though. Decoration manufacturers have been wonderful in regards to creativity and I can let you know how frequent I have been left ga-ga with all the decoration offering that just blow my imagination away. If budget isn’t an issue, you are able to change your garden to the land of magic that is full of assorted hues lighting populated with popular Christmas figurines. Inflatable characters from Disney are popular among kiddies, particularly one where Donald gets himself dressed up in Santa costume.\nXmas decoration can be described as a exciting thing though to produce elegant Christmas decoration, it is not at all something that everyone can be guaranteed of, especially if no planning is involved since the beginning. If you’re a handicraft lover, you would not want to get your ornaments from the store no matter how convenience it may be. Christmas wreaths are some of the many decors which you could do yourself, and you can hold up to you want in various places in your property. Finally, make sure to set a budget and stick to it closely should you not want to end up footing huge credit card debt immediately after the holidays.\nThe raging debate on the importance of air purifiers has been on-going for a relatively long time. Just like the nature of air that people breathe in every second where it is always there but it is always not visible to us. Until we’ve an apparatus that measures the quality of the air, it’s nearly impossible for ordinary people like you and me, to distinguish the air quality before and after having a purifier is dispatched. For that reason, in shopping for the best air purifier, we have to rely a lot on the air purifier ratings reviews written by real users who’ve experienced significant benefit of using an air purifier.\nFundamentally, there are only but two main types of air purifiers on the market today; always make certain that you use this directive as you read air purifier reviews. The initial category is filter-based and the second category is ionizer-based. Obviously, filter-based purifier is the older technology among both but by simply looking at the increasing quantity of ionic air purifier reviews, you can tell how popular ionizer-based air purifier among consumers. Regarding which of the two is more superior than the other, my take is it is dependent upon what you expect from the air purifier. It’s important to note that when you eventually buy filter-based air purifiers you’ll have to frequently change or replace filters. Ionizer-based models don’t require regular replacement however the plate used to attract the dust needs to be cleaned regularly if you’d like your unit to work effectively.\nThe first important step that you’ve to-do when trying to find an air purifier is to consider the reason you need one. This will avert circumstances where you make an assessment of the air purifies but basing on a wrong assessment process. For example, if you are a pet owner and pet hairs is the priority, you would then have to be looking out for the best air purifier for pets. If you’re experiencing Asthma and have been recommended by your physician to obtain an air purifier, then you need the best air purifier for asthma patients. The basic fundamental on what air cleanser works remain the same however it is the component specifications which make the difference. For that reason, if you’re clear concerning this right from the start, you may save a great deal of time.\nIt’s proposed to have a clear-cut objective about what you really should make your best air purifier ratings reviews research easier. When you know what you need and what you do not, you can make reference to the list of best air purifiers for 2013 and simply see which types accomplish your requirements checklist. This is the recommended approach to jump start your air purifier hunt as it will save you both time and money. Once you’re able to narrow down your option, you should also be sure that you purchase the latest design because you are perhaps not able to purchase the older models from the industry when these old models are sold out.\nThe festive mood should be here sooner than we have thought. I understand this isn’t the very best economic time we are at, but I think we all would still be forking out a tiny sum presenting gifts to your loved ones.\nI have to state that I’m fortunate enough to be able to afford few gifts, at the least to those that are most significant in my life.\nThat was the easy part. Now, the hard part is, in case you have to decide on a present to your nearest and dearest, what shall it be?\nI know the selections are unlimited but here are 3 items which top my list this year.\nFrom the beginning of time, the use of backpack had always been widespread and it is one that is used irrespective of race and civilization. Given the numerous uses of backpacks in several aspects of our life, it is a fact that’s not astonishing at all. If you’re say somebody with obsession for traveling and used to doing it on your own (free-and-easy), you know how a great backpack can conveniently store all type of belongings, from clothing’s to equipment’s to invaluable. If you’re attending school, you know the value of having an excellent backpack as you use it to transport all of the large textbooks and in these days, laptops. Backpacks aren’t limited by these use cases and fashion lovers have made use of backpack as a form of beautiful vogue accessories.\nOne crucial thing to do if you want to purchase a new backpack is to to define the precise reasons that your backpack is going to be employed for. Your shopping – whether it is for the best backpacks for college or others – is going to be a good deal easier if that is obvious to you since the beginning. I am saying this simply because backpack is a general term and you can find so many backpack manufacturers to choose from, with each likely to have its own market dominance in specific needs or niches. And so the next time you are looking for the strongest hiking backpacks, you have to consider brands like Stansport as opposed to Jansport. This implies that you can straight away zoom in your selections and target only those ranges that you will probably end up buying anyway.\nOf course buying a backpack is as simple as stepping into a store, just grab one that is most gorgeous looking and make your payment. There is nothing wrong with this process but you have to understand that it’d take at the minimum several iterations before you find yourself with one that you’ll ultimately use for at least the following few years. If you prefer to boost the chances of choosing the best backpacks for your specific purposes, then it is very important to go through backpack buying guides. A great backpack opinion piece must discuss at the minimum few fundamental features including the level of comfort (pressure that the bag is putting to your back), durability, internal designs and few options that fall within similar price band.\nOne big section of the backpack industry is the university students. Remember this market segment often lumps both high school and college together though. Throughout my study years, I still recall clearly that I had a need to carry many large books and very often, these were significantly more than what my backpack could cater to. How time passes and the huge wave of adoption of mobile computing (with tablets and slimmer laptops) is really disrupting the classroom teaching paradigm. One of the change is actually towards e-textbooks in place of hard printed books. On initial thought, it seems that lighter backpack would be the natural result as it’s no longer required to carry these weighty textbooks to school. Things didn’t turn out as what many students would have wished for. While e-book carries no weight, laptop is almost compulsory for every single university student and 17-inch laptop, that is becoming popular these days, might weigh up to 2kg. How everybody else wish that all notebooks will be as slim and as weightless as the Macbook Air but its price is still beyond the reach of many college students.\nAdventure fans make up a important market segment of the general backpack market. The word outdoor is very universal and it encompasses such niches as professional mountain climbing to camp fire to light trekking. I am aware the first brand which will appear to most people’s thought when discussing backpack would be Jansport. While it’s certainly one of the fine manufacturer, it’s good to keep in mind that they are known in large part due to their college backpack rather than adventure. In this regard, Teton will be the name that a lot of outdoor enthusiasts will be going for. Be warned however that the best outdoor backpacks, say a backpack that is best for mountain climbing,, won’t be one that comes with the best physical appearance.\nBased on these facts alone, I believe backpack is something which will always maintain its relevancy. But despite this, I am confident to say that that changes (in terms of dimension, design and style) will continuously take place. Are we going to see the size of student and professional backpacks shrinking later on?It is because the answer is dependent upon the size that future computing devices will need. When the talk of collapsible (or bendable display) becomes a reality, the size of notebooks may shrink to half or maybe a quarter of its current dimension. When this becomes a reality, it’s time for backpack manufacturers to start producing smaller backpacks."}
+{"text": "It gives a great first impression. A clean office will put your customers in the right frame of mind as soon as they step into your office.\nHappy workers. Your workers will feel happy to come to work in a pleasant environment, therefore they will be more productive!\nHealthier environment. A clean workplace is much healthier for everyone concerned. You, your workers and your customers.\nGiven the above, each one of us would love to have a shiny and sparkling work place. It brings in a great positive energy, makes everyone feel bright and ready to take on the world! This is why regular cleaning is important, but who is going to do the cleaning? This is where the help of professional cleaning services come in to it. Professional cleaning services such as GreenKleen can turn even the dirtiest work place into a sparkling clean and fresh work place.\nRegular cleaning creates a much healthier work place and reduces the possibilities of allergies and other related respiratory problems. Professional cleaning services does not let the dust accumulate which will reduce the risk of your staff or customers being exposed to these kind of allergies. It also ensures that there are no bacteria either in the air or left behind on any surfaces, that can cause any harm. GreenKleen offer a wide range of all sorts of professional cleaning services, so you will have no problem finding the right cleaning package for your office.\nBy hiring professional cleaning services, you no longer need to worry about anything to do with the cleaning of your office or work place. They do it all for you! Once you have worked out your cleaning requirements with your professional cleaners, they come and do the job just as agreed. No need to worry about keeping track of when they are coming, or whether it’s time to clean the carpets again. Professional cleaning services will monitor the cleanliness of your workplace and also run quality audits from time to time. The cleaning staff are professional and discrete, so your work place can be cleaned with minimum distraction to your workers. They can also come at a time that is suitable for your you. Professional cleaning services also create that professional image for you that we mentioned earlier. A clean workplace conveys a professional business to your clients.\nA main benefit of hiring professional cleaning services is that they have the latest and greatest cleaning equipment. This equipment allows them to be able to do a thorough job in the least amount of time. It’s even better when your professional cleaning services are eco-friendly! As well as specialised cleaning equipment, GreenKleen use eco-friendly cleaning methods and products. Their products are biodegradable and ensure a high quality cleaning result every time!\nProfessional cleaning services are fully trained and have years of experience. They have the know-how to understand every aspect of their cleaning job. They know what product is right for the job and they know how to expertly handle delicate surfaces and materials. Even when it comes to your carpets and upholstery, or special hard floors, the experts at GreenKleen know exactly what to do. As well as knowing which products are right, they fully understand the importance of using the right cleaning methods. This ensures maximum sparkling results are achieved every time, without causing any damage or harm.\nWith regular professional cleaning services by GreenKleen you will never have to worry about cleaning again. They strive to provide excellent customer service, high quality cleaning results and have the added benefit of being eco-friendly. Therefore, you have the peace of mind that you are doing your part to lessen your carbon footprint on our precious planet earth.\nContact GreenKleen today to find out more about what they can bring to your business."}
+{"text": "How Does DNA Do It?\nLast time we left you with the mother of all molecular cliffhangers: how can it be that the simple four-letter code of DNA can carry the information to make all life? Early in that piece we’d thrown in the fact that the human genome (i.e. our DNA) is made up of three billion letters. As Watson and Crick showed 53 years ago, it’s actually two intertwined molecules, each with three thousand million letters – but it’s the number that’s important because that carries all that’s needed to make you and me.\nBut, if you’re like me, you have real problems grasping the meaning of numbers much above 100 – so that ‘millions’, yet alone ‘billions’, come across simply as ‘lots’– and we’re left shaking in our head in bewilderment as to how it works.\nTo get some sort of a grip on the scale of information that genomes can carry, it might be helpful to look at DNA from the other end, so to speak. This approach started five years ago among a group who work on applying computer technology to handling biological data – i.e. how to acquire, store, analyse and interpret the tsunami of genetic information now being produced. It’s a new field called bioinformatics.\nWhat set the bioinformatics bods thinking is a point that will have occurred to you as an internet user (and who isn’t?). How can we deal with the unimaginable amount of info we want to store? That includes everything from your holiday snaps to the tons of scientific data, including the continuing flood of genomics. If ‘millions’ leaves you boggling, how about the estimate for the global digital archive of 44 trillion gigabytes by 2020 (I think that’s 44 followed by 21 zeros). That’s a 10-fold increase from 2013.\nWhatever the numbers are, they’re unimaginable but, aside from being boggled by the facts, a slight problem is that storing that amount on conventional memory sticks would use at least 10 times the amount of available silicon. So, as they say, we have a problem.\nUse trit code to make DNA (0, 1 or 2 translated into a base, A,T,G or C, that differs from the one just used.\nOne of the first experiments encoded Shakespeare’s sonnets in DNA, which showed that the idea was feasible – what scientists call a ‘proof of principle’. Of course, that’s only a beginning. There are big problems to overcome, like being able to make DNA strands cheaply and quickly enough and to be able to access the data required with the ease we’re used to with hard drives and flash memories. On the flip side, DNA preserved in permafrost has been sequenced from woolly mammoths tens of thousands of years old and from horses entombed for 700,000 years, so we know that as a storage medium it’s rather more durable than anything currently in use.\nThe key point here is that, at the moment, DNA appears to be the only option if we are not to grind to a halt on the information storage front. Regardless of solving the problems involved, that alone gives a new perspective to the coding power of those four little bases, A, C, G and T.\nExtance, A. (2016). How DNA could store all the world’s data. Nature 537, 22–24.\nGoldman, N. et al. (2013). Nature 494, 77-80.\nOrlando, L. et al. (2013). Nature 499, 74-78."}
+{"text": "Where should these go so that FETCH attachs to the proper places so that we can have a mac person upload information to our site?\nI'm not quite sure about \"Site name\" but my guess is that it is not actually part of the information needed to access the server, it's just a nickname that you give to make locating the information easier. So Fetch users do not need to enter that.\n\"Address\" would go in the \"Hostname\" field of Fetch.\n\"Username\" and \"Password\" go into the fields with the same names, that is, \"Username\" and \"Password\".\n\"Port\" usually doesn't need to be entered in Fetch, unless you are using a special port for your server. If the Port is 21, then that is the standard port and a Fetch user does not need to enter it to connect to your site.\nIf this still doesn't work for you, let us know and we'll advise further."}
+{"text": "Let’s focus on how can you optimize your website, and to do so, we’ll hear from the specialist who created e-commerce software to run an online store, Oferer.com.\nWhy is a high ranking position in Google so important?\nIf your online store and your products are visible on Google, this will bring more traffic to your website. It will also positively affect profits. Don’t forget that a majority of customers look for products on Google by using the appropriate keywords. And here’s how to have your site found for those keywords.\nWe will start with the optimization of the entire store for SEO. Make sure that the online domain matches the name of your store. Therefore, when you choose the name of your company, check whether the domain is available. In addition, the domain of the online store should be simple, so that the customers can easily remember it and could enter it in the search engine. Domains with the ending “.com” are the best.\nUnique product descriptions are very important. Remember not to copy descriptions from other websites! A common mistake among online stores owners is copying descriptions from suppliers. This phenomenon results in what Google calls Duplicate Content and has a negative impact on positioning.\nTherefore, stand out from the competition and optimize your store! Write in a simple and understandable language. Speak the language of benefits and indicate why the customer should purchase your item. In addition, divide the description into several parts. Indicate the general aspects of the product and create more detailed information about the stock or collection. Finally, enter the technical specification of the product such as parameters.\nThe last tip is the implementation of keywords. As mentioned above, the keyword itself can be the domain of the online store. It is important that the title of the item includes its name, model, additional parameters, e.g. color. In the detailed information, also include keywords – preferably in the intensity of 3% to 7%- when it’s more you can get the opposite effect.\nThe store’s optimization is very important and positively affect your profit."}
+{"text": "This callback is called right before the game is about to quit. Use it to perform any cleanup you need to do. You can also return a \"truthy\" value from this callback to abort quitting.\nabort boolean Whether quitting should be aborted."}
+{"text": "Using German archival records and letters and diaries of both civilians and soldiers during WWII, The German War – A Nation Under Arms, 1939–1945 by Nicholas Stargardt is a fascinating book that illustrates the strong civilian support for Germany’s armed forces right up until the end of the war. At the same time, the book shows how the ordinary German (civilian and soldier) rationalized atrocity and genocide as necessary for the good of the nation.\nFor a several decades after WWII, the myth of “good” Germans vs. the “evil” Nazis was maintained in post-war Germany. It wasn’t until the mid-1960s that the next generation began seriously questioning their parents about their role in the war. Finally, at the turn of the 21st century, a traveling German exhibition regarding the role of ordinary soldier (Wehrmachtsausstellung) showed beyond doubt the culpability of the ordinary soldier (not just the SS) in atrocity and genocide.\nIn 1985 the German President Richard von Weizsäcker delivered a speech to the Bundestag acknowledging WWII Germany’s evil deeds and proclaiming May 8, 1945 as the day of Germany’s liberation from despotism rather than surrender and occupation. Subsequently, reluctance to examine the facts about the Third Reich faded and critical inquiry expanded.\nIn my view, Japan has yet to come to similar realization regarding the terrible atrocities committed by its armed forces on enemies and civilian populations all over Asia. (Part of this fact may have paradoxically been due to the fact that much of Imperial Japanese history was skipped over in new textbooks during the reconstruction of the Japanese educational system by America educators after the war).\nIt was true that Western imperialism had abused and hobbled many Asian countries before the war. And certainly the decision to firebomb most Japanese cities in 1945 and ultimately drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki left powerful moral questions about targeting civilians in wartime.\nBut Imperial Japan’s assertion that it was acting as a “big brother” to lead Western-colonized nations into the light of freedom was patently disingenuous. Imperial Japanese occupation of Asian countries was uncommonly cruel and rapacious."}
+{"text": "In order to assess the extent to which tidal stream environments are exploited by a range of seabird species a series of boat-based surveys were carried out at the FoW site. A total of 101 zig-zag and vessel-based transects were performed using the Marine Scotland Science research vessel FRV Alba-na-Mara. During transects, the vessel moved against the prevailing horizontal currents. This unconventional design allowed the vessel to maintain a reasonably consistent trajectory despite the fast horizontal currents, and also sustain speeds suitable for recording foraging seabirds (5–15 km). Transects were spread across different tidal states to capture variance in the location and extent of hydrodynamic features. Transects were only performed when the sea state was less than 3 (Beaufort scale) and visibility was at least 300 m.\nDuring transects, two observers sat 5·6 m above sea level at the bow of the vessel and only recorded seabirds seen on the water surface. Flying seabirds were not recorded as they would not be actively foraging. Survey methods were based upon those outlined within the European Seabird at Sea (ESAS) methodology. To provide accurate positions, observers recorded seabirds seen on the sea surface into 1-min intervals, and only when they were perpendicular to the bow. Whenever seabirds on the sea surface were seen flushing before they were perpendicular to the bow, observers noted their approximate distance ahead of the vessel. Each observer covered one side of the vessel, and it was noted on which side seabirds on the sea surface were observed. These approaches enabled the position of any seabirds seen on the sea surface to be quantified with an estimated accuracy of approximately 300 m in most cases. Observers also recorded the behaviour of seabirds seen on the sea surface to discriminate between those which were actively foraging (diving or searching) and those which were resting.\nFor further details on the methods and results of the survey refer to the following link: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2664.12646/full.\nThe study was performed across a total of 6 and 8 days in May and October, respectively during both 2012 and 2013, with May representing breeding seasons and October representing non-breeding seasons.\nEMEC Fall of Warness Boat-Based Wildlife Surveys (RESPONSE Project) is located in United Kingdom."}
+{"text": "Andrea S. Keogh Art & Design, LLC, is pleased to present the first exhibition dedicated exclusively to Joan Mitchell prints in over six years. The collaboration between Mitchell, America’s pre-eminent Abstract Expressionist woman artist, and celebrated print-maker Ken Tyler of Tyler Graphics, produced exciting, vibrant and compelling work. These large, expressive and colorful prints have found their way into many museum collections and major private collections both in the United States and abroad. Mitchell’s prints are becoming increasingly rare and so it is exciting to feature twelve of her works in Visual Poetry: An Exhibition of Abstract Prints by Joan Mitchell.\nOpening night is Friday, September 9 from 6-8 pm and the exhibition will run through Sunday, November 27, 2016. Gallery hours are Thursday through Saturday 11-5 and Sunday 12–4 at the gallery on Litchfield’s historic town green, next to the well-known West Street Grill, and by appointment or chance. For those of you who are unable to come to Litchfield, Connecticut, to experience the beautiful fall foliage and Mitchell’s prints, all the works can also be viewed on our website 24/7 at www.akeoghartandesign.com as well as on ARTSY."}
+{"text": "Armie Hammer has been one of Hollywood’s rising stars since his performance(s) as the Winklvoss Twins in the award-winning movie, The Social Network. It was a role, or roles, that secured him a nomination for the Most Promising Performer by the Chicago Film Critics Association, and the award for Best Supporting Actor by the Toronto Film Critics Association. From there Hammer went from strength to strength, earning a Best Supporting Actor nomination from the Screen Actor’s Guild for his role as Clyde Tolson in Clint Eastwood’s J. Edgar biopic.\nMost recently Hammer has wrapped production on Mine, produced by The Safran Company, and is filming The Birth of a Nation, about Nat Turner, a former slave who lead a liberation movement in 1831 to free African-Americans in Virginia.\nHowever, while nobody could argue that Hammer isn’t bringing some serious acting chops to The Man from U.N.C.L.E., he knows his way around a big action sequence as well, having starred in The Lone Ranger, directed by Gore Verbinski and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer, and Mirror, Mirror, where he starred as Prince Alcott, opposite Julia Roberts and Lily Collins.\nDuring the filming of The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Hammer was quick to get his hands dirty. Preparing for a motorcycle chase during the film, Hammer was keen to bring his experience as an avider rider since childhood to bear. However, he soon found he had a lot to learn from the stunt coordinators."}
+{"text": "How do I get to the March?\nAll MTA bus routes stop near Public Square via Music City Central. To find the route that is best for you, use the MTA map or use the MTA’s Trip Planner.\nSeveral taxi services operate in Nashville. For your convenience, we have provided some of their numbers. The March for Science and Climate Nashville is not affiliated with any taxi service.\nOr use your favorite rideshare app!\nWe highly recommend using the bus, taxi, or rideshare as your transportation to our march. Not only is parking limited in this part of Nashville, but it will reduce our carbon footprint! If you do drive, please carpool!\nPublic Square is on the corner of Union St. and 3rd Ave. N. – please use the map below to find directions from where you are!"}
+{"text": "2012-09-30 Submit your work to the next edition of the PriMed! To be held in the framework of the celebrations of Marseille-Provence 2013 European Capital of Culture!\nDownload the PriMed 2013 application form!\n- Grand Prix “Mediterranean Challenges” (6,000 €): this prize is given to the best film (documentary or current affairs film) on a current Mediterranean subject, lasting more than 30 minutes. It picks out productions which improve our understanding of the present situation in the Mediterranean and rewards a director’s skill at questioning events and putting them into perspective, as well as his capacity to listen to the principal characters.\n- “Mediterranean Memories” (5,000 €): this prize rewards the documentary lasting more than 30 minutes, which – with or without archives – most successfully places in a present-day context historical events concerning the Mediterranean, stories of men and women, whether individual or collective, or places of symbolism and memory.\n- “First Film” (5,000 €): this award recognizes the talent of a film maker who made no more than three films. Works produced as part of a school or training can also compete. Running time must exceed 30 minutes.\n- “Mediterranean Art, Heritage and Cultures” (5,000 €): this prize rewards the documentary film lasting more than 30 minutes, which highlights the region’s artistic life (music, plastic arts, live theatre, visual arts), its heritage (sites, monuments, works of art, archaeology, architecture) and other instances of Mediterranean culture (folklore and traditions).\n- “Investigative Documentary” (5,000 €): this award is for the best currents affairs film, the best investigation which gets to the heart of an event, past or present, within the Mediterranean region. The duration of the work must exceed 30 minutes.\n- Special Jury Award (5,000 €), all categories together. This prize rewards a film that has not received any other prize but which the jury considers of special merit.\n- Young Persons Award (5,000 €), given by a jury of schoolboys. It rewards one of the films chosen between one of the category of the PriMed (category to determine).\n- “Mediterranean Short Doc” (2,500 €): this award is for a documentary or a currents affairs film – lasting less than 30 minutes – whose subject is about Mediterranean area.\n- “Mediterranean Multimedia” (2,500 €): this prize rewards the web-documentary or POM (Petite OEuvre Multimédia / Little Multimedia Object) about Mediterranean subjects. A web-documentary is a documentary production made for and available on the Web, using pictures, texts, sounds, videos, in an interactive dimension. The POM (Petite Oeuvre Multimédia / Little Multimedia Object) is a video production which combines photographer, filmmaker, web designer, sound designer and illustrator. This is a video editing animating the images, giving them a third dimension and with a direct approach to the subject. These awards are for the directors and authors of the work concerned."}
+{"text": "2019 is set to be an incredibly interesting year for the Fintech community globally; 50% of ICOs have unsurprisingly gone south, Bitcoin’s price has dipped considerably and GDPR has taken its toll on the collection of data in Europe.\nWith that said, it’s not all doom and gloom especially as the implementation of PSD2 means that banking services are more available than ever.\nWith the possibility of a no-deal Brexit in the UK as well as a technical recession in South Africa, marketing is more imperative than ever to stimulate economic growth and that’s no different for the financial services sector. One of the standout companies for me in 2019 will be Starling Bank, which has effectively become a PSD2 marketplace for consumers who have different financial products but want one place for them all to live. One of the trends that Starling is capitalising on, is being a mobile-only app for banking. Lending Times reckons that 2019 will be the year in which payments and mobile banking will be worth £92 billion. A mobile-first approach to banking and advertising is definitely here to stay!\nA buzzword in most industries at the moment is artificial intelligence and I feel like we’re only really scratching the surface of what can be achieved.\nWe’ve had our clients queueing up to try out AI chatbots with the view to automating their sales processes but as with all new technology, there’s no best practice rulebook on how to increase conversions using chatbots. So far the results globally have been underwhelming. We implemented an AI chatbot called Drift for our client Hasteepay and the promise is that Drift’s conversational marketing platform allows businesses to transform their marketing with real-time one-on-one conversations and chatbots that qualify leads and book meetings for their sales team. The only issue with this so far has been that there are only a handful of routes that you can predefine with this AI, and so it’s not fully optimised to deal with HasteePay’s user experience. We feel like the best chatbots will integrate fully into the user experience and need to be flexible enough for user experience designers to work with them. With that said, we feel like artificial intelligence will be at the centre stage of anti-money laundering, fraud detection and customer analytics in the years to come.\nAsian Fintech is going crazy because of the growing middle class and a booming economy. Fintech also doing well in emerging markets – I would be remiss not to mention BitPesa in Kenya and Luno from South Africa which are the darlings of the African continent. Startupbootcamp, which has had some successes in European fintech is also starting in South Africa so there’s definitely interest. As a London mentor for Startupbootcamp, I often see really great startups coming out of South Africa and this year was no different. Our client, Aerobotics, is using drones to analyse crops and provide analytics in order for farmers to better insure their crops. They’ve had major bank interest from the likes of Nedbank and this clearly shows the trend of how traditional banks are teaming up with startups to bring innovation into their offerings. Hopefully, their marketing takes on a similar level of innovation because we’re still seeing large offline spend in emerging markets where mobile is becoming the de facto way of accessing the net.\nSpeaking of Insurtech, I’m seeing the on-demand economy driving massive investment in insurance startups that help consumers insure their valuables over the short term.\nTwo companies that I think are doing this really well are Dinghy which helps freelancers insure things like computers as well as Zego which is offering on-demand insurance for scooter drivers. One thing they’re both doing incredibly well is working their marketing messages back towards their mission which is to change the insurance sector in line with how the nature of work is changing. This is incredibly smart and is a trend worth following.\nAnd finally, a shoutout to our client Luno which has just been voted as the UK’s fastest growing startup by PRNewsWire. Although Bitcoin’s price has stalled somewhat, there is still increased buying of both Bitcoin and Ethereum and we’re happy to have helped them make this easier online."}
+{"text": "Early versions of the TFSI petrol engines found in the A4, A5 and Q5 have an manufacture design flaw which leads to high consumption of oil. The Piston rings inside the engines when built were the wrong size/ not sealed in correctly, this would allow small amounts of oil to leak around them. The oil would get into the cylinders and then burn off and lead to high consumption.\nBlack exhaust tips – the oil eventually burns out the exhaust system, mine were as black as my A3 TDI!\nIt seems that in 2015 Audi officially recognised this as an issue and started fixing on the quiet. Off the back of this i do feel sorry for anyone prior to this paying for this to be fixed or worse just living with this issue!\nAfter a call to Audi UK i found out that Audi has an official stage process to this to get it fixed.\nFirstly you need to get the official usage figure recorded by Audi, for this i used my local dealer. I left my A5 with them for a day whilst they drained the car of oil, changed oil breather (uprated design) and flashed the Engine ECU software to cope with the new design breather. The oil will be topped up to a specific measured amount and you will be asked to drive few hundred miles or when the oil light comes on.\nIn my case i drove about 500 miles and it used about 3/4 of a litre according to the MMI gauge, i took it back and got the measurement – just prior to going away with the car.\nThe Audi dealership you use will then report the findings with Audi UK (or your regional main Audi). I was asked various questions about where the car was purchased from and if it was under warranty.\nYour service record will also be photocopied and sent across, for me mine was 55K miles and nearly full audi service history – 2 independent garages did a a service, however they were Audi specialists so i assume this helped.\nAfter just over a week i was contacted by my dealership that Audi UK have agreed to do the work covering the cost in full. They will get the car in, take engine out strip it all down and replace the pistons, piston rings and con rods. They have said this will take about 3 days.\nThe cost of this if paying would be about £4000!\nIf when the engine is stripped down and damage is noticed inside the only option is to replace the engine and this of course will fix the issue."}
+{"text": "Actor Prithviraj Sukumaran made his Indian cinema debut just over a decade ago for the Malayalam film \"Nandanam\", made his Tamil debut a few years later in the 2005 film \"Kana Kandaen\". He has since starred in a number of South Indian films, including Mani Ratnam’s \"Raavanan\" in 2010.\nThe actor made his foray into Bollywood last year with the film \"Aiyaa\" opposite Rani Mukherji, and is currently working on \"Aurangzeb\", which is being produced and distributed by Yash Raj Films – one of the largest Indian entertainment and production houses.\nRumour has it that Prithviraj has been roped in for \"Happy New Year\", a film by choreographer-turned-director Farah Khan. Bollywood stars Shah Rukh Khan and Abhishek Bachchan have been confirmed as being part of the film, but Prithviraj’s role is yet to be officially confirmed. Speaking to The Hindu last week, the actor revealed that he had been involved in preliminary talks with the film’s team, but has not yet confirmed anything.\nIt would certainly be a good look for the actor to be in a film alongside two of Bollywood’s biggest stars, especially as \"Aiyaa\" didn’t do that well at the box office. Keep it locked on Thamarai.com for further updates!"}
+{"text": "Located on the northwest corner of West Broadway and Bayswater Street in the heart of Vancouver’s Kitsilano neighbourhood. This area of West Broadway , known as “Broadway Village”, is famous for its shopping, services, and its close proximity to the beach as well as downtown Vancouver.\nThis location boasts excellent exposure to vehicular and pedestrian traffic, as well as ease of accessibility via all forms of transportation with a high level of transit services running along West Broadway.\nThis disclaimer shall apply to CBRE Limited, Real Estate Brokerage, and to all other divisions of the Corporation; to include all employees and independent contractors (“CBRE”). The information set out herein, including, without limitation, any projections, images, opinions, assumptions and estimates obtained from third parties (the “Information”) has not been verified by CBRE, and CBRE does not represent, warrant or guarantee the accuracy, correctness and completeness of the Information. CBRE does not accept or assume any responsibility or liability, direct or consequential, for the Information or the recipient’s reliance upon the Information. The recipient of the Information should take such steps as the recipient may deem necessary to verify the Information prior to placing any reliance upon the Information. The Information may change and any property described in the Information may be withdrawn from the market at any time without notice or obligation to the recipient from CBRE. CBRE and the CBRE logo are the service marks of CBRE Limited and/or its affiliated or related companies in other countries. All other marks displayed on this document are the property of their respective owners. All Rights Reserved."}
+{"text": "This is a rectangular Lincoln Highway porcelain sign. This particular Lincoln Highway sign is red, white, and blue. It reads, “Lincoln Highway” in blue text."}
+{"text": "Ticket Nest specializes in Hollywood Theater - MGM Grand Tickets and other Theater, Sports and Concert Tickets. Ticket Nest specializes in providing tickets for Hollywood Theater - MGM Grand arena. Ticket Nest is an independent company and is not associated with Hollywood Theater - MGM Grand. For Event Schedule and available tickets for Hollywood Theater - MGM Grand please click buy button below.\nTicket Nest guarantees one of the lowest prices for Hollywood Theater - MGM Grand tickets anywhere. But we don't skimp on service and support. We know that you want the lowest price and our large volume of ticket sales justifies the lower margins. We pass on the savings to you, our valued customers. It is our strong hope that you will buy our tickets only after comparing our value of service as well as our low prices. We want to hear from you if your experience is anything less than PERFECT. We pledge to provide you cheaper Hollywood Theater - MGM Grand.\nThese Hollywood Theater - MGM Grand tickets can be purchased via our secure server. The tickets will be sent via Fed-EX. The inventory for the tickets is updated as fast as our server allows. However, on rare occasions, your ticket may not be available. We will contact you and try our best to accommodate you.\nQ:Can i make a cash payment for david copperfield ticket mgm?\nA:No, Hollywood Theater MGM Grand Tickets can only be purchased by American Express, Visa, Master Card and Discovery."}
+{"text": "dermiloise 13 days ago News gutter cleaning service All https://www.guttercleaningdirectory.co.uk Discuss Published New Discard Success!\nIf you are looking for a place to find best information on gutter cleaning cost, visit the previously mentioned site.\nLots of other helpful details regarding gutter cleaning cost are offered on this web site. I also choose this site."}
+{"text": "Inserisci l indirizzo email con cui ti sei iscritto. Ti invieremo un mail con il link per modificare la password.\n\"Created to celebrate beauty with their fresh, elegant and sophisticated colours, they enhance the eyes with a deep seductive gaze\"\n\"Designed to reproduce the natural gradation of the iris, Solitaire makes for simple seduction with its deep, intense natural look\"\n\"Created using three hues in a single lens which emphasises the natural colour tones of the iris, for a uniquely stylish hypnotic look\"\n\"Easy to wear coulored daily lenses, designed for wearers who love changing every day and see the world through different eyes\"\n\"Bizarre contact lenses to mask your eyes for satisfying the extravagant part of you; Ideal for Halloween or any time you want\""}
+{"text": "Alain Resnais (b. 1922–d. 2014), born in Vannes, France, is one of the great cinematic innovators of the 20th and 21st centuries. In a career that spanned nearly seventy years and included nineteen feature films and more than twenty documentaries, Resnais produced an exceptional range of films that encompass a cross-section of genres and time periods. From the early commissioned documentaries, including Toute la mémoire du monde (1956), to his later explorations of the genres of the melodrama in Mélo (1986) or the musical in On connaît la chanson (1997), Resnais consistently engaged with, and moved beyond, cinematic conventions. Perhaps his most well-known works resist generic classification altogether: Hiroshima mon amour (1959) and L’Année dernière et Marienbad (1961) can be described as works that treat the question of memory, and of cinematic time itself. Resnais’s work is resolutely engaged with the political and social contexts of his time, and many of his early films tackle the most grimly iconic atrocities of the 20th century: the bombing of Guernica (Guernica, 1950), the Holocaust (Nuit et brouillard, 1955), the bombing of Hiroshima (Hiroshima mon amour), and the question of torture during the French-Algerian War (Muriel, 1963). These films treat the complex intersections of memory and trauma that marked France and Europe after World War II, and they are infused with a profound pathos and ethical sensibility that is particular to Resnais. This article charts the different facets of Resnais’s work, adopting a broadly chronological approach that highlights the major films, as well as Resnais’s relation to the New Wave, philosophy, and intermediality and collaboration.\nThere are many useful overviews of Resnais’s work. Armes 1968, Kreidl 1978, Sweet 1981, Prédal 1968, and Bounoure 1974 treat the early films, up to and including the 1960s and 1970s, while Prédal 1996 and Wilson 2006 also examine the films of the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s. Some of these monographs adopt a thematic perspective: Benayoun 1980 and Monaco 1978 consider the question of imagination, and Wilson 2006 looks at memory and the senses in Resnais’s work. Resnais gave many interviews about his work over the course of his career, and many of these are collected in the Goudet 2002 Positif dossier, which also contains many excellent short readings of various films. The special edition of Contre bande (Special Issue: Alain Resnais) also brings together a range of French criticism on the director. Liandrat-Guigues and Leutrat 2006 adopts an all-encompassing approach that successfully situates Resnais’s work within his broader interests in literature, cartoons, theater, painting, and music.\nA concise early work that provides some useful biographical information and close readings of Resnais’s work, from the early documentaries to Je t’aime, je t’aime. The book also includes a detailed filmography, films stills, and on-set photographs.\nBenayoun, Robert. Alain Resnais: Arpenteur de l’imaginaire. Paris: Stock/Cinéma, 1980.\nA lively and meticulous account of Resnais’s work up to 1980, paying great attention to biography, form, and intertextuality. This book usefully includes an appendix of interviews with Resnais and Rémo Forlani, among others.\nBounoure, Gaston. Alain Resnais (Cinéma d’aujourd’hui 5). Paris: Seghers, 1974.\nAn accessible, convincing, and subjective early account of Resnais’s work up to the mid-1970s, with useful sections comparing the themes of Resnais’s documentaries with motifs found in later works.\nGoudet, Stéphane, ed. Positif, revue de cinéma: Alain Resnais. Paris: Gallimard, 2002.\nA comprehensive, indispensable anthology of the cinema journal Positif’s writings on Resnais from 1956 to 2002. It includes a fascinating selection of writings on Resnais’s filmic career, including the later films, with sections by François Thomas, Robert Benayoun, and Jean-Louis Leutrat, as well as several interviews with Resnais about his films.\nKreidl, John Francis. Alain Resnais. Boston: Twayne, 1978.\nAn impressively detailed early work that traces the evolution of Resnais’s cinematic style through the major fiction films. It devotes two chapters to the history and politics surrounding the creation of Muriel.\nLiandrat-Guigues, Suzanne, and Jean Louis Leutrat. Alain Resnais: Liaisons secrètes, accords vagabonds. Paris: Cahiers du Cinéma, 2006.\nAn expansive and somewhat personal book on Resnais, replete with rich color photographs of on-set filming, written by two of the most renowned French critics of his work. The authors adopt an all-encompassing approach that successfully situates Resnais’s work within his broader interests in literature, cartoons, theater, painting, and music.\nAn early writing on Resnais that offers a clear and readable overview of his major films. The book also presents an interesting discussion of Resnais’s “nonfilms,” works the director planned but never completed.\nPrédal, René. Alain Resnais. Paris: Lettres Modernes, 1968.\nA useful work that adopts a broadly psychoanalytic and thematic approach to Resnais’s work and addresses the significance of silent cinema, musicals, and cartoons to the director’s vision. It also includes some excellent interviews with Resnais conducted by Jacques Belmans and Jacques Sternberg.\nPrédal, René. L’Itinéraire d’Alain Resnais. Paris: Lettres Modernes, 1996.\nA detailed and memorable formal and thematic delineation of Resnais’s work, with excellent close readings and a fine discussion of the later films.\nSpecial Issue: Alain Resnais. Contre Bande 9 (2003).\nA special issue of the journal bringing together some incisive French criticism of the director.\nSweet, Freddy. The Film Narratives of Alain Resnais. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1981.\nA clear and accessible early work that takes into account the significance of Resnais’s collaborations with Alain Robbe-Grillet and Jean Cayrol.\nWilson, Emma. Alain Resnais. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2006.\nA far-reaching, thoughtful, and accessible approach to Resnais’s oeuvre, and currently the most up-to-date overview monograph. Wilson adopts a chronological approach, and combines detailed close readings with more general reflections on the political, ethical, and aesthetic implications of Resnais’s works, with a particular focus on memory and the senses."}
+{"text": "In addition, he writes that whoever contemplates this while reciting the Adon Olam in the morning is guaranteed not to have any misfortune befall him on that day; he’ll have a great day!\nThe ten verses of Adon Olam correspond to the sefirot, in order. The verse corresponding to the sefirah of victory is “He is my G-d and my living savior, and the rock of my birth-pains in a time of crisis.” Let us take a look at the words “a time of crisis.” In Hebrew “a time of crisis” equals 765.\n765 is the “minor part” (that in mathematics would be called the least significant digits) of the current Jewish year, 5765. In Jewish culture it is customary to use only this part in referring to the year on a daily basis.\nOne of the most well-known teachings of the Ba’al Shem Tov is that by meditating on a Hebrew word while praying (for instance, when reciting the Adon Olam), one can rearrange the word’s letters and hence change its meaning. The example he gives is using exactly these words “a time of crisis.” By rearranging its three letters “crisis,” in Hebrew, becomes “tzohar” the word for “threshold” or “radiance” (“tzohar” is one of the 13 synonyms for “light” in Hebrew, bringing to mind the image of “a light at the end of a tunnel”). Indeed, using the verse “Oh, for that day is great, there is none like it; and, it is a time of crisis for Jacob, and from it he will be redeemed” (Jeremiah 30:7), the Ba’al Shem Tov teaches that the crisis itself becomes the source of the redemption; the crisis which seems to signal “the end,” becomes a threshold for a new beginning of the good. According to Chassidic teachings, contemplating words in this manner has a real effect on reality, allowing us to clear our minds and to reformulate our understanding of where we are and what it is that we are doing. Suddenly, from this new perspective, opportunities present themselves and the Almighty helps us fashion them in a positive way. So, though this year may be a year of crisis, it is also a threshold for a new level of good and prosperity, a new level of Divine radiance.\nIn Kabbalah, the process of transforming the negative into the positive is known as “hamtakat hadinim beshorsham,” or “the sweetening of the judgments at their root.” Without going into the Kabbalistic meaning of this process, let us note that the root of the “judgments” can also refer to a word’s grammatical root in Hebrew. The root of the word for “crisis,” in Hebrew is: . But if we take this same word for “crisis” and treat it as if it were a root itself (that is, we are figuratively bringing it to the “root”) then as it turns out, there is only a single word that stems from this root: the word for “balm,” in Hebrew: .\nBalm is associated with healing and is considered a homeopathic remedy par excellence in the Bible. Jeremiah says: “Is there no balm in Gilad; is there no physician there? Why then is the health of my people not recovered?” (Jeremiah 8:22; see also Ibid. 51:8). Thus, elevating crisis to its root yields a remedy. In practical terms this means that elevating one’s consciousness to focus on G-d Himself in a time of crisis transforms the crisis into a threshold for healing and growth in the radiance of G-d.\nFor more on homeopathy in the Torah, see Rabbi Ginsburgh’s Body, Mind, and Soul, pp. 178ff. For more on elevating consciousness to focus on G-d Himself see Ibid., pp. 192ff."}
+{"text": "7:30 am - 4pm. After school enrichment program available until 6:00 pm.\nK4-12 Christian School producing leaders. Students receive academic and spriritual education of excellence. College prep. Accredited. Extensive sports program. Convenient location. Quality and value.\nConvenient to I20, Airport, Atlanta, and Arbor Place Mall. I20 to Chapel Hill Rd. South on Chapel Hill. Approximately 4 miles take Right on Central Church Road. HCA is on the left behind Kroger."}
+{"text": "We offer the bestcombination of Rate, Payment, Term, and Overall Savings on all CONVENTIONAL, JUMBO, VA, AND FHA LOANS.\nPrice up your loan NOW!\nWe are so confident that we have some of the best interest rates in the country, that we have decided to give you the option to price up your own loan with our up to the minute current rates.\nCyber Security is very important to us. Use our secure upload page that allows you to upload your documentation easily and encrypted directly to Grander Home Loans.\nOur reviews reflect our hard work and determination to put the customer first in this industry. Please click any of the trusted review sites below to see why we deserve to earn your business.\nDo you have a question regarding your possible Home Refinance or Purchase? Send us a message and we will have a Mortgage Professional contact you right away. We are here to help!\nEqual Housing Opportunity Lender. BRE Real Estate Corporation License Endorsement, Hawaii Mortgage Loan Originators Company License, Oregon Mortgage Lending License, Colorado Mortgage Company License. All Rights Reserved."}
+{"text": "This Basil Pesto Pasta with Broccoli and Mushrooms is an easy dish that’s full of flavor. Tender pasta is tossed with basil pesto, sautéed mushroom, and fresh broccoli. It’s simple to make and is perfect for busy weeknights!\nIt’s time for another 30 Minute Thursday recipe! Get excited, because I know I am!\nThere are days when I need easy meals, and then there are days when I need carbs and easy meals. And today just happens to be one of them.\nThe hubster and I just moved into our new house last weekend, so I’m pulling out all of the easy meal ideas that I can get my hands on!\nThe kitchen was the first second room that I organized since I now have a ton of cabinet space and a gorgeous island! And my pantry…I could stare at it for hours, it’s so big that I need to buy more food to fill it! Ok, so that’s an exaggeration, but you get the point.\nI actually organized my walk-in closet first, because, you know…I love clothes and shoes, so I had to claim almost the entire closet, sorry to the hubster. But that’s ok, we have three other bedrooms to spare with lots and lots of closet space. And in case you didn’t notice, I love organizing! Shelves, closets, drawers, pantries…you name it! I also love cleaning and am a bit of a neat freak, so my kitchen always sparkles.\nBut anyways, because we’ve been so busy unpacking, cleaning, and getting organized, easy meal ideas are definitely needed around here. And that’s when I had the brilliant idea to put my love for pasta, mushrooms, and pesto to good use.\nRemember when I shared this Easy Basil Pesto a few weeks ago? Well, I’ve been making it non-stop and freezing some jars so that I always have some whenever my cravings strike. And it really comes in handy since it’s already prepared, which is perfect for this 30 minute meal.\nIf you adore pesto like I do, then this pasta is just begging to be made. And really, this dish couldn’t get any easier to prepare. Because, remember, I’m all about the simple dishes here at Pumpkin ‘N Spice. And when it’s summer and the weather is hot, I definitely don’t want to be standing around a hot stove all day.\nYou’ll simply cook some pasta according to the package directions and set aside. I chose to use cavatapi noodles because I love their shape, but any pasta works in this dish.\nWhile the pasta is cooking, sauté the broccoli in some olive oil, and then add in some baby bella mushrooms to the same skillet. When both veggies are tender, add in the pasta and pesto, and stir to combine. And that’s it! Told you it was easy! You can use a store-bought pesto sauce for convenience, but if you have the time, please make this pesto…it’s SO easy and so good!\nOne bite and you’ll be hooked on the tender veggies and zesty pasta. It’s flavorful, simple and perfect for busy weeknights or lazy weekends!\nThis Basil Pesto Pasta with Broccoli and Mushrooms is an easy dish that's full of flavor. Tender pasta is tossed with basil pesto, sautéed mushroom, and fresh broccoli. It's simple to make and is perfect for busy weeknights!\nCook pasta until al dente, according to package directions. Drain and set aside.\nWhile pasta is cooking, add olive oil to a large skillet. Add broccoli and sauté until just starts to become tender, about 4-5 minutes.\nAdd mushrooms to same skillet and sauté until tender, about 5-6 minutes. Add more olive oil, if needed. Season with salt and pepper.\nOnce broccoli and mushrooms are tender, add noodles and pesto to skillet. Stir to combine.\nYou can never go wrong with pesto and pasta! I can add just about anything to that mix and my family will devour it. Love this easy dinner idea!\nTake ALL the closet space, Gayle. Leave him none!! We gals need it more. You know, for the shoes. Such a delicious, fresh pasta dish! I'm so into mushrooms in pasta. Happy dance!\nMeals like this are ideal for when you have moved house, or generally busy. Pasta pesto is a staple for use during busy times too.\nYes! Definitely great for busy times, Dannii!\nGayle - This pasta sounds (and looks) delicious. I planted a ton of basil in my garden and can't wait to make this dish in the summer months!\nThank you, Erin! Fresh basil is SO perfect for this dish!\nI like unpacking and organizing. But I don't like cleaning. I need someone to do that part for me! Glad to hear you two are getting settled. It always seems to take forever to get things all in order. I still haven't hung up all my artwork and I've lived in my house for a year now. Lol! Love this pasta. Carbohydrates and an easy dinner FOR THE WIN!\nThank you, Liz! I'm slowly but surely getting there! And yes, carbs and easy meals for the win!\nI'm always a fan of pesto with pasta! Love this easy meal!\nBasically everything we have moved to the new house has been dropped just inside the front door....and we have lawn chairs in the living room. Red neck much?! hahaha! I am so envious of your moving skills! I am SO good when I have a plan but I haven't been able to formulate one...I just kind of put things in the car and then go drop them off. lol! This pasta looks AMAZING! I need good easy dinners like this this month!\nHaha I love the lawn chairs! We still have a lot to do as far as working on our basement, repainting, stuff like that, but for the most part, all of the big things are unpacked, and I feel a lot more settled. I'm just that type that can't relax until I have things my way, which isn't a good thing! I can't wait to see pictures of your house! And thanks for the pasta love, Annie!\nWe moved in over 2 months ago, and I JUST organized my walk-in closet last week! The kitchen was my first thing to organize and I said the same thing about buying more food to fill up my cabinets! There is just nothing better than tons of cabinet space! Easy meals are definitely a necessity during a move and this pasta looks just perfect.\nI am SO loving my cabinet space! I know I will have it filled up quickly though, because they say the more space you have, the more stuff you acquire! :) Thanks for the pasta love, Keri!\nGood luck organizing Gayle! It is so much fun! I would totally start with the closet, too! This dish looks perfect! So easy to make and delicious!\nHave fun organizing, Gayle! The walk-in closet and kitchen are the perfect places to start :) Easy and flavorful meals like this are so helpful when you just move. Looks delicious and I love that you used basil pesto here!\nPesto basil pasta sounds incredible, Gayle! Love that this meal is so quick and easy. I'm so happy to hear you are getting settled into your new place!\nThank you, Denise! It's so nice to have more space...I'm loving it! :) And thanks for the pasta love!\nGayle, I just love this 30 minute Thursdays idea! What a wonderful theme for you and few other blogger friends. :) Goodness knows, we all need a bit more convenience to help us with our crazy schedules. Also, go you on organizing the walk-in closet first for the new house! Lol. I would so do the same thing--well, maybe a debate between the closet and the kitchen. Ha! Looking forward to more updates on the new house. Loving this basil pesto pasta! <3 Pinning, of course!\nThanks for the kind words, Demeter! Aren't 30 minute Thursdays so much fun? :) I pretty much organized my kitchen right along with my closet...the two most important tasks!\nhaha I took over pretty much the entire closet at our house too. The husband is always asking if he can have another shelf. Um nope, no you can't! lol This pasta sounds delicious! I can never get enough broccoli!\nHaha no more space for husbands! :) Thanks for the pasta love, Ashley!\nEasy meals are a must when getting organized in a new house, and Gayle, these are some of your prettiest photos! I love those close-ups -- I just want to dive in! These ingredients are all some of my very favorite, and carbs are always a bonus!\nThank you for the kind words, Marcie! I'm in love with this pesto pasta!\nMmm 2 of my favorite veggies in my favorite pasta sauce! It can't get any better! Love it!\nThanks for the pasta love, Manali!\nThat last picture definitely has me hooked! This is a perfect meal any night of the week - but especially on nights when you're as busy as you are these days! Happy Organizing!!\nGayle, love this dish! I LOVE a good pesto in the summer and love the broccoli and mushrooms!!!\nThank you, Alice! Broccoli and mushrooms make this dish so much better!\nCongratulations on the new house! I'm sure you are having tons of fun organizing! I love a pesto pasta and this mushroom broccoli version is so creative and looks amazing!\nThanks for the kind words, Rachelle!\nSo glad you liked it, Elda! Thanks for stopping by.\nWhat a great way to use the pesto. I seriously need to make a big batch of that. I like having things like that on hand for fast recipes. Sounds great!\nCongrats on getting settled in your new house, Gayle! That is so exciting! It feels good to get things organized, especially when you have more space to work with. :) This pasta is my kind of dinner! I love all of the veggies that you've packed in here, and I bet the pesto really brings all of the flavors together!\nThank you, Kristine! It definitely is a great feeling to have more space! :) And thanks for the pasta love...the pesto just makes this dish even better!\nPesto pasta is one of my favourite things, but I don't make it too often cause the rest of the family doesn't love it quite as much. Love the mushrooms and broccoli - this is calling my name! We move in a couple of weeks too so I'll be making it for sure! Good luck with getting all the moving stuff done!\n30 minute meals are always good to have on hand! I'm a big pasta lover and this basil pesto version sounds soon delicious!\nGayle! This looks amazing! I love that it only takes 30 minutes!! So perfect for summer! xoxo Cailee!\nThanks for the pasta love, Cailee!\nCongrats on the new move!! 30 minute meals are CRUCIAL right now for sure. This pasta looks so delicious by the way - I'm loving the broccoli, mushroom, pesto...everything!\nThank you, Jessica! This is one of my favorite, easy meals!\nThis looks like the perfect easy dinner idea! I also think it is just light enough that it is perfect for summer! And cheers on moving to your new place! Whenever I move the kitchen is always one of the first things to get organized!\nSo exciting about your new house! This looks like a great meal for busy nights!\nAnother great recipe to try. My favorite pasta shape! Thanks also for the basil pesto recipe. BTW, I have made the honey garlic chicken - fantastic! I added a couple drops of Sriracha, just to give it a little \"bite\".\nIsn't cavatapi pasta the best? It's my favorite shape, too! :) And I'm so glad that you liked the honey garlic chicken. I will have to try adding sriracha the next time I make it...such a great idea. Thanks for sharing and having a great weekend, Jeannie!"}
+{"text": "Recently, we launched a formal client satisfaction survey effort using a third party. Here's how we did.\nThis week we welcome a new addition to the team. Cathryn Wile, who currently resides in Denver, will be joining us to lead our marketing efforts."}
+{"text": "Some clients may have insight into how their childhood has affected their adult life, however some clients are unaware of the connection. Much more than a new edition, this is a true re-visioning as only Judith Rubin could do. For a client to understand the connections of their history to their present actions, therapists can help the client establish a roadmap of how they got to where they are in life today. It will also find a receptive audience within the larger research community where there is a rising commitment to expanding the theory and practice of research. In addition to the strength of the theoretical overview, this new edition offers many new chapters including those on cognitive-behavioral therapy and person-centered therapy. This momentum could stall if the client wants to consciously or unconsciously avoid specific problems.\nHe illustrates how practitioner-researchers can become involved in art-based inquiries during their educational studies and throughout their careers, and shows how new types of research can be created that resonate with the artistic process. Offering a rich array of sources and resources, the book will be of interest to clinicians and teachers in many fields, such as psychiatry, psychology, social work, counseling, art, and education. Approaches to Art Therapy, 3rd edition, is an essential resource in the assembly of any clinician's theoretical and technical toolbox, and in the formulation of each individual's own approach to art therapy. Mentalization Based Art Psychotherapy Dominik Havsteen-Franklin B. An Eclectic Approach to Art Therapy Harriet Wadeson Conclusion Index Series Title: Responsibility: edited by Judith Aron Rubin.\nGussak describes the role of the art therapist as an expert witness in a murder case, the way to use art as evidence, and the conclusions and assessments that professionals can draw from a defendant's artworks. The third edition of Approaches to Art Therapy brings together varied theoretical approaches and provides a variety of solutions to the challenge of translating theory to technique. Approaches to Art Therapy, 3rd edition, is an essential resource in the assembly of any clinician's theoretical and technical toolbox, and in the formulation of each individual's own approach to art therapy. Art therapists at all levels, as well as any mental health professional utilizing art in their clinical work, will find this new edition of value and interest. Art therapy can be very useful in these situations because the client can engage in creative expression and self-expression and not feel pressured to formulate insightful verbal insights.\nThe counselling approach that is chosen should best suit the client and their needs along with the skillset you have developed. Some have limited evidence and some have copious amounts of evidence. Moreover, a therapist will also be influenced by their first place of employment when deciding which counselling approach to use with their client. He examines the effectiveness of expert testimony as communicated by the prosecution, defense, and court, and weighs the moral, ethical, and legal consequences of relying on such evidence. Cognitive-Behavioral Art Therapy Marcia Rosal 18. Moreover, for all of the evidence in support of the effectiveness of the therapy, there is usually a component of criticisms directed towards the effectiveness of the therapy or the scientific approach taken to analyzing its usefulness.\nI honestly do not think I understood the integrative approach to art therapy until I picked this book up and started reading it and it was not my first semester of art therapy classes. The third edition of Approaches to Art Therapy brings together varied theoretical approaches and provides a variety of solutions to the challenge of translating theory to technique. Detailing an outstanding example of the use of forensic art therapy in a capital murder case, David Gussak, an art therapist contracted by the defense to analyze the images that were to be presented as evidence, recounts his findings and his testimony in court, as well as the future implications of his work for criminal proceedings. Jungian Art Therapy Nora Swan-Foster 9. Art therapy has commonly followed more psychodynamic and humanistic approaches.\nI have kept it and reread it many times and I highly recommend it for anyone in the field of art therapy—student and therapist alike. Clinical examples and nearly 100 illustrations are employed as the authors present the creative and effective treatment of patients. Much more than a new edition, this is a true re-visioning as only Judith Rubin could do. Chapter Five continues the theme of violence within families, and Chapter Six, 'The Cycle of Healing,' includes a discussion of resilience illustrated by a variety of stories from an integration of family and art therapy. Focusing-Oriented Art Therapy Laury Rappaport 16. This book is a wonderful contribution to efforts to encourage the highest standards of professional competence in art therapy.\nThe E-mail message field is required. Commentaries by well known art therapists follow each section of the book. Object Relations and Art Therapy Arthur Robbins 7. Discovery and Insight in Art Therapy Judith Rubin 5. This exciting new volume contains a diverse selection of chapters written to examine the current transitional phase of the profession where new paradigms of thinking and research methods are emerging due to the continued examination of old assumptions and development of new knowledge. The creator of seven books and thirteen films, she serves on the faculties of the psychiatry department at the University of Pittsburgh and the Pittsburgh Psychoanalytic Center in Pennsylvania. This book is packed with data on theory and practice with case material and art exercises.\nGestalt Art Therapy Janie Rhyne 12. Person-Centered Expressive Arts Therapy Natalie Rogers 13. A Theory-based Approach to Art Therapy draws on the latest research in the field and will be a valuable text for art therapy theorists, educators, students and researchers, as well as for other social practitioners interested in understanding how to integrate the arts into their practice. The introduction begins with a brief introduction to Randy and his Dad and Stepmother. The therapist and client work together to formulate a future vision for the client and then determine the series of steps it will take to achieve that vision. Therapy can help explore how these perceptions and thoughts influence current behaviour. This book provides a theory-based approach to research, teaching, and practicing art therapy, including verbal and arts based techniques, settings, art processes and analyses, and the principles of supervision, evaluation, and research."}
+{"text": "We know our customers, and are fully aware of the requirements made for precise departures, timetables and material standards. In such a life there is no room for major deviations, and with the economic framework conditions under which they operate, there is no room for extra materials. This puts demands on our customers who then puts demands for us to deliver.\nIn order to meet customer demand for all vehicles in optimal operation, we have established our exchange system. Primarily this applies to Mobitec signs, handset for Dräger Alcohol interlock systems, and Fogmaker fire extinguishers. This system works in combination with our quickfixes. The system is based on that the customer simply switch products with us – while we do the repairs, the customer has a corresponding product available. Simple!\nAnother part of our support is technical training and product training of our customers’ personnel. Together with the vehicle suppliers , we educate drivers and other personnel. This will make drivers more safe, and it will take less time to put the vehicle into operation at startup. The same applies also to technical personnel, where we tailor-make training as agreed. Safe and skilled employees provide better margins – every day!\nOur service offerings are based on a combination of emergency services and preventive maintenance to avoid unwanted casualties and stops. We can offer service agreements at a fixed price. In case of emergency services, we will expedite as quickly as possible. It can be arranged 24/7 service during periods when this is required.\nAt our facility we have a warehouse that is built for the need for fast delivery. Most of the parts are distributed the same day if the order is registered with us before noon. 2:30 p.m.. We send nation wide overnight."}
+{"text": "Mouse over to Zoom – Click to enlarge. We stand behind all our products. Actual data throughput and wireless coverage will vary. They hope these examples will help you to get a better understanding of the Linux system and that you feel encouraged to try out things on your own. For more advanced trainees it can be a desktop reference, and a collection of the base knowledge needed to proceed with system and network administration. Get an immediate offer.\nThis thread is closed. Add to cart to save with this special offer.\nYES, we offer combined shipping! No additional import charges at delivery! WiFi technology provides whole home coverage. See terms – opens in a new window or tab.\nEverything you dls for a fast connected home. Please enter a number less than or equal to See the seller’s listing for full details.\nRegistration is quick, simple and absolutely free. The cost may be slightly more, but you will receive your item MUCH quicker, and more reliably.\nAZTECH DSL TURBO USER MANUAL Pdf Download.\nDelivery times may vary, especially during peak periods. Shipping cost cannot be calculated. This book contains many real life examples derived from the author’s experience as a Linux system and network administrator, trainer and consultant.\nReview your favorite Linux distribution. See list of supported routers.\nAZTECH DSL U EASY START Pdf Download.\nFor additional information, see the Global Shipping Program terms and conditions – opens in a new window or tab This amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. Back to home page. Please visit this page to clear all LQ-related cookies. Aztech dsl U modem driver.\nView LQ Wiki Contributions. See how to enable this feature and if your device supports. Any international shipping and import charges are paid in part to Pitney Bowes Inc. Note that registered members see fewer ads, and ContentLink is completely disabled vsl you log in. Click Here to receive this Complete Guide absolutely free. Find More Posts by 3xodus. The built-in DSL modem replaces the one from your service provider and frees up shelf space.\nIf you need to reset your password, click here. 10u only this item Close this window.\nIf you’d like to contribute content, let us know. Other offers may also be dls. Image not available Photos not available for this variation. Watch list is full.\nBack to home page Return to top. The item must be returned within 30 days. Open Source Consulting Domain Registration."}
+{"text": "I had (notice past tense) an extensive list of photos tagged and cataloged on Pinterest. But then life came crashing in and I stopped posting. My email changed and voila, I was no longer able to access my Pinterest account. Oh, it’s still there, just languishing and underfed.\nTo rectify this, I created a brand new Pinterest account and starting following myself (that would be my old account). Therefore I can repin all my old photos (the 1000s) onto my new site. Tedious? Yes. But something I can do while in line at the grocery store.\nHere are some sample pins, currently centered around my debut novel, Tarot: The Magician.\nI love the mystery of this photo. It’s called “Discovered” by David Dallilet. This reminds me of the Black Plague suits doctors would wear.\nThis painting, called “All Seeing” reminds me of Guiermo Del Toro’s work. Although the painting is by Sarah Jones.\nYes. I also adore books. In 2005, Swiss artist Jan Reymond began constructing elaborate installations each year, made of the old, unsold books as a last hurrah for the soon-to-be discarded objects.\nThis entry was posted in Art and tagged pinterest.\nYou have a very disturbing Pinterest, if these are just a few samples. Granted, the style of writing you do, but whew….. 😛 Glad you figured out a way to ‘save’ your pins! Creative.\nI looked back and you’re right. On the blog I mostly posted bizarre images. Those were the ones that were the most striking. Except, wow, that does paint an interesting picture of me, doesn’t it?\nThe book installation looks really cool. I like the overall look and that books were repurposed into something else, at least for awhile. I remember seeing a show about the middle ages where they had a black plague mask/suit similar to the painting. The All Seeing is actually pretty cool too.\nYup, I’m drawn to all things books so the book installation is awesome. Click over to the Pinterest site for a whole lot more book related art."}
+{"text": "T74.22XD is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes.\nThe 2019 edition of ICD-10-CM T74.22XD became effective on October 1, 2018.\nThis is the American ICD-10-CM version of T74.22XD - other international versions of ICD-10 T74.22XD may differ.\nT74.22XD is applicable to pediatric patients aged 0 - 17 years inclusive.\nT74.22XD is considered exempt from POA reporting."}
+{"text": "Keep your entire face toasty, recite your favorite breathy Bane quotes, and pretend you are the League of Shadows on cold wintery days (or suffer for your craft and sweat all summer long).\nEach knitted mask is handmade to your specifications so, you’re assured a custom fit if you’re a little guy or as big as bane himself.\nIf you want to go off script, you can have the beanie designed in any color combination you’d like. The Bulgarian seamstress even created a Sub-Zero style mask for her Mortal Combat fans so, bring your imagination, the possibilities are endless."}
+{"text": "The following standards are designed to provide for a systematic method of appointing qualified counsel to indigents in criminal cases. These standards address principles of eligibility and certification for trial, writs of habeas corpus, revocations of probation and counsel on appeal.\nBecause Navarro County counsel as well as out-of-county counsel available for indigent criminal appointment numbers fewer than twenty individuals, the judges of Navarro County are completely familiar with the proficiency levels of all local counsel. These guidelines provide for a high level of discretion to be exercised by judges, based upon their almost daily review of the conduct of a small number of attorneys. Navarro County indigent practice has always incorporated considerable judicial discretion in the appointment of attorneys, and the jurists of Navarro County, historically, have used utmost care in balancing the rights of indigent defendants and varying levels of attorney proficiency to achieve adequate representation. No doubt, the great majority of judges who comprise the rural judiciary have executed the same care.\nvi. If the magistrate is not authorized to appoint counsel and if the accused requests appointment of counsel, the magistrate shall transmit or cause to be transmitted the magistrate form and any other forms requesting appointment of counsel to the Indigent Defense Coordinator. (the appointing authority) The forms requesting appointment of counsel shall be transmitted without unnecessary delay, but not later than 24 hours after the person arrested requests appointment of counsel.\n3. An attorney shall submit by October 15th each year a statement that describes the percentage of the attorney's practice time that was dedicated to work based on appointments accepted in this county for adult criminal cases and juvenile delinquency cases for the prior 12 months that begins on October 1 and ends on September 30. The report must be submitted through the online form to the Texas Indigent Defense Commission/form prescribed by the Texas Indigent Defense Commission to the court administration office in the county.\n3. An attorney must have experience as 1st or 2nd chair in at least 3 felony case(s) tried to verdict before a jury. At least 3 of the trial(s) must have been felonies. The styles and cause numbers of these cases must be listed in the District Courts appointment application form.\nC. Removal from Appointment List - The judges and Indigent Defense Coordinator will monitor attorney performance on a continuing basis to assure the competency of attorneys on the list. An attorney may be removed or suspended, as appropriate, from one or more appointment lists by a majority vote of the judges.\niii. If an indigent defendant is arrested in another county based on this county’s warrant, counsel will be appointed within three working days of the Indigent Defense Coordinator's receipt of the request for counsel.\nv. If a defendant wishes to request counsel prior to the initial appearance, the forms required to request counsel may be obtained at the Texas Indigent Defense Commission’s website at http://tidc.tamu.edu/public.net/ or from: the District Clerk's office or Indigent Defense Coordinator. The defendant may submit these forms to: Indigent Defense Coordinator.\n1. If no case has been filed in the trial court, the appointing authority for misdemeanors is Indigent Defense Coordinator.\n2. If no case has been filed in the trial court, the appointing authority for felonies is Indigent Defense Coordinator.\n3. If the case has been filed in the trial court, the appointing authority is Indigent Defense Coordinator.\nii. The attorney fee voucher must be submitted within seven days of disposition of case with any supplemental documentation to be attached for fees exceeding the schedule."}
+{"text": "A special thank you to Deb S. for chairing the Lenten soup suppers. Also, a big THANKS to all who volunteered their labor and the delicious food! This time of fellowship is a wonderful part of Lent! Thank you!\nThis entry was posted in Home Page News, Thank you. Bookmark the permalink."}
+{"text": "Please plan accordingly. Thank you for your patience and understanding with this matter. If you have questions or concerns, please contact us prior to January 31st at 5 pm at CSRInfo@CalRetirees.org."}
+{"text": "During my last trip to Kyiv, Dnipro and Donbas, I’ve been in several closed-door meetings with military staff and international strategists. The following text lists some of my observations and things I was told about realities of the war in Ukraine.\nAll information was provided under Chatham House Rules, so it is much more straight forward than what you would hear or read from official briefings and politicians’ statements. For the same reason, I won’t name any source, naturally.\nRight now, Ukraine faces some 36.300 separatists (most of them Ukrainians) at the front. While 2016 saw around 9.000 Russian troops in eastern Ukraine, this number declined to 3.000. “The problem is that they left their equipment all behind. High tech equipment.” Military academies and (Ukrainian) separatist army training bases work “highly efficient”, some still under Russian army command with many trainers being Russian-trained Ukrainians by now. They are now training “the 3rd generation” of fighters, meaning Russian-trained Ukrainians educate new Ukrainians. Separatist troops are trained on traditional weapons as well as state of the art Russian Army electronic warfare equipment, the invaders left-behind. This results in a well-trained enemy army.\nHowever, over the past months, Russians have reduced logistic and military support in Donetsk and Luhansk. The DNR/LNR military and political leaderships are panicking about this and consider having their own offensive operations against Ukraine, fearing Russia might look for “diplomatic solutions” in which they might cease to exist.\nRight now, separatist/Russian forces of the first and second army corps have 478 operational tanks, 848 APCs and 732 artillery pieces inside Ukraine. Approximately the same amount of equipment is located directly on the Russian side of the occupied territories and can be deployed to the territories within less than one day (with Russian soldiers operating most of the weapons systems).\nWhat the Ukrainian army needs at the front – and hopes to receive from the US – is “night vision equipment, jamming systems, radio intelligence tools and secure communication systems, especially to operate UAVs”.\nOne quite bold argument why drones must be equipped with night vision and laser targeting equipment was, that Ukraine wants to see where it returns fire. “70% of their artillery and mortar positions are located in close proximity to civilian structures in urban areas. Most of the shelling occurs at night. If we return fire, we would like to see what we hit. This would reduce the risk of hitting civilians.” The officer said that Ukraine must strike back if the pro-Russian fire in violation of Minsk threatens the lives of their forces. They do this almost daily, “endangering our own civilians” (in the occupied areas). They want to change the situation, but need more foreign support to do so.\nAlso, separatists occasionally use entrenched BMP-1 some km from the front as “ballistic weapons”, using their main gun to shell the Ukrainian front “like mortars”. This tactic is used to avoid being spotted by OSCE monitors. It also only very seldomly causes damage or casualties.\nThe European Union, also Germany, deny Ukraine the military support they want, because the EU wants the Ukrainian army “to punch below its fighting weight”. It knows Putin is the aggressor but also has no full trust in Ukraine’s commitment to the Minsk agreement. It fears, nationalist forces could win the upper hand via democratic elections or within the military structure and launch a surprise offensive to regain what belongs to Ukraine in the east.\nSome figures within the Ukrainian political and military sphere see this as the only chance as Minsk does not seem to return any square meter to its rightful owner. At the same time, the Ukrainian army feels – and is – much stronger than in 2014 and could throw its weight into the battle to see if it can recapture entire Donbas. However no one thinks that Poroshenko would order such an attack as another defeat would mean the end of his political career. To make sure, nobody in the Ukrainian leadership does, the EU wants Ukraine to remain under-equipped to a certain degree. Also it is afraid that IF Ukraine’s army became a proper opponent to what Russia can send it at any moment, the conflict could spiral out of control.\nThe Ukrainian army position on the diplomatic initiative is: “Russia suffers under the sanctions, keeping them in place is the only way to eventually solve the conflict due to negotiations”. Some experts think that this implies, lifting the sanctions against Russia could make the Ukrainian government and army turn to “Plan B” as mentioned above.\nAsked about OSCE observations that the Ukrainian army sometimes advances into the grey area, officers made it clear that they regard the – signed also by Russia! – September 19, 2014 contact line as the real one, according to Minsk. This means the army sees advances into the grey zone “to supply our citizens in it” and possibly take new positions as its full right.\nThe grey zone, meaning points behind what Ukraine holds now but what it regards as on its side of the September 19, 2014 contact lin,e reaches “between 200 meters and 7 kilometres” into not-held territory, sometimes held by separatists, sometimes held by nobody. Thus, it includes “hundreds of settlements” which Ukraine regards as under its protection according to the first Minsk agreement. The army denies that entering these areas violates Minsk and left open, whether it could install permanent positions inside this area. For now, only temporary advances are on the agenda.\nRussian-speaking people could turn to Russia, fleeing to it or even rise up in the eastern and southern regions, trying to make those areas part of Russia. By the way: All experts agree that Russia is not better off economically, just more successfully creating that image with its propaganda, also received among many “neutral” Ukrainians.\nBecause of all this, economic experts assume that Ukraine is “too big to fail” and must be economically secured at any price. So the fight against the economic downturn is closely connected to the fight against Russia’s hybrid war on the country and the fight against corruption.\nAgainst the backdrop of an – again – escalating war in Eastern Ukraine, it was revealed today that Russia extended its “support for the rebels” or rather: supply of its troops by a further mean, namely by a direct train connection from Russia into occupied Donbas.\nGiven the fact that the Russian invasion command did everything to conquer the important railway knot of Debaltseve and seeing a steady escalation in Russian-led violence in Eastern Ukraine over the last weeks, the assumption that full-scale hostilities will resume until summer seems rather obvious. Thus, it is no surprise that the Russian army needs to create a strong and steady supply line to its forces in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions. Rumors that such line was established popped up here and there over the last 2 months, however, solid evidence was missing so far.\nThis changed today, when the Ukrainian Twitter user “Lenz Gottfried” uploaded a picture of two Russian “hybrid” troops, hugging at an undosclosed train station in front of what seemed to be a (state-owned) Russian Railways cargo train, packed with ammunition boxes.\nAccording to the uploader of the picture, the boxes contain ammunition for the «Акации» / 2S3 Akatsiya self-propelled artillery, however this type of artillery system is not known to have been deployed by Russian forces so far. While this description might be a (rather unimportant) mistake given the clearly military cargo inside the wagons, the exact geolocation of the picture inside Ukraine was crucial to verify the claim that the scene played inside Ukraine. This process needed no less than 2 hours, in which I matched more than 50 train stations inside occupied Donbas with the picture, searching for a facility with the properties and objects that can be seen in it. Finally, I found the right one and was able to confirm that despite the small ammunition type error, the scene indeed shows what it claims, namely a direct Russian army supply line into Ukraine’s Luhansk region via railway, more precisely the town of Sukhodil’s‘k, around 10 km from the border with Russia. The below picture shows the analytical chart that verifies the location as well as the way, the train probably took to get there.\nAs it can be seen in the chart above, the train likely entered via the Russian-occupied Izvaryne border crossing, which (despite claims to have done so) the Ukrainian army was never able to reach since the start of the invasion in April last year. Thus, it served as a safe passage for Russian troops and equipment, crossing it in vehicles as well as the notorious “humanitarian aid convoys”, since then. However its use for the illegal entry (aka invasion) of Russian army-organized and -stuffed trains hasn’t been proven so far. This changed today.\nThe emergence of the train in Sukhodil’s’k, 18 kilometers of tracks into Ukraine, is – for sure – only the tip of the iceberg. At this very location, no Russian arms are needed right now and the town only serves as a transit point for that kind of carriage. Instead the tracks, lead towards the front near Stanytsia Luhanska in the north and practically endlessly towards the west, where fighting increased over the last 4 weeks. More such deadly cargo, transported by train, should and will be found along these axes, then however, probably not in Russian Railways wagons anymore.\nFinally, the first appearance of Russian state trains, filled with ammunition, inside Ukraine, is another stark reminder that this conflict is far from over. Instead the Russian side takes a – well-documented – deep breath to come back with all its “hybrid” force and take more territory inside Ukraine; probably before this summer. The usage of Russian trains to facilitate that carefully and long-planned move is just another logical step in Russia’s escalation ladder and thanks to the “media friendly” invasion troops, its revelation was just a question of time.\nEight days after the fall of Debaltseve (article), many analysts still believe, the worst in terms of fighting might be over in eastern Ukraine and Russia’s thirst for more territory appeased. Fighting activity continuously decreased during the last days along the border of occupied Donbas and yesterday was the first day of no Ukrainian fatalities since the signing of the Minsk 2 agreement on February 12. Still, this impression deceives.\nThe prediction, I stated in my last article, that large parts of the offensive Russian forces which were active in and around Debaltseve moved south after their victory there and will soon turn up in the greater Donetsk area as well as near the southern coastal city of Mariupol was meanwhile confirmed by multiple analysts, including several sources on the ground in southern Donetsk region. However, what seems not to have been realized by analysts and international media organizations yet is that the question, whether or not an attack towards Mariupol will take place or not has already been answered. It started the moment, Debaltseve fell to the invasion army.\nIn early February, Ukrainian national guard forces from Regiment Azov were not willing to obey the suicidal “defense only” strategy by the military and political leadership in Kiev and decided to go on the attack (article), amid a weak Russian / local separatists-held frontline east of the city (as most forces were active around Debaltseve). Within 2 days, they recaptured around 120 km² of Ukrainian land and established new fortified positions in a number of towns, some 10-15 east of Mariupol.The below (professional) map gives a good impression of what could be regained and put back under Urainian control during this offensive.\nBut the joy was only brief. 5 days later, on February 16, Russian forces started massive attacks on the front, pushing Azov troops out of Shyrokyne and to the town’s eastern outskirts (geolocated) in a first stage of their counterattack. Several days of relative calm followed, but on February 23, their offensive gained pace again, using all kind of weapons – of course – forbidden in the Minsk 2 agreement – and even Russian air force surveillance planes over the occupied territory. The below detailed map shows what was used where and what the initial situation in terms of territorial possession at that time was.\nDue to the (anti!-)Ukrainian strategy of adhering to the Minsk 1+2 agreements, defending Azov troops could only fight back with small arms and mortars, by far not strong enough to resist the fresh Russian push, executed by forces coming from central Donbas via Telmanove as well as via Novoazovsk and thus directly from Russian army and invasion bases across the border (article). Reports from the Information Resistance group say up to 600 invasion forces stand ready to take part in the offensive as well as dozens of tanks and armored fighting vehicles, not to speak of heavy artillery and MLRS systems.\nAs a logic consequence of the uneven (allowance to use) force, Ukrainian troops initially had to withdraw from Kominternove and shortly after from Pavlopil and its tiny suburb Pyshchevyk, meaning a loss of some 70% of the territory, Regiment Azov liberated earlier this month. Not even today, as the Ukrainian ministry of internal affairs report the use of Russian army T-72 tanks to attack Regiment Azov positions near Shyrokyne, the Ukrainian army command would give its troops the needed artillery cover. The below map shows the situation as it appears according to all available reports on February 25.\nLast but not least, many people keep asking if Russian forces will attack Mariupol itself and capture it in another step to build a land corridor to (also-)occupied Crimea. There should be doubt about that for the coming weeks at least. While some analysts believe, the Russian army and local separatists might directly attack or bypass and encircle the town, the cost for that move might be massive and possibly too high for both sides, especially taking into account that – different from Debaltseve – here both sides will have a steady streeam of resupplies and reinforcements until cutting the opponent’s supply lines with extreme force. Thus, the more likely scenario in the short term is that Russian forces will try to get back into the comfortable situation of controlling all smaller settlements east of Mariupol, being able to attack military and civilians targets in and around the town like it was the case between September last year and January 2015. Doing this, they would be able to inflict constant smaller casualties on the fixed Ukrainian line of defense, keeping the conflict boiling on a low but steady flame. At the same time, it would enable them to raise the stakes (attack Mariupol itself) whenever their supreme command in Moscow feels to do so, without having to move larger contingents of men and material (more than 5 kilometers).\nFinally what we might see during the next weeks and probably months will rather be an offensive towards and not on Mariupol. However, this offensive is already happening as we speak, kept dead quiet by both, the Russian and the Ukrainian government, but painfully felt by mostly volunteer Ukrainian defenders on the ground as well as civilians, coming back under Russian rule or – like so many others – being forces to flee to Mariupol itself or other safer regions in Ukraine."}
+{"text": "JFH News: Integrity Music Announces Paul Baloche's \"Ultimate Collection\"\nEvery believer has signposts for the journey in faith. For Dove Award-winning worship leader Paul Baloche, the journey is marked by songs, personal prayers that have become global anthems for Christians from all walks of life. Integrity Music, Baloche’s label home for two decades, now offers 15 of his most beloved compositions with Paul Baloche Ultimate Collection, available globally February 16.\nAnd the church has responded to this “worship pastor of worship pastors” whose songs have been featured on recordings by Matt Redman, Michael W. Smith, Casting Crowns and Phillips Craig & Dean to name but a few. Baloche is one of the contemporary church’s most acclaimed songwriters, penning standards such as “Hosanna (Praise is Rising),” “Our God Saves,” “Your Name,” “Glorious,” “Above All” and “Open the Eyes of My Heart.” In short, Baloche writes songs that the whole church sings.\nIn addition to being a prolific songwriter, Baloche has developed a variety of resource videos for worship teams and he facilitates LeadWorship training workshops around the world. His critically-acclaimed recordings include Your Mercy, The Same Love, Christmas Worship (Volumes 1&2 and Live From London), Our God Saves, A Greater Song and the French albums Glorieux and Ovuvre Les Yeux De Mon Coeur. He is also the author of the books “God Songs: How to Write and Select Songs for Worship” and “The Same Love: A Devotion.” Additional information is available at LeadWorship.com and Facebook.com/PaulBaloche or by following Baloche on Twitter and Instagram @paulbaloche.\nFor more info on Paul Baloche, visit the JFH Artists Database."}
+{"text": "Brad Neuberg is credited with starting the coworking movement in San Francisco in 2005 with the idea to combine the independence of freelancing with the structure and community of an office space.\nTo do this, he invented the word “coworking” with no hyphen. Unlike a traditional office, coworking spaces consist of members who work for a range of different companies, ventures, and projects. Because there is little direct competition or internal politics, they don’t feel they have to put on a work persona to fit in. Working amidst people doing different kinds of work can also make one’s own work identity stronger.\nIn 2017, there were 13,800 coworking spaces globally. The Cooperative Venture Workspace is proudly one of them in Portsmouth, NH.\nThis is more than office space for rent. It’s a decision that has direct benefits for you and your business."}
+{"text": "Creative small living room designs is one images from the 25 best small drawing room ideas of Get in The Trailer photos gallery. This image has dimension 700x927 Pixel and File Size 201 KB, you can click the image above to see the large or full size photo. Previous photo in the gallery is small living room design ideas color schemes hgtv. For next photo in the gallery is small narrow living room ideas interior design. You are viewing image #6 of 25, you can see the complete gallery at the bottom below."}
+{"text": "・A true to size classic t-shirt for everyone.\n・Shorter in length than our classic cut t-shirt, this modern boxy sillhouette is perfect for the shorter of us who still want the classic cut without the bulk of extra length.\n＊This is made to order. It will take 3-5 days."}
+{"text": "Nestled on the hillside. Sheltered from the wind!\nThis loving family home oozes character and style.\n3 bedrooms all with cupboards and en suite bathrooms. Lovely spacious open plan living areas with excellent flow to covered patio, over looking Fish Hoek, with views of the mountain and the ocean. Open plan kitchen with fitted hob, extractor and a separate scullery/laundry area. The Garden is terraced and the pool is sparkling!\nThe property has access to Outspan road making summer fun easy as pie with just a 2miuite stroll to the beach."}
+{"text": "The school council consists of 10 school council members that represent Years 1 and 2 and Mrs Goodman who leads the meetings. Every class in Key Stage 1 have two school council members that hold their post for a term. At the beginning of every term new school council members are selected through an election process.\nIn order to be on the School Council children must deliver a short speech on what they would like to improve at the school. They are then voted for by the members of the class and two children are chosen to be the representatives.\nThe School Council team meet up every Thursday lunchtime and discuss the topic of focus. Last year the School Council supported Children in Need, Sports relief and our Anti-bullying week. They helped raise money at the summer fete and helped guide the school into looking after their playground and the toilets more responsibly.\nThe School Council has a mission statement which is displayed next to their board in the school. A copy of this can be found below.\nOur School Council will include children who set a good example to follow and encourage the school values. They will listen to all pupils and help give them a voice to share opinions. The school Council will help to make everybody feel included, a part of our community and feel happy and safe."}
+{"text": "A man is to stand trial accused of the murder of former University of Lincoln graduate Grace Millane.\nBackpacker Grace, 22, from Essex, was last seen \"with a male companion\" at 9.41pm on December 1, 2018 at the Citylife Hotel, in Auckland.\nHer family became concerned when she failed to respond to birthday messages the following day.\nPolice found Grace's body on December 9 in the Waitakere Ranges, 10 metres away from the road.\nA 26-year-old man, who cannot be named for legal reasons, appeared in the High Court in Auckland on Wednesday, January 16.\nHe pleaded not guilty to murder and will face trial on November 4.\nFamily and friends remembered Grace at a funeral service at Brentwood Cathedral on January 10.\nIt began with a procession from her family home. Grace was vice-captain of the university hockey team, whose members raised almost £6,000 for Lincoln cancer charity Candles and the Lucie Blackman Trust, which supports British nationals in crisis overseas, with a charity match and an online campaign .\nHer disappearance sparked a frantic search by New Zealand police and her father flew out in a desperate bid to find her.\nGrace's two brothers, Michael, 29, and Declan, 26, and their mother, Gillian, said Grace had a \"passion to see the world\" and revealed she had been planning a second long-haul trip to Asia.\nMichael told the Sunday Times : \"She had decided, 'once I've done this bit, I want to go to the other side'.\n\"She had a passion to see the world before she settled into a job. Her mind was set that she wanted to do this thing.\"\nHe also revealed the family had received almost 1,000 messages of sympathy and support from around the world - many from complete strangers.\nMichael said: \"I read one from Mexico last night on Facebook. It's been reassuring reading the condolences, the nice messages that people have been sending.\n\"[It is often] random people taking the time to write a letter to us - to someone they don't know from across the world.\"\nThe family also issued this statement: \"Grace went off to travel the world in mid-October and arrived in New Zealand on November 20.\nThe family also paid tribute to investigating officers in New Zealand.\nThey said: \"We would like to thank the people of New Zealand for their outpouring of love, numerous messages, tributes and compassion."}
+{"text": "Get the CBSE Class 10th Mathematics Chapter 1, Real Numbers: Important Questions & Preparation Tips.\nGet the CBSE Class 10th Mathematics Chapter 1, Real Numbers: Important Questions & Preparation Tips. This will provide you with a very clear idea about what type of questions are being framed for the exam and from which topics. The pattern in which the Question Paper is set is quite different from the style in which the course structure is actually defined. Consider the below mentioned points/questions at the time of preparation.\nGiven positive integers a and b, there exist whole numbers q and r satisfying a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r < b.\nStep 1: Apply the division lemma to find the whole numbers q and r such that, a = bq + r, where ; 0 ≤ r < b.\nStep 2: Now if r = 0, then the HCF of given numbers is b. If r ≠ 0, then apply Euclid’s lemma again to b and r.\nStep 3: Continue this process till the remainder comes out to be zero. The divisor at this stage will be HCF (a, b). Also, HCF(a, b) = HCF(b, r).\nThe Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic: Every composite number can be expressed (factorised) as a product of primes, and this factorisation is unique, apart from the order in which the prime factors occur."}
+{"text": "Spent Friday driving from Branson to Pigeon Forge. Definitely a long haul. Forgot about switching back to Eastern time so lost an hour on top of that. It seemed my virtually rain-free trip would be spoiled, morning forecast called for 60%+ chance of thunderstorms on Saturday. Miraculously, the park got virtually no rain, the storm system veered just west of Pigeon Forge.\nGot there around 9:15 and boarded at Tram Stop B. \"B is for Butterfly.\" Walking through the front areas before rope drop there is a very nice fountain. Also, due to the threat of rain, there weren't many people here at opening. The duck population on the midways outnumbered the people population. Unfortunately, all of the ducks were holding park maps and headed the same place I was. Oh c'mon, those baby ducks aren't even tall enough to ride.\nWild Eagle. The theming is well done. There's an awesome massive eagle statue at the entrance, and Dolly herself recorded a special song just for the ride. Flyyy Eagle, Flyyy Eagle, Wild Eagle Flyyyy.... (thankfully there is more than that). The trains themselves have eagle heads with wings spanning the middle of each row.\nEagle's zero-g roll, which comes right after the first loop, was my favorite element here. You really do feel like you're flying. I preferred the back. This one's worth doing front seat at least once though, there are some great legchopper effects there in the second half that had me pulling my knees up. From a pure ride standpoint, now having ridden all 3 of B&M's US Wing Coasters, GateKeeper is better, but I enjoyed Wild Eagle quite a bit more than X-Flight. I wouldn't classify any of the 3 as \"intense\" but that's not really a negative in my book. It's a solid crowd pleasing design, they are fun to ride, and they have a certain -- dare I say -- majestic quality, which isn't an adjective I'd use to describe many other coasters.\nAfter 4 laps on Eagle (max 10 minute wait this early in the morning), Tennessee Tornado was nearby so walked on. One of the last Arrow loopers, and now my second favorite of its type (Loch Ness is still first, those interlocking loops are so pretty.) Fairly smooth with virtually no headbanging and the tunnel drop is sweet. Rode it a second time. Next was Blazing Fury. Nearly identical to SDC's Fire In The Hole (the former was based on the latter), even the ride ops were serenading departing trains with a shout of \"Fire in the hole!\" However, this one has no splashdown, apparently they took it out a couple years back. Still a fun dark coaster.\nWalking back through the upper half of the park, did Mystery Mine twice. This ride is disorienting in a good way and hard to describe. Part indoor, part outdoor, and very unique. But bangs your head around in a couple spots. Kept going to Thunderhead. A very solid woodie, no single element is outstanding (the station flyby is slick though) but has some good airtime moments throughout its lengthy course and keeps up a good rate of speed.\nWent back to Thunderhead, max 10 minute wait so got 4 more rides on that, 2 more on Eagle, 1 more on Tornado. For a Saturday I sure am riding a lot. Then took a swing on Barnstormer, funny this was my first S&S swing of the season. The \"giant barn\" theme fits this ride type well (SDC's swing is similarly themed).\nI passed on dessert before but was wanting some now. Exiting Barnstormer, I walked to the nearby Grist Mill and -- a la Toucan Sam -- followed my nose inside. Cinnamon bread. Oh goodness this is delicious. You get a decent sized loaf served warm and fresh, there's enough to share, or in my case take some home. I then headed to Celebrity Theater for the Great American Country Show. Shows aren't really my thing -- my last was way back in 2008 (CP's Misadventures of Molly and Maverick) -- but considering Dollywood's reputation, I made an exception. I don't feel qualified to critique in detail, so I'll just say the production values were top-notch and I liked it. But given a do-over (or hopefully if I visit Dollywood again!) I probably would have selected a \"smaller\" show. Looking back I think the Country Show is Dollywood's \"biggest\" this season in terms of scale.\nThere were a couple hours left til close, and all I really wanted was a couple night rides on Eagle. I took some time to walk around the Village and Country Fair sections, as I hadn't been though them yet. Rode the train, which actually travels a bit outside the park boundary through some heavily wooded areas. Rode the nearby carousel after the train ride.\nThen started walking back towards Wild Eagle (hit Blazing Fury again on the way) and got there around 9 PM. Got 4 more rides in before closing at 10. This thing is even sweeter after dark. No lighting here, helps that much of the course is surrounded by trees. As a bonus, they were doing fireworks at 9:30. Soaring on Eagle in the dark while watching fireworks? EXCELLENT! And a pretty fitting finale to cap my vacation!"}
+{"text": "CARACS, Venezuela (AP) — In life, Venezuela's exuberant leader Hugo Chavez often captivated supporters by bursting into song, even the occasional dance. Now that he's gone, supporters are turning to the musical arts to help immortalize him.\nA state-sponsored biographical ballet premieres on Saturday, with dozens of performers recounting Chavez's life, from humble roots, to failed coup, to international fame as leader of Venezuela's socialist revolution.\nThe hour-long show, presented by Venezuela's National Dance Company, blends classic and contemporary choreography, and draws on a range of music including Venezuelan folk melodies, African rhythms and symphonic scores.\nPerformers use simple dances to depict Chavez's childhood in a humble house with a mud floor, and his days roaming the streets selling homemade papaya sweets known as spiders.\nThe ballet, entitled \"From Spider-Seller to Liberator,\" shows him shelving his dream of being a major league baseball pitcher to join the army at age 17. Then audience sees a disillusioned Chavez dancing against the background of the country's 1989 riots, in which several hundred people died in the streets.\nAt a climactic moment, Chavez storms the Venezuelan political stage like a hurricane in 1992, leading failed coup attempt.\nChavez was imprisoned, but not before scoring a few precious moments of airtime in which he grabbed the nation's attention, telling followers he had failed \"for now.\" The ballet is debuting on the 22nd anniversary of the failed coup.\nSix years after being sent to prison, Chavez he came to power and remained at the helm of the country until he died of cancer in 2013. The ballet ends with Chavez converted into a disembodied force of justice and socialism.\nOn the street outside the theater, passersby were unsurprised that the late leader has gotten another commemoration.\n\"Chavez has become mythic, whether you like it or not,\" said 23-year-old student Carlos Lozada. \"He'll be here as long as the Chavistas remain in power.\""}
+{"text": "Mexico City is the capital of Mexico. As an “alpha” global city, Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in the Americas. Colonia Centro is the business, banking, and historic center of Mexico City. Within Colonia Centro, is Centro Histórico. Here you’ll find historic landmarks, important public buildings, the partially unearthed Aztec ruins of the Great Temple, and numerous museums. This is our guide to the best places to run in Mexico City, Mexico.\nWithin Colonio Centro is Chapultepec Forest (Bosque de Chapultepec) — is Mexico City’s largest oasis and one of its running highlights. It is divided into three sections, and home to forests, lakes and several important sights and attractions. In between Colonia Centro and Chapultepec Forest lies Zona Rosa, which is one of the city’s most touristy areas. South of Zona Rose lie the Roma and Condesa neighborhoods. These bohemian neighborhoods feature the city’s hippest cafes and bars, from cutting-edge restaurants to offbeat shops, art galleries, and nightclubs.\nOther running highlights in Mexico city are the Coyoacan and San Angel neighborhoods. Not far from the city, El Ocotal, Cuemanc, Bosque de Tlalpan, and Forest of Aragon are worthy running destinations.\nThere are two obstacles when running in Mexico City: altitude and pollution. Located at an altitude of 7,350 ft in the Valley of Mexico (a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico), it is important to allow yourself to become acclimated to the elevation before pushing yourself. Pollution is also a reality in Mexico City. Try planning your runs in the morning or the evening, and the air quality will be better.\n**Big thanks to Go! Running Tours for their help outlining the best running routes in Mexico City**.\nMexico City is huge but there are various forms of public transit to help you get around. The quickest form of transportation is the metro system, consisting of 12 lines with 195 stations. All lines operate from 5am to midnight weekdays, 6am to midnight Saturday and 7am to midnight Sunday and holidays. Peseros (also called microbúses or combis) are gray-and-green minibuses operated by private firms. They follow fixed routes, often starting or ending at metro stations, and will stop at virtually any street corner. Route information is randomly displayed on cards attached to the windshield. The city’s bus rapid transit line is the Metrobús. The metrobús stops at metro-style stations in the middle of the street, spaced at three- to four-block intervals. Buses and peseros operate from around 5am till 10pm daily, depending on the route. Electric trolleybuses generally run until 11:30pm.\n“Bosque de Chapultepec” (Chapultepec Forest) is the largest city park in the Western Hemisphere and is often referred to as Mexico City’s \"lungs\". We've mapped out a 3.6 mile park loop, and 5k loops of El Sope and Minor Lake.\nCentrally located park located in the trendy Condesa neighborhood provides an urban oasis for runners. A loop of the trails and paths is about 1 km, so you'll have to do some laps.\nThis is a 6.2 mile tour of some of Mexico City's most important and historic sites, starting from the Zócalo metro station. Note that on Sundays, Reforma Avenue is closed to traffic until mid-day -- a special bonus for runners!\nA 3 mile tour of Coyoacán, a quaint neighborhood is known for its cobblestone and bohemian flavor. Includes some parks, pretty residential streets, and some sites including Templo de San Juan Bautista and the Frida Kahlo Museum.\nA stunningly beautiful neighborhood of cobblestone streets, Colonial-Era homes, as well as several worthwhile museums south of the city center. Mexico City’s Secretary of Tourism named the San Angel neighborhood a Barrio Magico (Magic Neighborhood).\nA forest in the Cuajimalpa delegation in Mexico City. The best time to visit is on the weekends, when it is bustling with runners and walkers. There are native tree species such as fir, ash and pine. A running circuit of about 2.15 miles is very popular.\nCanal Cuemanco, in the eastern part of the city, was the venue for rowing competitions in the 1968 olympic games. A paved 5K path around the canal makes for a great place to run away from Colonia Centro. Great views of volcanoes and mountains.\nThe Bosque de Aragón is a park located in the Gustavo A. Madero, near the International Airport of Mexico City. There is a 2.5 km paved path surrounding a fountain and a second 5 km dirt path around the perimeter of the park.\nForest of Tlalpan is perhaps one of the best known by runners, athletes, and nature lovers who live south of Mexico City. The five different running tracks, and natural beauty make this forest one of the favorite places for exercise. Accessible by public transport.\nMexico City enjoys mild, pleasant weather (great for running) year round. It’s climate is classified as subtropical highland due to its tropical location and high elevation. The average high is between 70 an 85 (21 to 28 12 to °C) throughout the year. Nights can be cool, as low as 5C in thw winter months. October through May is the city’s dry season, and from June through September is considered the “rainy season”. During the summer months it rains on average once a day, though the rain rarely lasts longer than a few hours. Due to the city’s location near the equator, there is not great variation in daylight length.\nThere are numerous options for lodging in Mexico City. Some of the most reasonable places are in the Centro Histórico, while more luxurious accommodations, are concentrated in Polanco and the Zona Rosa. Staying in Centro Histórico and Zona Rosa provides access to the Historic Downtown route from your front door. Similarly, staying in Polanco (bordering Chapultepec Forest), has easy access to running routes in the forest. South of Zona Rose lie the Roma and Condesa neighborhoods. These bohemian neighborhoods feature the city’s hippest cafes and bars, from cutting-edge restaurants to offbeat shops, art galleries, and nightclubs. Condesa is close to the Chapultepec Forest routes, whereas routes from Roma are accessible through Metro transportation.\nThere aren’t as many specialty running shops in Mexico City as in some other cities, but here are a few.\nTodos a Correr Anzures and Santa Fe Locations. Specialty Run Store. Group Run Saturday 8:00am from the Anzures Store.\nTrailsport Carries a wide variety of specialty items for running, triathlon and cycling.\nMinimuri Location varies. Running club with free trainings.\nTotal Running Location varies. Running club with free trainings.\nMexico City Half Marathon July.\nRock ’n’ Half Marathon March."}
+{"text": "Tom Smith’s own performing career peaked on NBC Coke Time with Eddie Fischer and Debbie Reynolds in the 1950s (American Royal Ball, Kansas City with the Future Farmers of America National Chorus). Tom believes that when you get music under your skin as a child, it’s there forever and that Fort Collins Symphony’s maestros, Will Schwartz and Wes Kenney, and the music of the world’s best, is life-altering and a valuable asset to our community.\nTom chaired the FCS Board of Directors from 1985 to 1986 and chaired the 50th anniversary committee that brought on Wes Kenney.\nHe is in real estate at Berkshire Hathaway, Rocky Mountain Realtors. Tom has been married to Suzie for 50 years and they have three adult “kids,” plus spouses, and resulting offspring of treble like numbers."}
+{"text": "To view the SAP results on individual units, click on the links below.\nSAP (Standard Assessment Procedure) is the method used by the Government to assess and compare the energy and environmental performance of dwellings and is used to demonstrate a dwellings compliance with Part L of the Building Regulations.\nFollow the links to read more about SAP, view Villavent data and view Systemair data."}
+{"text": "\"It's man jewelry. If you're going to wear a nice watch, you should wear a nice belt,\" says Rusty Estes, former college golfer and now the head of business development for Atlanta-based belt maker House of Fleming. For more than a decade, Estes has slapped leather onto some of golf's biggest stars, including Phil Mickelson, Ian Poulter and Jason Dufner. He's the guy who can tighten up your Tour look. IT STARTS WITH NAILING YOUR BELT WIDTH… \"You need an inch-and-a-half American alligator belt. That'll fit 90 percent of our golfers,\" Estes says. \"Everyone above 5' 7\" and under 6' 7\". Outside those extremes, bump it up or down.\" …THEN COVERING YOUR COLOR BASICS… \"Medium brown, dark brown and black. To take it next-level, go dark gray and dark blue. From there, the sky's the limit. Yellow, sky blue, red—that's when you really make a statement, like Justin Thomas wearing a pink belt while shooting a 63 at the U.S. Open. How cool was that?\" …AND THEN KEEPING ON TREND… \"Every year certain themes take over. Lately it's what we call \"California casual\"—grays, off-whites.\" …WHICH NO LONGER INCLUDES WHITE. \"White belt? Its best days are behind it.\" BUT, OF COURSE, SIZE MATTERS… \"When all else fails, get the right fit. You should always wear your belt in the third hole. No exceptions!\" …WITH THE BUCKLE, TOO… \"A few years ago, there was a trend with big buckles. They're more subdued now.\" …AND WHO'S BIGGER THAN DJ? \"If you want to look like Dustin Johnson, give us a call—we make his belts!\" House of Fleming belts range in price from $300 to $650, depending on size (width and length) and type of buckle. Available at houseoffleming.com."}
+{"text": "By: Surf ColletiveFiled under Fashion, Features, Photography, Surf Collective, Surf Collective Magazine, Womens Fashion. Tagged Aaron Austin, BRUNA GOMEZ, FASHION, JOSEPH LICATA, PHOTOGRAPHY, Surf, Swimwear. Bookmark the permalink."}
+{"text": "Tuesday, November 27, 2018 by: Isabelle Z.\n(Natural News) Other toxins might be deadlier, but lead remains hugely concerning to many people given its prevalence in our surroundings and the fact that no amount of it is safe for humans. Despite being banned for more than two decades, people are still coming into contact with it regularly in older products and buildings. It was once used in paint, building components and gasoline, and people can still be exposed through dust, contaminated soil, and deteriorating paint."}
+{"text": "What the troop balance on Russia's northwest border will REALLY look like.\nThis Bloomberg graphic is being extensively shared on social media by NATO-supporting journalists and writers working for American state media.\nIt purports to show that Russia is being \"aggressive\" by proposing new battalion numbers along its western borders. If the information is accurate, it will mean a total of around 30,000 troops split into three divisions.\nAt the same time, NATO wants to send 4,000 soldiers, mostly American and British, to the Baltic States and Poland. This graph is being used as a propaganda tool to make it appear that 4,000 'defensive' NATO personnel are facing off against 30,000 \"aggressive\" Russians.\nFor starters, the Russian units will be stationed exclusively in Russian sovereign territory. The concept of a country keeping armed forces on its own soil is hardly revolutionary. By contrast, these American and British servicemen and women will be very far away from home.\nAlso, the figures are completely misrepresented. As the image below shows, it is Russia which is outnumbered. And vastly so.\nIt seems NATO's fans in western media are \"weaponizing information\" to deliver misleading messaging in their \"hybrid war\" against Russia. \"The menace of unreality\" indeed."}
+{"text": "Quantification of physical phenomena and assessment of uncertainties in the IPSN level 2 PSA.\nB. Chaumont, J.M Evrard, B. Roussel, M. Durin, Fith International conference on probabilistic safety assessment and management (PSAM 5), 27/11, 01/12 november 2000, Osaka (Japan).\nThe paper describes the general methodology used in the IPSN level 2 PSA first version for quantifying the physical phenomena and assessing the uncertainties. This methodology is based on “physical modules” which definition is given. An evolution of this methodology towards the use of fast simplified physical models has been undertaken."}
+{"text": "Finally after a month of mostly rain and 0 to 5 degrees Celsius it got a bit colder yesterday. All the way down to minus 8 degrees. Still no sight of snow though and they promise warmer temperatures for next week.\nLast year we started the ice skating season on New Year’s Eve. Might have to wait a bit longer this year."}
+{"text": "Join us to learn how to manage Agile projects in this 9 hours Agile Project Manager training and workshop. Register now - only 3 seats are still available. What will you gain by attending this training & workshop? Certification of attending Agile Project Manager training and workshop Thorough understanding of Agile project management methodology Hands-on Agile workshop Networking with fellow business professionals Professional portfolio created during workshop 9 PDUs for PMP / PMI-ACP recertification 9 SEUs for CSM Recertification This is a two days training and workshop. Gain the full benefit of training (day 1) and workshop (day 2) by attending both days. Agenda: Tuesday, April 2nd - two hours Agile Project Management training Starts at 6 pm – ends at 8pm Networking session – up to 10 minutes Learn Agile project management methodology – approx.\n1.5 hour (1 break + 1 interactive Planning Poker game) Team assignments – 5 minutes Q&A – 15 minutes (until 8pm) Saturday, April 6th – seven hours Agile Project Management workshop Starts at 8:00am – ends at 3:30pm Networking session – 10 minutes Introduction to workshop's objectives – 10 minutes Experience five 1.5 hour sprints designing a hands-on product Workshop's retrospective – 15 minutes Certification ceremony - 5 minutes Closing at approx. 3:30pm Our Vision is to help you become a better professional. We offer innovative and in-person training and workshops that are based on current market trends that will help you excel at what you do best. Read more about Blue Ocean Workshops on our https://www.blueoceanworkshops.com/about-us/."}
+{"text": "Revealed today, the first sketch of the new motorcycle by Revolt Intellicorp Pvt. Ltd. Designed by Shivam Sharma, Chief Designer- Revolt Intellicorp Pvt. Ltd., this will be India’s first AI-enabled motorcycle, and looks nothing like any other electric two-wheeler in the market.\nThe fact that the vehicle is electric, doesn’t compromise on the performance, form factor or aesthetics of conventional ICE machines. A close look at the sketch shows that the vehicle has been designed keeping in mind the aerodynamics to ensure performance at par when compared to an ICE.\nThe smart-motorcycle sports design language and features that are intrinsic to conventional two-wheeler enthusiasts and users. The design reflects and company claims the need of the new consumer- making urban commute convenient, cleaner and sustainable."}
+{"text": "On November 6th, people from across the country voted in their state’s Midterm Elections. Up for vote were 34 Senate seats, all of the seats in the House, and 36 gubernatorial seats. The Republicans have 53 seats in the Senate, 199 in the house, and 25 governors. The Democrats have 45 Senate seats, 223 house seats, and 23 governors. The other two Senate seats, which are the Florida and the Mississippi, are both leaning Republican as are the other two gubernatorial races. In the House, 6 seats are leaning Republican and 4 are leaning Democrat. This means that the Republicans have a majority in the Senate and will most likely have a majority among governors, whereas the Democrats have the majority in the House.\nJust looking at the numbers, this would not seem to be a win for the Republicans as they lost the House, which they recently controlled. However, if you look at previous elections, this is a victory for them. In 2010, which was the first midterm election under President Obama, the Democrats lost 6 senate seats and 63 house seats. In 2002, however, the Republicans kept both Houses under President Bush. This makes sense, given the political climate at the time and the war just beginning in Afghanistan. In 1994, during President Clinton’s first term, the Democrats lost 9 Senate seats and also lost 54 House seats. Given the history of first-term midterm elections, President Trump gaining seats in one of the chambers is a victory for the Republicans. Also, keeping the Senate is arguably more important than keeping the House. With control of the Senate, Trump can get his court appointments confirmed. The biggest problems with not having control of the House is the possibility of impeachment and a block of any future tax cuts. However, Trump has already gotten his big tax cut through, so he isn’t looking to do another one very soon. Also, impeachment isn’t a problem because the Senate has to remove the President from office, which won’t happen with a Republican Senate. Keeping the Senate will be more important for Trump than keeping the House because he can still get his appointments confirmed by the Senate.\nThis is why this was a victory of the Republicans. They beat history and gained a few seats in the Senate. However, they lost the House. The was a lesser evil for Trump, because he can do more with a Republican Senate than a Republican House. Even though the Democrats gained the House, this year was not a victory for them. It was still a decent election for them, because they took control of one of the chambers, but the Republicans still got what they needed to achieve their goals.\nThe House – With California’s 21st Congressional District, the last undecided race of the 2018 midterms, and the vast majority of election wins certified, the numbers are in: Democrats gained 39 House seats, securing a solid 234-seat majority for the next session. Central to their victory was the political shift among sparsely populated suburban areas that voted solidly Republican in 2016, delivering a net Democratic gain of 15 seats. Likewise, densely populated suburban districts that voted solidly Democrat in 2016 shifted more Democratic, with 12 more seats flipping. Overall, the shift was most profound in districts that voted for Romney and Trump in previous elections, accounting for one-third of Democratic pickups – a sharp rebuke of Republican policies that have ostracized many independent and conservative voters alike.\nThe Senate – In the Senate, Democrats fared better than expected, losing only 2 seats for a 53-seat Republican majority against a brutal electoral map: 74% of senate seats up for election were held by Democrats, the most seats any non-presidential party had to defend in midterms since 1914. In addition, Democrats overperformed in nearly every state, beating even partisan leans of 25+ points in states that voted overwhelmingly for Trump, like West Virginia – which he had previously won with a 36% margin.\nThe Voters – Both parties’ bases were highly motivated, with voter turnout increasing nearly 10% from the 40% national average; in Texas alone, voter turnout increased 14% to 46% total. Democrat Beto O’Rourke came to within 3 points of Republican Ted Cruz by winning over burgeoning urban voters that already, in five counties alone, encompass 43% of Texas’ population. The combination of high urban population growth and continued high voter turnout is projected to make Texas a swing state by 2024, and much more competitive in 2020, when Senator John Cornyn’s seat is up for election.\nThe Future – The recent news about Special Counsel Mueller’s investigation into alleged Russian interference and current Democratic control of the House and its Judiciary Committee suggest more conflict ahead. It is necessary among Democratic and Independent voters to protect the Special Counsel – himself a lifelong Republican, former Marine, and 12-year FBI director – from executive interference. However, many Americans expect legislative gridlock in the coming session to stall policy-making at a time when national debt interest, accruing faster due to a recent tax overhaul and spending bill, will surpass defense spending. Moreover, the international status quo increasingly demands unified action.\nMy Opinion – Keeping in mind the above, the American people have delivered their most resounding verdict yet on the current status quo – one of bitterness, partisanship, and sociopolitical division ordained by populist demagoguery – by voting for checks and balance, rule of law, and reason in candidates professing different views than a Republican contingent that seems bent on abandoning its foundations of fiscal responsibility and constitutionality for political expediency, all the while championing the burning effigy of moral integrity. Its base, the Great Silent Majority of working-class, suburban, law-abiding taxpayers readily abandoned the vitriol and incessant scandals ushered in by this administration in favor of either tepid enthusiasm or the Democratic party. At a time when both parties are becoming more radical, and younger generations are expressing apathy or disdain for the democratic process, the solution is not to set fire to the opposing camp – calling upon an army of horrors, “trigger-words,” slippery slopes, or straw men – but to recognize the true enemy of any self-governing people: fear itself."}
+{"text": "Interra Global – A Bulk Desiccant Provider.\nInterra Global provides customers around the world with material sourcing solutions. Our team is dedicated to meeting the unique material sourcing requirements of our customers and providing the highest level of customer service and support.\nInterra Global has clear and direct contact with manufacturers on a regular basis. This unparalleled presence and communication allows Interra Global to strategically choose suppliers and to develop lasting relationships.\nWe believe choosing the right supplier is more than finding the lowest price. Quality and consistency are at the top of our list when determining who can meet our standards and your high expectations. We know it’s easier to ask for a better price from a quality source than it is to ask for better quality from a low bidder.\nWe have been proudly providing high-quality industrial adsorbents to customers around the world since 2008. Our international team has developed a business model that works. We look forward to becoming a valued partner to your company and we promise to continuously strive to meet your high expectations."}
+{"text": "Under what’s known as a contingency fee arrangement, your attorney receives a fee only if you receive monetary compensation, in the form of an out-of-court settlement or an award after trial. The contingency fee will be a percentage of your total compensation. If you don’t get any money, neither does the attorney. When hiring lawyers for wrongful termination in Oakhurst, Florida agree to work on your case for a contingency fee, the percentage they’ll charge can vary quite a bit—from less than 25% to more than 40%—depending on where you live and the individual attorney. Often, they’ll ask for an up-front “retainer” (a sort of down payment) against the hourly fees. Then they’ll withdraw the fees as they earn them and give you an accounting of any balance. As enforced through the at-will rule, wrongfully does not refer to the termination being mean or the boss singled me out because he did not like me. The termination must violate a protected class or fundamental public policy.\nDespite the fact that the worker had previously been late only once, the boss terminates the worker, stating that she has a right to do so pursuant to the employment at will doctrine. The boss’s assertion is incorrect. By passing out the memo, she created an implied employment contract, and the worker can bring a claim for wrongful termination. This is known as a constructive discharge. If the employee had a contractual right to continued employment, the employer can be held liable. The concept of a constructive discharge is really just a way for the legal system to hold employers accountable when they try to get rid of employees in a disingenuous manner. This is in stark contrast to the Wrongful Termination in Oakhurst in other countries, which requires employers to have a sufficient reason for terminating an employee."}
+{"text": "City Closet Storage College Point – Having a youngster, one simply can not think of any well-organized house. Kids are by nature very naughty. They wish to throw their stuff all around and keep their stuff disorganized. If you want your residences to be sorted out as well as you want your child to learn the right behavior of organizing his stuff in a genuine great way, then surprise him a wardrobe organizer. The closest brought should be solely dedicated to your son or daughter and not for you or other people.\nMake him create a sense of possessiveness towards his new wardrobe like his toy. You’ll find many closets designed on the market. But here you can’t make a blind choice for a wardrobe organizer. As it is likely to be a surprise to your child, it ought to be a kid’s wardrobe system. The appearance of the wardrobe also should be considered a child’s favorite. The color shouldn’t be too bright, make an effort to paste images of cartoons, of stickers of your child’s favorite toys and games etc in order to make his wardrobe organizer little more attractive and his favorite.\nMake sure that the wardrobe organizer has enough areas in it. As your child will be having hundreds of varieties of stuff, it ought to be simple so that you can plan them easily. Make an effort to categorize the things of your child first. Devote some sections of the closet limited to his toys. You can see a sub category here. You could place very fragile toys in one area of the wardrobe and delicate toys and games in some other area of the wardrobe.\nHence this might help him access his toys and games quickly. Now next job is to devote some compartments of the wardrobe system to keep your child’s clothes. You must be well aware of your child’s favorite clothes. So you can place them in one section and other clothes in another section. The sneaker rack of the kids closet organizer can be used to place your child’s shoes in a mannered way.\nMake it a point to make these closets as easily accessible. Your child should not struggle to open his wardrobe system. It would be better if you select a wardrobe of less locking system or an available wardrobe system. Also, make sure that you make your child to follow the essential rules to maintain the closet. The size of your kid’s wardrobe should be small and stylish."}
+{"text": "Just what is ‘authenticity’ in a brand? To find out, let’s take a look at a craft that places authenticity as its holy grail. Acting.\nBrands and actors actually have a lot in common. Both play a character, tweaked and interpreted to be as affecting and engaging as possible. This character can be fictionalised, dramatised, or even wholesale made up, but at the core of a great performance for both is a point of undeniable human truth. This is the anchor that allows us as audiences and consumers to believe the character.\nFor most of history, the actor’s craft emphasised clarity. It had to, because when performing in front of a crowd, the people at the back needed to be able to see and hear what was going on. An actor needed to enunciate loudly and gesticulate wildly, not just to perform the play, but to have any kind of show at all that the audience could follow.\nThen Konstantin Stanislavski came along.\nHe was the originator of the cleverly-named Stanislavski system, which itself would spawn method acting. You’ve probably heard of it. Essentially, it tells actors that their performances could be more authentic and engaging by experientially recreating the character’s emotions in themselves.\nThey have to really ‘feel’ the role. For example, if the character’s father just died, the actor should bring back the emotions they felt in their own life when a loved one had died, and the performance should flow naturally from there. Most of your favourite actors today subscribe to these techniques in one way or another. A handful might even take it to extremes. We’re looking at you, Leo.\nThe System and The Method were actually developed for stage, but they just happened to coincide with the rise of film—and work out really well for it. Suddenly they had camera angles, speaker systems, editing and multiple takes. With all the constraints of live theatre gone, they could guarantee the same experience for the whole audience and drive an explosion in opportunities for nuanced, realistic performances.\nWe bring this up because the craft of advertising is very similar to acting and developed in an almost identical way. We as brands and advertisers take on a role—a character. Take a look at early advertising and you’ll find it as hammy as theatre actors of the 1910s. It was loud, blunt, and almost comically overstated.\nIt’s harder to pinpoint exactly when advertising began to mature, but Bill Bernbach’s (The ‘B’ in DDB) work would be a solid choice.\nHis ‘system’ doesn’t have a name, but centred around creativity to engage audiences, rather than the exaggerated hard sell that dominated until that point. He argued for uniqueness, believability, and consumer insight in advertising. In other words, examining what to say and how to say it, over how loud to yell.\nIt wasn’t enough that customers hear and understand the message. They had to ‘feel’ the brand in order to believe it. And in order for them to feel it, the people behind the brand have to as well. Almost all of us accept this to some extent.\nBernbach’s most famous work (probably Volkswagen and Avis) was in print, but his system happened to work out even better with the rise of television. In much the same ways that the big screen opened up tone and nuance for actors, the small screen followed suit for advertising.\nWhat can we learn from this parallel? We can take away that the bridge between actors and audiences is the character, with the most affecting performance built on a shared commonality between them. In the same way, a shared experience between advertisers and consumers through the brand makes it believable and engaging.\nWe need to ask that more. That’s what drives authenticity.\nBoth the disciplines of acting and advertising took coincidentally similar paths to their golden ages, which we still feel today. Both revolutions were triggered by the rise of screens, but the 21st century saw a new screen join the fray. Join us next time to find out how these paths diverge, and advertising has only just begun to recognise it."}
+{"text": "Innovative and worldclass products have been developed by Thales Air Defence Ltd (TADL) in Belfast, through a longstanding commitment to leading-edge product research and a strong global focus, Ian Pearson, MP, Minister responsible for Enterprise, Trade and Investment at the Northern Ireland Office, said today.\nThe Minister was speaking during a visit to the TADL plant at Castlereagh in Belfast, where the company develops a range of missile systems including the unique Starstreak air defence system, the most advanced weapon of its type. Their products have been sold to 58 Armed Forces in 32 countries.\nThe Minister said: “The most recent example of this company’s strong focus on research is the decision to establish a centre of excellence in missile systems integration, including sophisticated electronics and laser guidance under the joint Invest NI, Department of Employment and Learning and EU-backed Research and Technology Development Programme.\n“This £4.5 million investment carries forward the company’s focus in this area which began in 1996 and has so far contributed to their success in securing six major contracts totalling over £400 million. This new investment will position the Belfast operation for further growth in terms of its product portfolio and overall business.\n“This investment is another significant endorsement by Thales - a global leader in defence electronics - of Northern Ireland as a international technology centre,” he added.\nIan Pearson said TADL’s achievements supported Invest NI’s strategic focus on encouraging more companies to invest in R&D as a route to sustainable growth.\nThe Minister was welcomed by Millar Crawford, TADL Chief Executive Officer, and met other members of the management team during his visit.\nMr Crawford said: “Our research efforts benefit enormously from the supportive approach of the Government, the range of R&D programmes provided by Invest NI and the excellence of the two universities here in key disciplines such as electronics engineering and software.\n“These factors underpin our position as the centre of excellence for missile design and manufacture within the Thales Group and have enabled us to extend our expertise from air defence into other key sectors,” he added."}
+{"text": "Apart from the custom work, rebuilds and semi custom bikes that we build are the restoration projects that we take on. Over the years we have brought back to life everything from a 1948 Elgin, that had been stored in a barn for two decades and run over, to a Schwinn Stingray and A vintage Peugeot Team Race bike.\nTake a look below at some of the pictures and if you have a classic project yourself that needs bringing back to life, contact us or stop in for a chat.\nDon't let that trusty old steed of your youth rust any longer.\nA ladies 1953 Schwinn step through before restoration.\n1953 Schwinn after the clean and restoration.\nClose up of the skip link chain and crank.\nThis 1958 Huffy made by the raleigh bicycle company of Nottingham England.\nAnother barn find, this time a trike.\nFrame after shot blast and repaint. Original decals applied.\nReady to race once again.\nClose up of high flange hub and we even tied and soldered the spokes and put on tubular tires.\nSame Elgin after complete restoration and paint."}
+{"text": "In this issue: Honor Harrington returns, a tramp freighter crewmember takes a stand for freedom, and John Lambshead explores the nature of intelligence. All that, plus a new short story set in the Jao Empire series.\nThe Mesan Alignment has a plan to remake the galaxy and genetically improve the human race—its way. Until recently, things have gone as scheduled. That was before they came face-to-face with the Star Empire of Manticore. Now, the Alignment has engineered a war in order to undercut Manticore’s galaxy-wide reputation. But even the best laid plans can have unintended consequences, and one of those consequences may just be the dawn of a new bright day of freedom for oppressed star nations everywhere.\nAngie Kaneshiro was a veteran of the Freehold Forces of Grainne, but was now crew on board a tramp freighter. Then the war with Earth started. The UN forces may hold most of the stations, the docks, and the jump points, but war is complicated, and heroes can be forged in its crucible—even if the hero turns out to be a tramp freighter crew-woman willing to fight for the freedom she loves.\nFor as long as Vikram Bannerji can remember, the alien Jao have ruled the Earth. Just four years old when the invasion began, Vikram has grown up hating the alien overlords. But now something has changed. The Ekhat, once thought to be nothing more than a Jao myth, have launched an attack on Earth. And the Ekhat are far worse than any Jao. Now Vikram must make a choice: let years of anger and blind hatred rule his life . . . or choose a nobler path.\nRead “Bringer of Fire” by David Carrico here.\nAnd check out the latest novel in the Jao Empire series, The Span of Empire by Eric Flint and David Carrico, here.\nBaen Books is proud to present a new epic poem, serialized in ten parts. Written by celebrated poet Frederick Turner, Apocalypse examines the effects of catastrophic climate change—and the men and women who do whatever it takes to save the planet.\nOver the next weeks, a new section of this novel-length work will be posted on the Baen Books main web site, and then collected complete as an ebook that will appear when the serialization is done. So watch every Thursday from now until the end of September 2016 for new installments!\nIt seems every so often there’s a news article heralding a new, bold step toward creating an Artificial Intelligence. Some futurists believe we’ll have AI within our lifetimes. Not so fast, says Dr. John Lambshead. Sure, you can simulate intelligence. But, as Dr. Lambshead points out, you can also simulate rain—“but no one gets wet.” So what differentiates true intelligence from the science fictional artificial variety? The answers can be found in this month’s free nonfiction essay.\nRead “Quantum of Consciousness” here.\nComing soon to the Baen Free Radio Hour: Les Johnson discusses near future science fiction novel On to the Asteroid, the sequel to Back to the Moon by Travis S. Taylor and Les Johnson. Rick Boatright and Kerryn Offord on 1636: The Chronicles of Dr. Gribbleflotz; and David Drake discusses his landmark science fiction novel Redliners which is now out in an all-new 20th Anniversary Edition with an essay by Drake and supplemental new material. Missed past episodes? No problem. We’ve got every episode archived for your listening pleasure.\nTo coincide with the release of The Year’s Best Military and Adventure SF 2015, Baen Books is pleased to announce the second annual Year’s Best Military and Adventure Science Fiction Readers’ Choice Award. The award honors the best of the best in this grand storytelling tradition, and its winner will receive an inscribed plaque and a $500 prize. And YOU are the judge! Choose your favorite story from the contents of The Year’s Best Military and Adventure SF 2015 and reward its author for excellence. Voting closes August 31, 2016.\nThe Mesan Alignment has engineered a war in order to undercut the Star Kingdom of Manticore’s galaxy-wide reputation. But even the best laid plans can have unintended consequences, and one of those consequences may just be the dawn of a new bright day of freedom for oppressed star nations everywhere.\nFrom Robert A. Heinlein’s “Ordeal in Space,” in which the merest kitten confers the gift of courage on his human, to Cordwainer Smith’s “Ballad of Lost C’mell,” which answers the very question of what would be the outcome of the melding of human and cat, we offer here sixteen reasons why space is truly the feline frontier.\nThe laws of Xylar decreed that a king could only reign for five years, after which he would be beheaded. King Jorian, however, had different ideas. When his half-decade was up, he made a run for it. But his beloved wife was left behind. Now, with the help of the wizard Karadur, he’ll mount a rescue.\nThis collection of transcribed conversations delves into all aspects of Silverberg’s life, such as his extensive travel, passion for film, opera and classical music—as well as his decades-spanning career in SF.\nThese inventive and compelling stories contain tales of transcending cyborgs, shapeshifting bears, sentient hands, rogue GPSs, superhero moms' groups, zombie chipmunks, and a story told from the point of view of a paddle in Pong.\nDave Crowell is a hero of the eight worlds of the Union, but he doesn’t want fame or fortune. These days he just wants to run his private detective business with his partner and forget about the Ultras, the insidious aliens that attacked the Union, then vanished. But a client turns up dead under mysterious circumstances, and Crowell knows the Ultras have not gone away.\nA man is found murdered and brutally impaled near the Seattle waterfront, and during the investigation, private detectives Dave Crowell and Alan Brindos come face to face with an alien drug known as RuBy.\nThis collection brings together alien encounters, classic fantasy creatures, and strange magic; stories with heart, of people making their ways in the world the best they can, however strange and hostile those worlds might be. All this, now brought together in the first widely available retrospective collection of Vaughn's work.\nThis debut collection from Nebula-nominated author Caroline M. Yoachim showcases a wide-ranging selection of dark and beautiful stories, fiction that explores human nature against vividly imagined speculative backdrops.\nWhen the alien Saurons invaded, they killed billions—and enslaved the remaining human population, forcing them to build mysterious temples. Now, former government bodyguard Jack Manning finds himself at the center of a conspiracy. The temples are far more dangerous than ever imagined. Manning will face a choice: save himself and the woman he loves or risk everything to mount a resistance.\nRebellion is in the air, and the fight for freedom is spreading far and wide, from the center of activity in Washington to the distant lands of Guatemala. A diverse group of rebels, including an ex-FBI agent, a doctor inside the heart of enemy territory, and the president will have to band together with a host of other insurgents from across war-torn Earth to overcome impossible odds if they're to save what's left of humankind.\nDavi Rhii helped his enslaved people fight for their freedom and earn equality, but now that they are equal, they’ve found freedom and acceptance don’t necessarily go hand-in-hand.\nA madcap, satirical race among the factions of humanity who rush to the center of the galaxy in order to respond to an invitation from God. By the New York Times bestselling coauthor of Dune: House Atreides.\nDyan’s mother is held prisoner and scheduled to be executed for letting her daughter live. Rescuing her will push Dyan and Jak to the limits, unveiling to them the dark secrets at the heart of Buza System.\nThe apocalypse is rough, even on the angels. Raphael, Bearer of the Word and sometimes rebel, is offered a chance to redeem himself, but to win his restoration he has to cross a shattered America to find and call a new . . . and different sort of . . . prophet.\nAll three volumes in the high-octane military SF series, The Fifth Foreign Legion. Includes March or Die, Honor and Fidelity, and Cohort of the Damned.\nAgainst the odds, Jelani and his friends are still alive. But vampires stalk them, and the claws of death close in. Survival seems impossible, but Jelani must fight; if not for himself, then for the people he loves."}
+{"text": "View Cart “Palm Power Palm Sensual Attachments” has been added to your cart.\nNow you can be transported to paradise with the inviting scent and satin feel of our nutrient-rich massage lotion. Specially formulated with a blend of Hemp Seed and Argan Oils, this deep moisturizing lotion provides an ideal glide for the perfect massage that leaves skin feeling smooth and nourished. From Earthly Body. 8 oz. Dreamsicle."}
+{"text": "Many take a loan to finance their purchases. It can be a financial leverage, a perfect tool to create holdings provided one is careful that indebtedness is only a transitional phase before making the capital gains on one's purchase. Common sense imposes to evaluate carefully the limits of one's investment capacities such as having noted the various existing loans before committing to a real estate operation with credits.\nThe bridging loan or loan for purchase and resale is offered to the owners who wish to purchase a new property before having sold the property put on the market.\nTaking a bridging loan offers the option to receive from the bank an advance on the future proceeds of the sale. The funds released thanks to this transition loan on short term enable the purchaser to have the time necessary to sell his/her previous lodging without having to sell it off cheap. Moreover, it is generally difficult to have the dates of purchase and sale converge.\nThis formula suits the purchase of a new property with a value inferior or equal to the property sold. In this case, the bank offers a \"dry\" bridge, that is to say a simple financial advance reimbursed by the sale of one's own property. Here, the advance shall thus be on short term: one year maximum and the borrower only reimburses monthly the interest of the loan.\nIf the amount of the bridging loan is not sufficient to finance the purchase of a new housing, the borrower thus has to cover the remaining amount by a property loan. As long as the first property is not sold, the borrower reimburses the loan interest every month of his bridging loan, in addition to the monthly instalments of his usual property loan. It is thus possible in this case to benefit from a differed payment: here, the interests are not paid back monthly but are capitalized. They thus increase progressively the amount to reimburse at the time of the sale of the property. The instalment thus much relieved but the total amount to pay back in the end shall be heavier by as much as the sale is executed late.\n3 - The Bridging loan with a \"total allowance\"\nThis option is granted for a term of 24 months. In this case, the borrower does not reimburse the loan interests during the first 12 months. If he/she sells his/her property before then, he/she pays back the capital of the bridging loan and the interest for the past months. If the borrower has not sold his/her property in the first 12 months of the bridging loan, from the thirteenth month he/she pays back the loan's interest as well as those of the first month.\nThe redeemable credit is the most common loan solution in France with individuals to finance properties. As its name suggests, it enable each taker of this sort of loans to pay amortize at the same time the capital owed as well as the interest in the same instalment.\nAs time goes by on your loan, the lower is the share of the interest, leaving space for more amortization of capital. We commonly say that we pay the interest of the loan during the first part and the capital in the second part. On each instalment we owe less and less capital to the bank, we \"amortize\" thus the property this way.\nHowever, depending on the terms of the contract, the instalments can also be decreasing or increasing if the instalments are flexible. Every year, on the anniversary date of the credit, the instalment can vary by more or less 30% depending on the wish and the capacity of the client.\nFinally, the interest rate of the redeemable credit can be fixed or flexible. If it is fixed, the borrower will lose out if the rates decrease and win if they increase. More often the borrowers favour the fixed rate for more safety. The flexible interest rate consists in a reference index and a margin. It is in general more attractive but revisable.\nDuring the whole term of the loan, the borrower only pays back monthly the interest of the loan or this capital borrowed is only reimbursed that the end of the loan, in one instalment.\nThe bank verifies the borrower's capacity of repayment imposing him a monthly payment on a savings product (a life insurance for example) for a pre-determined amount. This saving progressively supplied up to the capital borrowed represents a guarantee of reimbursement at the maturity of the loan. The main advantage of this loan is on a tax point of view: the investor can deduct the loan interests from his income, the total amount of which is higher than for a classic loan.\nDo not forget that, to take a property loan, the bank demands that the borrower takes a life insurance covering death and invalidity to cover its instalments and the capital borrowed. Despite its cost, this security offers some advantages: if the borrower dies during the term of the loan or were to become an invalid, this life insurance will reimburse the bank. Himself or his heirs will then have a house fully paid and a life insurance subject to the regime of the transfer outside of the inheritance. In case of a partial invalidity, the coverage will be in proportion with the level of incapacity.\nIn the scope of a purchase via a Civil Company in Real estate (SCI) the same personal documents should be provided for each partner."}
+{"text": "Data on sold house prices, such as the results above for Allensmore Hereford HR2 9AP, is supplied to us via monthly updates from the Land Registry for England and Wales and from the Registers of Scotland for Scotland. There may be a delay of up to 3 months from when a property is actually sold to when it becomes officially recorded with Land Registry and/or Registers of Scotland. We provide data on house prices for information only, on an 'as is' basis as supplied to us and accept no liability for any errors or omissions. If you have identified any incorrect information in, please Report an error."}
+{"text": "One of my Style B 10$ Mix-you-own commissions.\nBery good in the outfit looks like on of thoes ladyes fom cabarets.\nTrès chouette avec le style 20's. Je valide !\nJe te \"stamp\" ton dessin !\nOld timey reporter gal! WOOOO!\nGreat picture! They really had style back then, didn't they?\nOooonn jojo je l'adore! Elle est vraiment belle ton dessin est sublime!\n:3 you are most welcome!"}
+{"text": "Mare Collection’s Pollino design seamlessly melds charm with style and functionality. The gently curving and triangular-inspired washbasin and the counter it sits on are crafted from a natural mineral blend and bonded with a small amount of resin. The handmade, natural wood veneer cabinet features decorative wood grains that provide visual contrast with the washbasin. A single, wide shelf sits atop an oversized drawer for ample storage space."}
+{"text": "Although I’ve hired a lot of people, I’d never been asked that question before. Bob made me think about what they all have in common and I have no doubt that passion is the first criteria I look for when I interview a candidate.\nBut ‘passion’ is a very subjective term. How do you define it, identify it and select for it?\nYes, I look for people who know their subject, but they must also be willing to learn and go the extra mile. Passionate people talk about their purpose in life before talking about their qualifications. They are enthusiastic, contagiously positive – they make you feel good!\nThe opposite is the recipe for disaster. The damage an incorrect hire can wreak is huge.\nSo, as an interviewer, how can you encourage a candidate to show their passion?\nI always find it very helpful to start by articulating the purpose of the company and articulating my own enthusiasm for the job I do. Passionate people react immediately to concept of purpose because it’s what drives them. If your purpose resonates with them, you’ll see it straight away, not just in what they say but also in their body language. This spark and this connection are what I look for in a potential candidate.\nHiring the wrong person can be a disaster. It’s not just the work that’s at risk, it’s also the morale of the rest of your team, not to mention your reputation as a manager. Hiring requires full focus, great preparation and lots of time! Many managers don’t invest enough time for such crucial part of their job.\nApproach hiring the way you would approach giving a presentation to your boss or speaking in front of an audience of important people. Preparation and thoughtfulness at every stage of the process is essential.\nIt begins with the job description and posting. You can’t expect your HR team to support you in finding great candidates if you provide a vague or inaccurate description of what the role will entail.\nHave I clearly defined the job specs?\nHave I clearly articulated my requirements to the HR team?\nGo back to question 1, then rinse and repeat until you are ABSOLUTELY CLEAR!\nI’ve heard managers say: “Well, if they are too clever, I risk losing my job.” Don’t EVER think this way! Don’t settle for less, don’t be scared about driving a team of really clever and dedicated people; be proud of it. Your employees will make you better, they will make you believable and stronger as a manager. As long as you believe in your team, they will believe in you. Be genuinely interested in them, coach them to give their best and offer a clear sense of purpose. The results will be magical.\nI’ve been fortunate enough to work with and hire amazing teams: energetic, passionate and always ready to improve themselves. I’d like to thank them and encourage you to make passion a priority the next time you’re hiring. Because, for a manager, there’s nothing so satisfying as building an outstanding team.\nHaving been part of Luciano’s Team, I second all that!\nVeramente notevole Luciano, avrei voluto farti conoscere qualche manager italiano.\n‘Improve’ e’ una delle mie parole preferite….\nBellissimo articolo! Mi piace tantissimo l’originalità con la quale vesti le tue idee! Bravo e grazie per averci coinvolto con la forza della passione!"}
+{"text": "Rule #1: FERPA recognizes a person enrolled in post-secondary education as a \"student\" and provides that individual certain rights, regardless of age. Therefore, a parent does not have an inherent right to access his/her child's educational records. Exception: The Cashier's Office, and the Office of Scholarships and Financial Aid, may disclose financial information without written consent to the parents if the student is a \"dependent student\" as that term is defined in Section 152 of the Internal Revenue Code. Please contact or refer the parent to one of those offices as appropriate.\nRule #3: Educational records are considered confidential and may not be released without written consent of the student, with the exception of unrestricted directory information. It is the responsibility of faculty, staff and student employees to verify that student directory information is not restricted before releasing it.\nReminder: Student directory information can be restricted with a FERPA hold. SOLAR will display this privacy shade when viewing restricted student data."}
+{"text": "Local company, Rescued Tails™ offers custom gifts and educational tools for pet lovers.\nRescued Tails™ pet portraits are available in various color pallets with the options of bright, pastel, natural or custom. In addition to printing and/or framing your illustration, you can put your best friend on a tee shirt, mug, etc.\nRescued Tails’s motto is to “Warm hearts, save lives” ©.\nThis local company will warm hearts by creating a gift like no other while serving a mission to help hundreds of dogs that were rescued off the streets of Mexico to find homes. Rescue Tails’ mission saves lives by donating $1 from each product sold to animal charities. Visit rescuedtails.com for other pet resources too.\nRescue Tails offers educational tools on their website.\nEach piece is custom made with the specific animal in mind. From cowboy hats and horseshoes to hearts and colorful dog-prints, the essence of each animal portrayed is captured expertly.\nFor more samples designs and information, please visit http://www.rescuedtails.com or contact Wendy Rall directly at woof@rescuedtails.com or 951-704-3374."}
+{"text": "Having a DisplayPort with you at your house will always keep you entertained if you love gaming and live to stream. The cables fit perfectly in a monitor, projector, laptop or tablet. There are many products in the market you can choose from, but you have to do proper research to avoid purchasing a wrong product.\nThis is the perfect cable for your laptop or desktop that is equipped with a display port. You can also use it to enjoy your movies where you can also expand your laptop for better view or when you are presenting at school. It provides you with quality and high-definition audio and videos from your laptop.\nThis cable is gold plated, and this helps to resist corrosion or resist any damage and enhance durability. This kind of plating also ensures a perfect signal transmission. This display port connector provides a secure connection where it has a release button that is always lowered before unplugging. The display port is also portable where you can carry it anywhere with you.\nThis mini display port cable can give you quality transmission of videos and audios. You can connect it to your computer or tablet to get HD videos. Has gold plated connectors, copper conductors, and foil-and-braid shielding where all these provide enough energy and convenient connection.\nThis cable measures a maximum of 10 feet and gives an easy time when connecting it to your laptop. The cable has a sleek design that gives you an easy time to carry and store the cable. It is secure and reliable where it will provide you with a good connection when you need it.\nIf you are looking for a perfect cable for video streaming and gaming, this is the perfect fit. It has a construction design that prevents the cable from cracking or any damage. It contains gold-plated connectors and multiple shielding where this prevents any damage and enhance the durability of the cable.\nThe cable provides you with free non-interfered data transmission from any time and position. Provides a secure and reliable connection where you only plug and play without struggling. You can directly connect the display port that is equipped to your desktop for high definition videos and clear audios.\nThis is a convenient cable that connects a display port cable directly to a projector or HD monitor with display port unit. This cable is portable and mobile where you can use it anywhere. It features gold-plated connectors that with copper connectors and braid shielding where they all combine to provide powerful cable performance reliable connections.\nIt transmits high definition videos and clear music from your computer to a monitor for gaming or video streaming. It provides a secure connection where it has a button that is always lowered before unplugging. This cable is 10 foot long, and this gives you an easy time when using it from any position.\nThis cable has gold-plated connectors that resist corrosion and any form of damage. The gold connectors also enhance reliable and increased connectivity. It features inner braided foil that reduces interference and increases video and audio quality. The 6 feet cable connects a display port enabled computer to an HD monitor or projector with DP port unit for audio and video streaming.\nThe cable gives you the best and quality video resolution you need. The DP has a latch that provides a secure and reliable connection with the port where the latch must be pressed down before unplugging the connector. This is perfect for extended display or mirrored displays.\nThe cable supports resolutions of up to 3840 by 2160 and high-definition videos. This display port provides you with a secure and reliable connection any time you need it. It has pure copper conductors and triple metal shielding that enhance a perfect performance.\nThis cable transmits both high definition video from your computer or tablet to an HD display. It has gold-plated and copper conductors that protect the cable from damage and improve its performance.\nHas foil and braid shielding that helps in reducing electromagnetic interference.\nIt has an ergonomic design where it has secured grips for easy plugging and unplugging. The cable measures 6 foot and supports a high video resolution. This cable provides you with a high-quality connection no matter where you are.\nThis is a perfect choice when you need quality and clear videos and pictures. The cable provides you with a high video resolution. The cable is 10 foot long to provide you with enough and secure connection from any position.\nThe cable is gold-plated for preventing corrosion and providing a secure connection. Has a release button that is always lowered before unplugging. Has a slim design where you can fold it easily for easy carrying.\nThis cable has latching gold-plated connectors for providing a secure and reliable connection. The gold plating also helps in resisting damage, and this enhances the durability of the cable. Features braided copper conductors for providing a reliable signal from source to display design with foil design for an uninterrupted connection.\nThe display port provides you with a secure connection where it has a release button that must be lowered before unplugging. It transmits HD audio, and video from you’re your computer to a monitor for video streaming and gaming. You can also connect and configure your monitor for an extended monitor display.\nThis cable is easily connected to a display port that is equipped with a desktop to an HD monitor or projector for easy streaming and gaming. The cable transmits high definition video and audio from your computer to a monitor where it also convenient for gaming and live streaming. It supports it provides you with a high video resolution.\nIt can work with various display port modes for providing you with deep color depths and sharp images. It is gold plated for increasing providing quality connection where the plating also prevents damage. The cable has an available price that will favor your pocket.\nFlexibility: Before buying any cable, you ask yourself the questions like what type of install is the cable going into? Is everything fixed? You need to find a cable that is flexible enough such that it is mobile to be used everywhere and in different scenarios. A flexible will always give you the freedom of using the cable everywhere provided the cable has a slim design for easy carrying and storage.\nDurability: Buying a durable display port cable means you will keep yourself out of the shops buying new products time by time. Consider buying a cable that is plated with strong material that prevents corrosion or any form of damage. There are other cables that are made from strong materials that are strong enough to enhance the durability of the cable. You have to do better research on the product you want to buy because there are many products in the market and buying a durable cable can be a tiring job.\nCost: Consider buying a port that is very well priced and a cable that will suit your pocket. Mostly, the high-quality cable is costly than the low-quality cables. You can still buy the low priced cables where they perform their function efficiently. Buying an expensive or low costing product only depends on the strength of your pocket. Avoid buying a product that will affect your budget, but if you are financially stable, you can spend on the expensive cables.\nDesign: A good cable should always have a perfect design that will make its use simple. It should have a slim design for easy carrying and storage. A foldable cable is always portable, and this makes it best to use in any position. A cable that is molded with good design will always provide you with the best results you want.\nQuality: Consider buying a cable that is of high quality and a cable that will suit your needs very well. If you purchase a low-quality cable, you will be forced to return it to the shops or buy a new one, and this will be costly. To avoid all these problems, do proper research on the product you want to buy.\nChoosing the best Display port on the market can give you stress because the products are numerous in the market and you have to do proper research before buying any cable. You have to consider many things to avoid buying a product that will not suit your functions. Consider the products in the guide above because they are of high quality and well researched to suit your functions."}
diff --git a/data/dataset_info.json b/data/dataset_info.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a5c223
--- /dev/null
+++ b/data/dataset_info.json
@@ -0,0 +1,799 @@
+{
+ "alpaca_en_demo": {
+ "file_name": "alpaca_en_demo.json"
+ },
+ "alpaca_zh_demo": {
+ "file_name": "alpaca_zh_demo.json"
+ },
+ "glaive_toolcall_en_demo": {
+ "file_name": "glaive_toolcall_en_demo.json",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "conversations",
+ "tools": "tools"
+ }
+ },
+ "glaive_toolcall_zh_demo": {
+ "file_name": "glaive_toolcall_zh_demo.json",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "conversations",
+ "tools": "tools"
+ }
+ },
+ "mllm_demo": {
+ "file_name": "mllm_demo.json",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "messages",
+ "images": "images"
+ },
+ "tags": {
+ "role_tag": "role",
+ "content_tag": "content",
+ "user_tag": "user",
+ "assistant_tag": "assistant"
+ }
+ },
+ "mllm_audio_demo": {
+ "file_name": "mllm_audio_demo.json",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "messages",
+ "audios": "audios"
+ },
+ "tags": {
+ "role_tag": "role",
+ "content_tag": "content",
+ "user_tag": "user",
+ "assistant_tag": "assistant"
+ }
+ },
+ "mllm_video_demo": {
+ "file_name": "mllm_video_demo.json",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "messages",
+ "videos": "videos"
+ },
+ "tags": {
+ "role_tag": "role",
+ "content_tag": "content",
+ "user_tag": "user",
+ "assistant_tag": "assistant"
+ }
+ },
+ "mllm_video_audio_demo": {
+ "file_name": "mllm_video_audio_demo.json",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "messages",
+ "videos": "videos",
+ "audios": "audios"
+ },
+ "tags": {
+ "role_tag": "role",
+ "content_tag": "content",
+ "user_tag": "user",
+ "assistant_tag": "assistant"
+ }
+ },
+ "alpaca_en": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "llamafactory/alpaca_en",
+ "ms_hub_url": "llamafactory/alpaca_en",
+ "om_hub_url": "HaM/alpaca_en"
+ },
+ "alpaca_zh": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "llamafactory/alpaca_zh",
+ "ms_hub_url": "llamafactory/alpaca_zh"
+ },
+ "alpaca_gpt4_en": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "llamafactory/alpaca_gpt4_en",
+ "ms_hub_url": "llamafactory/alpaca_gpt4_en"
+ },
+ "alpaca_gpt4_zh": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "llamafactory/alpaca_gpt4_zh",
+ "ms_hub_url": "llamafactory/alpaca_gpt4_zh",
+ "om_hub_url": "State_Cloud/alpaca-gpt4-data-zh"
+ },
+ "glaive_toolcall_en": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "llamafactory/glaive_toolcall_en",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "conversations",
+ "tools": "tools"
+ }
+ },
+ "glaive_toolcall_zh": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "llamafactory/glaive_toolcall_zh",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "conversations",
+ "tools": "tools"
+ }
+ },
+ "lima": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "llamafactory/lima",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt"
+ },
+ "guanaco": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "JosephusCheung/GuanacoDataset",
+ "ms_hub_url": "AI-ModelScope/GuanacoDataset"
+ },
+ "belle_2m": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "BelleGroup/train_2M_CN",
+ "ms_hub_url": "AI-ModelScope/train_2M_CN"
+ },
+ "belle_1m": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "BelleGroup/train_1M_CN",
+ "ms_hub_url": "AI-ModelScope/train_1M_CN"
+ },
+ "belle_0.5m": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "BelleGroup/train_0.5M_CN",
+ "ms_hub_url": "AI-ModelScope/train_0.5M_CN"
+ },
+ "belle_dialog": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "BelleGroup/generated_chat_0.4M",
+ "ms_hub_url": "AI-ModelScope/generated_chat_0.4M"
+ },
+ "belle_math": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "BelleGroup/school_math_0.25M",
+ "ms_hub_url": "AI-ModelScope/school_math_0.25M"
+ },
+ "belle_multiturn": {
+ "script_url": "belle_multiturn",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt"
+ },
+ "ultra_chat": {
+ "script_url": "ultra_chat",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt"
+ },
+ "open_platypus": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "garage-bAInd/Open-Platypus",
+ "ms_hub_url": "AI-ModelScope/Open-Platypus"
+ },
+ "codealpaca": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "sahil2801/CodeAlpaca-20k",
+ "ms_hub_url": "AI-ModelScope/CodeAlpaca-20k"
+ },
+ "alpaca_cot": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "QingyiSi/Alpaca-CoT",
+ "ms_hub_url": "AI-ModelScope/Alpaca-CoT"
+ },
+ "openorca": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "Open-Orca/OpenOrca",
+ "ms_hub_url": "AI-ModelScope/OpenOrca",
+ "columns": {
+ "prompt": "question",
+ "response": "response",
+ "system": "system_prompt"
+ }
+ },
+ "slimorca": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "Open-Orca/SlimOrca",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt"
+ },
+ "mathinstruct": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "TIGER-Lab/MathInstruct",
+ "ms_hub_url": "AI-ModelScope/MathInstruct",
+ "columns": {
+ "prompt": "instruction",
+ "response": "output"
+ }
+ },
+ "firefly": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "YeungNLP/firefly-train-1.1M",
+ "columns": {
+ "prompt": "input",
+ "response": "target"
+ }
+ },
+ "wikiqa": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "wiki_qa",
+ "columns": {
+ "prompt": "question",
+ "response": "answer"
+ }
+ },
+ "webqa": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "suolyer/webqa",
+ "ms_hub_url": "AI-ModelScope/webqa",
+ "columns": {
+ "prompt": "input",
+ "response": "output"
+ }
+ },
+ "webnovel": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "zxbsmk/webnovel_cn",
+ "ms_hub_url": "AI-ModelScope/webnovel_cn"
+ },
+ "nectar_sft": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "AstraMindAI/SFT-Nectar",
+ "ms_hub_url": "AI-ModelScope/SFT-Nectar"
+ },
+ "deepctrl": {
+ "ms_hub_url": "deepctrl/deepctrl-sft-data"
+ },
+ "adgen_train": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "HasturOfficial/adgen",
+ "ms_hub_url": "AI-ModelScope/adgen",
+ "split": "train",
+ "columns": {
+ "prompt": "content",
+ "response": "summary"
+ }
+ },
+ "adgen_eval": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "HasturOfficial/adgen",
+ "ms_hub_url": "AI-ModelScope/adgen",
+ "split": "validation",
+ "columns": {
+ "prompt": "content",
+ "response": "summary"
+ }
+ },
+ "sharegpt_hyper": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "totally-not-an-llm/sharegpt-hyperfiltered-3k",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt"
+ },
+ "sharegpt4": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "shibing624/sharegpt_gpt4",
+ "ms_hub_url": "AI-ModelScope/sharegpt_gpt4",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt"
+ },
+ "ultrachat_200k": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "HuggingFaceH4/ultrachat_200k",
+ "ms_hub_url": "AI-ModelScope/ultrachat_200k",
+ "split": "train_sft",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "messages"
+ },
+ "tags": {
+ "role_tag": "role",
+ "content_tag": "content",
+ "user_tag": "user",
+ "assistant_tag": "assistant"
+ }
+ },
+ "agent_instruct": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "THUDM/AgentInstruct",
+ "ms_hub_url": "ZhipuAI/AgentInstruct",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt"
+ },
+ "lmsys_chat": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "lmsys/lmsys-chat-1m",
+ "ms_hub_url": "AI-ModelScope/lmsys-chat-1m",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "conversation"
+ },
+ "tags": {
+ "role_tag": "role",
+ "content_tag": "content",
+ "user_tag": "user",
+ "assistant_tag": "assistant"
+ }
+ },
+ "evol_instruct": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "WizardLM/WizardLM_evol_instruct_V2_196k",
+ "ms_hub_url": "AI-ModelScope/WizardLM_evol_instruct_V2_196k",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt"
+ },
+ "glaive_toolcall_100k": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "hiyouga/glaive-function-calling-v2-sharegpt",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "conversations",
+ "tools": "tools"
+ }
+ },
+ "cosmopedia": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "HuggingFaceTB/cosmopedia",
+ "columns": {
+ "prompt": "prompt",
+ "response": "text"
+ }
+ },
+ "stem_zh": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "hfl/stem_zh_instruction"
+ },
+ "ruozhiba_gpt4": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "hfl/ruozhiba_gpt4_turbo"
+ },
+ "neo_sft": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "m-a-p/neo_sft_phase2",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt"
+ },
+ "magpie_pro_300k": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "Magpie-Align/Magpie-Pro-300K-Filtered",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt"
+ },
+ "magpie_ultra": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "argilla/magpie-ultra-v0.1",
+ "columns": {
+ "prompt": "instruction",
+ "response": "response"
+ }
+ },
+ "web_instruct": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "TIGER-Lab/WebInstructSub",
+ "columns": {
+ "prompt": "question",
+ "response": "answer"
+ }
+ },
+ "openo1_sft": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "llamafactory/OpenO1-SFT",
+ "ms_hub_url": "llamafactory/OpenO1-SFT",
+ "columns": {
+ "prompt": "prompt",
+ "response": "response"
+ }
+ },
+ "open_thoughts": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "llamafactory/OpenThoughts-114k",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "messages"
+ },
+ "tags": {
+ "role_tag": "role",
+ "content_tag": "content",
+ "user_tag": "user",
+ "assistant_tag": "assistant",
+ "system_tag": "system"
+ }
+ },
+ "open_r1_math": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "llamafactory/OpenR1-Math-94k",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "messages"
+ },
+ "tags": {
+ "role_tag": "role",
+ "content_tag": "content",
+ "user_tag": "user",
+ "assistant_tag": "assistant",
+ "system_tag": "system"
+ }
+ },
+ "chinese_r1_distill": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "Congliu/Chinese-DeepSeek-R1-Distill-data-110k-SFT",
+ "ms_hub_url": "liucong/Chinese-DeepSeek-R1-Distill-data-110k-SFT"
+ },
+ "llava_1k_en": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "BUAADreamer/llava-en-zh-2k",
+ "subset": "en",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "messages",
+ "images": "images"
+ },
+ "tags": {
+ "role_tag": "role",
+ "content_tag": "content",
+ "user_tag": "user",
+ "assistant_tag": "assistant"
+ }
+ },
+ "llava_1k_zh": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "BUAADreamer/llava-en-zh-2k",
+ "subset": "zh",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "messages",
+ "images": "images"
+ },
+ "tags": {
+ "role_tag": "role",
+ "content_tag": "content",
+ "user_tag": "user",
+ "assistant_tag": "assistant"
+ }
+ },
+ "llava_150k_en": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "BUAADreamer/llava-en-zh-300k",
+ "subset": "en",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "messages",
+ "images": "images"
+ },
+ "tags": {
+ "role_tag": "role",
+ "content_tag": "content",
+ "user_tag": "user",
+ "assistant_tag": "assistant"
+ }
+ },
+ "llava_150k_zh": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "BUAADreamer/llava-en-zh-300k",
+ "subset": "zh",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "messages",
+ "images": "images"
+ },
+ "tags": {
+ "role_tag": "role",
+ "content_tag": "content",
+ "user_tag": "user",
+ "assistant_tag": "assistant"
+ }
+ },
+ "pokemon_cap": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "llamafactory/pokemon-gpt4o-captions",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "conversations",
+ "images": "images"
+ }
+ },
+ "mllm_pt_demo": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "BUAADreamer/mllm_pt_demo",
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "messages",
+ "images": "images"
+ },
+ "tags": {
+ "role_tag": "role",
+ "content_tag": "content",
+ "user_tag": "user",
+ "assistant_tag": "assistant"
+ }
+ },
+ "oasst_de": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "mayflowergmbh/oasst_de"
+ },
+ "dolly_15k_de": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "mayflowergmbh/dolly-15k_de"
+ },
+ "alpaca-gpt4_de": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "mayflowergmbh/alpaca-gpt4_de"
+ },
+ "openschnabeltier_de": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "mayflowergmbh/openschnabeltier_de"
+ },
+ "evol_instruct_de": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "mayflowergmbh/evol-instruct_de"
+ },
+ "dolphin_de": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "mayflowergmbh/dolphin_de"
+ },
+ "booksum_de": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "mayflowergmbh/booksum_de"
+ },
+ "airoboros_de": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "mayflowergmbh/airoboros-3.0_de"
+ },
+ "ultrachat_de": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "mayflowergmbh/ultra-chat_de"
+ },
+ "dpo_en_demo": {
+ "file_name": "dpo_en_demo.json",
+ "ranking": true,
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "conversations",
+ "chosen": "chosen",
+ "rejected": "rejected"
+ }
+ },
+ "dpo_zh_demo": {
+ "file_name": "dpo_zh_demo.json",
+ "ranking": true,
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "conversations",
+ "chosen": "chosen",
+ "rejected": "rejected"
+ }
+ },
+ "dpo_mix_en": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "llamafactory/DPO-En-Zh-20k",
+ "subset": "en",
+ "ranking": true,
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "conversations",
+ "chosen": "chosen",
+ "rejected": "rejected"
+ }
+ },
+ "dpo_mix_zh": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "llamafactory/DPO-En-Zh-20k",
+ "subset": "zh",
+ "ranking": true,
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "conversations",
+ "chosen": "chosen",
+ "rejected": "rejected"
+ }
+ },
+ "ultrafeedback": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "llamafactory/ultrafeedback_binarized",
+ "ms_hub_url": "llamafactory/ultrafeedback_binarized",
+ "ranking": true,
+ "columns": {
+ "prompt": "instruction",
+ "chosen": "chosen",
+ "rejected": "rejected"
+ }
+ },
+ "coig_p": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "m-a-p/COIG-P",
+ "ranking": true,
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "conversations",
+ "chosen": "chosen",
+ "rejected": "rejected"
+ }
+ },
+ "rlhf_v": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "llamafactory/RLHF-V",
+ "ranking": true,
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "conversations",
+ "chosen": "chosen",
+ "rejected": "rejected",
+ "images": "images"
+ }
+ },
+ "vlfeedback": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "Zhihui/VLFeedback",
+ "ranking": true,
+ "formatting": "sharegpt",
+ "columns": {
+ "messages": "conversations",
+ "chosen": "chosen",
+ "rejected": "rejected",
+ "images": "images"
+ }
+ },
+ "rlaif_v": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "openbmb/RLAIF-V-Dataset",
+ "ranking": true,
+ "columns": {
+ "prompt": "question",
+ "chosen": "chosen",
+ "rejected": "rejected",
+ "images": "image"
+ }
+ },
+ "orca_pairs": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "Intel/orca_dpo_pairs",
+ "ranking": true,
+ "columns": {
+ "prompt": "question",
+ "chosen": "chosen",
+ "rejected": "rejected",
+ "system": "system"
+ }
+ },
+ "hh_rlhf_en": {
+ "script_url": "hh_rlhf_en",
+ "ranking": true,
+ "columns": {
+ "prompt": "instruction",
+ "chosen": "chosen",
+ "rejected": "rejected",
+ "history": "history"
+ }
+ },
+ "nectar_rm": {
+ "hf_hub_url": "AstraMindAI/RLAIF-Nectar",
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+{"text": "Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is sceptical of authority and rejects all involuntary, coercive forms of hierarchy. Anarchism calls for the abolition of the state, which it holds to be unnecessary, undesirable, and harmful. As a historically left-wing movement, placed on the farthest left of the political spectrum, it is usually described alongside communalism and libertarian Marxism as the libertarian wing (libertarian socialism) of the socialist movement, and has a strong historical association with anti-capitalism and socialism.Humans lived in societies without formal hierarchies long before the establishment of formal states, realms, or empires. With the rise of organised hierarchical bodies, scepticism toward authority also rose. Although traces of anarchist thought are found throughout history, modern anarchism emerged from the Enlightenment. During the latter half of the 19th and the first decades of the 20th century, the anarchist movement flourished in most parts of the world and had a significant role in workers' struggles for emancipation. Various anarchist schools of thought formed during this period. Anarchists have taken part in several revolutions, most notably in the Paris Commune, the Russian Civil War and the Spanish Civil War, whose end marked the end of the classical era of anarchism. In the last decades of the 20th and into the 21st century, the anarchist movement has been resurgent once more.Anarchism employs a diversity of tactics in order to meet its ideal ends which can be broadly separated into revolutionary and evolutionary tactics; there is significant overlap between the two, which are merely descriptive. Revolutionary tactics aim to bring down authority and state, having taken a violent turn in the past, while evolutionary tactics aim to prefigure what an anarchist society would be like. Anarchist thought, criticism, and praxis have played a part in diverse areas of human society. Criticism of anarchism include claims that it is internally inconsistent, violent, or utopian.Etymology, terminology, and definition The etymological origin of anarchism is from the Ancient Greek anarkhia, meaning \"without a ruler\", composed of the prefix an- (\"without\") and the word arkhos (\"leader\" or \"ruler\"). The suffix -ism denotes the ideological current that favours anarchy. Anarchism appears in English from 1642 as anarchisme and anarchy from 1539; early English usages emphasised a sense of disorder. Various factions within the French Revolution labelled their opponents as anarchists, although few such accused shared many views with later anarchists. Many revolutionaries of the 19th century such as William Godwin (1756–1836) and Wilhelm Weitling (1808–1871) would contribute to the anarchist doctrines of the next generation but did not use anarchist or anarchism in describing themselves or their beliefs.The first political philosopher to call himself an anarchist () was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865), marking the formal birth of anarchism in the mid-19th century. Since the 1890s and beginning in France, libertarianism has often been used as a synonym for anarchism and its use as a synonym is still common outside the United States. Some usages of libertarianism refer to individualistic free-market philosophy only, and free-market anarchism in particular is termed libertarian anarchism.While the term libertarian has been largely synonymous with anarchism, its meaning has more recently diluted with wider adoption from ideologically disparate groups, including both the New Left and libertarian Marxists, who do not associate themselves with authoritarian socialists or a vanguard party, and extreme cultural liberals, who are primarily concerned with civil liberties. Additionally, some anarchists use libertarian socialist to avoid anarchism's negative connotations and emphasise its connections with socialism. Anarchism is broadly used to describe the anti-authoritarian wing of the socialist movement. Anarchism is contrasted to socialist forms which are state-oriented or from above. Scholars of anarchism generally highlight anarchism's socialist credentials and criticise attempts at creating dichotomies between the two. Some scholars describe anarchism as having many influences from liberalism, and being both liberals and socialists but more so, while most scholars reject anarcho-capitalism as a misunderstanding of anarchist principles.While opposition to the state is central to anarchist thought, defining anarchism is not an easy task for scholars, as there is a lot of discussion among scholars and anarchists on the matter, and various currents perceive anarchism slightly differently. Major definitional elements include the will for a non-coercive society, the rejection of the state apparatus, the belief that human nature allows humans to exist in or progress toward such a non-coercive society, and a suggestion on how to act to pursue the ideal of anarchy.HistoryPre-modern era Before the establishment of towns and cities, an established authority did not exist. It was after the creation of institutions of authority that anarchistic ideas espoused as a reaction. The most notable precursors to anarchism in the ancient world were in China and Greece. In China, philosophical anarchism (the discussion on the legitimacy of the state) was delineated by Taoist philosophers Zhuang Zhou and Laozi. Alongside Stoicism, Taoism has been said to have had \"significant anticipations\" of anarchism. Anarchic attitudes were also articulated by tragedians and philosophers in Greece. Aeschylus and Sophocles used the myth of Antigone to illustrate the conflict between rules set by the state and personal autonomy. Socrates questioned Athenian authorities constantly and insisted on the right of individual freedom of conscience. Cynics dismissed human law (nomos) and associated authorities while trying to live according to nature (physis). Stoics were supportive of a society based on unofficial and friendly relations among its citizens without the presence of a state.In medieval Europe, there was no anarchistic activity except some ascetic religious movements. These, and other Muslim movements, later gave birth to religious anarchism. In the Sasanian Empire, Mazdak called for an egalitarian society and the abolition of monarchy, only to be soon executed by Emperor Kavad I.In Basra, religious sects preached against the state. In Europe, various sects developed anti-state and libertarian tendencies. Renewed interest in antiquity during the Renaissance and in private judgment during the Reformation restored elements of anti-authoritarian secularism, particularly in France. Enlightenment challenges to intellectual authority (secular and religious) and the revolutions of the 1790s and 1848 all spurred the ideological development of what became the era of classical anarchism.Modern era During the French Revolution, partisan groups such as the Enragés and the saw a turning point in the fermentation of anti-state and federalist sentiments. The first anarchist currents developed throughout the 18th century as William Godwin espoused philosophical anarchism in England, morally delegitimising the state, Max Stirner's thinking paved the way to individualism and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's theory of mutualism found fertile soil in France. By the late 1870s, various anarchist schools of thought had become well-defined and a wave of then unprecedented globalisation occurred from 1880 to 1914. This era of classical anarchism lasted until the end of the Spanish Civil War and is considered the golden age of anarchism.Drawing from mutualism, Mikhail Bakunin founded collectivist anarchism and entered the International Workingmen's Association, a class worker union later known as the First International that formed in 1864 to unite diverse revolutionary currents. The International became a significant political force, with Karl Marx being a leading figure and a member of its General Council. Bakunin's faction (the Jura Federation) and Proudhon's followers (the mutualists) opposed state socialism, advocating political abstentionism and small property holdings. After bitter disputes, the Bakuninists were expelled from the International by the Marxists at the 1872 Hague Congress. Anarchists were treated similarly in the Second International, being ultimately expelled in 1896. Bakunin famously predicted that if revolutionaries gained power by Marx's terms, they would end up the new tyrants of workers. In response to their expulsion from the First International, anarchists formed the St. Imier International. Under the influence of Peter Kropotkin, a Russian philosopher and scientist, anarcho-communism overlapped with collectivism. Anarcho-communists, who drew inspiration from the 1871 Paris Commune, advocated for free federation and for the distribution of goods according to one's needs.At the turn of the century, anarchism had spread all over the world. It was a notable feature of the international syndicalism movement. In China, small groups of students imported the humanistic pro-science version of anarcho-communism. Tokyo was a hotspot for rebellious youth from countries of the far east, travelling to the Japanese capital to study. In Latin America, Argentina was a stronghold for anarcho-syndicalism, where it became the most prominent left-wing ideology. During this time, a minority of anarchists adopted tactics of revolutionary political violence. This strategy became known as propaganda of the deed. The dismemberment of the French socialist movement into many groups and the execution and exile of many Communards to penal colonies following the suppression of the Paris Commune favoured individualist political expression and acts. Even though many anarchists distanced themselves from these terrorist acts, infamy came upon the movement and attempts were made to exclude them from American immigration, including the Immigration Act of 1903, also called the Anarchist Exclusion Act. Illegalism was another strategy which some anarchists adopted during this period.Despite concerns, anarchists enthusiastically participated in the Russian Revolution in opposition to the White movement; however, they met harsh suppression after the Bolshevik government was stabilised. Several anarchists from Petrograd and Moscow fled to Ukraine, notably leading to the Kronstadt rebellion and Nestor Makhno's struggle in the Free Territory. With the anarchists being crushed in Russia, two new antithetical currents emerged, namely platformism and synthesis anarchism. The former sought to create a coherent group that would push for revolution while the latter were against anything that would resemble a political party. Seeing the victories of the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution and the resulting Russian Civil War, many workers and activists turned to communist parties which grew at the expense of anarchism and other socialist movements. In France and the United States, members of major syndicalist movements such as the General Confederation of Labour and the Industrial Workers of the World left their organisations and joined the Communist International.In the Spanish Civil War of 1936, anarchists and syndicalists (CNT and FAI) once again allied themselves with various currents of leftists. A long tradition of Spanish anarchism led to anarchists playing a pivotal role in the war. In response to the army rebellion, an anarchist-inspired movement of peasants and workers, supported by armed militias, took control of Barcelona and of large areas of rural Spain, where they collectivised the land. The Soviet Union provided some limited assistance at the beginning of the war, but the result was a bitter fight among communists and anarchists at a series of events named May Days as Joseph Stalin tried to seize control of the Republicans.Post-war era At the end of World War II, the anarchist movement was severely weakened. The 1960s witnessed a revival of anarchism, likely caused by a perceived failure of Marxism–Leninism and tensions built by the Cold War. During this time, anarchism found a presence in other movements critical towards both capitalism and the state such as the anti-nuclear, environmental, and peace movements, the counterculture of the 1960s, and the New Left. It also saw a transition from its previous revolutionary nature to provocative anti-capitalist reformism. Anarchism became associated with punk subculture as exemplified by bands such as Crass and the Sex Pistols. The established feminist tendencies of anarcha-feminism returned with vigour during the second wave of feminism. Black anarchism began to take form at this time and influenced anarchism's move from a Eurocentric demographic. This coincided with its failure to gain traction in Northern Europe and its unprecedented height in Latin America.Around the turn of the 21st century, anarchism grew in popularity and influence within anti-capitalist, anti-war and anti-globalisation movements. Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Group of Eight and the World Economic Forum. During the protests, ad hoc leaderless anonymous cadres known as black blocs engaged in rioting, property destruction and violent confrontations with the police. Other organisational tactics pioneered in this time include affinity groups, security culture and the use of decentralised technologies such as the Internet. A significant event of this period was the confrontations at the 1999 Seattle WTO conference. Anarchist ideas have been influential in the development of the Zapatistas in Mexico and the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria, more commonly known as Rojava, a de facto autonomous region in northern Syria.Thought Anarchist schools of thought have been generally grouped into two main historical traditions, social anarchism and individualist anarchism, owing to their different origins, values and evolution. The individualist current emphasises negative liberty in opposing restraints upon the free individual, while the social current emphasises positive liberty in aiming to achieve the free potential of society through equality and social ownership. In a chronological sense, anarchism can be segmented by the classical currents of the late 19th century and the post-classical currents (anarcha-feminism, green anarchism, and post-anarchism) developed thereafter.Beyond the specific factions of anarchist movements which constitute political anarchism lies philosophical anarchism which holds that the state lacks moral legitimacy, without necessarily accepting the imperative of revolution to eliminate it. A component especially of individualist anarchism, philosophical anarchism may tolerate the existence of a minimal state but claims that citizens have no moral obligation to obey government when it conflicts with individual autonomy. Anarchism pays significant attention to moral arguments since ethics have a central role in anarchist philosophy. Anarchism's emphasis on anti-capitalism, egalitarianism, and for the extension of community and individuality sets it apart from anarcho-capitalism and other types of economic libertarianism.Anarchism is usually placed on the far-left of the political spectrum. Much of its economics and legal philosophy reflect anti-authoritarian, anti-statist, libertarian, and radical interpretations of left-wing and socialist politics such as collectivism, communism, individualism, mutualism, and syndicalism, among other libertarian socialist economic theories. As anarchism does not offer a fixed body of doctrine from a single particular worldview, many anarchist types and traditions exist and varieties of anarchy diverge widely. One reaction against sectarianism within the anarchist milieu was anarchism without adjectives, a call for toleration and unity among anarchists first adopted by Fernando Tarrida del Mármol in 1889 in response to the bitter debates of anarchist theory at the time. Belief in political nihilism has been espoused by anarchists. Despite separation, the various anarchist schools of thought are not seen as distinct entities but rather as tendencies that intermingle and are connected through a set of uniform principles such as individual and local autonomy, mutual aid, network organisation, communal democracy, justified authority and decentralisation.Classical Inceptive currents among classical anarchist currents were mutualism and individualism. They were followed by the major currents of social anarchism (collectivist, communist and syndicalist). They differ on organisational and economic aspects of their ideal society.Mutualism is an 18th-century economic theory that was developed into anarchist theory by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. Its aims include reciprocity, free association, voluntary contract, federation and monetary reform of both credit and currency that would be regulated by a bank of the people. Mutualism has been retrospectively characterised as ideologically situated between individualist and collectivist forms of anarchism. In What Is Property? (1840), Proudhon first characterised his goal as a \"third form of society, the synthesis of communism and property.\" Collectivist anarchism is a revolutionary socialist form of anarchism commonly associated with Mikhail Bakunin. Collectivist anarchists advocate collective ownership of the means of production which is theorised to be achieved through violent revolution and that workers be paid according to time worked, rather than goods being distributed according to need as in communism. Collectivist anarchism arose alongside Marxism but rejected the dictatorship of the proletariat despite the stated Marxist goal of a collectivist stateless society.Anarcho-communism is a theory of anarchism that advocates a communist society with common ownership of the means of production, direct democracy and a horizontal network of voluntary associations, workers' councils and worker cooperatives, with production and consumption based on the guiding principle \"From each according to his ability, to each according to his need.\" Anarcho-communism developed from radical socialist currents after the French Revolution but was first formulated as such in the Italian section of the First International. It was later expanded upon in the theoretical work of Peter Kropotkin, whose specific style would go onto become the dominating view of anarchists by the late 19th century. Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of anarchism that views labour syndicates as a potential force for revolutionary social change, replacing capitalism and the state with a new society democratically self-managed by workers. The basic principles of anarcho-syndicalism are direct action, workers' solidarity and workers' self-management.Individualist anarchism is a set of several traditions of thought within the anarchist movement that emphasise the individual and their will over any kinds of external determinants. Early influences on individualist forms of anarchism include William Godwin, Max Stirner, and Henry David Thoreau. Through many countries, individualist anarchism attracted a small yet diverse following of Bohemian artists and intellectuals as well as young anarchist outlaws in what became known as illegalism and individual reclamation.Post-classical and contemporary Anarchist principles undergird contemporary radical social movements of the left. Interest in the anarchist movement developed alongside momentum in the anti-globalisation movement, whose leading activist networks were anarchist in orientation. As the movement shaped 21st century radicalism, wider embrace of anarchist principles signaled a revival of interest. Anarchism has continued to generate many philosophies and movements, at times eclectic, drawing upon various sources and combining disparate concepts to create new philosophical approaches. The anti-capitalist tradition of classical anarchism has remained prominent within contemporary currents.Contemporary news coverage which emphasizes black bloc demonstrations has reinforced anarchism's historical association with chaos and violence. Its publicity has also led more scholars in fields such as anthropology and history to engage with the anarchist movement, although contemporary anarchism favours actions over academic theory. Various anarchist groups, tendencies, and schools of thought exist today, making it difficult to describe the contemporary anarchist movement. While theorists and activists have established \"relatively stable constellations of anarchist principles\", there is no consensus on which principles are core and commentators describe multiple anarchisms, rather than a singular anarchism, in which common principles are shared between schools of anarchism while each group prioritizes those principles differently. Gender equality can be a common principle, although it ranks as a higher priority to anarcha-feminists than anarcho-communists.Anarchists are generally committed against coercive authority in all forms, namely \"all centralized and hierarchical forms of government (e.g., monarchy, representative democracy, state socialism, etc.), economic class systems (e.g., capitalism, Bolshevism, feudalism, slavery, etc.), autocratic religions (e.g., fundamentalist Islam, Roman Catholicism, etc.), patriarchy, heterosexism, white supremacy, and imperialism.\" Anarchist schools disagree on the methods by which these forms should be opposed. The principle of equal liberty is closer to anarchist political ethics in that it transcends both the liberal and socialist traditions. This entails that liberty and equality cannot be implemented within the state, resulting in the questioning of all forms of domination and hierarchy.Tactics Anarchists' tactics take various forms but in general serve two major goals, namely to first oppose the Establishment and secondly to promote anarchist ethics and reflect an anarchist vision of society, illustrating the unity of means and ends. A broad categorisation can be made between aims to destroy oppressive states and institutions by revolutionary means on one hand and aims to change society through evolutionary means on the other. Evolutionary tactics embrace nonviolence, reject violence and take a gradual approach to anarchist aims, although there is significant overlap between the two.Anarchist tactics have shifted during the course of the last century. Anarchists during the early 20th century focused more on strikes and militancy while contemporary anarchists use a broader array of approaches.Classical era tactics During the classical era, anarchists had a militant tendency. Not only did they confront state armed forces, as in Spain and Ukraine, but some of them also employed terrorism as propaganda of the deed. Assassination attempts were carried out against heads of state, some of which were successful. Anarchists also took part in revolutions. Many anarchists, especially the Galleanists, believed that these attempts would be the impetus for a revolution against capitalism and the state. Many of these attacks were done by individual assailants and the majority took place in the late 1870s, the early 1880s and the 1890s, with some still occurring in the early 1900s. Their decrease in prevalence was the result of further judicial power and targeting and cataloging by state institutions.Anarchist perspectives towards violence have always been controversial. Anarcho-pacifists advocate for non-violence means to achieve their stateless, nonviolent ends. Other anarchist groups advocate direct action, a tactic which can include acts of sabotage or terrorism. This attitude was quite prominent a century ago when seeing the state as a tyrant and some anarchists believing that they had every right to oppose its oppression by any means possible. Emma Goldman and Errico Malatesta, who were proponents of limited use of violence, stated that violence is merely a reaction to state violence as a necessary evil.Anarchists took an active role in strike actions, although they tended to be antipathetic to formal syndicalism, seeing it as reformist. They saw it as a part of the movement which sought to overthrow the state and capitalism. Anarchists also reinforced their propaganda within the arts, some of whom practiced naturism and nudism. Those anarchists also built communities which were based on friendship and were involved in the news media.Revolutionary tactics In the current era, Italian anarchist Alfredo Bonanno, a proponent of insurrectionary anarchism, has reinstated the debate on violence by rejecting the nonviolence tactic adopted since the late 19th century by Kropotkin and other prominent anarchists afterwards. Both Bonanno and the French group The Invisible Committee advocate for small, informal affiliation groups, where each member is responsible for their own actions but works together to bring down oppression utilizing sabotage and other violent means against state, capitalism, and other enemies. Members of The Invisible Committee were arrested in 2008 on various charges, terrorism included.Overall, contemporary anarchists are much less violent and militant than their ideological ancestors. They mostly engage in confronting the police during demonstrations and riots, especially in countries such as Canada, Greece, and Mexico. Militant black bloc protest groups are known for clashing with the police; however, anarchists not only clash with state operators, they also engage in the struggle against fascists and racists, taking anti-fascist action and mobilizing to prevent hate rallies from happening.Evolutionary tactics Anarchists commonly employ direct action. This can take the form of disrupting and protesting against unjust hierarchy, or the form of self-managing their lives through the creation of counter-institutions such as communes and non-hierarchical collectives. Decision-making is often handled in an anti-authoritarian way, with everyone having equal say in each decision, an approach known as horizontalism. Contemporary-era anarchists have been engaging with various grassroots movements that are more or less based on horizontalism, although not explicitly anarchist, respecting personal autonomy and participating in mass activism such as strikes and demonstrations. In contrast with the big-A anarchism of the classical era, the newly coined term small-a anarchism signals their tendency not to base their thoughts and actions on classical-era anarchism or to refer to classical anarchists such as Peter Kropotkin and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon to justify their opinions. Those anarchists would rather base their thought and praxis on their own experience which they will later theorize.The decision-making process of small anarchist affinity groups plays a significant tactical role. Anarchists have employed various methods in order to build a rough consensus among members of their group without the need of a leader or a leading group. One way is for an individual from the group to play the role of facilitator to help achieve a consensus without taking part in the discussion themselves or promoting a specific point. Minorities usually accept rough consensus, except when they feel the proposal contradicts anarchist ethics, goals and values. Anarchists usually form small groups (5–20 individuals) to enhance autonomy and friendships among their members. These kinds of groups more often than not interconnect with each other, forming larger networks. Anarchists still support and participate in strikes, especially wildcat strikes as these are leaderless strikes not organised centrally by a syndicate.As in the past, newspapers and journals are used, and anarchists have gone online in the World Wide Web to spread their message. Anarchists have found it easier to create websites because of distributional and other difficulties, hosting electronic libraries and other portals. Anarchists were also involved in developing various software that are available for free. The way these hacktivists work to develop and distribute resembles the anarchist ideals, especially when it comes to preserving users' privacy from state surveillance.Anarchists organize themselves to squat and reclaim public spaces. During important events such as protests and when spaces are being occupied, they are often called Temporary Autonomous Zones (TAZ), spaces where art, poetry, and surrealism are blended to display the anarchist ideal. As seen by anarchists, squatting is a way to regain urban space from the capitalist market, serving pragmatical needs and also being an exemplary direct action. Acquiring space enables anarchists to experiment with their ideas and build social bonds. Adding up these tactics while having in mind that not all anarchists share the same attitudes towards them, along with various forms of protesting at highly symbolic events, make up a carnivalesque atmosphere that is part of contemporary anarchist vividity.Key issues As anarchism is a philosophy that embodies many diverse attitudes, tendencies, and schools of thought; disagreement over questions of values, ideology, and tactics is common. Its diversity has led to widely different uses of identical terms among different anarchist traditions which has created a number of definitional concerns in anarchist theory. The compatibility of capitalism, nationalism, and religion with anarchism is widely disputed, and anarchism enjoys complex relationships with ideologies such as communism, collectivism, Marxism, and trade unionism. Anarchists may be motivated by humanism, divine authority, enlightened self-interest, veganism, or any number of alternative ethical doctrines. Phenomena such as civilisation, technology (e.g. within anarcho-primitivism), and the democratic process may be sharply criticised within some anarchist tendencies and simultaneously lauded in others.Gender, sexuality, and free love As gender and sexuality carry along them dynamics of hierarchy, many anarchists address, analyse, and oppose the suppression of one's autonomy imposed by gender roles.Sexuality was not often discussed by classical anarchists but the few that did felt that an anarchist society would lead to sexuality naturally developing. Sexual violence was a concern for anarchists such as Benjamin Tucker, who opposed age of consent laws, believing they would benefit predatory men. A historical current that arose and flourished during 1890 and 1920 within anarchism was free love. In contemporary anarchism, this current survives as a tendency to support polyamory and queer anarchism. Free love advocates were against marriage, which they saw as a way of men imposing authority over women, largely because marriage law greatly favoured the power of men. The notion of free love was much broader and included a critique of the established order that limited women's sexual freedom and pleasure. Those free love movements contributed to the establishment of communal houses, where large groups of travelers, anarchists and other activists slept in beds together. Free love had roots both in Europe and the United States; however, some anarchists struggled with the jealousy that arose from free love. Anarchist feminists were advocates of free love, against marriage, and pro-choice (utilising a contemporary term), and had a similar agenda. Anarchist and non-anarchist feminists differed on suffrage but were supportive of one another.During the second half of the 20th century, anarchism intermingled with the second wave of feminism, radicalising some currents of the feminist movement and being influenced as well. By the latest decades of the 20th century, anarchists and feminists were advocating for the rights and autonomy of women, gays, queers and other marginalised groups, with some feminist thinkers suggesting a fusion of the two currents. With the third wave of feminism, sexual identity and compulsory heterosexuality became a subject of study for anarchists, yielding a post-structuralist critique of sexual normality. Some anarchists distanced themselves from this line of thinking, suggesting that it leaned towards an individualism that was dropping the cause of social liberation.Anarchism and education The interest of anarchists in education stretches back to the first emergence of classical anarchism. Anarchists consider proper education, one which sets the foundations of the future autonomy of the individual and the society, to be an act of mutual aid. Anarchist writers such as William Godwin (Political Justice) and Max Stirner (\"The False Principle of Our Education\") attacked both state education and private education as another means by which the ruling class replicate their privileges.In 1901, Catalan anarchist and free thinker Francisco Ferrer established the Escuela Moderna in Barcelona as an opposition to the established education system which was dictated largely by the Catholic Church. Ferrer's approach was secular, rejecting both state and church involvement in the educational process whilst giving pupils large amounts of autonomy in planning their work and attendance. Ferrer aimed to educate the working class and explicitly sought to foster class consciousness among students. The school closed after constant harassment by the state and Ferrer was later arrested. Nonetheless, his ideas formed the inspiration for a series of modern schools around the world. Christian anarchist Leo Tolstoy, who published the essay Education and Culture, also established a similar school with its founding principle being that \"for education to be effective it had to be free.\" In a similar token, A. S. Neill founded what became the Summerhill School in 1921, also declaring being free from coercion.Anarchist education is based largely on the idea that a child's right to develop freely and without manipulation ought to be respected and that rationality would lead children to morally good conclusions; however, there has been little consensus among anarchist figures as to what constitutes manipulation. Ferrer believed that moral indoctrination was necessary and explicitly taught pupils that equality, liberty and social justice were not possible under capitalism, along with other critiques of government and nationalism.Late 20th century and contemporary anarchist writers (Paul Goodman, Herbert Read, and Colin Ward) intensified and expanded the anarchist critique of state education, largely focusing on the need for a system that focuses on children's creativity rather than on their ability to attain a career or participate in consumerism as part of a consumer society. Contemporary anarchists such as Ward claim that state education serves to perpetuate socioeconomic inequality.While few anarchist education institutions have survived to the modern-day, major tenets of anarchist schools, among them respect for child autonomy and relying on reasoning rather than indoctrination as a teaching method, have spread among mainstream educational institutions. Judith Suissa names three schools as explicitly anarchists schools, namely the Free Skool Santa Cruz in the United States which is part of a wider American-Canadian network of schools, the Self-Managed Learning College in Brighton, England, and the Paideia School in Spain.Anarchism and the state Objection to the state and its institutions is a sine qua non of anarchism. Anarchists consider the state as a tool of domination and believe it to be illegitimate regardless of its political tendencies. Instead of people being able to control the aspects of their life, major decisions are taken by a small elite. Authority ultimately rests solely on power, regardless of whether that power is open or transparent, as it still has the ability to coerce people. Another anarchist argument against states is that the people constituting a government, even the most altruistic among officials, will unavoidably seek to gain more power, leading to corruption. Anarchists consider the idea that the state is the collective will of the people to be an unachievable fiction due to the fact that the ruling class is distinct from the rest of society.Specific anarchist attitudes towards the state vary. Robert Paul Wolff believed that the tension between authority and autonomy would mean the state could never be legitimate. Bakunin saw the state as meaning \"coercion, domination by means of coercion, camouflaged if possible but unceremonious and overt if need be.\" A. John Simmons and Leslie Green, who leaned toward philosophical anarchism, believed that the state could be legitimate if it is governed by consensus, although they saw this as highly unlikely. Beliefs on how to abolish the state also differ.Anarchism and the arts The connection between anarchism and art was quite profound during the classical era of anarchism, especially among artistic currents that were developing during that era such as futurists, surrealists and others. In literature, anarchism was mostly associated with the New Apocalyptics and the neo-romanticism movement. In music, anarchism has been associated with music scenes such as punk. Anarchists such as Leo Tolstoy and Herbert Read stated that the border between the artist and the non-artist, what separates art from a daily act, is a construct produced by the alienation caused by capitalism and it prevents humans from living a joyful life.Other anarchists advocated for or used art as a means to achieve anarchist ends. In his book Breaking the Spell: A History of Anarchist Filmmakers, Videotape Guerrillas, and Digital Ninjas, Chris Robé claims that \"anarchist-inflected practices have increasingly structured movement-based video activism.\" Throughout the 20th century, many prominent anarchists (Peter Kropotkin, Emma Goldman, Gustav Landauer and Camillo Berneri) and publications such as Anarchy wrote about matters pertaining to the arts.Three overlapping properties made art useful to anarchists. It could depict a critique of existing society and hierarchies, serve as a prefigurative tool to reflect the anarchist ideal society and even turn into a means of direct action such as in protests. As it appeals to both emotion and reason, art could appeal to the whole human and have a powerful effect. The 19th-century neo-impressionist movement had an ecological aesthetic and offered an example of an anarchist perception of the road towards socialism. In Les chataigniers a Osny by anarchist painter Camille Pissarro, the blending of aesthetic and social harmony is prefiguring an ideal anarchistic agrarian community.Analysis The most common critique of anarchism is that humans cannot self-govern and so a state is necessary for human survival. Philosopher Bertrand Russell supported this critique, stating that \"[p]eace and war, tariffs, regulations of sanitary conditions and the sale of noxious drugs, the preservation of a just system of distribution: these, among others, are functions which could hardly be performed in a community in which there was no central government.\" Another common criticism of anarchism is that it fits a world of isolation in which only the small enough entities can be self-governing; a response would be that major anarchist thinkers advocated anarchist federalism.Philosophy lecturer Andrew G. Fiala composed a list of common arguments against anarchism which includes critiques such as that anarchism is innately related to violence and destruction, not only in the pragmatic world, such as at protests, but in the world of ethics as well. Secondly, anarchism is evaluated as unfeasible or utopian since the state cannot be defeated practically. This line of arguments most often calls for political action within the system to reform it. The third argument is that anarchism is self-contradictory. While it advocates for no-one to archiei, if accepted by the many, then anarchism would turn into the ruling political theory. In this line of criticism also comes the self-contradiction that anarchism calls for collective action whilst endorsing the autonomy of the individual, hence no collective action can be taken. Lastly, Fiala mentions a critique towards philosophical anarchism of being ineffective (all talk and thoughts) and in the meantime capitalism and bourgeois class remains strong.Philosophical anarchism has met the criticism of members of academia following the release of pro-anarchist books such as A. John Simmons' Moral Principles and Political Obligations. Law professor William A. Edmundson authored an essay to argue against three major philosophical anarchist principles which he finds fallacious. Edmundson says that while the individual does not owe the state a duty of obedience, this does not imply that anarchism is the inevitable conclusion and the state is still morally legitimate. In The Problem of Political Authority, Michael Huemer defends philosophical anarchism, claiming that \"political authority is a moral illusion.\"One of the earliest criticisms is that anarchism defies and fails to understand the biological inclination to authority. Joseph Raz states that the acceptance of authority implies the belief that following their instructions will afford more success. Raz believes that this argument is true in following both authorities' successful and mistaken instruction. Anarchists reject this criticism because challenging or disobeying authority does not entail the disappearance of its advantages by acknowledging authority such as doctors or lawyers as reliable, nor does it involve a complete surrender of independent judgment. Anarchist perception of human nature, rejection of the state, and commitment to social revolution has been criticised by academics as naive, overly simplistic, and unrealistic, respectively. Classical anarchism has been criticised for relying too heavily on the belief that the abolition of the state will lead to human cooperation prospering.Friedrich Engels, considered to be one of the principal founders of Marxism, criticised anarchism's anti-authoritarianism as inherently counter-revolutionary because in his view a revolution is by itself authoritarian. Academic John Molyneux writes in his book Anarchism: A Marxist Criticism that \"anarchism cannot win\", believing that it lacks the ability to properly implement its ideas. The Marxist criticism of anarchism is that it has a utopian character because all individuals should have anarchist views and values. According to the Marxist view, that a social idea would follow directly from this human ideal and out of the free will of every individual formed its essence. Marxists state that this contradiction was responsible for their inability to act. In the anarchist vision, the conflict between liberty and equality was resolved through coexistence and intertwining.See also Anarchism by country Governance without government List of anarchist political ideologies List of books about anarchismReferencesCitationsNotesSourcesPrimary sourcesSecondary sourcesTertiary sourcesFurther reading Criticism of philosophical anarchism. A defence of philosophical anarchism, stating that \"both kinds of 'anarchism' [i.e. philosophical and political anarchism] are philosophical and political claims.\" (p. 137) Anarchistic popular fiction novel. An argument for philosophical anarchism.External links Anarchy Archives. Anarchy Archives is an online research center on the history and theory of anarchism. Anti-capitalismAnti-fascismEconomic ideologiesLeft-wing politicsLibertarian socialismLibertarianismPolitical culturePolitical movementsPolitical ideologiesSocial theoriesSocialismFar-left politics"}
+{"text": "Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. Parents often notice signs during the first three years of their child's life. These signs often develop gradually, though some autistic children experience regression in their communication and social skills after reaching developmental milestones at a normal pace.Autism is associated with a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Risk factors during pregnancy include certain infections, such as rubella, toxins including valproic acid, alcohol, cocaine, pesticides, lead, and air pollution, fetal growth restriction, and autoimmune diseases. Controversies surround other proposed environmental causes; for example, the vaccine hypothesis, which has been disproven. Autism affects information processing in the brain and how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize; how this occurs is not well understood. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) combines forms of the condition, including Asperger syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) into the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Several interventions have been shown to reduce symptoms and improve the ability of autistic people to function and participate independently in the community. Behavioral, psychological, education, and/or skill-building interventions may be used to assist autistic people to learn life skills necessary for living independently, as well as other social, communication, and language skills. Therapy also aims to reduce challenging behaviors and build upon strengths. Some autistic adults are unable to live independently. An autistic culture has developed, with some individuals seeking a cure and others believing autism should be accepted as a difference to be accommodated instead of cured.Globally, autism is estimated to affect 24.8 million people . In the 2000s, the number of autistic people worldwide was estimated at 1–2 per 1,000 people. In the developed countries, about 1.5% of children are diagnosed with ASD , up from 0.7% in 2000 in the United States. It is diagnosed four to five times more often in males than females. The number of people diagnosed has increased considerably since the 1990s, which may be partly due to increased recognition of the condition.CharacteristicsAutism is a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder whose symptoms first appear during infancy or childhood, and generally follows a steady course without remission. Autistic people may be severely impaired in some respects but average, or even superior, in others. Overt symptoms gradually begin after the age of six months, become established by age two or three years and tend to continue through adulthood, although often in more muted form. It is distinguished by a characteristic triad of symptoms: impairments in social interaction, impairments in communication, and repetitive behavior. Other aspects, such as atypical eating, are also common but are not essential for diagnosis. Individual symptoms of autism occur in the general population and appear not to associate highly, without a sharp line separating pathologically severe from common traits.Social developmentSocial deficits distinguish autism and the related autism spectrum disorders (ASD; see Classification) from other developmental disorders. Autistic people have social impairments and often lack the intuition about others that many people take for granted. Noted autistic Temple Grandin described her inability to understand the social communication of neurotypicals, or people with typical neural development, as leaving her feeling \"like an anthropologist on Mars\".Unusual social development becomes apparent early in childhood. Autistic infants show less attention to social stimuli, smile and look at others less often, and respond less to their own name. Autistic toddlers differ more strikingly from social norms; for example, they have less eye contact and turn-taking, and do not have the ability to use simple movements to express themselves, such as pointing at things. Three- to five-year-old autistic children are less likely to exhibit social understanding, approach others spontaneously, imitate and respond to emotions, communicate nonverbally, and take turns with others. However, they do form attachments to their primary caregivers. Most autistic children display moderately less attachment security than neurotypical children, although this difference disappears in children with higher mental development or less pronounced autistic traits. Older children and adults with ASD perform worse on tests of face and emotion recognition although this may be partly due to a lower ability to define a person's own emotions.Children with high-functioning autism have more intense and frequent loneliness compared to non-autistic peers, despite the common belief that autistic children prefer to be alone. Making and maintaining friendships often proves to be difficult for autistic people. For them, the quality of friendships, not the number of friends, predicts how lonely they feel. Functional friendships, such as those resulting in invitations to parties, may affect the quality of life more deeply.There are many anecdotal reports, but few systematic studies, of aggression and violence in individuals with ASD. The limited data suggest that, in children with intellectual disability, autism is associated with aggression, destruction of property, and meltdowns.CommunicationAbout one third to half of autistic people do not develop enough natural speech to meet their daily communication needs. Differences in communication may be present from the first year of life, and may include delayed onset of babbling, unusual gestures, diminished responsiveness, and vocal patterns that are not synchronized with the caregiver. In the second and third years, autistic children have less frequent and less diverse babbling, consonants, words, and word combinations; their gestures are less often integrated with words. Autistic children are less likely to make requests or share experiences, and are more likely to simply repeat others' words (echolalia) or reverse pronouns. Joint attention seems to be necessary for functional speech, and deficits in joint attention seem to distinguish infants with ASD. For example, they may look at a pointing hand instead of the object to which the hand is pointing, and they consistently fail to point at objects in order to comment on or share an experience. Autistic children may have difficulty with imaginative play and with developing symbols into language.In a pair of studies, high-functioning autistic children aged 8–15 performed equally well as, and as adults better than, individually matched controls at basic language tasks involving vocabulary and spelling. Both autistic groups performed worse than controls at complex language tasks such as figurative language, comprehension, and inference. As people are often sized up initially from their basic language skills, these studies suggest that people speaking to autistic individuals are more likely to overestimate what their audience comprehends.Repetitive behaviorAutistic individuals can display many forms of repetitive or restricted behavior, which the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R) categorizes as follows. Stereotyped behaviors: Repetitive movements, such as hand flapping, head rolling, or body rocking. Compulsive behaviors: Time-consuming behaviors intended to reduce the anxiety that an individual feels compelled to perform repeatedly or according to rigid rules, such as placing objects in a specific order, checking things, or handwashing. Sameness: Resistance to change; for example, insisting that the furniture not be moved or refusing to be interrupted. Ritualistic behavior: Unvarying pattern of daily activities, such as an unchanging menu or a dressing ritual. This is closely associated with sameness and an independent validation has suggested combining the two factors. Restricted interests: Interests or fixations that are abnormal in theme or intensity of focus, such as preoccupation with a single television program, toy, or game. Self-injury: Behaviors such as eye-poking, skin-picking, hand-biting and head-banging.No single repetitive or self-injurious behavior seems to be specific to autism, but autism appears to have an elevated pattern of occurrence and severity of these behaviors.Other symptomsAutistic individuals may have symptoms that are independent of the diagnosis, but that can affect the individual or the family.An estimated 0.5% to 10% of individuals with ASD show unusual abilities, ranging from splinter skills such as the memorization of trivia to the extraordinarily rare talents of prodigious autistic savants. Many individuals with ASD show superior skills in perception and attention, relative to the general population. Sensory abnormalities are found in over 90% of autistic people, and are considered core features by some, although there is no good evidence that sensory symptoms differentiate autism from other developmental disorders. Differences are greater for under-responsivity (for example, walking into things) than for over-responsivity (for example, distress from loud noises) or for sensation seeking (for example, rhythmic movements). An estimated 60–80% of autistic people have motor signs that include poor muscle tone, poor motor planning, and toe walking; deficits in motor coordination are pervasive across ASD and are greater in autism proper. Unusual eating behavior occurs in about three-quarters of children with ASD, to the extent that it was formerly a diagnostic indicator. Selectivity is the most common problem, although eating rituals and food refusal also occur.There is tentative evidence that gender dysphoria occurs more frequently in autistic people (see Autism and LGBT identities). As well as that, a 2021 anonymized online survey of 16-90 year-olds revealed that autistic males are more likely to be bisexual, while autistic females are more likely to be homosexual.Gastrointestinal problems are one of the most commonly co-occurring medical conditions in autistic people. These are linked to greater social impairment, irritability, behavior and sleep problems, language impairments and mood changes.Parents of children with ASD have higher levels of stress. Siblings of children with ASD report greater admiration of and less conflict with the affected sibling than siblings of unaffected children and were similar to siblings of children with Down syndrome in these aspects of the sibling relationship. However, they reported lower levels of closeness and intimacy than siblings of children with Down syndrome; siblings of individuals with ASD have greater risk of negative well-being and poorer sibling relationships as adults.CausesIt has long been presumed that there is a common cause at the genetic, cognitive, and neural levels for autism's characteristic triad of symptoms. However, there is increasing suspicion that autism is instead a complex disorder whose core aspects have distinct causes that often co-occur.Autism has a strong genetic basis, although the genetics of autism are complex and it is unclear whether ASD is explained more by rare mutations with major effects, or by rare multigene interactions of common genetic variants. Complexity arises due to interactions among multiple genes, the environment, and epigenetic factors which do not change DNA sequencing but are heritable and influence gene expression. Many genes have been associated with autism through sequencing the genomes of affected individuals and their parents. Studies of twins suggest that heritability is 0.7 for autism and as high as 0.9 for ASD, and siblings of those with autism are about 25 times more likely to be autistic than the general population. However, most of the mutations that increase autism risk have not been identified. Typically, autism cannot be traced to a Mendelian (single-gene) mutation or to a single chromosome abnormality, and none of the genetic syndromes associated with ASDs have been shown to selectively cause ASD. Numerous candidate genes have been located, with only small effects attributable to any particular gene. Most loci individually explain less than 1% of cases of autism. The large number of autistic individuals with unaffected family members may result from spontaneous structural variation—such as deletions, duplications or inversions in genetic material during meiosis. Hence, a substantial fraction of autism cases may be traceable to genetic causes that are highly heritable but not inherited: that is, the mutation that causes the autism is not present in the parental genome. Autism may be underdiagnosed in women and girls due to an assumption that it is primarily a male condition, but genetic phenomena such as imprinting and X linkage have the ability to raise the frequency and severity of conditions in males, and theories have been put forward for a genetic reason why males are diagnosed more often, such as the imprinted brain hypothesis and the extreme male brain theory.Maternal nutrition and inflammation during preconception and pregnancy influences fetal neurodevelopment. Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with ASD, in both term and preterm infants. Maternal inflammatory and autoimmune diseases may damage fetal tissues, aggravating a genetic problem or damaging the nervous system.Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy, especially heavy metals and particulates, may increase the risk of autism. Environmental factors that have been claimed without evidence to contribute to or exacerbate autism include certain foods, infectious diseases, solvents, PCBs, phthalates and phenols used in plastic products, pesticides, brominated flame retardants, alcohol, smoking, illicit drugs, vaccines, and prenatal stress. Some, such as the MMR vaccine, have been completely disproven.Parents may first become aware of autistic symptoms in their child around the time of a routine vaccination. This has led to unsupported theories blaming vaccine \"overload\", a vaccine preservative, or the MMR vaccine for causing autism. The latter theory was supported by a litigation-funded study that has since been shown to have been \"an elaborate fraud\". Although these theories lack convincing scientific evidence and are biologically implausible, parental concern about a potential vaccine link with autism has led to lower rates of childhood immunizations, outbreaks of previously controlled childhood diseases in some countries, and the preventable deaths of several children.MechanismAutism's symptoms result from maturation-related changes in various systems of the brain. How autism occurs is not well understood. Its mechanism can be divided into two areas: the pathophysiology of brain structures and processes associated with autism, and the neuropsychological linkages between brain structures and behaviors. The behaviors appear to have multiple pathophysiologies.There is evidence that gut–brain axis abnormalities may be involved. A 2015 review proposed that immune dysregulation, gastrointestinal inflammation, malfunction of the autonomic nervous system, gut flora alterations, and food metabolites may cause brain neuroinflammation and dysfunction. A 2016 review concludes that enteric nervous system abnormalities might play a role in neurological disorders such as autism. Neural connections and the immune system are a pathway that may allow diseases originated in the intestine to spread to the brain.Several lines of evidence point to synaptic dysfunction as a cause of autism. Some rare mutations may lead to autism by disrupting some synaptic pathways, such as those involved with cell adhesion. Gene replacement studies in mice suggest that autistic symptoms are closely related to later developmental steps that depend on activity in synapses and on activity-dependent changes. All known teratogens (agents that cause birth defects) related to the risk of autism appear to act during the first eight weeks from conception, and though this does not exclude the possibility that autism can be initiated or affected later, there is strong evidence that autism arises very early in development.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on behavior, not cause or mechanism. Under the DSM-5, autism is characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts, as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. These deficits are present in early childhood, typically before age three, and lead to clinically significant functional impairment. Sample symptoms include lack of social or emotional reciprocity, stereotyped and repetitive use of language or idiosyncratic language, and persistent preoccupation with unusual objects. The disturbance must not be better accounted for by Rett syndrome, intellectual disability or global developmental delay. ICD-10 uses essentially the same definition.Several diagnostic instruments are available. Two are commonly used in autism research: the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) is a semistructured parent interview, and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) uses observation and interaction with the child. The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) is used widely in clinical environments to assess severity of autism based on observation of children. The Diagnostic interview for social and communication disorders (DISCO) may also be used.A pediatrician commonly performs a preliminary investigation by taking developmental history and physically examining the child. If warranted, diagnosis and evaluations are conducted with help from ASD specialists, observing and assessing cognitive, communication, family, and other factors using standardized tools, and taking into account any associated medical conditions. A pediatric neuropsychologist is often asked to assess behavior and cognitive skills, both to aid diagnosis and to help recommend educational interventions. A differential diagnosis for ASD at this stage might also consider intellectual disability, hearing impairment, and a specific language impairment such as Landau–Kleffner syndrome. The presence of autism can make it harder to diagnose coexisting psychiatric disorders such as depression.Clinical genetics evaluations are often done once ASD is diagnosed, particularly when other symptoms already suggest a genetic cause. Although genetic technology allows clinical geneticists to link an estimated 40% of cases to genetic causes, consensus guidelines in the US and UK are limited to high-resolution chromosome and fragile X testing. A genotype-first model of diagnosis has been proposed, which would routinely assess the genome's copy number variations. As new genetic tests are developed several ethical, legal, and social issues will emerge. Commercial availability of tests may precede adequate understanding of how to use test results, given the complexity of autism's genetics. Metabolic and neuroimaging tests are sometimes helpful, but are not routine.ASD can sometimes be diagnosed by age 14 months, although diagnosis becomes increasingly stable over the first three years of life: for example, a one-year-old who meets diagnostic criteria for ASD is less likely than a three-year-old to continue to do so a few years later. In the UK the National Autism Plan for Children recommends at most 30 weeks from first concern to completed diagnosis and assessment, though few cases are handled that quickly in practice. Although the symptoms of autism and ASD begin early in childhood, they are sometimes missed; years later, adults may seek diagnoses to help them or their friends and family understand themselves, to help their employers make adjustments, or in some locations to claim disability living allowances or other benefits.Signs of autism may be more challenging for clinicians to detect in females. Autistic females have been shown to engage in masking more frequently than autistic males. Masking may include making oneself perform normative facial expressions and eye contact. A notable percentage of autistic females may be misdiagnosed, diagnosed after a considerable delay, or not diagnosed at all.Conversely, the cost of screening and diagnosis and the challenge of obtaining payment can inhibit or delay diagnosis. It is particularly hard to diagnose autism among the visually impaired, partly because some of its diagnostic criteria depend on vision, and partly because autistic symptoms overlap with those of common blindness syndromes or blindisms.ClassificationAutism is one of the five pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), which are characterized by widespread abnormalities of social interactions and communication, severely restricted interests, and highly repetitive behavior. These symptoms do not imply sickness, fragility, or emotional disturbance.Of the five PDD forms, Asperger syndrome is closest to autism in signs and likely causes; Rett syndrome and childhood disintegrative disorder share several signs with autism, but may have unrelated causes; PDD not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS; also called atypical autism) is diagnosed when the criteria are not met for a more specific disorder. Unlike with autism, people with Asperger syndrome have no substantial delay in language development. The terminology of autism can be bewildering, with autism, Asperger syndrome and PDD-NOS often called the autism spectrum disorders (ASD) or sometimes the autistic disorders, whereas autism itself is often called autistic disorder, childhood autism, or infantile autism. In this article, autism refers to the classic autistic disorder; in clinical practice, though, autism, ASD, and PDD are often used interchangeably. ASD, in turn, is a subset of the broader autism phenotype, which describes individuals who may not have ASD but do have autistic-like traits, such as avoiding eye contact.Research into causes has been hampered by the inability to identify biologically meaningful subgroups within the autistic population and by the traditional boundaries between the disciplines of psychiatry, psychology, neurology and pediatrics. Newer technologies such as fMRI and diffusion tensor imaging can help identify biologically relevant phenotypes (observable traits) that can be viewed on brain scans, to help further neurogenetic studies of autism; one example is lowered activity in the fusiform face area of the brain, which is associated with impaired perception of people versus objects. It has been proposed to classify autism using genetics as well as behavior. (For more, see Brett Abrahams, geneticist and neuroscientist)Spectrum Autism has long been thought to cover a wide spectrum, ranging from individuals with severe impairments—who may be silent, developmentally disabled, and prone to frequent repetitive behavior such as hand flapping and rocking—to high functioning individuals who may have active but distinctly odd social approaches, narrowly focused interests, and verbose, pedantic communication. Because the behavior spectrum is continuous, boundaries between diagnostic categories are necessarily somewhat arbitrary.ScreeningAbout half of parents of children with ASD notice their child's unusual behaviors by age 18 months, and about four-fifths notice by age 24 months. According to an article, failure to meet any of the following milestones \"is an absolute indication to proceed with further evaluations. Delay in referral for such testing may delay early diagnosis and treatment and affect the long-term outcome\". No response to name (or eye-to-eye gaze) by 6 months. No babbling by 12 months. No gesturing (pointing, waving, etc.) by 12 months. No single words by 16 months. No two-word (spontaneous, not just echolalic) phrases by 24 months. Loss of any language or social skills, at any age.The United States Preventive Services Task Force in 2016 found it was unclear if screening was beneficial or harmful among children in whom there is no concern. The Japanese practice is to screen all children for ASD at 18 and 24 months, using autism-specific formal screening tests. In contrast, in the UK, children whose families or doctors recognize possible signs of autism are screened. It is not known which approach is more effective. Screening tools include the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT), the Early Screening of Autistic Traits Questionnaire, and the First Year Inventory; initial data on M-CHAT and its predecessor, the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT), on children aged 18–30 months suggests that it is best used in a clinical setting and that it has low sensitivity (many false-negatives) but good specificity (few false-positives). It may be more accurate to precede these tests with a broadband screener that does not distinguish ASD from other developmental disorders. Screening tools designed for one culture's norms for behaviors like eye contact may be inappropriate for a different culture. Although genetic screening for autism is generally still impractical, it can be considered in some cases, such as children with neurological symptoms and dysmorphic features.Some authors suggest that automatic motor assessment could be useful to screen the children with ASD for instance with behavioural motor and emotionals reactions during smartphone watching.PreventionWhile infection with rubella during pregnancy causes fewer than 1% of cases of autism, vaccination against rubella can prevent many of those cases.ManagementThe main goals when treating autistic children are to lessen associated deficits and family distress, and to increase quality of life and functional independence. In general, higher IQs are correlated with greater responsiveness to treatment and improved treatment outcomes. No single treatment is best and treatment is typically tailored to the child's needs. Families and the educational system are the main resources for treatment. Services should be carried out by behavior analysts, special education teachers, speech pathologists, and licensed psychologists. Studies of interventions have methodological problems that prevent definitive conclusions about efficacy. However, the development of evidence-based interventions has advanced in recent years. Although many psychosocial interventions have some positive evidence, suggesting that some form of treatment is preferable to no treatment, the methodological quality of systematic reviews of these studies has generally been poor, their clinical results are mostly tentative, and there is little evidence for the relative effectiveness of treatment options. Intensive, sustained special education programs and behavior therapy early in life can help children acquire self-care, communication, and job skills, and often improve functioning and decrease symptom severity and maladaptive behaviors; claims that intervention by around age three years is crucial are not substantiated. While medications have not been found to help with core symptoms, they may be used for associated symptoms, such as irritability, inattention, or repetitive behavior patterns.EducationEducational interventions often used include applied behavior analysis (ABA), developmental models, structured teaching, speech and language therapy, social skills therapy, and occupational therapy and cognitive behavioral interventions in adults without intellectual disability to reduce depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Among these approaches, interventions either treat autistic features comprehensively, or focalize treatment on a specific area of deficit. The quality of research for early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI)—a treatment procedure incorporating over thirty hours per week of the structured type of ABA that is carried out with very young children—is currently low, and more vigorous research designs with larger sample sizes are needed. Two theoretical frameworks outlined for early childhood intervention include structured and naturalistic ABA interventions, and developmental social pragmatic models (DSP). One interventional strategy utilizes a parent training model, which teaches parents how to implement various ABA and DSP techniques, allowing for parents to disseminate interventions themselves. Various DSP programs have been developed to explicitly deliver intervention systems through at-home parent implementation. Despite the recent development of parent training models, these interventions have demonstrated effectiveness in numerous studies, being evaluated as a probable efficacious mode of treatment.Early, intensive ABA therapy has demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing communication and adaptive functioning in preschool children; it is also well-established for improving the intellectual performance of that age group. Similarly, a teacher-implemented intervention that utilizes a more naturalistic form of ABA combined with a developmental social pragmatic approach has been found to be beneficial in improving social-communication skills in young children, although there is less evidence in its treatment of global symptoms. Neuropsychological reports are often poorly communicated to educators, resulting in a gap between what a report recommends and what education is provided. It is not known whether treatment programs for children lead to significant improvements after the children grow up, and the limited research on the effectiveness of adult residential programs shows mixed results. The appropriateness of including children with varying severity of autism spectrum disorders in the general education population is a subject of current debate among educators and researchers.MedicationMedications may be used to treat ASD symptoms that interfere with integrating a child into home or school when behavioral treatment fails. They may also be used for associated health problems, such as ADHD or anxiety. More than half of US children diagnosed with ASD are prescribed psychoactive drugs or anticonvulsants, with the most common drug classes being antidepressants, stimulants, and antipsychotics. The atypical antipsychotic drugs risperidone and aripiprazole are FDA-approved for treating associated aggressive and self-injurious behaviors. However, their side effects must be weighed against their potential benefits, and autistic people may respond atypically. Side effects, for example, may include weight gain, tiredness, drooling, and aggression. SSRI antidepressants, such as fluoxetine and fluvoxamine, have been shown to be effective in reducing repetitive and ritualistic behaviors, while the stimulant medication methylphenidate is beneficial for some children with co-morbid inattentiveness or hyperactivity. There is scant reliable research about the effectiveness or safety of drug treatments for adolescents and adults with ASD. No known medication relieves autism's core symptoms of social and communication impairments. Experiments in mice have reversed or reduced some symptoms related to autism by replacing or modulating gene function, suggesting the possibility of targeting therapies to specific rare mutations known to cause autism.Alternative medicineAlthough many alternative therapies and interventions are available, few are supported by scientific studies. Treatment approaches have little empirical support in quality-of-life contexts, and many programs focus on success measures that lack predictive validity and real-world relevance. Some alternative treatments may place the child at risk. The preference that autistic children have for unconventional foods can lead to reduction in bone cortical thickness with this being greater in those on casein-free diets, as a consequence of the low intake of calcium and vitamin D; however, suboptimal bone development in ASD has also been associated with lack of exercise and gastrointestinal disorders. In 2005, botched chelation therapy killed a five-year-old child with autism. Chelation is not recommended for autistic people since the associated risks outweigh any potential benefits. Another alternative medicine practice with no evidence is CEASE therapy, a mixture of homeopathy, supplements, and 'vaccine detoxing'.Although popularly used as an alternative treatment for autistic people, as of 2018 there is no good evidence to recommend a gluten- and casein-free diet as a standard treatment. A 2018 review concluded that it may be a therapeutic option for specific groups of children with autism, such as those with known food intolerances or allergies, or with food intolerance markers. The authors analyzed the prospective trials conducted to date that studied the efficacy of the gluten- and casein-free diet in children with ASD (4 in total). All of them compared gluten- and casein-free diet versus normal diet with a control group (2 double-blind randomized controlled trials, 1 double-blind crossover trial, 1 single-blind trial). In two of the studies, whose duration was 12 and 24 months, a significant improvement in ASD symptoms (efficacy rate 50%) was identified. In the other two studies, whose duration was 3 months, no significant effect was observed. The authors concluded that a longer duration of the diet may be necessary to achieve the improvement of the ASD symptoms. Other problems documented in the trials carried out include transgressions of the diet, small sample size, the heterogeneity of the participants and the possibility of a placebo effect. In the subset of people who have gluten sensitivity there is limited evidence that suggests that a gluten-free diet may improve some autistic behaviors.Results of a systematic review on interventions to address health outcomes among autistic adults found emerging evidence to support mindfulness-based interventions for improving mental health. This includes decreasing stress, anxiety, ruminating thoughts, anger, and aggression. There is tentative evidence that music therapy may improve social interactions, verbal communication, and non-verbal communication skills. There has been early research looking at hyperbaric treatments in children with autism. Studies on pet therapy have shown positive effects.PrognosisThere is no known cure for autism. The degree of symptoms can decrease, occasionally to the extent that people lose their diagnosis of ASD; this occurs sometimes after intensive treatment and sometimes not. It is not known how often this outcome happens; reported rates in unselected samples have ranged from 3% to 25%. Most autistic children acquire language by age five or younger, though a few have developed communication skills in later years. Many autistic children lack social support, future employment opportunities or self-determination. Although core difficulties tend to persist, symptoms often become less severe with age.Few high-quality studies address long-term prognosis. Some adults show modest improvement in communication skills, but a few decline; no study has focused on autism after midlife. Acquiring language before age six, having an IQ above 50, and having a marketable skill all predict better outcomes; independent living is unlikely with severe autism.Many autistic people face significant obstacles in transitioning to adulthood. Compared to the general population autistic people are more likely to be unemployed and to have never had a job. About half of people in their 20s with autism are not employed.Autistic people tend to face increased stress levels related to psychosocial factors, such as stigma, which may increase the rates of mental health issues in the autistic population.EpidemiologyAs of 2007, reviews estimate a prevalence of 1–2 per 1,000 for autism and close to 6 per 1,000 for ASD. A 2016 survey in the United States reported a rate of 25 per 1,000 children for ASD. Globally, autism affects an estimated 24.8 million people , while Asperger syndrome affects a further 37.2 million. In 2012, the NHS estimated that the overall prevalence of autism among adults aged 18 years and over in the UK was 1.1%. Rates of PDD-NOS's has been estimated at 3.7 per 1,000, Asperger syndrome at roughly 0.6 per 1,000, and childhood disintegrative disorder at 0.02 per 1,000. CDC estimates about 1 out of 59 (1.7%) for 2014, an increase from 1 out of every 68 children (1.5%) for 2010.In the UK, from 1998 to 2018, the autism diagnoses increased by 787%. This increase is largely attributable to changes in diagnostic practices, referral patterns, availability of services, age at diagnosis, and public awareness (particularly among women), though unidentified environmental risk factors cannot be ruled out. The available evidence does not rule out the possibility that autism's true prevalence has increased; a real increase would suggest directing more attention and funding toward psychosocial factors and changing environmental factors instead of continuing to focus on genetics. It has been established that vaccination is not a risk factor for autism and is not behind any increase in autism prevalence rates, if any change in the rate of autism exists at all.Males are at higher risk for ASD than females. The sex ratio averages 4.3:1 and is greatly modified by cognitive impairment: it may be close to 2:1 with intellectual disability and more than 5.5:1 without. Several theories about the higher prevalence in males have been investigated, but the cause of the difference is unconfirmed; one theory is that females are underdiagnosed.Although the evidence does not implicate any single pregnancy-related risk factor as a cause of autism, the risk of autism is associated with advanced age in either parent, and with diabetes, bleeding, and use of psychiatric drugs in the mother during pregnancy. The risk is greater with older fathers than with older mothers; two potential explanations are the known increase in mutation burden in older sperm, and the hypothesis that men marry later if they carry genetic liability and show some signs of autism. Most professionals believe that race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic background do not affect the occurrence of autism.Several other conditions are common in children with autism. They include: Genetic disorders. About 10–15% of autism cases have an identifiable Mendelian (single-gene) condition, chromosome abnormality, or other genetic syndrome, and ASD is associated with several genetic disorders. Intellectual disability. The percentage of autistic individuals who also meet criteria for intellectual disability has been reported as anywhere from 25% to 70%, a wide variation illustrating the difficulty of assessing intelligence of individuals on the autism spectrum. In comparison, for PDD-NOS the association with intellectual disability is much weaker, and by definition, the diagnosis of Asperger's excludes intellectual disability. Anxiety disorders are common among children with ASD; there are no firm data, but studies have reported prevalences ranging from 11% to 84%. Many anxiety disorders have symptoms that are better explained by ASD itself, or are hard to distinguish from ASD's symptoms. Epilepsy, with variations in risk of epilepsy due to age, cognitive level, and type of language disorder. Several metabolic defects, such as phenylketonuria, are associated with autistic symptoms. Minor physical anomalies are significantly increased in the autistic population. Preempted diagnoses. Although the DSM-IV rules out the concurrent diagnosis of many other conditions along with autism, the full criteria for Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Tourette syndrome, and other of these conditions are often present and these co-occurrent conditions are increasingly accepted. Sleep problems affect about two-thirds of individuals with ASD at some point in childhood. These most commonly include symptoms of insomnia such as difficulty in falling asleep, frequent nocturnal awakenings, and early morning awakenings. Sleep problems are associated with difficult behaviors and family stress, and are often a focus of clinical attention over and above the primary ASD diagnosis.HistoryA few examples of autistic symptoms and treatments were described long before autism was named. The Table Talk of Martin Luther, compiled by his notetaker, Mathesius, contains the story of a 12-year-old boy who may have been severely autistic. The earliest well-documented case of autism is that of Hugh Blair of Borgue, as detailed in a 1747 court case in which his brother successfully petitioned to annul Blair's marriage to gain Blair's inheritance. The Wild Boy of Aveyron, a feral child caught in 1798, showed several signs of autism; the medical student Jean Itard treated him with a behavioral program designed to help him form social attachments and to induce speech via imitation.The New Latin word autismus (English translation autism) was coined by the Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1910 as he was defining symptoms of schizophrenia. He derived it from the Greek word autós (αὐτός, meaning \"self\"), and used it to mean morbid self-admiration, referring to \"autistic withdrawal of the patient to his fantasies, against which any influence from outside becomes an intolerable disturbance\". A Soviet child psychiatrist, Grunya Sukhareva, described a similar syndrome that was published in Russian in 1925, and in German in 1926.Clinical development and diagnoses The word autism first took its modern sense in 1938 when Hans Asperger of the Vienna University Hospital adopted Bleuler's terminology autistic psychopaths in a lecture in German about child psychology. Asperger was investigating an ASD now known as Asperger syndrome, though for various reasons it was not widely recognized as a separate diagnosis until 1981. Leo Kanner of the Johns Hopkins Hospital first used autism in its modern sense in English when he introduced the label early infantile autism in a 1943 report of 11 children with striking behavioral similarities. Almost all the characteristics described in Kanner's first paper on the subject, notably \"autistic aloneness\" and \"insistence on sameness\", are still regarded as typical of the autistic spectrum of disorders. It is not known whether Kanner derived the term independently of Asperger.Kanner's reuse of autism led to decades of confused terminology like infantile schizophrenia, and child psychiatry's focus on maternal deprivation led to misconceptions of autism as an infant's response to \"refrigerator mothers\". Starting in the late 1960s autism was established as a separate syndrome.Terminology and distinction from schizophrenia As late as the mid-1970s there was little evidence of a genetic role in autism, while in 2007 it was believed to be one of the most heritable psychiatric conditions. Although the rise of parent organizations and the destigmatization of childhood ASD have affected how ASD is viewed, parents continue to feel social stigma in situations where their child's autistic behavior is perceived negatively, and many primary care physicians and medical specialists express some beliefs consistent with outdated autism research.It took until 1980 for the DSM-III to differentiate autism from childhood schizophrenia. In 1987, the DSM-III-R provided a checklist for diagnosing autism. In May 2013, the DSM-5 was released, updating the classification for pervasive developmental disorders. The grouping of disorders, including PDD-NOS, autism, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, and CDD, has been removed and replaced with the general term of Autism Spectrum Disorders. The two categories that exist are impaired social communication and/or interaction, and restricted and/or repetitive behaviors.The Internet has helped autistic individuals bypass nonverbal cues and emotional sharing that they find difficult to deal with, and has given them a way to form online communities and work remotely. Societal and cultural aspects of autism have developed: some in the community seek a cure, while others believe that autism is simply another way of being.Society and cultureAn autistic culture has emerged, accompanied by the autistic rights and neurodiversity movements. Events include World Autism Awareness Day, Autism Sunday, Autistic Pride Day, Autreat, and others. Social-science scholars study those with autism in hopes to learn more about \"autism as a culture, transcultural comparisons ... and research on social movements.\" Many autistic individuals have been successful in their fields.Autism rights movement The autism rights movement is a social movement within the context of disability rights that emphasizes the concept of neurodiversity, viewing the autism spectrum as a result of natural variations in the human brain rather than a disorder to be cured. The autism rights movement advocates for including greater acceptance of autistic behaviors; therapies that focus on coping skills rather than on imitating the behaviors of those without autism, and the recognition of the autistic community as a minority group. Autism rights or neurodiversity advocates believe that the autism spectrum is genetic and should be accepted as a natural expression of the human genome. This perspective is distinct from fringe theories that autism is caused by environmental factors such as vaccines. A common criticism against autistic activists is that the majority of them are \"high-functioning\" or have Asperger syndrome and do not represent the views of \"low-functioning\" autistic people.EmploymentAbout half of autistic people are unemployed, and one third of those with graduate degrees may be unemployed. Among those who find work, most are employed in sheltered settings working for wages below the national minimum. While employers state hiring concerns about productivity and supervision, experienced employers of autistic people give positive reports of above average memory and detail orientation as well as a high regard for rules and procedure in autistic employees. A majority of the economic burden of autism is caused by decreased earnings in the job market. Some studies also find decreased earning among parents who care for autistic children.ReferencesExternal links 1910s neologismsArticles containing video clipsCommunication disordersNeurological disorders in childrenPervasive developmental disordersWikipedia medicine articles ready to translate"}
+{"text": "Albedo (; ) is the measure of the diffuse reflection of solar radiation out of the total solar radiation and measured on a scale from 0, corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation, to 1, corresponding to a body that reflects all incident radiation.Surface albedo is defined as the ratio of radiosity Je to the irradiance Ee (flux per unit area) received by a surface. The proportion reflected is not only determined by properties of the surface itself, but also by the spectral and angular distribution of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. These factors vary with atmospheric composition, geographic location, and time (see position of the Sun). While bi-hemispherical reflectance is calculated for a single angle of incidence (i.e., for a given position of the Sun), albedo is the directional integration of reflectance over all solar angles in a given period. The temporal resolution may range from seconds (as obtained from flux measurements) to daily, monthly, or annual averages.Unless given for a specific wavelength (spectral albedo), albedo refers to the entire spectrum of solar radiation. Due to measurement constraints, it is often given for the spectrum in which most solar energy reaches the surface (between 0.3 and 3 μm). This spectrum includes visible light (0.4–0.7 μm), which explains why surfaces with a low albedo appear dark (e.g., trees absorb most radiation), whereas surfaces with a high albedo appear bright (e.g., snow reflects most radiation).Albedo is an important concept in climatology, astronomy, and environmental management (e.g., as part of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program for sustainable rating of buildings). The average albedo of the Earth from the upper atmosphere, its planetary albedo, is 30–35% because of cloud cover, but widely varies locally across the surface because of different geological and environmental features.The term albedo was introduced into optics by Johann Heinrich Lambert in his 1760 work Photometria.Terrestrial albedoAny albedo in visible light falls within a range of about 0.9 for fresh snow to about 0.04 for charcoal, one of the darkest substances. Deeply shadowed cavities can achieve an effective albedo approaching the zero of a black body. When seen from a distance, the ocean surface has a low albedo, as do most forests, whereas desert areas have some of the highest albedos among landforms. Most land areas are in an albedo range of 0.1 to 0.4. The average albedo of Earth is about 0.3. This is far higher than for the ocean primarily because of the contribution of clouds.Earth's surface albedo is regularly estimated via Earth observation satellite sensors such as NASA's MODIS instruments on board the Terra and Aqua satellites, and the CERES instrument on the Suomi NPP and JPSS. As the amount of reflected radiation is only measured for a single direction by satellite, not all directions, a mathematical model is used to translate a sample set of satellite reflectance measurements into estimates of directional-hemispherical reflectance and bi-hemispherical reflectance (e.g.,). These calculations are based on the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), which describes how the reflectance of a given surface depends on the view angle of the observer and the solar angle. BDRF can facilitate translations of observations of reflectance into albedo.Earth's average surface temperature due to its albedo and the greenhouse effect is currently about . If Earth were frozen entirely (and hence be more reflective), the average temperature of the planet would drop below . If only the continental land masses became covered by glaciers, the mean temperature of the planet would drop to about . In contrast, if the entire Earth was covered by water – a so-called ocean planet – the average temperature on the planet would rise to almost .In 2021, scientists reported that Earth dimmed by ~0.5% over two decades (1998-2017) as measured by earthshine using modern photometric techniques. This may have both been co-caused by climate change as well as a substantial increase in global warming. However, the link to climate change has not been explored to date and it is unclear whether or not this represents an ongoing trend.White-sky, black-sky, and blue-sky albedoFor land surfaces, it has been shown that the albedo at a particular solar zenith angle θi can be approximated by the proportionate sum of two terms: the directional-hemispherical reflectance at that solar zenith angle, , sometimes referred to as black-sky albedo, and the bi-hemispherical reflectance, , sometimes referred to as white-sky albedo.with being the proportion of direct radiation from a given solar angle, and being the proportion of diffuse illumination, the actual albedo (also called blue-sky albedo) can then be given as:This formula is important because it allows the albedo to be calculated for any given illumination conditions from a knowledge of the intrinsic properties of the surface.Examples of terrestrial albedo effectsIlluminationAlbedo is not directly dependent on illumination because changing the amount of incoming light proportionally changes the amount of reflected light, except in circumstances where a change in illumination induces a change in the Earth's surface at that location (e.g. through melting of reflective ice). That said, albedo and illumination both vary by latitude. Albedo is highest near the poles and lowest in the subtropics, with a local maximum in the tropics.Insolation effectsThe intensity of albedo temperature effects depends on the amount of albedo and the level of local insolation (solar irradiance); high albedo areas in the Arctic and Antarctic regions are cold due to low insolation, whereas areas such as the Sahara Desert, which also have a relatively high albedo, will be hotter due to high insolation. Tropical and sub-tropical rainforest areas have low albedo, and are much hotter than their temperate forest counterparts, which have lower insolation. Because insolation plays such a big role in the heating and cooling effects of albedo, high insolation areas like the tropics will tend to show a more pronounced fluctuation in local temperature when local albedo changes.Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth. This has been a concern since arctic ice and snow has been melting at higher rates due to higher temperatures, creating regions in the arctic that are notably darker (being water or ground which is darker color) and reflects less heat back into space. This feedback loop results in a reduced albedo effect.Climate and weatherAlbedo affects climate by determining how much radiation a planet absorbs. The uneven heating of Earth from albedo variations between land, ice, or ocean surfaces can drive weather.Albedo–temperature feedbackWhen an area's albedo changes due to snowfall, a snow–temperature feedback results. A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling. In principle, if no outside temperature change affects this area (e.g., a warm air mass), the raised albedo and lower temperature would maintain the current snow and invite further snowfall, deepening the snow–temperature feedback. However, because local weather is dynamic due to the change of seasons, eventually warm air masses and a more direct angle of sunlight (higher insolation) cause melting. When the melted area reveals surfaces with lower albedo, such as grass, soil, or ocean, the effect is reversed: the darkening surface lowers albedo, increasing local temperatures, which induces more melting and thus reducing the albedo further, resulting in still more heating.SnowSnow albedo is highly variable, ranging from as high as 0.9 for freshly fallen snow, to about 0.4 for melting snow, and as low as 0.2 for dirty snow. Over Antarctica snow albedo averages a little more than 0.8. If a marginally snow-covered area warms, snow tends to melt, lowering the albedo, and hence leading to more snowmelt because more radiation is being absorbed by the snowpack (the ice–albedo positive feedback).Just as fresh snow has a higher albedo than does dirty snow, the albedo of snow-covered sea ice is far higher than that of sea water. Sea water absorbs more solar radiation than would the same surface covered with reflective snow. When sea ice melts, either due to a rise in sea temperature or in response to increased solar radiation from above, the snow-covered surface is reduced, and more surface of sea water is exposed, so the rate of energy absorption increases. The extra absorbed energy heats the sea water, which in turn increases the rate at which sea ice melts. As with the preceding example of snowmelt, the process of melting of sea ice is thus another example of a positive feedback. Both positive feedback loops have long been recognized as important for global warming.Cryoconite, powdery windblown dust containing soot, sometimes reduces albedo on glaciers and ice sheets.The dynamical nature of albedo in response to positive feedback, together with the effects of small errors in the measurement of albedo, can lead to large errors in energy estimates. Because of this, in order to reduce the error of energy estimates, it is important to measure the albedo of snow-covered areas through remote sensing techniques rather than applying a single value for albedo over broad regions.Small-scale effectsAlbedo works on a smaller scale, too. In sunlight, dark clothes absorb more heat and light-coloured clothes reflect it better, thus allowing some control over body temperature by exploiting the albedo effect of the colour of external clothing.Solar photovoltaic effects Albedo can affect the electrical energy output of solar photovoltaic devices. For example, the effects of a spectrally responsive albedo are illustrated by the differences between the spectrally weighted albedo of solar photovoltaic technology based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and crystalline silicon (c-Si)-based compared to traditional spectral-integrated albedo predictions. Research showed impacts of over 10%. More recently, the analysis was extended to the effects of spectral bias due to the specular reflectivity of 22 commonly occurring surface materials (both human-made and natural) and analyzes the albedo effects on the performance of seven photovoltaic materials covering three common photovoltaic system topologies: industrial (solar farms), commercial flat rooftops and residential pitched-roof applications.TreesBecause forests generally have a low albedo, (the majority of the ultraviolet and visible spectrum is absorbed through photosynthesis), some scientists have suggested that greater heat absorption by trees could offset some of the carbon benefits of afforestation (or offset the negative climate impacts of deforestation). In the case of evergreen forests with seasonal snow cover albedo reduction may be great enough for deforestation to cause a net cooling effect. Trees also impact climate in extremely complicated ways through evapotranspiration. The water vapor causes cooling on the land surface, causes heating where it condenses, acts a strong greenhouse gas, and can increase albedo when it condenses into clouds. Scientists generally treat evapotranspiration as a net cooling impact, and the net climate impact of albedo and evapotranspiration changes from deforestation depends greatly on local climate.In seasonally snow-covered zones, winter albedos of treeless areas are 10% to 50% higher than nearby forested areas because snow does not cover the trees as readily. Deciduous trees have an albedo value of about 0.15 to 0.18 whereas coniferous trees have a value of about 0.09 to 0.15. Variation in summer albedo across both forest types is associated with maximum rates of photosynthesis because plants with high growth capacity display a greater fraction of their foliage for direct interception of incoming radiation in the upper canopy. The result is that wavelengths of light not used in photosynthesis are more likely to be reflected back to space rather than being absorbed by other surfaces lower in the canopy.Studies by the Hadley Centre have investigated the relative (generally warming) effect of albedo change and (cooling) effect of carbon sequestration on planting forests. They found that new forests in tropical and midlatitude areas tended to cool; new forests in high latitudes (e.g., Siberia) were neutral or perhaps warming.WaterWater reflects light very differently from typical terrestrial materials. The reflectivity of a water surface is calculated using the Fresnel equations.At the scale of the wavelength of light even wavy water is always smooth so the light is reflected in a locally specular manner (not diffusely). The glint of light off water is a commonplace effect of this. At small angles of incident light, waviness results in reduced reflectivity because of the steepness of the reflectivity-vs.-incident-angle curve and a locally increased average incident angle.Although the reflectivity of water is very low at low and medium angles of incident light, it becomes very high at high angles of incident light such as those that occur on the illuminated side of Earth near the terminator (early morning, late afternoon, and near the poles). However, as mentioned above, waviness causes an appreciable reduction. Because light specularly reflected from water does not usually reach the viewer, water is usually considered to have a very low albedo in spite of its high reflectivity at high angles of incident light.Note that white caps on waves look white (and have high albedo) because the water is foamed up, so there are many superimposed bubble surfaces which reflect, adding up their reflectivities. Fresh 'black' ice exhibits Fresnel reflection.Snow on top of this sea ice increases the albedo to 0.9.CloudsCloud albedo has substantial influence over atmospheric temperatures. Different types of clouds exhibit different reflectivity, theoretically ranging in albedo from a minimum of near 0 to a maximum approaching 0.8. \"On any given day, about half of Earth is covered by clouds, which reflect more sunlight than land and water. Clouds keep Earth cool by reflecting sunlight, but they can also serve as blankets to trap warmth.\"Albedo and climate in some areas are affected by artificial clouds, such as those created by the contrails of heavy commercial airliner traffic. A study following the burning of the Kuwaiti oil fields during Iraqi occupation showed that temperatures under the burning oil fires were as much as colder than temperatures several miles away under clear skies.Aerosol effectsAerosols (very fine particles/droplets in the atmosphere) have both direct and indirect effects on Earth's radiative balance. The direct (albedo) effect is generally to cool the planet; the indirect effect (the particles act as cloud condensation nuclei and thereby change cloud properties) is less certain. As per Spracklen et al. the effects are: Aerosol direct effect. Aerosols directly scatter and absorb radiation. The scattering of radiation causes atmospheric cooling, whereas absorption can cause atmospheric warming. Aerosol indirect effect. Aerosols modify the properties of clouds through a subset of the aerosol population called cloud condensation nuclei. Increased nuclei concentrations lead to increased cloud droplet number concentrations, which in turn leads to increased cloud albedo, increased light scattering and radiative cooling (first indirect effect), but also leads to reduced precipitation efficiency and increased lifetime of the cloud (second indirect effect).In extremely polluted cities like Delhi, aerosol pollutants influence local weather and induce an urban cool island effect during the day.Black carbonAnother albedo-related effect on the climate is from black carbon particles. The size of this effect is difficult to quantify: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that the global mean radiative forcing for black carbon aerosols from fossil fuels is +0.2 W m−2, with a range +0.1 to +0.4 W m−2. Black carbon is a bigger cause of the melting of the polar ice cap in the Arctic than carbon dioxide due to its effect on the albedo.Human activitiesHuman activities (e.g., deforestation, farming, and urbanization) change the albedo of various areas around the globe. However, quantification of this effect on the global scale is difficult, further study is required to determine anthropogenic effects.Albedo in Astronomy In astronomy, the term albedo can be defined in several different ways, depending upon the application and the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation involved.Optical or Visual AlbedoThe albedos of planets, satellites and minor planets such as asteroids can be used to infer much about their properties. The study of albedos, their dependence on wavelength, lighting angle (\"phase angle\"), and variation in time composes a major part of the astronomical field of photometry. For small and far objects that cannot be resolved by telescopes, much of what we know comes from the study of their albedos. For example, the absolute albedo can indicate the surface ice content of outer Solar System objects, the variation of albedo with phase angle gives information about regolith properties, whereas unusually high radar albedo is indicative of high metal content in asteroids.Enceladus, a moon of Saturn, has one of the highest known optical albedos of any body in the Solar System, with an albedo of 0.99. Another notable high-albedo body is Eris, with an albedo of 0.96. Many small objects in the outer Solar System and asteroid belt have low albedos down to about 0.05. A typical comet nucleus has an albedo of 0.04. Such a dark surface is thought to be indicative of a primitive and heavily space weathered surface containing some organic compounds.The overall albedo of the Moon is measured to be around 0.14, but it is strongly directional and non-Lambertian, displaying also a strong opposition effect. Although such reflectance properties are different from those of any terrestrial terrains, they are typical of the regolith surfaces of airless Solar System bodies.Two common optical albedos that are used in astronomy are the (V-band) geometric albedo (measuring brightness when illumination comes from directly behind the observer) and the Bond albedo (measuring total proportion of electromagnetic energy reflected). Their values can differ significantly, which is a common source of confusion.In detailed studies, the directional reflectance properties of astronomical bodies are often expressed in terms of the five Hapke parameters which semi-empirically describe the variation of albedo with phase angle, including a characterization of the opposition effect of regolith surfaces. One of these five parameters is yet another type of albedo called the single-scattering albedo. It is used to define scattering of electromagnetic waves on small particles. It depends on properties of the material (refractive index), the size of the particle, and the wavelength of the incoming radiation. An important relationship between an object's astronomical (geometric) albedo, absolute magnitude and diameter is given by:where is the astronomical albedo, is the diameter in kilometers, and is the absolute magnitude.Radar AlbedoIn planetary radar astronomy, a microwave (or radar) pulse is transmitted toward a planetary target (e.g. Moon, asteroid, etc.) and the echo from the target is measured. In most instances, the transmitted pulse is circularly polarized and the received pulse is measured in the same sense of polarization as the transmitted pulse (SC) and the opposite sense (OC). The echo power is measured in terms of radar cross-section, , , or (total power, SC + OC) and is equal to the cross-sectional area of a metallic sphere (perfect reflector) at the same distance as the target that would return the same echo power.Those components of the received echo that return from first-surface reflections (as from a smooth or mirror-like surface) are dominated by the OC component as there is a reversal in polarization upon reflection. If the surface is rough at the wavelength scale or there is significant penetration into the regolith, there will be a significant SC component in the echo caused by multiple scattering.For most objects in the solar system, the OC echo dominates and the most commonly reported radar albedo parameter is the (normalized) OC radar albedo (often shortened to radar albedo):where the denominator is the effective cross-sectional area of the target object with mean radius, . A smooth metallic sphere would have .Radar Albedos of Solar System ObjectsThe values reported for the Moon, Mercury, Mars, Venus, and Comet P/2005 JQ5 are derived from the total (OC+SC) radar albedo reported in those references.Relationship to Surface Bulk DensityIn the event that most of the echo is from first surface reflections ( or so), the OC radar albedo is a first-order approximation of the Fresnel reflection coefficient (aka reflectivity) and can be used to estimate the bulk density of a planetary surface to a depth of a meter or so (a few wavelengths of the radar wavelength which is typically at the decimeter scale) using the following empirical relationships: .See also Cool roof Daisyworld Emissivity Exitance Global dimming Irradiance Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation Opposition surge Polar see-saw Radar astronomy Solar radiation managementReferencesExternal links Albedo Project Albedo – Encyclopedia of Earth NASA MODIS BRDF/albedo product site Ocean surface albedo look-up-table Surface albedo derived from Meteosat observations A discussion of Lunar albedos reflectivity of metals (chart)Land surface effects on climateClimate change feedbacksClimate forcingClimatologyElectromagnetic radiationRadiometryScattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)Radiation1760s neologisms"}
+{"text": "A, or a, is the first letter and the first vowel of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its name in English is a (pronounced ), plural aes. It is similar in shape to the Ancient Greek letter alpha, from which it derives. The uppercase version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the middle by a horizontal bar. The lowercase version can be written in two forms: the double-storey a and single-storey ɑ. The latter is commonly used in handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read by children, and is also found in italic type.In the English grammar, \"a\", and its variant \"an\", are indefinite articles.HistoryThe earliest certain ancestor of \"A\" is aleph (also written 'aleph), the first letter of the Phoenician alphabet, which consisted entirely of consonants (for that reason, it is also called an abjad to distinguish it from a true alphabet). In turn, the ancestor of aleph may have been a pictogram of an ox head in proto-Sinaitic script influenced by Egyptian hieroglyphs, styled as a triangular head with two horns extended.When the ancient Greeks adopted the alphabet, they had no use for a letter to represent the glottal stop—the consonant sound that the letter denoted in Phoenician and other Semitic languages, and that was the first phoneme of the Phoenician pronunciation of the letter—so they used their version of the sign to represent the vowel , and called it by the similar name of alpha. In the earliest Greek inscriptions after the Greek Dark Ages, dating to the 8th century BC, the letter rests upon its side, but in the Greek alphabet of later times it generally resembles the modern capital letter, although many local varieties can be distinguished by the shortening of one leg, or by the angle at which the cross line is set.The Etruscans brought the Greek alphabet to their civilization in the Italian Peninsula and left the letter unchanged. The Romans later adopted the Etruscan alphabet to write the Latin language, and the resulting letter was preserved in the Latin alphabet that would come to be used to write many languages, including English.Typographic variantsDuring Roman times, there were many variant forms of the letter \"A\". First was the monumental or lapidary style, which was used when inscribing on stone or other \"permanent\" media. There was also a cursive style used for everyday or utilitarian writing, which was done on more perishable surfaces. Due to the \"perishable\" nature of these surfaces, there are not as many examples of this style as there are of the monumental, but there are still many surviving examples of different types of cursive, such as majuscule cursive, minuscule cursive, and semicursive minuscule. Variants also existed that were intermediate between the monumental and cursive styles. The known variants include the early semi-uncial, the uncial, and the later semi-uncial.At the end of the Roman Empire (5th century AD), several variants of the cursive minuscule developed through Western Europe. Among these were the semicursive minuscule of Italy, the Merovingian script in France, the Visigothic script in Spain, and the Insular or Anglo-Irish semi-uncial or Anglo-Saxon majuscule of Great Britain. By the 9th century, the Caroline script, which was very similar to the present-day form, was the principal form used in book-making, before the advent of the printing press. This form was derived through a combining of prior forms.15th-century Italy saw the formation of the two main variants that are known today. These variants, the Italic and Roman forms, were derived from the Caroline Script version. The Italic form, also called script a, is used in most current handwriting; it consists of a circle and vertical stroke on the right (\"ɑ\"). This slowly developed from the fifth-century form resembling the Greek letter tau in the hands of medieval Irish and English writers. The Roman form is used in most printed material; it consists of a small loop with an arc over it (\"a\"). Both derive from the majuscule (capital) form. In Greek handwriting, it was common to join the left leg and horizontal stroke into a single loop, as demonstrated by the uncial version shown. Many fonts then made the right leg vertical. In some of these, the serif that began the right leg stroke developed into an arc, resulting in the printed form, while in others it was dropped, resulting in the modern handwritten form. Graphic designers refer to the Italic and Roman forms as \"single decker a\" and \"double decker a\" respectively.Italic type is commonly used to mark emphasis or more generally to distinguish one part of a text from the rest (set in Roman type). There are some other cases aside from italic type where script a (\"ɑ\"), also called Latin alpha, is used in contrast with Latin \"a\" (such as in the International Phonetic Alphabet).Use in writing systemsEnglishIn modern English orthography, the letter represents at least seven different vowel sounds:the near-open front unrounded vowel as in pad;the open back unrounded vowel as in father, which is closer to its original Latin and Greek sound;the diphthong as in ace and major (usually when is followed by one, or occasionally two, consonants and then another vowel letter) – this results from Middle English lengthening followed by the Great Vowel Shift;the modified form of the above sound that occurs before , as in square and Mary;the rounded vowel of water;the shorter rounded vowel (not present in General American) in was and what;a schwa, in many unstressed syllables, as in about, comma, solar.The double sequence does not occur in native English words, but is found in some words derived from foreign languages such as Aaron and aardvark. However, occurs in many common digraphs, all with their own sound or sounds, particularly , , , , and . is the third-most-commonly used letter in English (after and ) and French, the second most common in Spanish, and the most common in Portuguese. About 8.167% of letters used in English texts tend to be ; the number is around 7.636% in French, 11.525% in Spanish, and 14.634% for Portuguese.Other languagesIn most languages that use the Latin alphabet, denotes an open unrounded vowel, such as , , or . An exception is Saanich, in which (and the glyph Á) stands for a close-mid front unrounded vowel .Other systemsIn phonetic and phonemic notation:in the International Phonetic Alphabet, is used for the open front unrounded vowel, is used for the open central unrounded vowel, and is used for the open back unrounded vowel.in X-SAMPA, is used for the open front unrounded vowel and is used for the open back unrounded vowel.Other usesIn algebra, the letter a along with various other letters of the alphabet is often used to denote a variable, with various conventional meanings in different areas of mathematics. Moreover, in 1637, René Descartes \"invented the convention of representing unknowns in equations by x, y, and z, and knowns by a, b, and c\", and this convention is still often followed, especially in elementary algebra.In geometry, capital A, B, C etc. are used to denote segments, lines, rays, etc. A capital A is also typically used as one of the letters to represent an angle in a triangle, the lowercase a representing the side opposite angle A.\"A\" is often used to denote something or someone of a better or more prestigious quality or status: A-, A or A+, the best grade that can be assigned by teachers for students' schoolwork; \"A grade\" for clean restaurants; A-list celebrities, etc. Such associations can have a motivating effect, as exposure to the letter A has been found to improve performance, when compared with other letters.\"A\" is used as a prefix on some words, such as asymmetry, to mean \"not\" or \"without\" (from Greek).In English grammar, \"a\", and its variant \"an\", is an indefinite article, used to introduce noun phrases.Finally, the letter A is used to denote size, as in a narrow size shoe, or a small cup size in a brassiere.Related charactersDescendants and related characters in the Latin alphabetÆ æ : Latin AE ligatureA with diacritics: Å å Ǻ ǻ Ḁ ḁ ẚ Ă ă Ặ ặ Ắ ắ Ằ ằ Ẳ ẳ Ẵ ẵ Ȃ ȃ Â â Ậ ậ Ấ ấ Ầ ầ Ẫ ẫ Ẩ ẩ Ả ả Ǎ ǎ Ⱥ ⱥ Ȧ ȧ Ǡ ǡ Ạ ạ Ä ä Ǟ ǟ À à Ȁ ȁ Á á Ā ā Ā̀ ā̀ Ã ã Ą ą Ą́ ą́ Ą̃ ą̃ A̲ a̲ ᶏPhonetic alphabet symbols related to A (the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, but uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems): Ɑ ɑ : Latin letter alpha / script A, which represents an open back unrounded vowel in the IPAᶐ : Latin small letter alpha with retroflex hookⱯ ɐ : Turned A, which represents a near-open central vowel in the IPAΛ ʌ : Turned V (also called a wedge, a caret, or a hat), which represents an open-mid back unrounded vowel in the IPAⱰ ɒ : Turned alpha / script A, which represents an open back rounded vowel in the IPAᶛ : Modifier letter small turned alphaᴀ : Small capital A, an obsolete or non-standard symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet used to represent various sounds (mainly open vowels)A a ᵄ : Modifier letters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (UPA) (sometimes encoded with Unicode subscripts and superscripts)a : Subscript small a is used in Indo-European studiesꬱ : Small letter a reversed-schwa is used in the Teuthonista phonetic transcription systemꞺ ꞻ : Glottal A, used in the transliteration of UgariticDerived signs, symbols and abbreviationsª : an ordinal indicatorÅ : Ångström sign∀ : a turned capital letter A, used in predicate logic to specify universal quantification (\"for all\")@ : At sign₳ : Argentine australAncestors and siblings in other alphabets𐤀 : Semitic letter Aleph, from which the following symbols originally deriveΑ α : Greek letter Alpha, from which the following letters deriveА а : Cyrillic letter A : Coptic letter Alpha𐌀 : Old Italic A, which is the ancestor of modern Latin A : Runic letter ansuz, which probably derives from old Italic A : Gothic letter aza/asksԱ ա : Armenian letter AybComputing codes 1Other representationsNotesFootnotesReferencesExternal links History of the Alphabet ISO basic Latin lettersVowel letters"}
+{"text": "Alabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. With a total of of inland waterways, Alabama has among the most of any state.Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the \"Cotton State\". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery, and its largest city by population and area is Huntsville. Its oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. Greater Birmingham is Alabama's largest metropolitan area and its economic center.Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century until the French acquired it in the early eighteenth century. The British won the territory in 1763 until losing it in the American Revolutionary War. Spain held Mobile as part of Spanish West Florida until 1813. In December 1819, Alabama was recognized as a state. During the antebellum period, Alabama was a major producer of cotton, and widely used African American slave labor. In 1861, the state seceded from the United States to become part of the Confederate States of America, with Montgomery acting as its first capital, and rejoined the Union in 1868. Following the American Civil War, Alabama would suffer decades of economic hardship, in part due to agriculture and a few cash crops being the main driver of the states economy. Similar to other former slave states, Alabamian legislators employed Jim Crow laws to disenfranchise and discriminate against African Americans from the late 19th century up until the 1960s. In the early 20th century, despite the growth of major industries and urban centers, white rural interests dominated the state legislature through the mid-20th century. During this time, urban interests and African Americans were markedly under-represented. High-profile events such as the Selma to Montgomery march made the state a major focal point of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. During and after World War II, Alabama grew as the state's economy diversified with new industries. NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville would help Alabama's economic growth in the mid-to-late 20th century, by developing an aerospace industry. Alabama's economy in the 21st century is based on automotive, finance, tourism, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, and technology.The state's geography is diverse, with the north dominated by the mountainous Tennessee Valley and the south by Mobile Bay, a historically significant port. Politically, as part of the Deep South, Alabama is predominantly a conservative state, and culturally is known for its Southern culture. Within Alabama, American football, particularly at the college level at schools such as the University of Alabama, Auburn University, Alabama A&M University, Alabama State University, Troy University, the University of South Alabama, and Jacksonville State University, play a major part of the state's culture.EtymologyThe European-American naming of the Alabama River and state was derived from the Alabama people, a Muskogean-speaking tribe whose members lived just below the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers on the upper reaches of the river. In the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is (or variously or in different dialects; the plural form is ). The suggestion that \"Alabama\" was borrowed from the Choctaw language is unlikely. The word's spelling varies significantly among historical sources. The first usage appears in three accounts of the Hernando de Soto expedition of 1540: Garcilaso de la Vega used , while the Knight of Elvas and Rodrigo Ranjel wrote Alibamu and Limamu, respectively, in transliterations of the term. As early as 1702, the French called the tribe the , with French maps identifying the river as . Other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, Allibamou. and possibly Alabahmu. The use of state names derived from Native American languages is common in the U.S.; an estimated 27 states have names of Native American origin.Sources disagree on the word's meaning. Some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw (meaning 'plants' or 'weeds') and (meaning 'to cut', 'to trim', or 'to gather'). The meaning may have been 'clearers of the thicket' or 'herb gatherers', referring to clearing land for cultivation or collecting medicinal plants. The state has numerous place names of Native American origin. However, there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama language.An 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant 'Here We Rest'. This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek. Experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation.HistoryPre-European settlementIndigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization. Trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period (1000BCE700CE) and continued until European contact.The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 CE, with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama. This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after Cahokia in present-day Illinois, which was the center of the culture. Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars' formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (SECC). Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no direct links to Mesoamerican culture, but developed independently. The Ceremonial Complex represents a major component of the religion of the Mississippian peoples; it is one of the primary means by which their religion is understood.Among the historical tribes of Native American people living in present-day Alabama at the time of European contact were the Cherokee, an Iroquoian language people; and the Muskogean-speaking Alabama (Alibamu), Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Koasati. While part of the same large language family, the Muskogee tribes developed distinct cultures and languages.European settlementThe Spanish were the first Europeans to reach Alabama during their exploration of North America in the 16th century. The expedition of Hernando de Soto passed through Mabila and other parts of the state in 1540. More than 160 years later, the French founded the region's first European settlement at Old Mobile in 1702. The city was moved to the current site of Mobile in 1711. This area was claimed by the French from 1702 to 1763 as part of La Louisiane.After the French lost to the British in the Seven Years' War, it became part of British West Florida from 1763 to 1783. After the United States victory in the American Revolutionary War, the territory was divided between the United States and Spain. The latter retained control of this western territory from 1783 until the surrender of the Spanish garrison at Mobile to U.S. forces on April 13, 1813.Thomas Bassett, a loyalist to the British monarchy during the Revolutionary era, was one of the earliest white settlers in the state outside Mobile. He settled in the Tombigbee District during the early 1770s. The district's boundaries were roughly limited to the area within a few miles of the Tombigbee River and included portions of what is today southern Clarke County, northernmost Mobile County, and most of Washington County.What is now the counties of Baldwin and Mobile became part of Spanish West Florida in 1783, part of the independent Republic of West Florida in 1810, and was finally added to the Mississippi Territory in 1812. Most of what is now the northern two-thirds of Alabama was known as the Yazoo lands beginning during the British colonial period. It was claimed by the Province of Georgia from 1767 onwards. Following the Revolutionary War, it remained a part of Georgia, although heavily disputed.With the exception of the area around Mobile and the Yazoo lands, what is now the lower one-third of Alabama was made part of the Mississippi Territory when it was organized in 1798. The Yazoo lands were added to the territory in 1804, following the Yazoo land scandal. Spain kept a claim on its former Spanish West Florida territory in what would become the coastal counties until the Adams–Onís Treaty officially ceded it to the United States in 1819.Early 19th centuryBefore Mississippi's admission to statehood on December 10, 1817, the more sparsely settled eastern half of the territory was separated and named the Alabama Territory. The United States Congress created the Alabama Territory on March 3, 1817. St. Stephens, now abandoned, served as the territorial capital from 1817 to 1819.Alabama was admitted as the 22nd state on December 14, 1819, with Congress selecting Huntsville as the site for the first Constitutional Convention. From July5 to August 2, 1819, delegates met to prepare the new state constitution. Huntsville served as temporary capital from 1819 to 1820, when the seat of government moved to Cahaba in Dallas County.Cahaba, now a ghost town, was the first permanent state capital from 1820 to 1825. The Alabama Fever land rush was underway when the state was admitted to the Union, with settlers and land speculators pouring into the state to take advantage of fertile land suitable for cotton cultivation. Part of the frontier in the 1820s and 1830s, its constitution provided for universal suffrage for white men.Southeastern planters and traders from the Upper South brought slaves with them as the cotton plantations in Alabama expanded. The economy of the central Black Belt (named for its dark, productive soil) was built around large cotton plantations whose owners' wealth grew mainly from slave labor. The area also drew many poor, disenfranchised people who became subsistence farmers. Alabama had an estimated population of under 10,000 people in 1810, but it increased to more than 300,000 people by 1830. Most Native American tribes were completely removed from the state within a few years of the passage of the Indian Removal Act by Congress in 1830.From 1826 to 1846, Tuscaloosa served as Alabama's capital. On January 30, 1846, the Alabama legislature announced it had voted to move the capital city from Tuscaloosa to Montgomery. The first legislative session in the new capital met in December 1847. A new capitol building was erected under the direction of Stephen Decatur Button of Philadelphia. The first structure burned down in 1849, but was rebuilt on the same site in 1851. This second capitol building in Montgomery remains to the present day. It was designed by Barachias Holt of Exeter, Maine.Civil War and ReconstructionBy 1860, the population had increased to 964,201 people, of which nearly half, 435,080, were enslaved African Americans, and 2,690 were free people of color. On January 11, 1861, Alabama declared its secession from the Union. After remaining an independent republic for a few days, it joined the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy's capital was initially at Montgomery. Alabama was heavily involved in the American Civil War. Although comparatively few battles were fought in the state, Alabama contributed about 120,000 soldiers to the war effort.A company of cavalry soldiers from Huntsville, Alabama, joined Nathan Bedford Forrest's battalion in Hopkinsville, Kentucky. The company wore new uniforms with yellow trim on the sleeves, collar and coattails. This led to them being greeted with \"Yellowhammer\", and the name later was applied to all Alabama troops in the Confederate Army.Alabama's slaves were freed by the 13th Amendment in 1865. Alabama was under military rule from the end of the war in May 1865 until its official restoration to the Union in 1868. From 1867 to 1874, with most white citizens barred temporarily from voting and freedmen enfranchised, many African Americans emerged as political leaders in the state. Alabama was represented in Congress during this period by three African-American congressmen: Jeremiah Haralson, Benjamin S. Turner, and James T. Rapier.Following the war, the state remained chiefly agricultural, with an economy tied to cotton. During Reconstruction, state legislators ratified a new state constitution in 1868 which created the state's first public school system and expanded women's rights. Legislators funded numerous public road and railroad projects, although these were plagued with allegations of fraud and misappropriation. Organized insurgent, resistance groups tried to suppress the freedmen and Republicans. Besides the short-lived original Ku Klux Klan, these included the Pale Faces, Knights of the White Camellia, Red Shirts, and the White League.Reconstruction in Alabama ended in 1874, when the Democrats regained control of the legislature and governor's office through an election dominated by fraud and violence. They wrote another constitution in 1875, and the legislature passed the Blaine Amendment, prohibiting public money from being used to finance religious-affiliated schools. The same year, legislation was approved that called for racially segregated schools. Railroad passenger cars were segregated in 1891.20th centuryThe new 1901 Constitution of Alabama included provisions for voter registration that effectively disenfranchised large portions of the population, including nearly all African Americans and Native Americans, and tens of thousands of poor European Americans, through making voter registration difficult, requiring a poll tax and literacy test. The 1901 constitution required racial segregation of public schools. By 1903 only 2,980 African Americans were registered in Alabama, although at least 74,000 were literate. This compared to more than 181,000 African Americans eligible to vote in 1900. The numbers dropped even more in later decades. The state legislature passed additional racial segregation laws related to public facilities into the 1950s: jails were segregated in 1911; hospitals in 1915; toilets, hotels, and restaurants in 1928; and bus stop waiting rooms in 1945.While the planter class had persuaded poor whites to vote for this legislative effort to suppress black voting, the new restrictions resulted in their disenfranchisement as well, due mostly to the imposition of a cumulative poll tax. By 1941, whites constituted a slight majority of those disenfranchised by these laws: 600,000 whites vs. 520,000 African-Americans. Nearly all Blacks had lost the ability to vote. Despite numerous legal challenges which succeeded in overturning certain provisions, the state legislature would create new ones to maintain disenfranchisement. The exclusion of blacks from the political system persisted until after passage of federal civil rights legislation in 1965 to enforce their constitutional rights as citizens.The rural-dominated Alabama legislature consistently underfunded schools and services for the disenfranchised African Americans, but it did not relieve them of paying taxes. Partially as a response to chronic underfunding of education for African Americans in the South, the Rosenwald Fund began funding the construction of what came to be known as Rosenwald Schools. In Alabama these schools were designed and the construction partially financed with Rosenwald funds, which paid one-third of the construction costs. The fund required the local community and state to raise matching funds to pay the rest. Black residents effectively taxed themselves twice, by raising additional monies to supply matching funds for such schools, which were built in many rural areas. They often donated land and labor as well.Beginning in 1913, the first 80 Rosenwald Schools were built in Alabama for African-American children. A total of 387 schools, seven teachers' houses, and several vocational buildings were completed by 1937 in the state. Several of the surviving school buildings in the state are now listed on the National Register of Historic Places.Continued racial discrimination and lynchings, agricultural depression, and the failure of the cotton crops due to boll weevil infestation led tens of thousands of African Americans from rural Alabama and other states to seek opportunities in northern and midwestern cities during the early decades of the 20th century as part of the Great Migration out of the South. Reflecting this emigration, the population growth rate in Alabama (see \"historical populations\" table below) dropped by nearly half from 1910 to 1920.At the same time, many rural people migrated to the city of Birmingham to work in new industrial jobs. Birmingham experienced such rapid growth it was called the \"Magic City\". By 1920, Birmingham was the 36th-largest city in the United States. Heavy industry and mining were the basis of its economy. Its residents were under-represented for decades in the state legislature, which refused to redistrict after each decennial census according to population changes, as it was required by the state constitution. This did not change until the late 1960s following a lawsuit and court order.Industrial development related to the demands of World War II brought a level of prosperity to the state not seen since before the civil war. Rural workers poured into the largest cities in the state for better jobs and a higher standard of living. One example of this massive influx of workers occurred in Mobile. Between 1940 and 1943, more than 89,000 people moved into the city to work for war-related industries. Cotton and other cash crops faded in importance as the state developed a manufacturing and service base.Despite massive population changes in the state from 1901 to 1961, the rural-dominated legislature refused to reapportion House and Senate seats based on population, as required by the state constitution to follow the results of decennial censuses. They held on to old representation to maintain political and economic power in agricultural areas. One result was that Jefferson County, containing Birmingham's industrial and economic powerhouse, contributed more than one-third of all tax revenue to the state, but did not receive a proportional amount in services. Urban interests were consistently underrepresented in the legislature. A 1960 study noted that because of rural domination, \"a minority of about 25% of the total state population is in majority control of the Alabama legislature.\"In the United States Supreme Court cases of Baker v. Carr (1962) and Reynolds v. Sims (1964), the court ruled that the principle of \"one man, one vote\" needed to be the basis of both houses of state legislatures, and that their districts had to be based on population rather than geographic counties.In 1972, for the first time since 1901, the legislature completed the congressional redistricting based on the decennial census. This benefited the urban areas that had developed, as well as all in the population who had been underrepresented for more than sixty years. Other changes were made to implement representative state house and senate districts.African Americans continued to press in the 1950s and 1960s to end disenfranchisement and segregation in the state through the civil rights movement, including legal challenges. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that public schools had to be desegregated, but Alabama was slow to comply. During the 1960s, under Governor George Wallace, Alabama resisted compliance with federal demands for desegregation. The civil rights movement had notable events in Alabama, including the Montgomery bus boycott (1955–1956), Freedom Rides in 1961, and 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches. These contributed to Congressional passage and enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 by the U.S. Congress.Legal segregation ended in the states in 1964, but Jim Crow customs often continued until specifically challenged in court. According to The New York Times, by 2017, many of Alabama's African-Americans were living in Alabama's cities such as Birmingham and Montgomery. Also, the Black Belt region across central Alabama \"is home to largely poor counties that are predominantly African-American. These counties include Dallas, Lowndes, Marengo and Perry.\"Alabama has made some changes since the late 20th century and has used new types of voting to increase representation. In the 1980s, an omnibus redistricting case, Dillard v. Crenshaw County, challenged the at-large voting for representative seats of 180 Alabama jurisdictions, including counties and school boards. At-large voting had diluted the votes of any minority in a county, as the majority tended to take all seats. Despite African Americans making up a significant minority in the state, they had been unable to elect any representatives in most of the at-large jurisdictions.As part of settlement of this case, five Alabama cities and counties, including Chilton County, adopted a system of cumulative voting for election of representatives in multi-seat jurisdictions. This has resulted in more proportional representation for voters. In another form of proportional representation, 23 jurisdictions use limited voting, as in Conecuh County. In 1982, limited voting was first tested in Conecuh County. Together use of these systems has increased the number of African Americans and women being elected to local offices, resulting in governments that are more representative of their citizens.Beginning in the 1960s, the state's economy shifted away from its traditional lumber, steel, and textile industries because of increased foreign competition. Steel jobs, for instance, declined from 46,314 in 1950 to 14,185 in 2011. However, the state, particularly Huntsville, benefited from the opening of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center in 1960, a major facility in the development of the Saturn rocket program and the space shuttle. Technology and manufacturing industries, such as automobile assembly, replaced some the state's older industries in the late twentieth century, but the state's economy and growth lagged behind other states in the area, such as Georgia and Florida.21st centuryIn 2001, Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore installed a statue of the Ten Commandments in the capitol in Montgomery. In 2002, the 11th US Circuit Court ordered the statue removed, but Moore refused to follow the court order, which led to protests around the capitol in favor of keeping the monument. The monument was removed in August 2003.A few natural disasters have occurred in the state in the twenty-first century. In 2004, Hurricane Ivan, a category 3 storm upon landfall, struck the state and caused over $18 billion of damage. It was among the most destructive storms to strike the state in its modern history. A super outbreak of 62 tornadoes hit the state in April 2011 and killed 238 people, devastating many communities.GeographyAlabama is the thirtieth-largest state in the United States with of total area: 3.2% of the area is water, making Alabama 23rd in the amount of surface water, also giving it the second-largest inland waterway system in the United States. About three-fifths of the land area is part of the Gulf Coastal Plain, a gentle plain with a general descent towards the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. The North Alabama region is mostly mountainous, with the Tennessee River cutting a large valley and creating numerous creeks, streams, rivers, mountains, and lakes.Alabama is bordered by the states of Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama has coastline at the Gulf of Mexico, in the extreme southern edge of the state. The state ranges in elevation from sea level at Mobile Bay to more than in the northeast, to Mount Cheaha at .Alabama's land consists of of forest or 67% of the state's total land area. Suburban Baldwin County, along the Gulf Coast, is the largest county in the state in both land area and water area.Areas in Alabama administered by the National Park Service include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park near Alexander City; Little River Canyon National Preserve near Fort Payne; Russell Cave National Monument in Bridgeport; Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site in Tuskegee; and Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site near Tuskegee. Additionally, Alabama has four National Forests: Conecuh, Talladega, Tuskegee, and William B. Bankhead. Alabama also contains the Natchez Trace Parkway, the Selma To Montgomery National Historic Trail, and the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail.Notable natural wonders include: the \"Natural Bridge\" rock, the longest natural bridge east of the Rockies, located just south of Haleyville; Cathedral Caverns in Marshall County, named for its cathedral-like appearance, features one of the largest cave entrances and stalagmites in the world; Ecor Rouge in Fairhope, the highest coastline point between Maine and Mexico; DeSoto Caverns in Childersburg, the first officially recorded cave in the United States; Noccalula Falls in Gadsden features a 90-foot waterfall; Dismals Canyon near Phil Campbell, home to two waterfalls, six natural bridges and allegedly served as a hideout for legendary outlaw Jesse James; Stephens Gap Cave in Jackson County boasts a 143-foot pit, two waterfalls and is one of the most photographed wild cave scenes in America; Little River Canyon near Fort Payne, one of the nation's longest mountaintop rivers; Rickwood Caverns near Warrior features an underground pool, blind cave fish and 260-million-year-old limestone formations; and the Walls of Jericho canyon on the Alabama-Tennessee state line.A -wide meteorite impact crater is located in Elmore County, just north of Montgomery. This is the Wetumpka crater, the site of \"Alabama's greatest natural disaster\". A -wide meteorite hit the area about 80 million years ago. The hills just east of downtown Wetumpka showcase the eroded remains of the impact crater that was blasted into the bedrock, with the area labeled the Wetumpka crater or astrobleme (\"star-wound\") because of the concentric rings of fractures and zones of shattered rock that can be found beneath the surface. In 2002, Christian Koeberl with the Institute of Geochemistry University of Vienna published evidence and established the site as the 157th recognized impact crater on Earth.ClimateThe state is classified as humid subtropical (Cfa) under the Koppen Climate Classification. The average annual temperature is 64°F (18°C). Temperatures tend to be warmer in the southern part of the state with its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico, while the northern parts of the state, especially in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast, tend to be slightly cooler. Generally, Alabama has very hot summers and mild winters with copious precipitation throughout the year. Alabama receives an average of of rainfall annually and enjoys a lengthy growing season of up to 300 days in the southern part of the state.Summers in Alabama are among the hottest in the U.S., with high temperatures averaging over throughout the summer in some parts of the state. Alabama is also prone to tropical storms and hurricanes. Areas of the state far away from the Gulf are not immune to the effects of the storms, which often dump tremendous amounts of rain as they move inland and weaken.South Alabama reports many thunderstorms. The Gulf Coast, around Mobile Bay, averages between 70 and 80 days per year with thunder reported. This activity decreases somewhat further north in the state, but even the far north of the state reports thunder on about 60 days per year. Occasionally, thunderstorms are severe with frequent lightning and large hail; the central and northern parts of the state are most vulnerable to this type of storm. Alabama ranks ninth in the number of deaths from lightning and tenth in the number of deaths from lightning strikes per capita.Alabama, along with Oklahoma and Iowa, has the most confirmed F5 and EF5 tornadoes of any state, according to statistics from the National Climatic Data Center for the period January 1, 1950, to June 2013. Several long-tracked F5/EF5 tornadoes have contributed to Alabama reporting more tornado fatalities since 1950 than any other state. The state was affected by the 1974 Super Outbreak and was devastated tremendously by the 2011 Super Outbreak. The 2011 Super Outbreak produced a record amount of tornadoes in the state. The tally reached 62.The peak season for tornadoes varies from the northern to southern parts of the state. Alabama is one of the few places in the world that has a secondary tornado season in November and December besides the typically severe spring. The northern part—along the Tennessee River Valley—is most vulnerable. The area of Alabama and Mississippi most affected by tornadoes is sometimes referred to as Dixie Alley, as distinct from the Tornado Alley of the Southern Plains.Winters are generally mild in Alabama, as they are throughout most of the Southeastern United States, with average January low temperatures around in Mobile and around in Birmingham. Although snow is a rare event in much of Alabama, areas of the state north of Montgomery may receive a dusting of snow a few times every winter, with an occasional moderately heavy snowfall every few years. Historic snowfall events include New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm and the 1993 Storm of the Century. The annual average snowfall for the Birmingham area is per year. In the southern Gulf coast, snowfall is less frequent, sometimes going several years without any snowfall.Alabama's highest temperature of was recorded on September 5, 1925, in the unincorporated community of Centerville. The record low of occurred on January 30, 1966, in New Market.Flora and faunaAlabama is home to a diverse array of flora and fauna in habitats that range from the Tennessee Valley, Appalachian Plateau, and Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians of the north to the Piedmont, Canebrake, and Black Belt of the central region to the Gulf Coastal Plain and beaches along the Gulf of Mexico in the south. The state is usually ranked among the top in nation for its range of overall biodiversity.Alabama is in the subtropical coniferous forest biome and once boasted huge expanses of pine forest, which still form the largest proportion of forests in the state. It currently ranks fifth in the nation for the diversity of its flora. It is home to nearly 4,000 pteridophyte and spermatophyte plant species.Indigenous animal species in the state include 62 mammal species, 93 reptile species, 73 amphibian species, roughly 307 native freshwater fish species, and 420 bird species that spend at least part of their year within the state. Invertebrates include 97 crayfish species and 383 mollusk species. 113 of these mollusk species have never been collected outside the state.Census-designated and metropolitan areasCitiesDemographicsAccording to the 2020 United States census the population of Alabama was 5,024,279 on April 1, 2020, which represents an increase of 244,543 or 5.12%, since the 2010 census. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 121,054 (502,457 births minus 381,403 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 104,991 into the state.Immigration from outside the U.S. resulted in a net increase of 31,180 people, and migration within the country produced a net gain of 73,811 people. The state had 108,000 foreign-born (2.4% of the state population), of which an estimated 22.2% were undocumented (24,000).The center of population of Alabama is located in Chilton County, outside the town of Jemison.AncestryThose citing \"American\" ancestry in Alabama are of overwhelmingly English extraction, however most English Americans identify simply as having American ancestry because their roots have been in North America for so long, in many cases since the early sixteen hundreds. Demographers estimate that a minimum of 20–23% of people in Alabama are of predominantly English ancestry and state that the figure is probably much higher. In the 1980 census 1,139,976 people in Alabama cited that they were of English ancestry out of a total state population of 2,824,719 making them 41% of the state at the time and the largest ethnic group.In 2011, 46.6% of Alabama's population younger than age1 were minorities. The largest reported ancestry groups in Alabama are American (13.4%), Irish (10.5%), English (10.2%), German (7.9%), and Scots-Irish (2.5%) based on 2006-2008 Census data.The Scots-Irish were the largest non-English immigrant group from the British Isles before the American Revolution, and many settled in the South, later moving into the Deep South as it was developed.In 1984, under the Davis–Strong Act, the state legislature established the Alabama Indian Affairs Commission. Native American groups within the state had increasingly been demanding recognition as ethnic groups and seeking an end to discrimination. Given the long history of slavery and associated racial segregation, the Native American peoples, who have sometimes been of mixed race, have insisted on having their cultural identification respected. In the past, their self-identification was often overlooked as the state tried to impose a binary breakdown of society into white and black. The state has officially recognized nine American Indian tribes in the state, descended mostly from the Five Civilized Tribes of the American Southeast. These are the following. Poarch Band of Creek Indians (who also have federal recognition) MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians Star Clan of Muscogee Creeks Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama Cher-O-Creek Intra Tribal Indians Ma-Chis Lower Creek Indian Tribe Piqua Shawnee Tribe Ani-Yun-Wiya NationThe state government has promoted recognition of Native American contributions to the state, including the designation in 2000 for Columbus Day to be jointly celebrated as American Indian Heritage Day.LanguageMost Alabama residents (95.1% of those five and older) spoke only English at home in 2010, a minor decrease from 96.1% in 2000. Alabama English is predominantly Southern, and is related to South Midland speech which was taken across the border from Tennessee. In the major Southern speech region, there is the decreasing loss of the final r, for example the \"boyd\" pronunciation of \"bird\". In the northern third of the state, there is a South Midland \"arm\" and \"barb\" rhyming with \"form\" and \"orb\". Unique words in Alabama English include: redworm (earthworm), peckerwood (woodpecker), snake doctor and snake feeder (dragonfly), tow sack (burlap bag), plum peach (clingstone), French harp (harmonica), and dog irons (andirons).ReligionIn the 2008 American Religious Identification Survey, 86% of Alabama respondents reported their religion as Christian, including 6% Catholic, with 11% as having no religion. The composition of other traditions is 0.5% Mormon, 0.5% Jewish, 0.5% Muslim, 0.5% Buddhist, and 0.5% Hindu.Alabama is located in the middle of the Bible Belt, a region of numerous Protestant Christians. Alabama has been identified as one of the most religious states in the United States, with about 58% of the population attending church regularly. A majority of people in the state identify as Evangelical Protestant. , the three largest denominational groups in Alabama are the Southern Baptist Convention, The United Methodist Church, and non-denominational Evangelical Protestant.In Alabama, the Southern Baptist Convention has the highest number of adherents with 1,380,121; this is followed by the United Methodist Church with 327,734 adherents, non-denominational Evangelical Protestant with 220,938 adherents, and the Catholic Church with 150,647 adherents. Many Baptist and Methodist congregations became established in the Great Awakening of the early 19th century, when preachers proselytized across the South. The Assemblies of God had almost 60,000 members, the Churches of Christ had nearly 120,000 members. The Presbyterian churches, strongly associated with Scots-Irish immigrants of the 18th century and their descendants, had a combined membership around 75,000 (PCA—28,009 members in 108 congregations, PC(USA)—26,247 members in 147 congregations, the Cumberland Presbyterian Church—6,000 members in 59 congregations, the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America—5,000 members and fifty congregations plus the EPC and Associate Reformed Presbyterians with 230 members and nine congregations).In a 2007 survey, nearly 70% of respondents could name all four of the Christian Gospels. Of those who indicated a religious preference, 59% said they possessed a \"full understanding\" of their faith and needed no further learning. In a 2007 poll, 92% of Alabamians reported having at least some confidence in churches in the state.Although in much smaller numbers, many other religious faiths are represented in the state as well, including Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, the Baháʼí Faith, and Unitarian Universalism.Jews have been present in what is now Alabama since 1763, during the colonial era of Mobile, when Sephardic Jews immigrated from London. The oldest Jewish congregation in the state is Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim in Mobile. It was formally recognized by the state legislature on January 25, 1844. Later immigrants in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries tended to be Ashkenazi Jews from eastern Europe. Jewish denominations in the state include two Orthodox, four Conservative, ten Reform, and one Humanistic synagogue.Muslims have been increasing in Alabama, with 31 mosques built by 2011, many by African-American converts.Several Hindu temples and cultural centers in the state have been founded by Indian immigrants and their descendants, the best-known being the Shri Swaminarayan Mandir in Birmingham, the Hindu Temple and Cultural Center of Birmingham in Pelham, the Hindu Cultural Center of North Alabama in Capshaw, and the Hindu Mandir and Cultural Center in Tuscaloosa.There are six Dharma centers and organizations for Theravada Buddhists. Most monastic Buddhist temples are concentrated in southern Mobile County, near Bayou La Batre. This area has attracted an influx of refugees from Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam during the 1970s and thereafter. The four temples within a ten-mile radius of Bayou La Batre, include Chua Chanh Giac, Wat Buddharaksa, and Wat Lao Phoutthavihan.The first community of adherents of the Baháʼí Faith in Alabama was founded in 1896 by Paul K. Dealy, who moved from Chicago to Fairhope. Baháʼí centers in Alabama exist in Birmingham, Huntsville, and Florence.HealthIn 2018, life expectancy in Alabama was 75.1 years, below the national average of 78.7 years and is the third lowest life expectancy in the country. Factors that can cause lower life expectancy are maternal mortality, suicide, and gun crimes.A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study in 2008 showed that obesity in Alabama is a problem, with most counties having more than 29% of adults obese, except for ten which had a rate between 26% and 29%. Residents of the state, along with those in five other states, were least likely in the nation to be physically active during leisure time. Alabama, and the southeastern U.S. in general, has one of the highest incidences of adult onset diabetes in the country, exceeding 10% of adults.On May 14, 2019, Alabama passed the Human Life Protection Act, banning abortion at any stage of pregnancy unless there is a \"serious health risk\", with no exceptions for rape and incest. The law, if enacted, would punish doctors who perform abortions with 10 to 99 years imprisonment and be the most restrictive abortion law in the country. However, on October 29, 2019, U.S. District Judge Myron Thompson blocked the law from taking effect.EconomyThe state has invested in aerospace, education, health care, banking, and various heavy industries, including automobile manufacturing, mineral extraction, steel production and fabrication. By 2006, crop and animal production in Alabama was valued at $1.5billion. In contrast to the primarily agricultural economy of the previous century, this was only about one percent of the state's gross domestic product. The number of private farms has declined at a steady rate since the 1960s, as land has been sold to developers, timber companies, and large farming conglomerates.Non-agricultural employment in 2008 was 121,800 in management occupations; 71,750 in business and financial operations; 36,790 in computer-related and mathematical occupation; 44,200 in architecture and engineering; 12,410 in life, physical, and social sciences; 32,260 in community and social services; 12,770 in legal occupations; 116,250 in education, training, and library services; 27,840 in art, design and media occupations; 121,110 in healthcare; 44,750 in fire fighting, law enforcement, and security; 154,040 in food preparation and serving; 76,650 in building and grounds cleaning and maintenance; 53,230 in personal care and services; 244,510 in sales; 338,760 in office and administration support; 20,510 in farming, fishing, and forestry; 120,155 in construction and mining, gas, and oil extraction; 106,280 in installation, maintenance, and repair; 224,110 in production; and 167,160 in transportation and material moving.According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, the 2008 total gross state product was $170billion, or $29,411 per capita. Alabama's 2012 GDP increased 1.2% from the previous year. The single largest increase came in the area of information. In 2010, per capita income for the state was $22,984.The state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 5.8% in April 2015. This compared to a nationwide seasonally adjusted rate of 5.4%.Alabama has no minimum wage and in February 2016 passed legislation preventing municipalities from setting one. (A Birmingham city ordinance would have raised theirs to $10.10.), Alabama has the sixth highest poverty rate among states in the U.S. In 2017, United Nations Special Rapporteur Philip Alston toured parts of rural Alabama and observed environmental conditions he said were poorer than anywhere he had seen in the developed world.Largest employersThe five employers that employed the most employees in Alabama in April 2011 were:The next twenty largest employers, , included:AgricultureAlabama's agricultural outputs include poultry and eggs, cattle, fish, plant nursery items, peanuts, cotton, grains such as corn and sorghum, vegetables, milk, soybeans, and peaches. Although known as \"The Cotton State\", Alabama ranks between eighth and tenth in national cotton production, according to various reports, with Texas, Georgia and Mississippi comprising the top three.Aquaculture Aquaculture is a large part of the economy of Alabama. Alabamians began to practice aquaculture in the early 1960s. U.S. farm-raised catfish is the 8th most popular seafood product in America. By 2008, approximately 4,000 people in Alabama were employed by the catfish industry and Alabama produced 132 million pounds of catfish. In 2020, Alabama produced ⅓ of the United States' farm-raised catfish. The total 2020 sales of catfish raised in Alabama equaled $307 million but by 2020 the total employment of Alabamians fell to 2,442.From the early 2000s to 2020, the Alabamian catfish industry has declined from 250 farms and 4 processors to 66 farms and 2 processors. Reasons for this decline include increased feed prices, catfish alternatives, COVID-19’s impact on restaurant sales, disease, and fish size.IndustryAlabama's industrial outputs include iron and steel products (including cast-iron and steel pipe); paper, lumber, and wood products; mining (mostly coal); plastic products; cars and trucks; and apparel. In addition, Alabama produces aerospace and electronic products, mostly in the Huntsville area, the location of NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center and the U.S. Army Materiel Command, headquartered at Redstone Arsenal.A great deal of Alabama's economic growth since the 1990s has been due to the state's expanding automotive manufacturing industry. Located in the state are Honda Manufacturing of Alabama, Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama, Mercedes-Benz U.S. International, and Toyota Motor Manufacturing Alabama, as well as their various suppliers. Since 1993, the automobile industry has generated more than 67,800 new jobs in the state. Alabama currently ranks 4th in the nation for vehicle exports.Automakers accounted for approximately a third of the industrial expansion in the state in 2012. The eight models produced at the state's auto factories totaled combined sales of 74,335 vehicles for 2012. The strongest model sales during this period were the Hyundai Elantra compact car, the Mercedes-Benz GL-Class sport utility vehicle and the Honda Ridgeline sport utility truck.Steel producers Outokumpu, Nucor, SSAB, ThyssenKrupp, and U.S. Steel have facilities in Alabama and employ more than 10,000 people. In May 2007, German steelmaker ThyssenKrupp selected Calvert in Mobile County for a 4.65billion combined stainless and carbon steel processing facility. ThyssenKrupp's stainless steel division, Inoxum, including the stainless portion of the Calvert plant, was sold to Finnish stainless steel company Outokumpu in 2012. The remaining portion of the ThyssenKrupp plant had final bids submitted by ArcelorMittal and Nippon Steel for $1.6billion in March 2013. Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional submitted a combined bid for the mill at Calvert, plus a majority stake in the ThyssenKrupp mill in Brazil, for $3.8billion. In July 2013, the plant was sold to ArcelorMittal and Nippon Steel.The Hunt Refining Company, a subsidiary of Hunt Consolidated, Inc., is based in Tuscaloosa and operates a refinery there. The company also operates terminals in Mobile, Melvin, and Moundville. JVC America, Inc. operates an optical disc replication and packaging plant in Tuscaloosa.The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company operates a large plant in Gadsden which employs about 1,400 people. It has been in operation since 1929.Construction of an Airbus A320 family aircraft assembly plant in Mobile was formally announced by Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier from the Mobile Convention Center on July 2, 2012. The plans include a $600million factory at the Brookley Aeroplex for the assembly of the A319, A320 and A321 aircraft. Construction began in 2013, with plans for it to become operable by 2015 and produce up to 50 aircraft per year by 2017. The assembly plant is the company's first factory to be built within the United States. It was announced on February 1, 2013, that Airbus had hired Alabama-based Hoar Construction to oversee construction of the facility.Tourism and entertainmentAccording to Business Insider, Alabama ranked 14th in most popular states to visit in 2014. An estimated 26 million tourists visited the state in 2017 and spent $14.3 billion, providing directly or indirectly 186,900 jobs in the state, which includes 362,000 International tourists spending $589 million.The state is home to various attractions, natural features, parks and events that attract visitors from around the globe, notably the annual Hangout Music Festival, held on the public beaches of Gulf Shores; the Alabama Shakespeare Festival, one of the ten largest Shakespeare festivals in the world; the Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail, a collection of championship caliber golf courses distributed across the state; casinos such as Victoryland; amusement parks such as Alabama Splash Adventure; the Riverchase Galleria, one of the largest shopping centers in the southeast; Guntersville Lake, voted the best lake in Alabama by Southern Living Magazine readers; and the Alabama Museum of Natural History, the oldest museum in the state.Mobile is known for having the oldest organized Mardi Gras celebration in the United States, beginning in 1703. It was also host to the first formally organized Mardi Gras parade in the United States in 1830, a tradition that continues to this day. Mardi Gras is an official state holiday in Mobile and Baldwin counties.In 2018, Mobile's Mardi Gras parade was the state's top event, producing the most tourists with an attendance of 892,811. The top attraction was the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville with an attendance of 849,981, followed by the Birmingham Zoo with 543,090. Of the parks and natural destinations, Alabama's Gulf Coast topped the list with 6,700,000 visitors.Alabama has historically been a popular region for film shoots due to its diverse landscapes and contrast of environments. Movies filmed in Alabama include: Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Get Out, 42, Selma, Big Fish, The Final Destination, Due Date, Need For Speed and many more.HealthcareUAB Hospital, USA Health University Hospital, Huntsville Hospital, and Children's Hospital of Alabama are the only LevelI trauma centers in Alabama. UAB is the largest state government employer in Alabama, with a workforce of about 18,000. A 2017 study found that Alabama had the least competitive health insurance market in the country, with Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Alabama having a market share of 84% followed by UnitedHealth Group at 7%.BankingRegions Financial Corporation is the largest bank headquartered in or operating in Alabama. PNC Financial Services and Wells Fargo also have a major presence in Alabama.Wells Fargo has a regional headquarters, an operations center campus, and a $400million data center in Birmingham. Many smaller banks are also headquartered in the Birmingham area, including ServisFirst and New South Federal Savings Bank. Birmingham also serves as the headquarters for several large investment management companies, including Harbert Management Corporation.Electronics and communicationsTelecommunications provider AT&T, formerly BellSouth, has a major presence in Alabama with several large offices in Birmingham.Many technology companies are headquartered in Huntsville, such as ADTRAN, a network access company; Intergraph, a computer graphics company; and Avocent, an IT infrastructure company.ConstructionBrasfield & Gorrie, BE&K, Hoar Construction, and B.L. Harbert International, based in Alabama and subsidiaries of URS Corporation, are all routinely are included in the Engineering News-Record lists of top design, international construction, and engineering firms.Law and governmentState governmentThe foundational document for Alabama's government is the Alabama Constitution, which was ratified in 1901. With over 850 amendments and almost 87,000 words, it is by some accounts the world's longest constitution and is roughly forty times the length of the United States Constitution.There has been a significant movement to rewrite and modernize Alabama's constitution. Critics argue that Alabama's constitution maintains highly centralized power with the state legislature, leaving practically no power in local hands. Most counties do not have home rule. Any policy changes proposed in different areas of the state must be approved by the entire Alabama legislature and, frequently, by state referendum. One criticism of the current constitution claims that its complexity and length intentionally codify segregation and racism.Alabama's government is divided into three coequal branches. The legislative branch is the Alabama Legislature, a bicameral assembly composed of the Alabama House of Representatives, with 105 members, and the Alabama Senate, with 35 members. The Legislature is responsible for writing, debating, passing, or defeating state legislation. The Republican Party currently holds a majority in both houses of the Legislature. The Legislature has the power to override a gubernatorial veto by a simple majority (most state Legislatures require a two-thirds majority to override a veto).Until 1964, the state elected state senators on a geographic basis by county, with one per county. It had not redistricted congressional districts since passage of its constitution in 1901; as a result, urbanized areas were grossly underrepresented. It had not changed legislative districts to reflect the decennial censuses, either. In Reynolds v. Sims (1964), the U.S. Supreme Court implemented the principle of \"one man, one vote\", ruling that congressional districts had to be reapportioned based on censuses (as the state already included in its constitution but had not implemented.) Further, the court ruled that both houses of bicameral state legislatures had to be apportioned by population, as there was no constitutional basis for states to have geographically based systems.At that time, Alabama and many other states had to change their legislative districting, as many across the country had systems that underrepresented urban areas and districts. This had caused decades of underinvestment in such areas. For instance, Birmingham and Jefferson County taxes had supplied one-third of the state budget, but Jefferson County received only 1/67th of state services in funding. Through the legislative delegations, the Alabama legislature kept control of county governments.The executive branch is responsible for the execution and oversight of laws. It is headed by the governor of Alabama. Other members of the executive branch include the cabinet, the lieutenant governor of Alabama, the Attorney General of Alabama, the Alabama Secretary of State, the Alabama State Treasurer, and the State Auditor of Alabama. The current governor is Republican Kay Ivey.The members of the Legislature take office immediately after the November elections. Statewide officials, such as the governor, lieutenant governor, attorney general, and other constitutional officers, take office the following January.The judiciary is responsible for interpreting the Constitution of Alabama and applying the law in state criminal and civil cases. The state's highest court is the Supreme Court of Alabama. Alabama uses partisan elections to select judges. Since the 1980s judicial campaigns have become increasingly politicized. The current chief justice of the Alabama Supreme Court is Republican Tom Parker. All sitting justices on the Alabama Supreme Court are members of the Republican Party. There are two intermediate appellate courts, the Court of Civil Appeals and the Court of Criminal Appeals, and four trial courts: the circuit court (trial court of general jurisdiction), and the district, probate, and municipal courts.Some critics believe the election of judges has contributed to an exceedingly high rate of executions. Alabama has the highest per capita death penalty rate in the country. In some years, it imposes more death sentences than does Texas, a state which has a population five times larger. However, executions per capita are significantly higher in Texas. Some of its cases have been highly controversial; the U.S. Supreme Court has overturned 24 convictions in death penalty cases. It was the only state to allow judges to override jury decisions in whether or not to use a death sentence; in 10 cases judges overturned sentences of life imprisonment without parole that were voted unanimously by juries. This judicial authority was removed in April 2017.TaxesTaxes are collected by the Alabama Department of Revenue. Alabama levies a 2%, 4%, or5% personal income tax, depending on the amount earned and filing status. Taxpayers are allowed to deduct their federal income tax from their Alabama state tax, even if taking the standard deduction; those who itemize can also deduct FICA (the Social Security and Medicare tax).The state's general sales tax rate is 4%. Sales tax rates for cities and counties are also added to purchases. For example, the total sales tax rate in Mobile County, Alabama is 10% and there is an additional restaurant tax of 1%, which means a diner in Mobile County, Alabama would pay an 11% tax on a meal.In 2020, sales and excise taxes in Alabama accounted for 38% of all state and local revenue.Only Alabama, Mississippi, and South Dakota tax groceries at the full state sales tax rate.The corporate income tax rate in Alabama is 6.5%. The overall federal, state, and local tax burden in Alabama ranks the state as the second least tax-burdened state in the country.Property taxes of .40% of assessed value per year, are the second-lowest in the U.S., after Hawaii. The current state constitution requires a voter referendum to raise property taxes.County and local governmentsAlabama has 67 counties. Each county has its own elected legislative branch, usually called the county commission. It also has limited executive authority in the county. Because of the constraints of the Alabama Constitution, which centralizes power in the state legislature, only seven counties (Jefferson, Lee, Mobile, Madison, Montgomery, Shelby, and Tuscaloosa) in the state have limited home rule. Instead, most counties in the state must lobby the Local Legislation Committee of the state legislature to get simple local policies approved, ranging from waste disposal to land use zoning.The state legislature has retained power over local governments by refusing to pass a constitutional amendment establishing home rule for counties, as recommended by the 1973 Alabama Constitutional Commission. Legislative delegations retain certain powers over each county. United States Supreme Court decisions in Baker v. Carr (1964) required that both houses have districts established on the basis of population, and redistricted after each census, to implement the principle of \"one man, one vote\". Before that, each county was represented by one state senator, leading to under-representation in the state senate for more urbanized, populous counties. The rural bias of the state legislature, which had also failed to redistrict seats in the state house, affected politics well into the 20th century, failing to recognize the rise of industrial cities and urbanized areas.\"The lack of home rule for counties in Alabama has resulted in the proliferation of local legislation permitting counties to do things not authorized by the state constitution. Alabama's constitution has been amended more than 700 times, and almost one-third of the amendments are local in nature, applying to only one county or city. A significant part of each legislative session is spent on local legislation, taking away time and attention of legislators from issues of statewide importance.\"Alabama is an alcoholic beverage control state, meaning the state government holds a monopoly on the sale of alcohol. The Alabama Alcoholic Beverage Control Board controls the sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages in the state. A total of 25 of the 67 counties are \"dry counties\" which ban the sale of alcohol, and there are many dry municipalities in counties which permit alcohol sales.PoliticsDuring Reconstruction following the American Civil War, Alabama was occupied by federal troops of the Third Military District under General John Pope. In 1874, the political coalition of white Democrats known as the Redeemers took control of the state government from the Republicans, in part by suppressing the black vote through violence, fraud, and intimidation.After 1890, a coalition of White Democratic politicians passed laws to segregate and disenfranchise African American residents, a process completed in provisions of the 1901 constitution. Provisions which disenfranchised blacks resulted in excluding many poor Whites. By 1941 more Whites than Blacks had been disenfranchised: 600,000 to 520,000. The total effects were greater on the black community, as almost all its citizens were disfranchised and relegated to separate and unequal treatment under the law.From 1901 through the 1960s, the state did not redraw election districts as population grew and shifted within the state during urbanization and industrialization of certain areas. As counties were the basis of election districts, the result was a rural minority that dominated state politics through nearly three-quarters of the century, until a series of federal court cases required redistricting in 1972 to meet equal representation.Alabama state politics gained nationwide and international attention in the 1950s and 1960s during the civil rights movement, when whites bureaucratically, and at times violently, resisted protests for electoral and social reform. Governor George Wallace, the state's only four-term governor, was a controversial figure who vowed to maintain segregation. Only after passage of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 did African Americans regain the ability to exercise suffrage, among other civil rights. In many jurisdictions, they continued to be excluded from representation by at-large electoral systems, which allowed the majority of the population to dominate elections. Some changes at the county level have occurred following court challenges to establish single-member districts that enable a more diverse representation among county boards.In 2007, the Alabama Legislature passed, and Republican governor Bob Riley signed a resolution expressing \"profound regret\" over slavery and its lingering impact. In a symbolic ceremony, the bill was signed in the Alabama State Capitol, which housed Congress of the Confederate States of America.In 2010, Republicans won control of both houses of the legislature for the first time in 136 years., there are a total of 3,589,839 registered voters, with 3,518,285 active, and the others inactive in the state.ElectionsIn a 2020 study, Alabama was ranked as the 12th most difficult state for citizens to vote.State electionsWith the disfranchisement of Blacks in 1901, the state became part of the \"Solid South\", a system in which the Democratic Party operated as effectively the only viable political party in every Southern state. For nearly a hundred years local and state elections in Alabama were decided in the Democratic Party primary, with generally only token Republican challengers running in the General Election. Since the mid- to late 20th century, however, white conservatives started shifting to the Republican Party. In Alabama, majority-white districts are now expected to regularly elect Republican candidates to federal, state and local office.Members of the nine seats on the Supreme Court of Alabama and all ten seats on the state appellate courts are elected to office. Until 1994, no Republicans held any of the court seats. In that general election, the then-incumbent chief justice, Ernest C. Hornsby, refused to leave office after losing the election by approximately 3,000 votes to Republican Perry O. Hooper Sr. Hornsby sued Alabama and defiantly remained in office for nearly a year before finally giving up the seat after losing in court. The Democrats lost the last of the nineteen court seats in August 2011 with the resignation of the last Democrat on the bench.In the early 21st century, Republicans hold all seven of the statewide elected executive branch offices. Republicans hold six of the eight elected seats on the Alabama State Board of Education. In 2010, Republicans took large majorities of both chambers of the state legislature, giving them control of that body for the first time in 136 years. The last remaining statewide Democrat, who served on the Alabama Public Service Commission, was defeated in 2012.Only three Republican lieutenant governors have been elected since the end of Reconstruction, when Republicans generally represented Reconstruction government, including the newly emancipated freedmen who had gained the franchise. The three GOP lieutenant governors are Steve Windom (1999–2003), Kay Ivey (2011–2017), and Will Ainsworth (2019–present).Local electionsMany local offices (county commissioners, boards of education, tax assessors, tax collectors, etc.) in the state are still held by Democrats. Many rural counties have voters who are majority Democrats, resulting in local elections being decided in the Democratic primary. Similarly many metropolitan and suburban counties are majority-Republican and elections are effectively decided in the Republican Primary, although there are exceptions.Alabama's 67 county sheriffs are elected in partisan, at-large races, and Democrats still retain the narrow majority of those posts. The current split is 35 Democrats, 31 Republicans, and one Independent Fayette. However, most of the Democratic sheriffs preside over rural and less populated counties. The majority of Republican sheriffs have been elected in the more urban/suburban and heavily populated counties. , the state of Alabama has one female sheriff, in Morgan County, Alabama, and ten African-American sheriffs.Federal electionsThe state's two U.S. senators are Republican Richard C. Shelby and Republican Tommy Tuberville. Shelby was originally elected to the Senate as a Democrat in 1986 and re-elected in 1992, but switched parties immediately following the November 1994 general election.In the U.S. House of Representatives, the state is represented by seven members, six of whom are Republicans: (Bradley Byrne, Mike D. Rogers, Robert Aderholt, Morris J. Brooks, Martha Roby, and Gary Palmer) and one Democrat: Terri Sewell who represents the Black Belt as well as most of the predominantly black portions of Birmingham, Tuscaloosa and Montgomery.EducationPrimary and secondary educationPublic primary and secondary education in Alabama is under the purview of the Alabama State Board of Education as well as local oversight by 67 county school boards and 60 city boards of education. Together, 1,496 individual schools provide education for 744,637 elementary and secondary students.Public school funding is appropriated through the Alabama Legislature through the Education Trust Fund. In FY 2006–2007, Alabama appropriated $3,775,163,578 for primary and secondary education. That represented an increase of $444,736,387 over the previous fiscal year. In 2007, more than 82 percent of schools made adequate yearly progress (AYP) toward student proficiency under the National No Child Left Behind law, using measures determined by the state of Alabama.While Alabama's public education system has improved in recent decades, it lags behind in achievement compared to other states. According to U.S. Census data (2000), Alabama's high school graduation rate (75%) is the fourth lowest in the U.S. (after Kentucky, Louisiana and Mississippi). The largest educational gains were among people with some college education but without degrees.Generally prohibited in the West at large, school corporal punishment is not unusual in Alabama, with 27,260 public school students paddled at least one time, according to government data for the 2011–2012 school year. The rate of school corporal punishment in Alabama is surpassed by only Mississippi and Arkansas.Colleges and universitiesAlabama's programs of higher education include 14 four-year public universities, two-year community colleges, and 17 private, undergraduate and graduate universities. In the state are four medical schools (as of fall 2015) (University of Alabama School of Medicine, University of South Alabama and Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine and The Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine—Auburn Campus), two veterinary colleges (Auburn University and Tuskegee University), a dental school (University of Alabama School of Dentistry), an optometry college (University of Alabama at Birmingham), two pharmacy schools (Auburn University and Samford University), and five law schools (University of Alabama School of Law, Birmingham School of Law, Cumberland School of Law, Miles Law School, and the Thomas Goode Jones School of Law). Public, post-secondary education in Alabama is overseen by the Alabama Commission on Higher Education and the Alabama Department of Postsecondary Education. Colleges and universities in Alabama offer degree programs from two-year associate degrees to a multitude of doctoral level programs.The largest single campus is the University of Alabama, located in Tuscaloosa, with 37,665 enrolled for fall 2016. Troy University was the largest institution in the state in 2010, with an enrollment of 29,689 students across four Alabama campuses (Troy, Dothan, Montgomery, and Phenix City), as well as sixty learning sites in seventeen other states and eleven other countries. The oldest institutions are the public University of North Alabama in Florence and the Catholic Church-affiliated Spring Hill College in Mobile, both founded in 1830.Accreditation of academic programs is through the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) as well as other subject-focused national and international accreditation agencies such as the Association for Biblical Higher Education (ABHE), the Council on Occupational Education (COE), and the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools (ACICS).According to the 2011 U.S. News & World Report, Alabama had three universities ranked in the top 100 Public Schools in America (University of Alabama at 31, Auburn University at 36, and University of Alabama at Birmingham at 73).According to the 2012 U.S. News & World Report, Alabama had four tier one universities (University of Alabama, Auburn University, University of Alabama at Birmingham and University of Alabama in Huntsville).MediaMajor newspapers include Birmingham News, Mobile Press-Register, and Montgomery Advertiser.Major television network affiliates in Alabama include: ABC WGWW 40.2 ABC, Anniston WBMA 58/WABM 68.2 ABC, Birmingham WDHN 18 ABC, Dothan WAAY 31 ABC, Huntsville WEAR 3 ABC Pensacola, Florida/Mobile WNCF 32 ABC, Montgomery WDBB 17.2 ABC, Tuscaloosa CBS WIAT 42 CBS, Birmingham WTVY 4 CBS, Dothan WHNT 19 CBS, Huntsville WKRG 5 CBS, Mobile WAKA 8 CBS, Selma/Montgomery Fox WBRC 6 FOX, Birmingham WZDX 54 FOX, Huntsville WALA 10 FOX, Mobile WCOV 20 FOX, Montgomery WDFX 34 FOX, Ozark/Dothan NBC WVTM 13 NBC, Birmingham WRGX 23 NBC, Dothan WAFF 48 NBC, Huntsville WPMI 15 NBC, Mobile WSFA 12 NBC, Montgomery PBS/Alabama Public Television WBIQ 10 PBS, Birmingham WIIQ 41 PBS, Demopolis WDIQ 2 PBS, Dozier WFIQ 36 PBS, Florence WHIQ 25 PBS, Huntsville WGIQ 43 PBS, Louisville WEIQ 42 PBS, Mobile WAIQ 26 PBS, Montgomery WCIQ 7 PBS, Mount Cheaha The CW WTTO 21, Homewood/Birmingham WTVY 4.3, Dothan WHDF 15, Florence/Huntsville WFNA 55, Gulf Shores/Mobile/Pensacola, FL WDBB 17, Tuscaloosa WBMM 22, Tuskegee/MontgomeryCultureLiteratureSportsProfessional sportsAlabama has several professional and semi-professional sports teams, including three minor league baseball teams.NotesThe Talladega Superspeedway motorsports complex hosts a series of NASCAR events. It has a seating capacity of 143,000 and is the thirteenth largest stadium in the world and sixth largest stadium in America. Also, the Barber Motorsports Park has hosted IndyCar Series and Rolex Sports Car Series races.The ATP Birmingham was a World Championship Tennis tournament held from 1973 to 1980.Alabama has hosted several professional golf tournaments, such as the 1984 and 1990 PGA Championship at Shoal Creek, the Barbasol Championship (PGA Tour), the Mobile LPGA Tournament of Champions, Airbus LPGA Classic, and Yokohama Tire LPGA Classic (LPGA Tour), and The Tradition (Champions Tour).College sportsCollege football is extremely popular in Alabama, particularly the University of Alabama Crimson Tide and Auburn University Tigers, rivals in the Southeastern Conference. Alabama averages over 100,000 fans per game and Auburn averages over 80,000—both numbers among the top twenty in the nation. Bryant–Denny Stadium is the home of the Alabama football team, and has a seating capacity of 101,821, and is the fifth largest stadium in America. Jordan-Hare Stadium is the home field of the Auburn football team and seats up to 87,451.Legion Field is home of the UAB Blazers football program and the Birmingham Bowl. It seats 71,594. Ladd–Peebles Stadium in Mobile is the home of the University of South Alabama football team, and serves as the home of the NCAA Senior Bowl, LendingTree Bowl, and Alabama-Mississippi All Star Classic; the stadium seats 40,646. In 2009, Bryant–Denny Stadium and Jordan-Hare Stadium became the homes of the Alabama High School Athletic Association state football championship games, after previously being held at Legion Field in Birmingham.TransportationAviationMajor airports with sustained operations in Alabama include Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport (BHM), Huntsville International Airport (HSV), Dothan Regional Airport (DHN), Mobile Regional Airport (MOB), Montgomery Regional Airport (MGM), Northwest Alabama Regional Airport (MSL) and Northeast Alabama Regional Airport (GAD).RailFor rail transport, Amtrak schedules the Crescent, a daily passenger train, running from New York to New Orleans with station stops at Anniston, Birmingham, and Tuscaloosa.RoadsAlabama has six major interstate routes: Interstate 65 (I-65) travels north–south roughly through the middle of the state; I-20/I-59 travel from the central west Mississippi state line to Birmingham, where I-59 continues to the north-east corner of the state and I-20 continues east towards Atlanta; I-85 originates in Montgomery and travels east-northeast to the Georgia state line, providing a main thoroughfare to Atlanta; and I-10 traverses the southernmost portion of the state, traveling from west to east through Mobile. I-22 enters the state from Mississippi and connects Birmingham with Memphis, Tennessee. In addition, there are currently five auxiliary interstate routes in the state: I-165 in Mobile, I-359 in Tuscaloosa, I-459 around Birmingham, I-565 in Decatur and Huntsville, and I-759 in Gadsden. A sixth route, I-685, will be formed when I-85 is rerouted along a new southern bypass of Montgomery. A proposed northern bypass of Birmingham will be designated as I-422. Since a direct connection from I-22 to I-422 will not be possible, I-222 has been proposed, as well.Several U.S. Highways also pass through the state, such as U.S. Route 11 (US-11), US-29, US-31, US-43, US-45, US-72, US-78, US-80, US-82, US-84, US-90, US-98, US-231, US-278, US-280, US-331, US-411, and US-431.There are four toll roads in the state: Montgomery Expressway in Montgomery; Northport/Tuscaloosa Western Bypass in Tuscaloosa and Northport; Emerald Mountain Expressway in Wetumpka; and Beach Express in Orange Beach.PortsThe Port of Mobile, Alabama's only saltwater port, is a large seaport on the Gulf of Mexico with inland waterway access to the Midwest by way of the Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway. The Port of Mobile was ranked 12th by tons of traffic in the United States during 2009. The newly expanded container terminal at the Port of Mobile was ranked as the 25th busiest for container traffic in the nation during 2011. The state's other ports are on rivers with access to the Gulf of Mexico.Water ports of Alabama, listed from north to south:See also Index of Alabama-related articles Outline of Alabama—organized list of topics about AlabamaNotesReferencesFurther reading Atkins, Leah Rawls, Wayne Flynt, William Warren Rogers, and David Ward. Alabama: The History of a Deep South State (1994). Flynt, Wayne. Alabama in the Twentieth Century (2004). Owen Thomas M. History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography (4 vols, 1921). Jackson, Harvey H. Inside Alabama: A Personal History of My State (2004). Mohl, Raymond A. \"Latinization in the Heart of Dixie: Hispanics in Late-twentieth-century Alabama\" Alabama Review (2002, 55(4): 243–274). Peirce, Neal R. The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States (1974). Williams, Benjamin Buford. A Literary History of Alabama: The Nineteenth Century (1979). WPA Guide to Alabama (1939).External links Alabama State Guide, from the Library of Congress Your Not So Ordinary Alabama Tourist Guide All About Alabama, at the Alabama Department of Archives and History Code of Alabama 1975 USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Alabama Alabama QuickFacts from the U.S. Census Bureau Alabama State Fact Sheet 1819 establishments in the United StatesSouthern United StatesStates and territories established in 1819States of the Confederate StatesStates of the Gulf Coast of the United StatesStates of the United StatesU.S. states with multiple time zonesContiguous United States"}
+{"text": "In Greek mythology, Achilles ( ) or Achilleus () was a hero of the Trojan War, the greatest of all the Greek warriors, and is the central character of Homer's Iliad. He was the son of the Nereid Thetis and Peleus, king of Phthia.Achilles' most notable feat during the Trojan War was the slaying of the Trojan prince Hector outside the gates of Troy. Although the death of Achilles is not presented in the Iliad, other sources concur that he was killed near the end of the Trojan War by Paris, who shot him with an arrow. Later legends (beginning with Statius' unfinished epic Achilleid, written in the 1st century AD) state that Achilles was invulnerable in all of his body except for one heel, because when his mother Thetis dipped him in the river Styx as an infant, she held him by one of his heels. Alluding to these legends, the term \"Achilles' heel\" has come to mean a point of weakness, especially in someone or something with an otherwise strong constitution. The Achilles tendon is also named after him due to these legends.Etymology Linear B tablets attest to the personal name Achilleus in the forms a-ki-re-u and a-ki-re-we, the latter being the dative of the former. The name grew more popular, even becoming common soon after the seventh century BC and was also turned into the female form Ἀχιλλεία (Achilleía), attested in Attica in the fourth century BC (IG II² 1617) and, in the form Achillia, on a stele in Halicarnassus as the name of a female gladiator fighting an \"Amazon\".Achilles' name can be analyzed as a combination of () \"distress, pain, sorrow, grief\" and () \"people, soldiers, nation\", resulting in a proto-form *Akhí-lāu̯os \"he who has the people distressed\" or \"he whose people have distress\". The grief or distress of the people is a theme raised numerous times in the Iliad (and frequently by Achilles himself). Achilles' role as the hero of grief or distress forms an ironic juxtaposition with the conventional view of him as the hero of (\"glory\", usually in war). Furthermore, laós has been construed by Gregory Nagy, following Leonard Palmer, to mean \"a corps of soldiers\", a muster. With this derivation, the name obtains a double meaning in the poem: when the hero is functioning rightly, his men bring distress to the enemy, but when wrongly, his men get the grief of war. The poem is in part about the misdirection of anger on the part of leadership.Another etymology relates the name to a Proto-Indo-European compound *h₂eḱ-pṓds \"sharp foot\" which first gave an Illyrian *āk̂pediós, evolving through time into *ākhpdeós and then *akhiddeús. The shift from -dd- to -ll- is then ascribed to the passing of the name into Greek via a Pre-Greek source. The first root part *h₂eḱ- \"sharp, pointed\" also gave Greek ἀκή (akḗ \"point, silence, healing\"), ἀκμή (akmḗ \"point, edge, zenith\") and ὀξύς (oxús \"sharp, pointed, keen, quick, clever\"), whereas ἄχος stems from the root *h₂egʰ- \"to be upset, afraid\". The whole expression would be comparable to the Latin acupedius \"swift of foot\". Compare also the Latin word family of aciēs \"sharp edge or point, battle line, battle, engagement\", acus \"needle, pin, bodkin\", and acuō \"to make pointed, sharpen, whet; to exercise; to arouse\" (whence acute). Some topical epitheta of Achilles in the Iliad point to this \"swift-footedness\", namely ποδάρκης δῖος Ἀχιλλεὺς (podárkēs dĩos Achilleús \"swift-footed divine Achilles\") or, even more frequently, πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεύς (pódas ōkús Achilleús \"quick-footed Achilles\").Some researchers deem the name a loan word, possibly from a Pre-Greek language. Achilles' descent from the Nereid Thetis and a similarity of his name with those of river deities such as Acheron and Achelous have led to speculations about his being an old water divinity (see below Worship). Robert S. P. Beekes has suggested a Pre-Greek origin of the name, based among other things on the coexistence of -λλ- and -λ- in epic language, which may account for a palatalized phoneme /ly/ in the original language.Birth and early years Achilles was the son of the Thetis, a nereid, and Peleus, the king of the Myrmidons. Zeus and Poseidon had been rivals for Thetis's hand in marriage until Prometheus, the fore-thinker, warned Zeus of a prophecy (originally uttered by Themis, goddess of divine law) that Thetis would bear a son greater than his father. For this reason, the two gods withdrew their pursuit, and had her wed Peleus.There is a tale which offers an alternative version of these events: In the Argonautica (4.760) Zeus' sister and wife Hera alludes to Thetis' chaste resistance to the advances of Zeus, pointing out that Thetis was so loyal to Hera's marriage bond that she coolly rejected the father of gods. Thetis, although a daughter of the sea-god Nereus, was also brought up by Hera, further explaining her resistance to the advances of Zeus. Zeus was furious and decreed that she would never marry an immortal.According to the Achilleid, written by Statius in the 1st century AD, and to non-surviving previous sources, when Achilles was born Thetis tried to make him immortal by dipping him in the river Styx; however, he was left vulnerable at the part of the body by which she held him: his left heel (see Achilles' heel, Achilles' tendon). It is not clear if this version of events was known earlier. In another version of this story, Thetis anointed the boy in ambrosia and put him on top of a fire in order to burn away the mortal parts of his body. She was interrupted by Peleus and abandoned both father and son in a rage.None of the sources before Statius make any reference to this general invulnerability. To the contrary, in the Iliad, Homer mentions Achilles being wounded: in Book 21 the Paeonian hero Asteropaeus, son of Pelagon, challenged Achilles by the river Scamander. He was ambidextrous, and cast a spear from each hand; one grazed Achilles' elbow, \"drawing a spurt of blood\".In the few fragmentary poems of the Epic Cycle which describe the hero's death (i.e. the Cypria, the Little Iliad by Lesches of Pyrrha, the Aithiopis and Iliou persis by Arctinus of Miletus), there is no trace of any reference to his general invulnerability or his famous weakness at the heel. In the later vase paintings presenting the death of Achilles, the arrow (or in many cases, arrows) hit his torso.Peleus entrusted Achilles to Chiron the Centaur, who lived on Mount Pelion, to be reared. Thetis foretold that her son's fate was either to gain glory and die young, or to live a long but uneventful life in obscurity. Achilles chose the former, and decided to take part in the Trojan War. According to Homer, Achilles grew up in Phthia with his companion Patroclus.According to Photius, the sixth book of the New History by Ptolemy Hephaestion reported that Thetis burned in a secret place the children she had by Peleus. When she had Achilles, Peleus noticed, tore him from the flames with only a burnt foot, and confided him to the centaur Chiron. Later Chiron exhumed the body of the Damysus, who was the fastest of all the giants, removed the ankle, and incorporated it into Achilles' burnt foot.Other names Among the appellations under which Achilles is generally known are the following: Pyrisous, \"saved from the fire\", his first name, which seems to favour the tradition in which his mortal parts were burned by his mother Thetis Aeacides, from his grandfather Aeacus Aemonius, from Aemonia, a country which afterwards acquired the name of Thessaly Aspetos, \"inimitable\" or \"vast\", his name at Epirus Larissaeus, from Larissa (also called Cremaste), a town of Thessaly, which still bears the same name Ligyron, his original name Nereius, from his mother Thetis, one of the Nereids Pelides, from his father, Peleus Phthius, from his birthplace, Phthia Podarkes, \"swift-footed\", due to the wings of Arke being attached to his feet.Hidden on Skyros Some post-Homeric sources claim that in order to keep Achilles safe from the war, Thetis (or, in some versions, Peleus) hid the young man at the court of Lycomedes, king of Skyros.There, Achilles was disguised as a girl and lived among Lycomedes' daughters, perhaps under the name \"Pyrrha\" (the red-haired girl), Cercysera or Aissa (\"swift\"). With Lycomedes' daughter Deidamia, whom in the account of Statius he raped, Achilles there fathered two sons, Neoptolemus (also called Pyrrhus, after his father's possible alias) and Oneiros. According to this story, Odysseus learned from the prophet Calchas that the Achaeans would be unable to capture Troy without Achilles' aid. Odysseus went to Skyros in the guise of a peddler selling women's clothes and jewellery and placed a shield and spear among his goods. When Achilles instantly took up the spear, Odysseus saw through his disguise and convinced him to join the Greek campaign. In another version of the story, Odysseus arranged for a trumpet alarm to be sounded while he was with Lycomedes' women. While the women fled in panic, Achilles prepared to defend the court, thus giving his identity away.In the Trojan War According to the Iliad, Achilles arrived at Troy with 50 ships, each carrying 50 Myrmidons. He appointed five leaders (each leader commanding 500 Myrmidons): Menesthius, Eudorus, Peisander, Phoenix and Alcimedon.Telephus When the Greeks left for the Trojan War, they accidentally stopped in Mysia, ruled by King Telephus. In the resulting battle, Achilles gave Telephus a wound that would not heal; Telephus consulted an oracle, who stated that \"he that wounded shall heal\". Guided by the oracle, he arrived at Argos, where Achilles healed him in order that he might become their guide for the voyage to Troy.According to other reports in Euripides' lost play about Telephus, he went to Aulis pretending to be a beggar and asked Achilles to heal his wound. Achilles refused, claiming to have no medical knowledge. Alternatively, Telephus held Orestes for ransom, the ransom being Achilles' aid in healing the wound. Odysseus reasoned that the spear had inflicted the wound; therefore, the spear must be able to heal it. Pieces of the spear were scraped off onto the wound and Telephus was healed.Troilus According to the Cypria (the part of the Epic Cycle that tells the events of the Trojan War before Achilles' wrath), when the Achaeans desired to return home, they were restrained by Achilles, who afterwards attacked the cattle of Aeneas, sacked neighbouring cities (like Pedasus and Lyrnessus, where the Greeks capture the queen Briseis) and killed Tenes, a son of Apollo, as well as Priam's son Troilus in the sanctuary of Apollo Thymbraios; however, the romance between Troilus and Chryseis described in Geoffrey Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde and in William Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida is a medieval invention.In Dares Phrygius' Account of the Destruction of Troy, the Latin summary through which the story of Achilles was transmitted to medieval Europe, as well as in older accounts, Troilus was a young Trojan prince, the youngest of King Priam's and Hecuba's five legitimate sons (or according other sources, another son of Apollo). Despite his youth, he was one of the main Trojan war leaders, a \"horse fighter\" or \"chariot fighter\" according to Homer. Prophecies linked Troilus' fate to that of Troy and so he was ambushed in an attempt to capture him. Yet Achilles, struck by the beauty of both Troilus and his sister Polyxena, and overcome with lust, directed his sexual attentions on the youth – who, refusing to yield, instead found himself decapitated upon an altar-omphalos of Apollo Thymbraios. Later versions of the story suggested Troilus was accidentally killed by Achilles in an over-ardent lovers' embrace. In this version of the myth, Achilles' death therefore came in retribution for this sacrilege. Ancient writers treated Troilus as the epitome of a dead child mourned by his parents. Had Troilus lived to adulthood, the First Vatican Mythographer claimed, Troy would have been invincible; however, the motif is older and found already in Plautus' Bacchides.In the Iliad Homer's Iliad is the most famous narrative of Achilles' deeds in the Trojan War. Achilles' wrath (μῆνις Ἀχιλλέως, mênis Achilléōs) is the central theme of the poem. The first two lines of the Iliad read:The Homeric epic only covers a few weeks of the decade-long war, and does not narrate Achilles' death. It begins with Achilles' withdrawal from battle after being dishonoured by Agamemnon, the commander of the Achaean forces. Agamemnon has taken a woman named Chryseis as his slave. Her father Chryses, a priest of Apollo, begs Agamemnon to return her to him. Agamemnon refuses, and Apollo sends a plague amongst the Greeks. The prophet Calchas correctly determines the source of the troubles but will not speak unless Achilles vows to protect him. Achilles does so, and Calchas declares that Chryseis must be returned to her father. Agamemnon consents, but then commands that Achilles' battle prize Briseis, the daughter of Briseus, be brought to him to replace Chryseis. Angry at the dishonour of having his plunder and glory taken away (and, as he says later, because he loves Briseis), with the urging of his mother Thetis, Achilles refuses to fight or lead his troops alongside the other Greek forces. At the same time, burning with rage over Agamemnon's theft, Achilles prays to Thetis to convince Zeus to help the Trojans gain ground in the war, so that he may regain his honour.As the battle turns against the Greeks, thanks to the influence of Zeus, Nestor declares that the Trojans are winning because Agamemnon has angered Achilles, and urges the king to appease the warrior. Agamemnon agrees and sends Odysseus and two other chieftains, Ajax and Phoenix. They promise that, if Achilles returns to battle, Agamemnon will return the captive Briseis and other gifts. Achilles rejects all Agamemnon offers him and simply urges the Greeks to sail home as he was planning to do.The Trojans, led by Hector, subsequently push the Greek army back toward the beaches and assault the Greek ships. With the Greek forces on the verge of absolute destruction, Patroclus leads the Myrmidons into battle, wearing Achilles' armour, though Achilles remains at his camp. Patroclus succeeds in pushing the Trojans back from the beaches, but is killed by Hector before he can lead a proper assault on the city of Troy.After receiving the news of the death of Patroclus from Antilochus, the son of Nestor, Achilles grieves over his beloved companion's death. His mother Thetis comes to comfort the distraught Achilles. She persuades Hephaestus to make new armour for him, in place of the armour that Patroclus had been wearing, which was taken by Hector. The new armour includes the Shield of Achilles, described in great detail in the poem.Enraged over the death of Patroclus, Achilles ends his refusal to fight and takes the field, killing many men in his rage but always seeking out Hector. Achilles even engages in battle with the river god Scamander, who has become angry that Achilles is choking his waters with all the men he has killed. The god tries to drown Achilles but is stopped by Hera and Hephaestus. Zeus himself takes note of Achilles' rage and sends the gods to restrain him so that he will not go on to sack Troy itself before the time allotted for its destruction, seeming to show that the unhindered rage of Achilles can defy fate itself. Finally, Achilles finds his prey. Achilles chases Hector around the wall of Troy three times before Athena, in the form of Hector's favorite and dearest brother, Deiphobus, persuades Hector to stop running and fight Achilles face to face. After Hector realizes the trick, he knows the battle is inevitable. Wanting to go down fighting, he charges at Achilles with his only weapon, his sword, but misses. Accepting his fate, Hector begs Achilles not to spare his life, but to treat his body with respect after killing him. Achilles tells Hector it is hopeless to expect that of him, declaring that \"my rage, my fury would drive me now to hack your flesh away and eat you raw – such agonies you have caused me\". Achilles then kills Hector and drags his corpse by its heels behind his chariot. After having a dream where Patroclus begs Achilles to hold his funeral, Achilles hosts a series of funeral games in honour of his companion.At the onset of his duel with Hector, Achilles is referred to as the brightest star in the sky, which comes on in the autumn, Orion's dog (Sirius); a sign of evil. During the cremation of Patroclus, he is compared to Hesperus, the evening/western star (Venus), while the burning of the funeral pyre lasts until Phosphorus, the morning/eastern star (also Venus) has set (descended).With the assistance of the god Hermes (Argeiphontes), Hector's father Priam goes to Achilles' tent to plead with Achilles for the return of Hector's body so that he can be buried. Achilles relents and promises a truce for the duration of the funeral, lasting 9 days with a burial on the 10th (in the tradition of Niobe's offspring). The poem ends with a description of Hector's funeral, with the doom of Troy and Achilles himself still to come.Later epic accounts: fighting Penthesilea and Memnon The Aethiopis (7th century BC) and a work named Posthomerica, composed by Quintus of Smyrna in the fourth century CE, relate further events from the Trojan War. When Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons and daughter of Ares, arrives in Troy, Priam hopes that she will defeat Achilles. After his temporary truce with Priam, Achilles fights and kills the warrior queen, only to grieve over her death later. At first, he was so distracted by her beauty, he did not fight as intensely as usual. Once he realized that his distraction was endangering his life, he refocused and killed her.Following the death of Patroclus, Nestor's son Antilochus becomes Achilles' closest companion. When Memnon, son of the Dawn Goddess Eos and king of Ethiopia, slays Antilochus, Achilles once more obtains revenge on the battlefield, killing Memnon. Consequently, Eos will not let the sun rise until Zeus persuades her. The fight between Achilles and Memnon over Antilochus echoes that of Achilles and Hector over Patroclus, except that Memnon (unlike Hector) was also the son of a goddess.Many Homeric scholars argued that episode inspired many details in the Iliads description of the death of Patroclus and Achilles' reaction to it. The episode then formed the basis of the cyclic epic Aethiopis, which was composed after the Iliad, possibly in the 7th century BC. The Aethiopis is now lost, except for scattered fragments quoted by later authors.Achilles and Patroclus The exact nature of Achilles' relationship with Patroclus has been a subject of dispute in both the classical period and modern times. In the Iliad, it appears to be the model of a deep and loyal friendship. Homer does not suggest that Achilles and his close friend Patroclus had sexual relations. Although there is no direct evidence in the text of the Iliad that Achilles and Patroclus were lovers, this theory was expressed by some later authors. Commentators from classical antiquity to the present have often interpreted the relationship through the lens of their own cultures. In 5th-century BCE Athens, the intense bond was often viewed in light of the Greek custom of paiderasteia. In Plato's Symposium, the participants in a dialogue about love assume that Achilles and Patroclus were a couple; Phaedrus argues that Achilles was the younger and more beautiful one so he was the beloved and Patroclus was the lover. However, ancient Greek had no words to distinguish heterosexual and homosexual, and it was assumed that a man could both desire handsome young men and have sex with women. Many pairs of men throughout history have been compared to Achilles and Patroclus to imply a homosexual relationship.Death The death of Achilles, even if considered solely as it occurred in the oldest sources, is a complex one, with many different versions. In the oldest version, the Iliad, and as predicted by Hector with his dying breath, the hero's death was brought about by Paris with an arrow (to the heel according to Statius). In some versions, the god Apollo guided Paris' arrow. Some retellings also state that Achilles was scaling the gates of Troy and was hit with a poisoned arrow. All of these versions deny Paris any sort of valour, owing to the common conception that Paris was a coward and not the man his brother Hector was, and Achilles remained undefeated on the battlefield.After death, Achilles' bones were mingled with those of Patroclus, and funeral games were held. He was represented in the Aethiopis as living after his death in the island of Leuke at the mouth of the river Danube.Another version of Achilles' death is that he fell deeply in love with one of the Trojan princesses, Polyxena. Achilles asks Priam for Polyxena's hand in marriage. Priam is willing because it would mean the end of the war and an alliance with the world's greatest warrior. But while Priam is overseeing the private marriage of Polyxena and Achilles, Paris, who would have to give up Helen if Achilles married his sister, hides in the bushes and shoots Achilles with a divine arrow, killing him.In the Odyssey, Agamemnon informs Achilles of his pompous burial and the erection of his mound at the Hellespont while they are receiving the dead suitors in Hades. He claims they built a massive burial mound on the beach of Ilion that could be seen by anyone approaching from the ocean. Achilles was cremated and his ashes buried in the same urn as those of Patroclus. Paris was later killed by Philoctetes using the enormous bow of Heracles.In Book 11 of Homer's Odyssey, Odysseus sails to the underworld and converses with the shades. One of these is Achilles, who when greeted as \"blessed in life, blessed in death\", responds that he would rather be a slave to the worst of masters than be king of all the dead. But Achilles then asks Odysseus of his son's exploits in the Trojan war, and when Odysseus tells of Neoptolemus' heroic actions, Achilles is filled with satisfaction. This leaves the reader with an ambiguous understanding of how Achilles felt about the heroic life.According to some accounts, he had married Medea in life, so that after both their deaths they were united in the Elysian Fields of Hades – as Hera promised Thetis in Apollonius' Argonautica (3rd century BC).Fate of Achilles' armour Achilles' armour was the object of a feud between Odysseus and Telamonian Ajax (Ajax the greater). They competed for it by giving speeches on why they were the bravest after Achilles to their Trojan prisoners, who, after considering both men's presentations, decided Odysseus was more deserving of the armour. Furious, Ajax cursed Odysseus, which earned him the ire of Athena, who temporarily made Ajax so mad with grief and anguish that he began killing sheep, thinking them his comrades. After a while, when Athena lifted his madness and Ajax realized that he had actually been killing sheep, he was so ashamed that he committed suicide. Odysseus eventually gave the armour to Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles. When Odysseus encounters the shade of Ajax much later in the House of Hades (Odyssey 11.543–566), Ajax is still so angry about the outcome of the competition that he refuses to speak to Odysseus.A relic claimed to be Achilles' bronze-headed spear was preserved for centuries in the temple of Athena on the acropolis of Phaselis, Lycia, a port on the Pamphylian Gulf. The city was visited in 333 BCE by Alexander the Great, who envisioned himself as the new Achilles and carried the Iliad with him, but his court biographers do not mention the spear; however, it was shown in the time of Pausanias in the 2nd century CE.Achilles, Ajax and a game of petteia Numerous paintings on pottery have suggested a tale not mentioned in the literary traditions. At some point in the war, Achilles and Ajax were playing a board game (petteia). They were absorbed in the game and oblivious to the surrounding battle. The Trojans attacked and reached the heroes, who were saved only by an intervention of Athena.Worship and heroic cult The tomb of Achilles, extant throughout antiquity in Troad, was venerated by Thessalians, but also by Persian expeditionary forces, as well as by Alexander the Great and the Roman emperor Caracalla. Achilles' cult was also to be found at other places, e. g. on the island of Astypalaea in the Sporades, in Sparta which had a sanctuary, in Elis and in Achilles' homeland Thessaly, as well as in the Magna Graecia cities of Tarentum, Locri and Croton, accounting for an almost Panhellenic cult to the hero.The cult of Achilles is illustrated in the 500 BCE Polyxena sarcophagus, which depicts the sacrifice of Polyxena near the tumulus of Achilles. Strabo (13.1.32) also suggested that such a cult of Achilles existed in Troad:The spread and intensity of the hero's veneration among the Greeks that had settled on the northern coast of the Pontus Euxinus, today's Black Sea, appears to have been remarkable. An archaic cult is attested for the Milesian colony of Olbia as well as for an island in the middle of the Black Sea, today identified with Snake Island (Ukrainian Зміїний, Zmiinyi, near Kiliya, Ukraine). Early dedicatory inscriptions from the Greek colonies on the Black Sea (graffiti and inscribed clay disks, these possibly being votive offerings, from Olbia, the area of Berezan Island and the Tauric Chersonese) attest the existence of a heroic cult of Achilles from the sixth century BC onwards. The cult was still thriving in the third century CE, when dedicatory stelae from Olbia refer to an Achilles Pontárchēs (Ποντάρχης, roughly \"lord of the Sea,\" or \"of the Pontus Euxinus\"), who was invoked as a protector of the city of Olbia, venerated on par with Olympian gods such as the local Apollo Prostates, Hermes Agoraeus, or Poseidon.Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD) in his Natural History mentions a \"port of the Achæi\" and an \"island of Achilles\", famous for the tomb of that \"man\" (), situated somewhat nearby Olbia and the Dnieper-Bug Estuary; furthermore, at 125 Roman miles from this island, he places a peninsula \"which stretches forth in the shape of a sword\" obliquely, called Dromos Achilleos (Ἀχιλλέως δρόμος, Achilléōs drómos \"the Race-course of Achilles\") and considered the place of the hero's exercise or of games instituted by him. This last feature of Pliny's account is considered to be the iconic spit, called today Tendra (or Kosa Tendra and Kosa Djarilgatch), situated between the mouth of the Dnieper and Karkinit Bay, but which is hardly 125 Roman miles (c. 185 km) away from the Dnieper-Bug estuary, as Pliny states. (To the \"Race-course\" he gives a length of 80 miles, c. 120 km, whereas the spit measures c. 70 km today.)In the following chapter of his book, Pliny refers to the same island as Achillea and introduces two further names for it: Leuce or Macaron (from Greek [νῆσος] μακαρῶν \"island of the blest\"). The \"present day\" measures, he gives at this point, seem to account for an identification of Achillea or Leuce with today's Snake Island. Pliny's contemporary Pomponius Mela (c. 43 AD) tells that Achilles was buried on an island named Achillea, situated between the Borysthenes and the Ister, adding to the geographical confusion. Ruins of a square temple, measuring 30 meters to a side, possibly that dedicated to Achilles, were discovered by Captain Kritzikly () in 1823 on Snake Island. A second exploration in 1840 showed that the construction of a lighthouse had destroyed all traces of this temple. A fifth century BC black-glazed lekythos inscription, found on the island in 1840, reads: \"Glaukos, son of Poseidon, dedicated me to Achilles, lord of Leuke.\" In another inscription from the fifth or fourth century BC, a statue is dedicated to Achilles, lord of Leuke, by a citizen of Olbia, while in a further dedication, the city of Olbia confirms its continuous maintenance of the island's cult, again suggesting its quality as a place of a supra-regional hero veneration.The heroic cult dedicated to Achilles on Leuce seems to go back to an account from the lost epic Aethiopis according to which, after his untimely death, Thetis had snatched her son from the funeral pyre and removed him to a mythical (Leúkē Nêsos \"White Island\"). Already in the fifth century BC, Pindar had mentioned a cult of Achilles on a \"bright island\" (φαεννά νᾶσος, phaenná nâsos) of the Black Sea, while in another of his works, Pindar would retell the story of the immortalized Achilles living on a geographically indefinite Island of the Blest together with other heroes such as his father Peleus and Cadmus. Well known is the connection of these mythological Fortunate Isles (μακαρῶν νῆσοι, makárôn nêsoi) or the Homeric Elysium with the stream Oceanus which according to Greek mythology surrounds the inhabited world, which should have accounted for the identification of the northern strands of the Euxine with it. Guy Hedreen has found further evidence for this connection of Achilles with the northern margin of the inhabited world in a poem by Alcaeus, speaking of \"Achilles lord of Scythia\" and the opposition of North and South, as evoked by Achilles' fight against the Aethiopian prince Memnon, who in his turn would be removed to his homeland by his mother Eos after his death.The Periplus of the Euxine Sea (c. 130 AD) gives the following details:The Greek geographer Dionysius Periegetes, who likely lived during the first century CE, wrote that the island was called Leuce \"because the wild animals which live there are white. It is said that there, in Leuce island, reside the souls of Achilles and other heroes, and that they wander through the uninhabited valleys of this island; this is how Jove rewarded the men who had distinguished themselves through their virtues, because through virtue they had acquired everlasting honour\". Similarly, others relate the island's name to its white cliffs, snakes or birds dwelling there. Pausanias has been told that the island is \"covered with forests and full of animals, some wild, some tame. In this island there is also Achilles' temple and his statue\". Leuce had also a reputation as a place of healing. Pausanias reports that the Delphic Pythia sent a lord of Croton to be cured of a chest wound. Ammianus Marcellinus attributes the healing to waters (aquae) on the island.A number of important commercial port cities of the Greek waters were dedicated to Achilles. Herodotus, Pliny the Elder and Strabo reported on the existence of a town Achílleion (Ἀχίλλειον), built by settlers from Mytilene in the sixth century BC, close to the hero's presumed burial mound in the Troad. Later attestations point to an Achílleion in Messenia (according to Stephanus Byzantinus) and an Achílleios (Ἀχίλλειος) in Laconia. Nicolae Densuşianu recognized a connection to Achilles in the names of Aquileia and of the northern arm of the Danube delta, called Chilia (presumably from an older Achileii), though his conclusion, that Leuce had sovereign rights over the Black Sea, evokes modern rather than archaic sea-law.The kings of Epirus claimed to be descended from Achilles through his son, Neoptolemus. Alexander the Great, son of the Epirote princess Olympias, could therefore also claim this descent, and in many ways strove to be like his great ancestor. He is said to have visited the tomb of Achilles at Achilleion while passing Troy. In AD 216 the Roman Emperor Caracalla, while on his way to war against Parthia, emulated Alexander by holding games around Achilles' tumulus.Reception during antiquityIn Greek tragedy The Greek tragedian Aeschylus wrote a trilogy of plays about Achilles, given the title Achilleis by modern scholars. The tragedies relate the deeds of Achilles during the Trojan War, including his defeat of Hector and eventual death when an arrow shot by Paris and guided by Apollo punctures his heel. Extant fragments of the Achilleis and other Aeschylean fragments have been assembled to produce a workable modern play. The first part of the Achilleis trilogy, The Myrmidons, focused on the relationship between Achilles and chorus, who represent the Achaean army and try to convince Achilles to give up his quarrel with Agamemnon; only a few lines survive today. In Plato's Symposium, Phaedrus points out that Aeschylus portrayed Achilles as the lover and Patroclus as the beloved; Phaedrus argues that this is incorrect because Achilles, being the younger and more beautiful of the two, was the beloved, who loved his lover so much that he chose to die to avenge him.The tragedian Sophocles also wrote The Lovers of Achilles, a play with Achilles as the main character. Only a few fragments survive.Towards the end of the 5th century BCE, a more negative view of Achilles emerges in Greek drama; Euripides refers to Achilles in a bitter or ironic tone in Hecuba, Electra, and Iphigenia in Aulis.In Greek philosophyZenoThe philosopher Zeno of Elea centred one of his paradoxes on an imaginary footrace between \"swift-footed\" Achilles and a tortoise, by which he attempted to show that Achilles could not catch up to a tortoise with a head start, and therefore that motion and change were impossible. As a student of the monist Parmenides and a member of the Eleatic school, Zeno believed time and motion to be illusions.PlatoIn Hippias Minor, a dialogue attributed to Plato, an arrogant man named Hippias argues with Socrates. The two get into a discussion about lying. They decide that a person who is intentionally false must be \"better\" than a person who is unintentionally false, on the basis that someone who lies intentionally must understand the subject about which they are lying. Socrates uses various analogies, discussing athletics and the sciences to prove his point. The two also reference Homer extensively. Socrates and Hippias agree that Odysseus, who concocted a number of lies throughout the Odyssey and other stories in the Trojan War Cycle, was false intentionally. Achilles, like Odysseus, told numerous falsehoods. Hippias believes that Achilles was a generally honest man, while Socrates believes that Achilles lied for his own benefit. The two argue over whether it is better to lie on purpose or by accident. Socrates eventually abandons Homeric arguments and makes sports analogies to drive home the point: someone who does wrong on purpose is a better person than someone who does wrong unintentionally.In Roman and medieval literature The Romans, who traditionally traced their lineage to Troy, took a highly negative view of Achilles. Virgil refers to Achilles as a savage and a merciless butcher of men, while Horace portrays Achilles ruthlessly slaying women and children. Other writers, such as Catullus, Propertius, and Ovid, represent a second strand of disparagement, with an emphasis on Achilles' erotic career. This strand continues in Latin accounts of the Trojan War by writers such as Dictys Cretensis and Dares Phrygius and in Benoît de Sainte-Maure's Roman de Troie and Guido delle Colonne's Historia destructionis Troiae, which remained the most widely read and retold versions of the Matter of Troy until the 17th century.Achilles was described by the Byzantine chronicler Leo the Deacon, not as Hellene, but as Scythian, while according to the Byzantine author John Malalas, his army was made up of a tribe previously known as Myrmidons and later as Bulgars.In modern literature and artsLiterature Achilles appears in Dante's Inferno (composed 1308–1320). He is seen in Hell's second circle, that of lust. Achilles is portrayed as a former hero who has become lazy and devoted to the love of Patroclus, in William Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida (1602). The French dramatist Thomas Corneille wrote a tragedy La Mort d'Achille (1673). Achilles is the subject of the poem Achilleis (1799), a fragment by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. In 1899, the Polish playwright, painter and poet Stanisław Wyspiański published a national drama, based on Polish history, named Achilles. In 1921, Edward Shanks published The Island of Youth and Other Poems, concerned among others with Achilles. The 1983 novel Kassandra by Christa Wolf also treats the death of Achilles. Akhilles is killed by a poisoned Kentaur arrow shot by Kassandra in Marion Zimmer Bradley's novel The Firebrand (1987). Achilles is one of various 'narrators' in Colleen McCullough's novel The Song of Troy (1998). The Death of Achilles (Смерть Ахиллеса, 1998) is an historical detective novel by Russian writer Boris Akunin that alludes to various figures and motifs from the Iliad. The character Achilles in Ender's Shadow (1999), by Orson Scott Card, shares his namesake's cunning mind and ruthless attitude. Achilles is one of the main characters in Dan Simmons's novels Ilium (2003) and Olympos (2005). Achilles is a major supporting character in David Gemmell's Troy series of books (2005–2007). Achilles is the main character in David Malouf's novel Ransom (2009). The ghost of Achilles appears in Rick Riordan's The Last Olympian (2009). He warns Percy Jackson about the Curse of Achilles and its side effects. Achilles is a main character in Terence Hawkins' 2009 novel The Rage of Achilles. Achilles is a major character in Madeline Miller's debut novel, The Song of Achilles (2011), which won the 2012 Orange Prize for Fiction. The novel explores the relationship between Patroclus and Achilles from boyhood to the fateful events of the Iliad. Achilles appears in the light novel series Fate/Apocrypha (2012–2014) as the Rider of Red. Achilles is a main character in Pat Barker's 2018 novel The Silence of the Girls, much of which is narrated by his slave Briseis.Visual arts Achilles with the Daughters of Lycomedes is a subject treated in paintings by Anthony van Dyck (before 1618; Museo del Prado, Madrid) and Nicolas Poussin (c. 1652; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston) among others. Peter Paul Rubens has authored a series of works on the life of Achilles, comprising the titles: Thetis dipping the infant Achilles into the river Styx, Achilles educated by the centaur Chiron, Achilles recognized among the daughters of Lycomedes, The wrath of Achilles, The death of Hector, Thetis receiving the arms of Achilles from Vulcanus, The death of Achilles (Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam), and Briseis restored to Achilles (Detroit Institute of Arts; all c. 1630–1635) Pieter van Lint, \"Achilles Discovered among the Daughters of Lycomedes\", 1645, at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem Dying Achilles is a sculpture created by Christophe Veyrier (c. 1683; Victoria and Albert Museum, London). The Rage of Achilles is a fresco by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (1757, Villa Valmarana Ai Nani, Vicenza). Eugène Delacroix painted a version of The Education of Achilles for the ceiling of the Paris Palais Bourbon (1833–1847), one of the seats of the French Parliament. created a statue group Achilles and Penthesilea (1895; Vienna). Achilleus (1908) is a lithography by Max Slevogt.Music Achilles has been frequently the subject of operas, ballets and related genres. Operas titled Deidamia were composed by Francesco Cavalli (1644) and George Frideric Handel (1739). Achille et Polyxène (Paris 1687) is an opera begun by Jean-Baptiste Lully and finished by Pascal Collasse. Achille et Déidamie (Paris 1735) is an opera composed by André Campra. Achilles (London 1733) is a ballad opera, written by John Gay, parodied by Thomas Arne as Achilles in petticoats in 1773. Achille in Sciro is a libretto by Metastasio, composed by Domenico Sarro for the inauguration of the Teatro di San Carlo (Naples, 4 November 1737). An even earlier composition is from Antonio Caldara (Vienna 1736). Later operas on the same libretto were composed by Leonardo Leo (Turin 1739), Niccolò Jommelli (Vienna 1749 and Rome 1772), Giuseppe Sarti (Copenhagen 1759 and Florence 1779), Johann Adolph Hasse (Naples 1759), Giovanni Paisiello (St. Petersburg 1772), Giuseppe Gazzaniga (Palermo 1781) and many others. It has also been set to music as Il Trionfo della gloria. Achille (Vienna 1801) is an opera by Ferdinando Paër on a libretto by Giovanni de Gamerra. Achille à Scyros (Paris 1804) is a ballet by Pierre Gardel, composed by Luigi Cherubini. Achilles, oder Das zerstörte Troja (\"Achilles, or Troy Destroyed\", Bonn 1885) is an oratorio by the German composer Max Bruch. Achilles auf Skyros (Stuttgart 1926) is a ballet by the Austrian-British composer and musicologist Egon Wellesz. Achilles' Wrath is a concert piece by Sean O'Loughlin. Achilles Last Stand a track on the 1976 Led Zeppelin album Presence. Achilles, Agony and Ecstasy in Eight Parts is the first song on the 1992 Manowar album The Triumph of Steel. Achilles Come Down is a song on the 2017 Gang of Youths album Go Farther in Lightness.Film and televisionIn films Achilles has been portrayed in the following films and television series: The 1924 film Helena by Carlo Aldini The 1954 film Ulysses by Piero Lulli The 1956 film Helen of Troy by Stanley Baker The 1961 film The Trojan Horse by Arturo Dominici The 1962 film The Fury of Achilles by Gordon Mitchell The 1997 television miniseries The Odyssey by Richard Trewett The 2003 television miniseries Helen of Troy by Joe Montana The 2004 film Troy by Brad Pitt The 2018 TV series Troy: Fall of a City by David GyasiArchitecture In 1890, Elisabeth of Bavaria, Empress of Austria, had a summer palace built in Corfu. The building is named the Achilleion, after Achilles. Its paintings and statuary depict scenes from the Trojan War, with particular focus on Achilles. The Wellington Monument is a statue representing Achilles erected as a memorial to Arthur Wellesley, the first duke of Wellington, and his victories in the Peninsular War and the latter stages of the Napoleonic Wars.Namesakes The name of Achilles has been used for at least nine Royal Navy warships since 1744 – both as and with the French spelling . A 60-gun ship of that name served at the Battle of Belleisle in 1761 while a 74-gun ship served at the Battle of Trafalgar. Other battle honours include Walcheren 1809. An armored cruiser of that name served in the Royal Navy during the First World War. was a which served with the Royal New Zealand Navy in World War II. It became famous for its part in the Battle of the River Plate, alongside and . In addition to earning the battle honour 'River Plate', HMNZS Achilles also served at Guadalcanal 1942–1943 and Okinawa in 1945. After returning to the Royal Navy, the ship was sold to the Indian Navy in 1948, but when she was scrapped parts of the ship were saved and preserved in New Zealand. A species of lizard, Anolis achilles, which has widened heel plates, is named for Achilles.GalleryReferencesFurther reading Ileana Chirassi Colombo (1977), \"Heroes Achilleus – Theos Apollon.\" In Il Mito Greco, edd. Bruno Gentili and Giuseppe Paione. Rome: Edizione dell'Ateneo e Bizzarri. Anthony Edwards (1985a), \"Achilles in the Underworld: Iliad, Odyssey, and Æthiopis\". Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies. 26: pp. 215–227. Anthony Edwards (1985b), \"Achilles in the Odyssey: Ideologies of Heroism in the Homeric Epic\". Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie. 171. Graves, Robert, The Greek Myths, Harmondsworth, London, England, Penguin Books, 1960. Graves, Robert, The Greek Myths: The Complete and Definitive Edition. Penguin Books Limited. 2017. Hélène Monsacré (1984), Les larmes d'Achille. Le héros, la femme et la souffrance dans la poésie d'Homère, Paris: Albin Michel. Gregory Nagy (1984), The Name of Achilles: Questions of Etymology and 'Folk Etymology, Illinois Classical Studies. 19. Gregory Nagy (1999), The Best of The Acheans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry. Johns Hopkins University Press (revised edition, online). Dale S. Sinos (1991), The Entry of Achilles into Greek Epic, PhD thesis, Johns Hopkins University. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International. Jonathan S. Burgess (2009), The Death and Afterlife of Achilles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Abrantes, M.C. (2016), Themes of the Trojan Cycle: Contribution to the study of the greek mythological tradition (Coimbra).External links Trojan War Resources Gallery of the Ancient Art: Achilles Poem by Florence Earle CoatesGreek mythological heroesKings of the MyrmidonsAchaean LeadersThessalians in the Trojan WarMetamorphoses charactersMythological rapistsDemigods in classical mythologyLGBT themes in Greek mythology Deeds of ApolloMedea"}
+{"text": "Abraham Lincoln (; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War and succeeded in preserving the Union, abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.Lincoln was born into poverty in a log cabin in Kentucky and was raised on the frontier primarily in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. Congressman from Illinois. In 1849, he returned to his law practice but became vexed by the opening of additional lands to slavery as a result of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. He reentered politics in 1854, becoming a leader in the new Republican Party, and he reached a national audience in the 1858 debates against Stephen Douglas. Lincoln ran for President in 1860, sweeping the North in victory. Pro-slavery elements in the South equated his success with the North's rejection of their right to practice slavery, and southern states began seceding from the Union. To secure its independence, the new Confederate States fired on Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in the South, and Lincoln called up forces to suppress the rebellion and restore the Union.Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had to navigate a contentious array of factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, demanded harsh treatment of the Southern Confederates. Anti-war Democrats (called \"Copperheads\") despised Lincoln, and irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements plotted his assassination. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing political patronage, and by appealing to the American people. His Gettysburg Address appealed to nationalistic, republican, egalitarian, libertarian, and democratic sentiments. Lincoln scrutinized the strategy and tactics in the war effort, including the selection of generals and the naval blockade of the South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland, and he averted British intervention by defusing the Trent Affair. He engineered the end to slavery with his Emancipation Proclamation, including his order that the Army and Navy liberate, protect, and recruit former slaves. He also encouraged border states to outlaw slavery, and promoted the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which outlawed slavery across the country.Lincoln managed his own successful re-election campaign. He sought to heal the war-torn nation through reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just days after the war's end at Appomattox, he was attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife Mary when he was fatally shot by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. Lincoln is remembered as a martyr and hero of the United States and is often ranked as the greatest president in American history.Family and childhoodEarly lifeAbraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a log cabin on Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. The family then migrated west, passing through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln's paternal grandparents, his namesake Captain Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Kentucky. The captain was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack. Thomas then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee before the family settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the early 1800s.The heritage of Lincoln's mother Nancy remains unclear, but it is widely assumed that she was the daughter of Lucy Hanks. Thomas and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Sarah, Abraham, and Thomas, who died as infant.Thomas Lincoln bought or leased farms in Kentucky before losing all but of his land in court disputes over property titles. In 1816, the family moved to Indiana where the land surveys and titles were more reliable. Indiana was a \"free\" (non-slaveholding) territory, and they settled in an \"unbroken forest\" in Hurricane Township, Perry County, Indiana. In 1860, Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was \"partly on account of slavery\", but mainly due to land title difficulties.In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a farmer, cabinetmaker, and carpenter. At various times, he owned farms, livestock, and town lots, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were members of a Separate Baptists church, which forbade alcohol, dancing, and slavery.Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained clear title to in Indiana, an area which became the Little Pigeon Creek Community.Mother's deathOn October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln succumbed to milk sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah in charge of a household including her father, 9-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks. Ten years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while giving birth to a stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.On December 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother and called her \"Mother\". Lincoln disliked the hard labor associated with farm life. His family even said he was lazy, for all his \"reading, scribbling, writing, ciphering, writing Poetry, etc.\". His stepmother acknowledged he did not enjoy \"physical labor\", but loved to read.Education and move to IllinoisLincoln was largely self-educated. His formal schooling was from itinerant teachers. It included two short stints in Kentucky, where he learned to read but probably not to write, at age seven, and in Indiana, where he went to school sporadically due to farm chores, for a total of less than 12 months in aggregate by the age of 15. He persisted as an avid reader and retained a lifelong interest in learning. Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his reading included the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin.As a teen, Lincoln took responsibility for chores and customarily gave his father all earnings from work outside the home until he was 21. Lincoln was tall, strong, and athletic, and became adept at using an ax. He was an active wrestler during his youth and trained in the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling). He became county wrestling champion at the age of 21. He gained a reputation for strength and audacity after winning a wrestling match with the renowned leader of ruffians known as \"the Clary's Grove Boys\".In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness outbreak, several members of the extended Lincoln family, including Abraham, moved west to Illinois, a free state, and settled in Macon County. Abraham then became increasingly distant from Thomas, in part due to his father's lack of education. In 1831, as Thomas and other family prepared to move to a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois, Abraham struck out on his own. He made his home in New Salem, Illinois, for six years. Lincoln and some friends took goods by flatboat to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he was first exposed to slavery.In 1865, Lincoln was asked how he came to acquire his rhetorical skills. He answered that in the practice of law he frequently came across the word \"demonstrate\" but had insufficient understanding of the term. So, he left Springfield for his father's home to study until he \"could give any proposition in the six books of Euclid [here, referencing Euclid's Elements] at sight.\"Marriage and childrenLincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when he moved to New Salem. By 1835, they were in a relationship but not formally engaged. She died on August 25, 1835, most likely of typhoid fever. In the early 1830s, he met Mary Owens from Kentucky.Late in 1836, Lincoln agreed to a match with Owens if she returned to New Salem. Owens arrived that November and he courted her for a time; however, they both had second thoughts. On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Todd in Springfield, Illinois, and the following year they became engaged. She was the daughter of Robert Smith Todd, a wealthy lawyer and businessman in Lexington, Kentucky. A wedding set for January 1, 1841, was canceled at Lincoln's request, but they reconciled and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield mansion of Mary's sister. While anxiously preparing for the nuptials, he was asked where he was going and replied, \"To hell, I suppose.\" In 1844, the couple bought a house in Springfield near his law office. Mary kept house with the help of a hired servant and a relative.Lincoln was an affectionate husband and father of four sons, though his work regularly kept him away from home. The oldest, Robert Todd Lincoln, was born in 1843 and was the only child to live to maturity. Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, \"Willie\" Lincoln was born on December 21, 1850, and died of a fever at the White House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas \"Tad\" Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father but died of heart failure at age 18 on July 16, 1871. Lincoln \"was remarkably fond of children\" and the Lincolns were not considered to be strict with their own. In fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Lincoln would bring his children to the law office. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed in his work to notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, \"I have felt many and many a time that I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet out of respect for Lincoln I kept my mouth shut. Lincoln did not note what his children were doing or had done.\"The deaths of their sons, Eddie and Willie, had profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from \"melancholy\", a condition now thought to be clinical depression. Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing her husband and sons, and Robert committed her for a time to an asylum in 1875.Early career and militia serviceIn 1832, Lincoln joined with a partner, Denton Offutt, in the purchase of a general store on credit in New Salem. Although the economy was booming, the business struggled and Lincoln eventually sold his share. That March he entered politics, running for the Illinois General Assembly, advocating navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds as a raconteur, but he lacked the requisite formal education, powerful friends, and money, and lost the election.Lincoln briefly interrupted his campaign to serve as a captain in the Illinois Militia during the Black Hawk War. In his first campaign speech after returning, he observed a supporter in the crowd under attack, grabbed the assailant by his \"neck and the seat of his trousers\", and tossed him. Lincoln finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct.Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued his voracious reading, and decided to become a lawyer. Rather than studying in the office of an established attorney, as was the custom, Lincoln borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law on his own. He later said of his legal education that \"I studied with nobody.\"Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)Lincoln's second state house campaign in 1834, this time as a Whig, was a success over a powerful Whig opponent. Then followed his four terms in the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner. He voted to expand suffrage beyond white landowners to all white males, but adopted a \"free soil\" stance opposing both slavery and abolition. In 1837, he declared, \"[The] Institution of slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, but the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than abate its evils.\" He echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Colonization Society which advocated a program of abolition in conjunction with settling freed slaves in Liberia.He was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1836, and moved to Springfield and began to practice law under John T. Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as a formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen T. Logan, and in 1844 began his practice with William Herndon, \"a studious young man\".U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)True to his record, Lincoln professed to friends in 1861 to be \"an old line Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay\". Their party favored economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.In 1843, Lincoln sought the Whig nomination for Illinois' 7th district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by John J. Hardin though he prevailed with the party in limiting Hardin to one term. Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of gaining the nomination in 1846 but also won the election. He was the only Whig in the Illinois delegation, but as dutiful as any participated in almost all votes and made speeches that toed the party line. He was assigned to the Committee on Post Office and Post Roads and the Committee on Expenditures in the War Department. Lincoln teamed with Joshua R. Giddings on a bill to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote on the matter. He dropped the bill when it eluded Whig support.Political views On foreign and military policy, Lincoln spoke against the Mexican–American War, which he imputed to President James K. Polk's desire for \"military glory—that attractive rainbow, that rises in showers of blood\". He supported the Wilmot Proviso, a failed proposal to ban slavery in any U.S. territory won from Mexico.Lincoln emphasized his opposition to Polk by drafting and introducing his Spot Resolutions. The war had begun with a Mexican slaughter of American soldiers in territory disputed by Mexico, and Polk insisted that Mexican soldiers had \"invaded our territory and shed the blood of our fellow-citizens on our own soil\". Lincoln demanded that Polk show Congress the exact spot on which blood had been shed and prove that the spot was on American soil. The resolution was ignored in both Congress and the national papers, and it cost Lincoln political support in his district. One Illinois newspaper derisively nicknamed him \"spotty Lincoln\". Lincoln later regretted some of his statements, especially his attack on presidential war-making powers.Lincoln had pledged in 1846 to serve only one term in the House. Realizing Clay was unlikely to win the presidency, he supported General Zachary Taylor for the Whig nomination in the 1848 presidential election. Taylor won and Lincoln hoped in vain to be appointed Commissioner of the General Land Office. The administration offered to appoint him secretary or governor of the Oregon Territory as consolation. This distant territory was a Democratic stronghold, and acceptance of the post would have disrupted his legal and political career in Illinois, so he declined and resumed his law practice.Prairie lawyerIn his Springfield practice, Lincoln handled \"every kind of business that could come before a prairie lawyer\". Twice a year he appeared for 10 consecutive weeks in county seats in the Midstate county courts; this continued for 16 years. Lincoln handled transportation cases in the midst of the nation's western expansion, particularly river barge conflicts under the many new railroad bridges. As a riverboat man, Lincoln initially favored those interests, but ultimately represented whoever hired him. He later represented a bridge company against a riverboat company in Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Company, a landmark case involving a canal boat that sank after hitting a bridge. In 1849, he received a patent for a flotation device for the movement of boats in shallow water. The idea was never commercialized, but it made Lincoln the only president to hold a patent.Lincoln appeared before the Illinois Supreme Court in 175 cases; he was sole counsel in 51 cases, of which 31 were decided in his favor. From 1853 to 1860, one of his largest clients was the Illinois Central Railroad. His legal reputation gave rise to the nickname \"Honest Abe\".Lincoln argued in an 1858 criminal trial, defending William \"Duff\" Armstrong, who was on trial for the murder of James Preston Metzker. The case is famous for Lincoln's use of a fact established by judicial notice to challenge the credibility of an eyewitness. After an opposing witness testified to seeing the crime in the moonlight, Lincoln produced a Farmers' Almanac showing the moon was at a low angle, drastically reducing visibility. Armstrong was acquitted.Leading up to his presidential campaign, Lincoln elevated his profile in an 1859 murder case, with his defense of Simeon Quinn \"Peachy\" Harrison who was a third cousin; Harrison was also the grandson of Lincoln's political opponent, Rev. Peter Cartwright. Harrison was charged with the murder of Greek Crafton who, as he lay dying of his wounds, confessed to Cartwright that he had provoked Harrison. Lincoln angrily protested the judge's initial decision to exclude Cartwright's testimony about the confession as inadmissible hearsay. Lincoln argued that the testimony involved a dying declaration and was not subject to the hearsay rule. Instead of holding Lincoln in contempt of court as expected, the judge, a Democrat, reversed his ruling and admitted the testimony into evidence, resulting in Harrison's acquittal.Republican politics (1854–1860)Emergence as Republican leaderThe debate over the status of slavery in the territories failed to alleviate tensions between the slave-holding South and the free North, with the failure of the Compromise of 1850, a legislative package designed to address the issue. In his 1852 eulogy for Clay, Lincoln highlighted the latter's support for gradual emancipation and opposition to \"both extremes\" on the slavery issue. As the slavery debate in the Nebraska and Kansas territories became particularly acrimonious, Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas proposed popular sovereignty as a compromise; the measure would allow the electorate of each territory to decide the status of slavery. The legislation alarmed many Northerners, who sought to prevent the resulting spread of slavery, but Douglas's Kansas–Nebraska Act narrowly passed Congress in May 1854.Lincoln did not comment on the act until months later in his \"Peoria Speech\" in October 1854. Lincoln then declared his opposition to slavery which he repeated en route to the presidency. He said the Kansas Act had a \"declared indifference, but as I must think, a covert real zeal for the spread of slavery. I cannot but hate it. I hate it because of the monstrous injustice of slavery itself. I hate it because it deprives our republican example of its just influence in the world ...\" Lincoln's attacks on the Kansas–Nebraska Act marked his return to political life.Nationally, the Whigs were irreparably split by the Kansas–Nebraska Act and other efforts to compromise on the slavery issue. Reflecting on the demise of his party, Lincoln wrote in 1855, \"I think I am a Whig, but others say there are no Whigs, and that I am an abolitionist...I do no more than oppose the extension of slavery.\" The new Republican Party was formed as a northern party dedicated to antislavery, drawing from the antislavery wing of the Whig Party, and combining Free Soil, Liberty, and antislavery Democratic Party members, Lincoln resisted early Republican entreaties, fearing that the new party would become a platform for extreme abolitionists. Lincoln held out hope for rejuvenating the Whigs, though he lamented his party's growing closeness with the nativist Know Nothing movement.In 1854, Lincoln was elected to the Illinois legislature but declined to take his seat. The year's elections showed the strong opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and in the aftermath, Lincoln sought election to the United States Senate. At that time, senators were elected by the state legislature. After leading in the first six rounds of voting, he was unable to obtain a majority. Lincoln instructed his backers to vote for Lyman Trumbull. Trumbull was an antislavery Democrat, and had received few votes in the earlier ballots; his supporters, also antislavery Democrats, had vowed not to support any Whig. Lincoln's decision to withdraw enabled his Whig supporters and Trumbull's antislavery Democrats to combine and defeat the mainstream Democratic candidate, Joel Aldrich Matteson.1856 campaign Violent political confrontations in Kansas continued, and opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act remained strong throughout the North. As the 1856 elections approached, Lincoln joined the Republicans and attended the Bloomington Convention, which formally established the Illinois Republican Party. The convention platform endorsed Congress's right to regulate slavery in the territories and backed the admission of Kansas as a free state. Lincoln gave the final speech of the convention supporting the party platform and called for the preservation of the Union. At the June 1856 Republican National Convention, though Lincoln received support to run as vice president, John C. Frémont and William Dayton comprised the ticket, which Lincoln supported throughout Illinois. The Democrats nominated former Secretary of State James Buchanan and the Know-Nothings nominated former Whig President Millard Fillmore. Buchanan prevailed, while Republican William Henry Bissell won election as Governor of Illinois, and Lincoln became a leading Republican in Illinois.Dred Scott v. Sandford Dred Scott was a slave whose master took him from a slave state to a free territory under the Missouri Compromise. After Scott was returned to the slave state he petitioned a federal court for his freedom. His petition was denied in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857). Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney in the decision wrote that blacks were not citizens and derived no rights from the Constitution. While many Democrats hoped that Dred Scott would end the dispute over slavery in the territories, the decision sparked further outrage in the North. Lincoln denounced it as the product of a conspiracy of Democrats to support the Slave Power. He argued the decision was at variance with the Declaration of Independence; he said that while the founding fathers did not believe all men equal in every respect, they believed all men were equal \"in certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness\".Lincoln–Douglas debates and Cooper Union speechIn 1858, Douglas was up for re-election in the U.S. Senate, and Lincoln hoped to defeat him. Many in the party felt that a former Whig should be nominated in 1858, and Lincoln's 1856 campaigning and support of Trumbull had earned him a favor. Some eastern Republicans supported Douglas for his opposition to the Lecompton Constitution and admission of Kansas as a slave state. Many Illinois Republicans resented this eastern interference. For the first time, Illinois Republicans held a convention to agree upon a Senate candidate, and Lincoln won the nomination with little opposition.Lincoln accepted the nomination with great enthusiasm and zeal. After his nomination he delivered his House Divided Speech, with the biblical reference Mark 3:25, \"A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other.\" The speech created a stark image of the danger of disunion. The stage was then set for the election of the Illinois legislature which would, in turn, select Lincoln or Douglas. When informed of Lincoln's nomination, Douglas stated, \"[Lincoln] is the strong man of the party ... and if I beat him, my victory will be hardly won.\"The Senate campaign featured seven debates between Lincoln and Douglas. These were the most famous political debates in American history; they had an atmosphere akin to a prizefight and drew crowds in the thousands. The principals stood in stark contrast both physically and politically. Lincoln warned that Douglas’ \"Slave Power\" was threatening the values of republicanism, and accused Douglas of distorting the Founding Fathers' premise that all men are created equal. Douglas emphasized his Freeport Doctrine, that local settlers were free to choose whether to allow slavery and accused Lincoln of having joined the abolitionists. Lincoln's argument assumed a moral tone, as he claimed Douglas represented a conspiracy to promote slavery. Douglas's argument was more legal, claiming that Lincoln was defying the authority of the U.S. Supreme Court in the Dred Scott decision.Though the Republican legislative candidates won more popular votes, the Democrats won more seats, and the legislature re-elected Douglas. Lincoln's articulation of the issues gave him a national political presence. In May 1859, Lincoln purchased the Illinois Staats-Anzeiger, a German-language newspaper that was consistently supportive; most of the state's 130,000 German Americans voted Democratically but the German-language paper mobilized Republican support. In the aftermath of the 1858 election, newspapers frequently mentioned Lincoln as a potential Republican presidential candidate, rivaled by William H. Seward, Salmon P. Chase, Edward Bates, and Simon Cameron. While Lincoln was popular in the Midwest, he lacked support in the Northeast and was unsure whether to seek office. In January 1860, Lincoln told a group of political allies that he would accept the nomination if offered, and in the following months' several local papers endorsed his candidacy.Over the coming months, Lincoln was tireless, making nearly fifty speeches along the campaign trail. By the quality and simplicity of his rhetoric, he quickly became the champion of the Republican party. However, despite his overwhelming support in the Midwestern United States, he was less appreciated in the east. Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, at that time wrote up an unflattering account of Lincoln's compromising position on slavery and his reluctance to challenge the court's Dred-Scott ruling, which was promptly used against him by his political rivals.On February 27, 1860, powerful New York Republicans invited Lincoln to give a speech at Cooper Union, in which he argued that the Founding Fathers of the United States had little use for popular sovereignty and had repeatedly sought to restrict slavery. He insisted that morality required opposition to slavery, and rejected any \"groping for some middle ground between the right and the wrong\". Many in the audience thought he appeared awkward and even ugly. But Lincoln demonstrated intellectual leadership that brought him into contention. Journalist Noah Brooks reported, \"No man ever before made such an impression on his first appeal to a New York audience.\"Historian David Herbert Donald described the speech as a \"superb political move for an unannounced candidate, to appear in one rival's (Seward) own state at an event sponsored by the second rival's (Chase) loyalists, while not mentioning either by name during its delivery\". In response to an inquiry about his ambitions, Lincoln said, \"The taste is in my mouth a little.\"1860 presidential electionOn May 9–10, 1860, the Illinois Republican State Convention was held in Decatur. Lincoln's followers organized a campaign team led by David Davis, Norman Judd, Leonard Swett, and Jesse DuBois, and Lincoln received his first endorsement. Exploiting his embellished frontier legend (clearing land and splitting fence rails), Lincoln's supporters adopted the label of \"The Rail Candidate\". In 1860, Lincoln described himself: \"I am in height, six feet, four inches, nearly; lean in flesh, weighing, on an average, one hundred and eighty pounds; dark complexion, with coarse black hair, and gray eyes.\" Michael Martinez wrote about the effective imaging of Lincoln by his campaign. At times he was presented as the plain-talking \"Rail Splitter\" and at other times he was \"Honest Abe\", unpolished but trustworthy.On May 18, at the Republican National Convention in Chicago, Lincoln won the nomination on the third ballot, beating candidates such as Seward and Chase. A former Democrat, Hannibal Hamlin of Maine, was nominated for vice president to balance the ticket. Lincoln's success depended on his campaign team, his reputation as a moderate on the slavery issue, and his strong support for internal improvements and the tariff.Pennsylvania put him over the top, led by the state's iron interests who were reassured by his tariff support. Lincoln's managers had focused on this delegation while honoring Lincoln's dictate to \"Make no contracts that will bind me\".As the Slave Power tightened its grip on the national government, most Republicans agreed with Lincoln that the North was the aggrieved party. Throughout the 1850s, Lincoln had doubted the prospects of civil war, and his supporters rejected claims that his election would incite secession. When Douglas was selected as the candidate of the Northern Democrats, delegates from eleven slave states walked out of the Democratic convention; they opposed Douglas's position on popular sovereignty, and selected incumbent Vice President John C. Breckinridge as their candidate. A group of former Whigs and Know Nothings formed the Constitutional Union Party and nominated John Bell of Tennessee. Lincoln and Douglas competed for votes in the North, while Bell and Breckinridge primarily found support in the South.Prior to the Republican convention, the Lincoln campaign began cultivating a nationwide youth organization, the Wide Awakes, which it used to generate popular support throughout the country to spearhead voter registration drives, thinking that new voters and young voters tended to embrace new parties. People of the Northern states knew the Southern states would vote against Lincoln and rallied supporters for Lincoln.As Douglas and the other candidates campaigned, Lincoln gave no speeches, relying on the enthusiasm of the Republican Party. The party did the leg work that produced majorities across the North and produced an abundance of campaign posters, leaflets, and newspaper editorials. Republican speakers focused first on the party platform, and second on Lincoln's life story, emphasizing his childhood poverty. The goal was to demonstrate the power of \"free labor\", which allowed a common farm boy to work his way to the top by his own efforts. The Republican Party's production of campaign literature dwarfed the combined opposition; a Chicago Tribune writer produced a pamphlet that detailed Lincoln's life and sold 100,000–200,000 copies. Though he did not give public appearances, many sought to visit him and write him. In the runup to the election, he took an office in the Illinois state capitol to deal with the influx of attention. He also hired John George Nicolay as his personal secretary, who would remain in that role during the presidency.On November 6, 1860, Lincoln was elected the 16th president. He was the first Republican president and his victory was entirely due to his support in the North and West. No ballots were cast for him in 10 of the 15 Southern slave states, and he won only two of 996 counties in all the Southern states, an omen of the impending Civil War. Lincoln received 1,866,452 votes, or 39.8% of the total in a four-way race, carrying the free Northern states, as well as California and Oregon. His victory in the electoral college was decisive: Lincoln had 180 votes to 123 for his opponents.Presidency (1861–1865)Secession and inaugurationThe South was outraged by Lincoln's election, and in response secessionists implemented plans to leave the Union before he took office in March 1861. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina took the lead by adopting an ordinance of secession; by February 1, 1861, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed. Six of these states declared themselves to be a sovereign nation, the Confederate States of America, and adopted a constitution. The upper South and border states (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas) initially rejected the secessionist appeal. President Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln refused to recognize the Confederacy, declaring secession illegal. The Confederacy selected Jefferson Davis as its provisional president on February 9, 1861.Attempts at compromise followed but Lincoln and the Republicans rejected the proposed Crittenden Compromise as contrary to the Party's platform of free-soil in the territories. Lincoln said, \"I will suffer death before I consent ... to any concession or compromise which looks like buying the privilege to take possession of this government to which we have a constitutional right.\"Lincoln tacitly supported the Corwin Amendment to the Constitution, which passed Congress and was awaiting ratification by the states when Lincoln took office. That doomed amendment would have protected slavery in states where it already existed. A few weeks before the war, Lincoln sent a letter to every governor informing them Congress had passed a joint resolution to amend the Constitution.En route to his inauguration, Lincoln addressed crowds and legislatures across the North. He gave a particularly emotional farewell address upon leaving Springfield; he would never again return to Springfield alive. The president-elect evaded suspected assassins in Baltimore. On February 23, 1861, he arrived in disguise in Washington, D.C., which was placed under substantial military guard. Lincoln directed his inaugural address to the South, proclaiming once again that he had no inclination to abolish slavery in the Southern states: Lincoln cited his plans for banning the expansion of slavery as the key source of conflict between North and South, stating \"One section of our country believes slavery is right and ought to be extended, while the other believes it is wrong and ought not to be extended. This is the only substantial dispute.\" The president ended his address with an appeal to the people of the South: \"We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies ... The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield, and patriot grave, to every living heart and hearthstone, all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.\" The failure of the Peace Conference of 1861 signaled that legislative compromise was impossible. By March 1861, no leaders of the insurrection had proposed rejoining the Union on any terms. Meanwhile, Lincoln and the Republican leadership agreed that the dismantling of the Union could not be tolerated. In his second inaugural address, Lincoln looked back on the situation at the time and said: \"Both parties deprecated war, but one of them would make war rather than let the Nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and the war came.\"Civil WarMajor Robert Anderson, commander of the Union's Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, sent a request for provisions to Washington, and Lincoln's order to meet that request was seen by the secessionists as an act of war. On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired on Union troops at Fort Sumter and began the fight. Historian Allan Nevins argued that the newly inaugurated Lincoln made three miscalculations: underestimating the gravity of the crisis, exaggerating the strength of Unionist sentiment in the South, and overlooking Southern Unionist opposition to an invasion.William Tecumseh Sherman talked to Lincoln during inauguration week and was \"sadly disappointed\" at his failure to realize that \"the country was sleeping on a volcano\" and that the South was preparing for war. Donald concludes that, \"His repeated efforts to avoid collision in the months between inauguration and the firing on Ft. Sumter showed he adhered to his vow not to be the first to shed fraternal blood. But he also vowed not to surrender the forts. The only resolution of these contradictory positions was for the confederates to fire the first shot; they did just that.\"On April 15, Lincoln called on the states to send a total of 75,000 volunteer troops to recapture forts, protect Washington, and \"preserve the Union\", which, in his view, remained intact despite the seceding states. This call forced states to choose sides. Virginia seceded and was rewarded with the designation of Richmond as the Confederate capital, despite its exposure to Union lines. North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas followed over the following two months. Secession sentiment was strong in Missouri and Maryland, but did not prevail; Kentucky remained neutral. The Fort Sumter attack rallied Americans north of the Mason-Dixon line to defend the nation.As States sent Union regiments south, on April 19, Baltimore mobs in control of the rail links attacked Union troops who were changing trains. Local leaders' groups later burned critical rail bridges to the capital and the Army responded by arresting local Maryland officials. Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus where needed for the security of troops trying to reach Washington. John Merryman, one Maryland official hindering the U.S. troop movements, petitioned Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney to issue a writ of habeas corpus. In June Taney, ruling only for the lower circuit court in ex parte Merryman, issued the writ which he felt could only be suspended by Congress. Lincoln persisted with the policy of suspension in select areas.Union military strategyLincoln took executive control of the war and shaped the Union military strategy. He responded to the unprecedented political and military crisis as commander-in-chief by exercising unprecedented authority. He expanded his war powers, imposed a blockade on Confederate ports, disbursed funds before appropriation by Congress, suspended habeas corpus, and arrested and imprisoned thousands of suspected Confederate sympathizers. Lincoln gained the support of Congress and the northern public for these actions. Lincoln also had to reinforce Union sympathies in the border slave states and keep the war from becoming an international conflict.It was clear from the outset that bipartisan support was essential to success, and that any compromise alienated factions on both sides of the aisle, such as the appointment of Republicans and Democrats to command positions. Copperheads criticized Lincoln for refusing to compromise on slavery. The Radical Republicans criticized him for moving too slowly in abolishing slavery. On August 6, 1861, Lincoln signed the Confiscation Act that authorized judicial proceedings to confiscate and free slaves who were used to support the Confederates. The law had little practical effect, but it signaled political support for abolishing slavery.In August 1861, General John C. Frémont, the 1856 Republican presidential nominee, without consulting Washington, issued a martial edict freeing slaves of the rebels. Lincoln canceled the illegal proclamation as politically motivated and lacking military necessity. As a result, Union enlistments from Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri increased by over 40,000.Internationally, Lincoln wanted to forestall foreign military aid to the Confederacy. He relied on his combative Secretary of State William Seward while working closely with Senate Foreign Relations Committee chairman Charles Sumner. In the 1861 Trent Affair which threatened war with Great Britain, the U.S. Navy illegally intercepted a British mail ship, the Trent, on the high seas and seized two Confederate envoys; Britain protested vehemently while the U.S. cheered. Lincoln ended the crisis by releasing the two diplomats. Biographer James G. Randall dissected Lincoln's successful techniques:Lincoln painstakingly monitored the telegraph reports coming into the War Department. He tracked all phases of the effort, consulting with governors, and selecting generals based on their success, their state, and their party. In January 1862, after complaints of inefficiency and profiteering in the War Department, Lincoln replaced War Secretary Simon Cameron with Edwin Stanton. Stanton centralized the War Department's activities, auditing and canceling contracts, saving the federal government $17,000,000. Stanton was a staunch Unionist, pro-business, conservative Democrat who gravitated toward the Radical Republican faction. He worked more often and more closely with Lincoln than any other senior official. \"Stanton and Lincoln virtually conducted the war together\", say Thomas and Hyman.Lincoln's war strategy embraced two priorities: ensuring that Washington was well-defended and conducting an aggressive war effort for a prompt, decisive victory. Twice a week, Lincoln met with his cabinet in the afternoon. Occasionally Mary prevailed on him to take a carriage ride, concerned that he was working too hard. For his edification Lincoln relied upon a book by his chief of staff General Henry Halleck entitled Elements of Military Art and Science; Halleck was a disciple of the European strategist Antoine-Henri Jomini. Lincoln began to appreciate the critical need to control strategic points, such as the Mississippi River. Lincoln saw the importance of Vicksburg and understood the necessity of defeating the enemy's army, rather than simply capturing territory.General McClellanAfter the Union rout at Bull Run and Winfield Scott's retirement, Lincoln appointed Major General George B. McClellan general-in-chief. McClellan then took months to plan his Virginia Peninsula Campaign. McClellan's slow progress frustrated Lincoln, as did his position that no troops were needed to defend Washington. McClellan, in turn, blamed the failure of the campaign on Lincoln's reservation of troops for the capitol.In 1862, Lincoln removed McClellan for the general's continued inaction. He elevated Henry Halleck in July and appointed John Pope as head of the new Army of Virginia. Pope satisfied Lincoln's desire to advance on Richmond from the north, thus protecting Washington from counterattack. But Pope was then soundly defeated at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the summer of 1862, forcing the Army of the Potomac back to defend Washington.Despite his dissatisfaction with McClellan's failure to reinforce Pope, Lincoln restored him to command of all forces around Washington. Two days after McClellan's return to command, General Robert E. Lee's forces crossed the Potomac River into Maryland, leading to the Battle of Antietam. That battle, a Union victory, was among the bloodiest in American history; it facilitated Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation in January.McClellan then resisted the president's demand that he pursue Lee's withdrawing army, while General Don Carlos Buell likewise refused orders to move the Army of the Ohio against rebel forces in eastern Tennessee. Lincoln replaced Buell with William Rosecrans; and after the 1862 midterm elections he replaced McClellan with Ambrose Burnside. The appointments were both politically neutral and adroit on Lincoln's part.Burnside, against presidential advice, launched an offensive across the Rappahannock River and was defeated by Lee at Fredericksburg in December. Desertions during 1863 came in the thousands and only increased after Fredericksburg, so Lincoln replaced Burnside with Joseph Hooker.In the 1862 midterm elections the Republicans suffered severe losses due to rising inflation, high taxes, rumors of corruption, suspension of habeas corpus, military draft law, and fears that freed slaves would come North and undermine the labor market. The Emancipation Proclamation gained votes for Republicans in rural New England and the upper Midwest, but cost votes in the Irish and German strongholds and in the lower Midwest, where many Southerners had lived for generations.In the spring of 1863 Lincoln was sufficiently optimistic about upcoming military campaigns to think the end of the war could be near; the plans included attacks by Hooker on Lee north of Richmond, Rosecrans on Chattanooga, Grant on Vicksburg, and a naval assault on Charleston.Hooker was routed by Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May, then resigned and was replaced by George Meade. Meade followed Lee north into Pennsylvania and beat him in the Gettysburg Campaign, but then failed to follow up despite Lincoln's demands. At the same time, Grant captured Vicksburg and gained control of the Mississippi River, splitting the far western rebel states.Emancipation ProclamationThe Federal government's power to end slavery was limited by the Constitution, which before 1865 delegated the issue to the individual states. Lincoln argued that slavery would be rendered obsolete if its expansion into new territories were prevented. He sought to persuade the states to agree to compensation for emancipating their slaves in return for their acceptance of abolition. Lincoln rejected Fremont's two emancipation attempts in August 1861, as well as one by Major General David Hunter in May 1862, on the grounds that it was not within their power, and would upset loyal border states.In June 1862, Congress passed an act banning slavery on all federal territory, which Lincoln signed. In July, the Confiscation Act of 1862 was enacted, providing court procedures to free the slaves of those convicted of aiding the rebellion; Lincoln approved the bill despite his belief that it was unconstitutional. He felt such action could be taken only within the war powers of the commander-in-chief, which he planned to exercise. Lincoln at this time reviewed a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation with his cabinet.Privately, Lincoln concluded that the Confederacy's slave base had to be eliminated. Copperheads argued that emancipation was a stumbling block to peace and reunification; Republican editor Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune agreed. In a letter of August 22, 1862, Lincoln said that while he personally wished all men could be free, regardless of that, his first obligation as president was to preserve the Union:The Emancipation Proclamation, issued on September 22, 1862, and effective January 1, 1863, affirmed the freedom of slaves in 10 states not then under Union control, with exemptions specified for areas under such control. Lincoln's comment on signing the Proclamation was: \"I never, in my life, felt more certain that I was doing right, than I do in signing this paper.\" He spent the next 100 days preparing the army and the nation for emancipation, while Democrats rallied their voters by warning of the threat that freed slaves posed to northern whites.With the abolition of slavery in the rebel states now a military objective, Union armies advancing south liberated three million slaves.Enlisting former slaves became official policy. By the spring of 1863, Lincoln was ready to recruit black troops in more than token numbers. In a letter to Tennessee military governor Andrew Johnson encouraging him to lead the way in raising black troops, Lincoln wrote, \"The bare sight of 50,000 armed and drilled black soldiers on the banks of the Mississippi would end the rebellion at once\". By the end of 1863, at Lincoln's direction, General Lorenzo Thomas had recruited 20 regiments of blacks from the Mississippi Valley.The Proclamation included Lincoln's earlier plans for colonies for newly freed slaves, though that undertaking ultimately failed.Gettysburg Address (1863)Lincoln spoke at the dedication of the Gettysburg battlefield cemetery on November 19, 1863. In 272 words, and three minutes, Lincoln asserted that the nation was born not in 1789, but in 1776, \"conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal\". He defined the war as dedicated to the principles of liberty and equality for all. He declared that the deaths of so many brave soldiers would not be in vain, that slavery would end, and the future of democracy would be assured, that \"government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth\".Defying his prediction that \"the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here\", the Address became the most quoted speech in American history.General GrantGrant's victories at the Battle of Shiloh and in the Vicksburg campaign impressed Lincoln. Responding to criticism of Grant after Shiloh, Lincoln had said, \"I can't spare this man. He fights.\" With Grant in command, Lincoln felt the Union Army could advance in multiple theaters, while also including black troops. Meade's failure to capture Lee's army after Gettysburg and the continued passivity of the Army of the Potomac persuaded Lincoln to promote Grant to supreme commander. Grant then assumed command of Meade's army.Lincoln was concerned that Grant might be considering a presidential candidacy in 1864. He arranged for an intermediary to inquire into Grant's political intentions, and once assured that he had none, Lincoln promoted Grant to the newly revived rank of Lieutenant General, a rank which had been unoccupied since George Washington. Authorization for such a promotion \"with the advice and consent of the Senate\" was provided by a new bill which Lincoln signed the same day he submitted Grant's name to the Senate. His nomination was confirmed by the Senate on March 2, 1864.Grant in 1864 waged the bloody Overland Campaign, which exacted heavy losses on both sides. When Lincoln asked what Grant's plans were, the persistent general replied, \"I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer.\" Grant's army moved steadily south. Lincoln traveled to Grant's headquarters at City Point, Virginia, to confer with Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman. Lincoln reacted to Union losses by mobilizing support throughout the North. Lincoln authorized Grant to target infrastructure—plantations, railroads, and bridges—hoping to weaken the South's morale and fighting ability. He emphasized defeat of the Confederate armies over destruction (which was considerable) for its own sake. Lincoln's engagement became distinctly personal on one occasion in 1864 when Confederate general Jubal Early raided Washington, D.C. Legend has it that while Lincoln watched from an exposed position, Union Captain (and future Supreme Court Justice) Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. shouted at him, \"Get down, you damn fool, before you get shot!\"As Grant continued to weaken Lee's forces, efforts to discuss peace began. Confederate Vice President Stephens led a group meeting with Lincoln, Seward, and others at Hampton Roads. Lincoln refused to negotiate with the Confederacy as a coequal; his objective to end the fighting was not realized. On April 1, 1865, Grant nearly encircled Petersburg in a siege. The Confederate government evacuated Richmond and Lincoln visited the conquered capital. On April 9, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, officially ending the war.Re-electionLincoln ran for reelection in 1864, while uniting the main Republican factions, along with War Democrats Edwin M. Stanton and Andrew Johnson. Lincoln used conversation and his patronage powers—greatly expanded from peacetime—to build support and fend off the Radicals' efforts to replace him. At its convention, the Republicans selected Johnson as his running mate. To broaden his coalition to include War Democrats as well as Republicans, Lincoln ran under the label of the new Union Party.Grant's bloody stalemates damaged Lincoln's re-election prospects, and many Republicans feared defeat. Lincoln confidentially pledged in writing that if he should lose the election, he would still defeat the Confederacy before turning over the White House; Lincoln did not show the pledge to his cabinet, but asked them to sign the sealed envelope. The pledge read as follows:The Democratic platform followed the \"Peace wing\" of the party and called the war a \"failure\"; but their candidate, McClellan, supported the war and repudiated the platform. Meanwhile, Lincoln emboldened Grant with more troops and Republican party support. Sherman's capture of Atlanta in September and David Farragut's capture of Mobile ended defeatism. The Democratic Party was deeply split, with some leaders and most soldiers openly for Lincoln. The National Union Party was united by Lincoln's support for emancipation. State Republican parties stressed the perfidy of the Copperheads. On November 8, Lincoln carried all but three states, including 78 percent of Union soldiers.On March 4, 1865, Lincoln delivered his second inaugural address. In it, he deemed the war casualties to be God's will. Historian Mark Noll places the speech \"among the small handful of semi-sacred texts by which Americans conceive their place in the world;\" it is inscribed in the Lincoln Memorial. Lincoln said:ReconstructionReconstruction preceded the war's end, as Lincoln and his associates considered the reintegration of the nation, and the fates of Confederate leaders and freed slaves. When a general asked Lincoln how the defeated Confederates were to be treated, Lincoln replied, \"Let 'em up easy.\" Lincoln was determined to find meaning in the war in its aftermath, and did not want to continue to outcast the southern states. His main goal was to keep the union together, so he proceeded by focusing not on whom to blame, but on how to rebuild the nation as one. Lincoln led the moderates in Reconstruction policy and was opposed by the Radicals, under Rep. Thaddeus Stevens, Sen. Charles Sumner and Sen. Benjamin Wade, who otherwise remained Lincoln's allies. Determined to reunite the nation and not alienate the South, Lincoln urged that speedy elections under generous terms be held. His Amnesty Proclamation of December 8, 1863, offered pardons to those who had not held a Confederate civil office and had not mistreated Union prisoners, if they were willing to sign an oath of allegiance.As Southern states fell, they needed leaders while their administrations were restored. In Tennessee and Arkansas, Lincoln respectively appointed Johnson and Frederick Steele as military governors. In Louisiana, Lincoln ordered General Nathaniel P. Banks to promote a plan that would reestablish statehood when 10 percent of the voters agreed, and only if the reconstructed states abolished slavery. Democratic opponents accused Lincoln of using the military to ensure his and the Republicans' political aspirations. The Radicals denounced his policy as too lenient, and passed their own plan, the 1864 Wade–Davis Bill, which Lincoln vetoed. The Radicals retaliated by refusing to seat elected representatives from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee.Lincoln's appointments were designed to harness both moderates and Radicals. To fill Chief Justice Taney's seat on the Supreme Court, he named the Radicals' choice, Salmon P. Chase, who Lincoln believed would uphold his emancipation and paper money policies.After implementing the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln increased pressure on Congress to outlaw slavery throughout the nation with a constitutional amendment. He declared that such an amendment would \"clinch the whole matter\" and by December 1863 an amendment was brought to Congress. This first attempt fell short of the required two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives. Passage became part of Lincoln's reelection platform, and after his successful reelection, the second attempt in the House passed on January 31, 1865. With ratification, it became the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on December 6, 1865.Lincoln believed the federal government had limited responsibility to the millions of freedmen. He signed Senator Charles Sumner's Freedmen's Bureau bill that set up a temporary federal agency designed to meet the immediate needs of former slaves. The law opened land for a lease of three years with the ability to purchase title for the freedmen. Lincoln announced a Reconstruction plan that involved short-term military control, pending readmission under the control of southern Unionists.Historians agree that it is impossible to predict exactly how Reconstruction would have proceeded had Lincoln lived. Biographers James G. Randall and Richard Current, according to David Lincove, argue that:Eric Foner argues that:Native American policyLincoln's experience with Indians followed the death of his grandfather Abraham by Indian assailants, in the presence of his father and uncles. Lincoln claimed Indians were antagonistic toward his father, Thomas Lincoln, and his young family. Although Lincoln was a veteran of the Black Hawk War, which was fought in Wisconsin and Illinois in 1832, he saw no significant action. During his presidency, Lincoln's policy toward Indians was driven by politics. He used the Indian Bureau as a source of patronage, making appointments to his loyal followers in Minnesota and Wisconsin. He faced difficulties guarding Western settlers, railroads, and telegraphs, from Indian attacks.On August 17, 1862, the Dakota uprising in Minnesota, supported by the Yankton Indians, killed hundreds of white settlers, forced 30,000 from their homes, and deeply alarmed the Lincoln administration. Some believed it was a conspiracy by the Confederacy to launch a war on the Northwestern front. Lincoln sent General John Pope, the former head of the Army of Virginia, to Minnesota as commander of the new Department of the Northwest. Lincoln ordered thousands of Confederate prisoners of war sent by railroad to put down the Dakota Uprising. When the Confederates protested forcing Confederate prisoners to fight Indians, Lincoln revoked the policy. Pope fought against the Indians mercilessly, even advocating their extinction. He ordered Indian farms and food supplies be destroyed, and Indian warriors be killed. Aiding Pope, Minnesota Congressman Col. Henry H. Sibley led militiamen and regular troops to defeat the Dakota at Wood Lake. By October 9, Pope considered the uprising to be ended; hostilities ceased on December 26. An unusual military court was set up to prosecute captured natives, with Lincoln effectively acting as the route of appeal.Lincoln personally reviewed each of 303 execution warrants for Santee Dakota convicted of killing innocent farmers; he commuted the sentences of all but 39 (one was later reprieved). Lincoln sought to be lenient, but still send a message. He also faced significant public pressure, including threats of mob justice should any of the Dakota be spared. Former Governor of Minnesota Alexander Ramsey told Lincoln, in 1864, that he would have gotten more presidential election support had he executed all 303 of the Indians. Lincoln responded, \"I could not afford to hang men for votes.\"Other enactmentsIn the selection and use of his cabinet, Lincoln employed the strengths of his opponents in a manner that emboldened his presidency. Lincoln commented on his thought process, \"We need the strongest men of the party in the Cabinet. We needed to hold our own people together. I had looked the party over and concluded that these were the very strongest men. Then I had no right to deprive the country of their services.\" Goodwin described the group in her biography as a Team of Rivals.Lincoln adhered to the Whig theory of a presidency focused on executing laws while deferring to Congress' responsibility for legislating. Lincoln vetoed only four bills, including the Wade-Davis Bill with its harsh Reconstruction program. The 1862 Homestead Act made millions of acres of Western government-held land available for purchase at low cost. The 1862 Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act provided government grants for agricultural colleges in each state. The Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 granted federal support for the construction of the United States' First Transcontinental Railroad, which was completed in 1869. The passage of the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railway Acts was enabled by the absence of Southern congressmen and senators who had opposed the measures in the 1850s.There were two measures passed to raise revenues for the Federal government: tariffs (a policy with long precedent), and a Federal income tax. In 1861, Lincoln signed the second and third Morrill Tariffs, following the first enacted by Buchanan. He also signed the Revenue Act of 1861, creating the first U.S. income tax—a flat tax of 3 percent on incomes above $800 ($ in current dollar terms). The Revenue Act of 1862 adopted rates that increased with income.Lincoln presided over the expansion of the federal government's economic influence in other areas. The National Banking Act created the system of national banks. The US issued paper currency for the first time, known as greenbacks—printed in green on the reverse side. In 1862, Congress created the Department of Agriculture.In response to rumors of a renewed draft, the editors of the New York World and the Journal of Commerce published a false draft proclamation that created an opportunity for the editors and others to corner the gold market. Lincoln attacked the media for such behavior, and ordered a military seizure of the two papers which lasted for two days.Lincoln is largely responsible for the Thanksgiving holiday. Thanksgiving had become a regional holiday in New England in the 17th century. It had been sporadically proclaimed by the federal government on irregular dates. The prior proclamation had been during James Madison's presidency 50 years earlier. In 1863, Lincoln declared the final Thursday in November of that year to be a day of Thanksgiving.In June 1864, Lincoln approved the Yosemite Grant enacted by Congress, which provided unprecedented federal protection for the area now known as Yosemite National Park.Judicial appointmentsSupreme Court appointmentsLincoln's philosophy on court nominations was that \"we cannot ask a man what he will do, and if we should, and he should answer us, we should despise him for it. Therefore we must take a man whose opinions are known.\" Lincoln made five appointments to the Supreme Court. Noah Haynes Swayne was an anti-slavery lawyer who was committed to the Union. Samuel Freeman Miller supported Lincoln in the 1860 election and was an avowed abolitionist. David Davis was Lincoln's campaign manager in 1860 and had served as a judge in the Illinois court circuit where Lincoln practiced. Democrat Stephen Johnson Field, a previous California Supreme Court justice, provided geographic and political balance. Finally, Lincoln's Treasury Secretary, Salmon P. Chase, became Chief Justice. Lincoln believed Chase was an able jurist, would support Reconstruction legislation, and that his appointment united the Republican Party.Other judicial appointmentsLincoln appointed 27 judges to the United States district courts but no judges to the United States circuit courts during his time in office.States admitted to the UnionWest Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863. Nevada, which became the third state in the far-west of the continent, was admitted as a free state on October 31, 1864.AssassinationJohn Wilkes Booth was a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland; though he never joined the Confederate army, he had contacts with the Confederate secret service. After attending an April 11, 1865 speech in which Lincoln promoted voting rights for blacks, Booth hatched a plot to assassinate the President. When Booth learned of the Lincolns' intent to attend a play with General Grant, he planned to assassinate Lincoln and Grant at Ford's Theatre. Lincoln and his wife attended the play Our American Cousin on the evening of April 14, just five days after the Union victory at the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse. At the last minute, Grant decided to go to New Jersey to visit his children instead of attending the play.At 10:15 in the evening, Booth entered the back of Lincoln's theater box, crept up from behind, and fired at the back of Lincoln's head, mortally wounding him. Lincoln's guest Major Henry Rathbone momentarily grappled with Booth, but Booth stabbed him and escaped. After being attended by Doctor Charles Leale and two other doctors, Lincoln was taken across the street to Petersen House. After remaining in a coma for eight hours, Lincoln died at 7:22 in the morning on April 15. Stanton saluted and said, \"Now he belongs to the ages.\" Lincoln's body was placed in a flag-wrapped coffin, which was loaded into a hearse and escorted to the White House by Union soldiers. President Johnson was sworn in the next morning.Two weeks later, Booth, refusing to surrender, was tracked to a farm in Virginia, and was mortally shot by Sergeant Boston Corbett and died on April 26. Secretary of War Stanton had issued orders that Booth be taken alive, so Corbett was initially arrested for court martial. After a brief interview, Stanton declared him a patriot and dismissed the charge.Funeral and burial The late President lay in state, first in the East Room of the White House, and then in the Capitol Rotunda from April 19 through April 21. The caskets containing Lincoln's body and the body of his son Willie traveled for three weeks on the Lincoln Special funeral train. The train followed a circuitous route from Washington D.C. to Springfield, Illinois, stopping at many cities for memorials attended by hundreds of thousands. Many others gathered along the tracks as the train passed with bands, bonfires, and hymn singing or in silent grief. Poet Walt Whitman composed \"When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd\" to eulogize him, one of four poems he wrote about Lincoln. African Americans were especially moved; they had lost 'their Moses'. In a larger sense, the reaction was in response to the deaths of so many men in the war. Historians emphasized the widespread shock and sorrow, but noted that some Lincoln haters celebrated his death. Lincoln's body was buried at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield and now lies within the Lincoln Tomb.Religious and philosophical beliefsAs a young man, Lincoln was a religious skeptic. He was deeply familiar with the Bible, quoting and praising it. He was private about his position on organized religion and respected the beliefs of others. He never made a clear profession of Christian beliefs. Through his entire public career, Lincoln had a proneness for quoting Scripture. His three most famous speeches—the House Divided Speech, the Gettysburg Address, and his second inaugural—each contain direct allusions to Providence and quotes from Scripture.In the 1840s, Lincoln subscribed to the Doctrine of Necessity, a belief that the human mind was controlled by a higher power. With the death of his son Edward in 1850 he more frequently expressed a dependence on God. He never joined a church, although he frequently attended First Presbyterian Church with his wife beginning in 1852.In the 1850s, Lincoln asserted his belief in \"providence\" in a general way, and rarely used the language or imagery of the evangelicals; he regarded the republicanism of the Founding Fathers with an almost religious reverence. The death of son Willie in February 1862 may have caused him to look toward religion for solace. After Willie's death, he questioned the divine necessity of the war's severity. He wrote at this time that God \"could have either saved or destroyed the Union without a human contest. Yet the contest began. And having begun, He could give the final victory to either side any day. Yet the contest proceeds.\"Lincoln did believe in an all-powerful God that shaped events and by 1865 was expressing those beliefs in major speeches. By the end of the war, he increasingly appealed to the Almighty for solace and to explain events, writing on April 4, 1864, to a newspaper editor in Kentucky: I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me. Now, at the end of three years struggle the nation's condition is not what either party, or any man devised, or expected. God alone can claim it. Whither it is tending seems plain. If God now wills the removal of a great wrong, and wills also that we of the North as well as you of the South, shall pay fairly for our complicity in that wrong, impartial history will find therein new cause to attest and revere the justice and goodness of God.This spirituality can best be seen in his second inaugural address, considered by some scholars as the greatest such address in American history, and by Lincoln himself as his own greatest speech, or one of them at the very least. Lincoln explains therein that the cause, purpose, and result of the war was God's will. Lincoln's frequent use of religious imagery and language toward the end of his life may have reflected his own personal beliefs or might have been a device to reach his audiences, who were mostly evangelical Protestants. On the day Lincoln was assassinated, he reportedly told his wife he desired to visit the Holy Land.HealthLincoln is believed to have had depression, smallpox, and malaria. He took blue mass pills, which contained mercury, to treat constipation. It is unknown to what extent he may have suffered from mercury poisoning.Several claims have been made that Lincoln's health was declining before the assassination. These are often based on photographs of Lincoln appearing to show weight loss and muscle wasting. It is also suspected that he might have had a rare genetic disease such as Marfan syndrome or multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B.LegacyRepublican values Lincoln's redefinition of republican values has been stressed by historians such as John Patrick Diggins, Harry V. Jaffa, Vernon Burton, Eric Foner, and Herman J. Belz. Lincoln called the Declaration of Independence—which emphasized freedom and equality for all—the \"sheet anchor\" of republicanism beginning in the 1850s. He did this at a time when the Constitution, which \"tolerated slavery\", was the focus of most political discourse. Diggins notes, \"Lincoln presented Americans a theory of history that offers a profound contribution to the theory and destiny of republicanism itself\" in the 1860 Cooper Union speech. Instead of focusing on the legality of an argument, he focused on the moral basis of republicanism.His position on war was founded on a legal argument regarding the Constitution as essentially a contract among the states, and all parties must agree to pull out of the contract. Furthermore, it was a national duty to ensure the republic stands in every state. Many soldiers and religious leaders from the north, though, felt the fight for liberty and freedom of slaves was ordained by their moral and religious beliefs.As a Whig activist, Lincoln was a spokesman for business interests, favoring high tariffs, banks, infrastructure improvements, and railroads, in opposition to Jacksonian democrats. William C. Harris found that Lincoln's \"reverence for the Founding Fathers, the Constitution, the laws under it, and the preservation of the Republic and its institutions strengthened his conservatism.\" James G. Randall emphasizes his tolerance and moderation \"in his preference for orderly progress, his distrust of dangerous agitation, and his reluctance toward ill digested schemes of reform.\" Randall concludes that \"he was conservative in his complete avoidance of that type of so-called 'radicalism' which involved abuse of the South, hatred for the slaveholder, thirst for vengeance, partisan plotting, and ungenerous demands that Southern institutions be transformed overnight by outsiders.\"Reunification of the statesIn Lincoln's first inaugural address, he explored the nature of democracy. He denounced secession as anarchy, and explained that majority rule had to be balanced by constitutional restraints. He said \"A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people.\"The successful reunification of the states had consequences for how people viewed the country. The term \"the United States\" has historically been used sometimes in the plural (\"these United States\") and other times in the singular. The Civil War was a significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century.Historical reputation In surveys of U.S. scholars ranking presidents conducted since 1948, the top three presidents are Lincoln, Washington, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, although the order varies. Between 1999 and 2011, Lincoln, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan have been the top-ranked presidents in eight surveys, according to Gallup. A 2004 study found that scholars in the fields of history and politics ranked Lincoln number one, while legal scholars placed him second after George Washington.Lincoln's assassination left him a national martyr. He was viewed by abolitionists as a champion of human liberty. Republicans linked Lincoln's name to their party. Many, though not all, in the South considered Lincoln as a man of outstanding ability. Historians have said he was \"a classical liberal\" in the 19th-century sense. Allen C. Guelzo states that Lincoln was a \"classical liberal democrat—an enemy of artificial hierarchy, a friend to trade and business as ennobling and enabling, and an American counterpart to Mill, Cobden, and Bright\", whose portrait Lincoln hung in his White House office.Schwartz argues that Lincoln's American reputation grew slowly from the late 19th century until the Progressive Era (1900–1920s), when he emerged as one of America's most venerated heroes, even among white Southerners. The high point came in 1922 with the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.Union nationalism, as envisioned by Lincoln, \"helped lead America to the nationalism of Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt.\" In the New Deal era, liberals honored Lincoln not so much as the self-made man or the great war president, but as the advocate of the common man who they claimed would have supported the welfare state.Sociologist Barry Schwartz argues that in the 1930s and 1940s the memory of Abraham Lincoln was practically sacred and provided the nation with \"a moral symbol inspiring and guiding American life.\" During the Great Depression, he argues, Lincoln served \"as a means for seeing the world's disappointments, for making its sufferings not so much explicable as meaningful\". Franklin D. Roosevelt, preparing America for war, used the words of the Civil War president to clarify the threat posed by Germany and Japan. Americans asked, \"What would Lincoln do?\" However, Schwartz also finds that since World War II Lincoln's symbolic power has lost relevance, and this \"fading hero is symptomatic of fading confidence in national greatness.\" He suggested that postmodernism and multiculturalism have diluted greatness as a concept.In the Cold War years, Lincoln's image shifted to a symbol of freedom who brought hope to those oppressed by Communist regimes. By the late 1960s, some African-American intellectuals, led by Lerone Bennett Jr., rejected Lincoln's role as the Great Emancipator. Bennett won wide attention when he called Lincoln a white supremacist in 1968. He noted that Lincoln used ethnic slurs and told jokes that ridiculed blacks. Bennett argued that Lincoln opposed social equality, and proposed sending freed slaves to another country. Defenders, such as authors Dirck and Cashin, retorted that he was not as bad as most politicians of his day; and that he was a \"moral visionary\" who deftly advanced the abolitionist cause, as fast as politically possible. The emphasis shifted away from Lincoln the emancipator to an argument that blacks had freed themselves from slavery, or at least were responsible for pressuring the government on emancipation.By the 1970s, Lincoln had become a hero to political conservatives, apart from neo-Confederates such as Mel Bradford who denounced his treatment of the white South, for his intense nationalism, support for business, his insistence on stopping the spread of human bondage, his acting in terms of Lockean and Burkean principles on behalf of both liberty and tradition, and his devotion to the principles of the Founding Fathers. Lincoln became a favorite exemplar for liberal intellectuals across the world.Historian Barry Schwartz wrote in 2009 that Lincoln's image suffered \"erosion, fading prestige, benign ridicule\" in the late 20th century. On the other hand, Donald opined in his 1996 biography that Lincoln was distinctly endowed with the personality trait of negative capability, defined by the poet John Keats and attributed to extraordinary leaders who were \"content in the midst of uncertainties and doubts, and not compelled toward fact or reason\".In the 21st century, President Barack Obama named Lincoln his favorite president and insisted on using the Lincoln Bible for his inaugural ceremonies. Lincoln has often been portrayed by Hollywood, almost always in a flattering light.Memory and memorialsLincoln's portrait appears on two denominations of United States currency, the penny and the $5 bill. His likeness also appears on many postage stamps. While he is usually portrayed bearded, he did not grow a beard until 1860 at the suggestion of 11-year-old Grace Bedell. He was the first of five presidents to do so.He has been memorialized in many town, city, and county names, including the capital of Nebraska. The United States Navy is named after Lincoln, the second Navy ship to bear his name.Lincoln Memorial is one of the most visited monuments in the nation's capital, and is one of the top five visited National Park Service sites in the country. Ford's Theatre, among the top sites in Washington, D.C., is across the street from Petersen House (where he died). Memorials in Springfield, Illinois include Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, Lincoln's home, as well as his tomb. A portrait carving of Lincoln appears with those of three other presidents on Mount Rushmore, which receives about 3 million visitors a year.See also Outline of Abraham Lincoln Grace Bedell Lincoln Tower List of civil rights leaders List of photographs of Abraham Lincoln Lincoln (film): 2012 film by Steven Spielberg. Linconia, a proposed colony in Central America named for LincolnNotesReferencesBibliography Ellenberg's essay is adapted from his 2021 book, Shape: The Hidden Geometry of Information, Biology, Strategy, Democracy, and Everything Else, Penguin Press. ISBN 9781984879059External linksOfficial Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum The Lincoln Presidential Library's ongoing digitization of all documents written by or to Abraham Lincoln during his lifetime Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln – complete collected works as edited by Basler et al. (1958) – an online edition available through University of Michigan Library Digital Collections White House biographyOrganizations Abraham Lincoln Association Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial FoundationMedia coverageOther Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress \"Life Portrait of Abraham Lincoln\", from C-SPAN's American presidents: Life Portraits, June 28, 1999 \"Writings of Abraham Lincoln\" from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History Abraham Lincoln: Original Letters and Manuscripts – Shapell Manuscript Foundation Lincoln/Net: Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project – Northern Illinois University Libraries Teaching Abraham Lincoln – National Endowment for the Humanities In Popular Song: Our Noble Chief Has Passed Away by Cooper/Thomas Abraham Lincoln Recollections and Newspaper Articles Collection , McLean County Museum of History Digitized items in the Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana in the Rare Book and Special Collections Division in the Library of Congress 1809 births1865 deaths1865 murders in the United States19th-century American politicians19th-century presidents of the United StatesAmerican abolitionistsAmerican colonization movementAmerican lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading lawAmerican military personnel of the Indian WarsAmerican militia officersAmerican nationalistsAmerican people of English descentAmerican political party foundersIllinois postmastersAmerican surveyorsAssassinated presidents of the United StatesBurials at Oak Ridge CemeteryCandidates in the 1860 United States presidential electionCandidates in the 1864 United States presidential electionHall of Fame for Great Americans inducteesIllinois Central Railroad peopleIllinois RepublicansIllinois WhigsIllinois lawyersAbrahamMale murder victimsMembers of the Illinois House of RepresentativesMembers of the United States House of Representatives from IllinoisPeople associated with the assassination of Abraham LincolnPeople from Coles County, IllinoisPeople from LaRue County, KentuckyPeople from Macon County, IllinoisPeople from Spencer County, IndianaPeople murdered in Washington, D.C.People of Illinois in the American Civil WarPeople with mood disordersPoliticians from Springfield, IllinoisPresidents of the United StatesRepublican Party (United States) presidential nomineesRepublican Party presidents of the United StatesUnion political leadersWhig Party members of the United States House of Representatives"}
+{"text": "Aristotle (; Aristotélēs, ; 384–322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. Taught by Plato, he was the founder of the Lyceum, the Peripatetic school of philosophy, and the Aristotelian tradition. His writings cover many subjects including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theatre, music, rhetoric, psychology, linguistics, economics, politics, meteorology, geology and government. Aristotle provided a complex synthesis of the various philosophies existing prior to him. It was above all from his teachings that the West inherited its intellectual lexicon, as well as problems and methods of inquiry. As a result, his philosophy has exerted a unique influence on almost every form of knowledge in the West and it continues to be a subject of contemporary philosophical discussion.Little is known about his life. Aristotle was born in the city of Stagira in Northern Greece. His father, Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, and he was brought up by a guardian. At seventeen or eighteen years of age he joined Plato's Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty-seven (c. 347 BC). Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip II of Macedon, tutored Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC. He established a library in the Lyceum which helped him to produce many of his hundreds of books on papyrus scrolls. Though Aristotle wrote many elegant treatises and dialogues for publication, only around a third of his original output has survived, none of it intended for publication.Aristotle's views profoundly shaped medieval scholarship. The influence of physical science extended from Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages into the Renaissance, and were not replaced systematically until the Enlightenment and theories such as classical mechanics were developed. Some of Aristotle's zoological observations found in his biology, such as on the hectocotyl (reproductive) arm of the octopus, were disbelieved until the 19th century. He also influenced Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400) during the Middle Ages, as well as Christian theology, especially the Neoplatonism of the Early Church and the scholastic tradition of the Catholic Church. Aristotle was revered among medieval Muslim scholars as \"The First Teacher\", and among medieval Christians like Thomas Aquinas as simply \"The Philosopher\", while the poet Dante called him “the master of those who know\". His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, and were studied by medieval scholars such as Peter Abelard and John Buridan.Aristotle's influence on logic continued well into the 19th century. In addition, his ethics, though always influential, gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics.Aristotle has been called \"the father of logic\", \"the father of biology\", \"the father of political science\", \"the father of zoology\", \"the father of embryology\", \"the father of natural law\", \"the father of scientific method\", \"the father of rhetoric\", \"the father of psychology\", \"the father of realism\", \"the father of criticism\", \"the father of individualism\", \"the father of teleology\", and \"the father of meteorology\".LifeIn general, the details of Aristotle's life are not well-established. The biographies written in ancient times are often speculative and historians only agree on a few salient points.Aristotle, whose name means \"the best purpose\" in Ancient Greek, was born in 384 BC in Stagira, Chalcidice, about 55 km (34 miles) east of modern-day Thessaloniki. His father, Nicomachus, was the personal physician to King Amyntas of Macedon. While he was young, Aristotle learned about biology and medical information, which was taught by his father. Both of Aristotle's parents died when he was about thirteen, and Proxenus of Atarneus became his guardian. Although little information about Aristotle's childhood has survived, he probably spent some time within the Macedonian palace, making his first connections with the Macedonian monarchy.At the age of seventeen or eighteen, Aristotle moved to Athens to continue his education at Plato's Academy. He probably experienced the Eleusinian Mysteries as he wrote when describing the sights one viewed at the Eleusinian Mysteries, \"to experience is to learn\" [παθείν μαθεĩν]. Aristotle remained in Athens for nearly twenty years before leaving in 348/47 BC. The traditional story about his departure records that he was disappointed with the academy's direction after control passed to Plato's nephew Speusippus, although it is possible that he feared the anti-Macedonian sentiments in Athens at that time and left before Plato died. Aristotle then accompanied Xenocrates to the court of his friend Hermias of Atarneus in Asia Minor. After the death of Hermias, Aristotle travelled with his pupil Theophrastus to the island of Lesbos, where together they researched the botany and zoology of the island and its sheltered lagoon. While in Lesbos, Aristotle married Pythias, either Hermias's adoptive daughter or niece. She bore him a daughter, whom they also named Pythias. In 343 BC, Aristotle was invited by Philip II of Macedon to become the tutor to his son Alexander.Aristotle was appointed as the head of the royal academy of Macedon. During Aristotle's time in the Macedonian court, he gave lessons not only to Alexander but also to two other future kings: Ptolemy and Cassander. Aristotle encouraged Alexander toward eastern conquest, and Aristotle's own attitude towards Persia was unabashedly ethnocentric. In one famous example, he counsels Alexander to be \"a leader to the Greeks and a despot to the barbarians, to look after the former as after friends and relatives, and to deal with the latter as with beasts or plants\". By 335 BC, Aristotle had returned to Athens, establishing his own school there known as the Lyceum. Aristotle conducted courses at the school for the next twelve years. While in Athens, his wife Pythias died and Aristotle became involved with Herpyllis of Stagira, who bore him a son whom he named after his father, Nicomachus. If the Suda an uncritical compilation from the Middle Ages is accurate, he may also have had an erômenos, Palaephatus of Abydus.This period in Athens, between 335 and 323 BC, is when Aristotle is believed to have composed many of his works. He wrote many dialogues, of which only fragments have survived. Those works that have survived are in treatise form and were not, for the most part, intended for widespread publication; they are generally thought to be lecture aids for his students. His most important treatises include Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, Politics, On the Soul and Poetics. Aristotle studied and made significant contributions to \"logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance, and theatre.\"Near the end of his life, Alexander and Aristotle became estranged over Alexander's relationship with Persia and Persians. A widespread tradition in antiquity suspected Aristotle of playing a role in Alexander's death, but the only evidence of this is an unlikely claim made some six years after the death. Following Alexander's death, anti-Macedonian sentiment in Athens was rekindled. In 322 BC, Demophilus and Eurymedon the Hierophant reportedly denounced Aristotle for impiety, prompting him to flee to his mother's family estate in Chalcis, on Euboea, at which occasion he was said to have stated: \"I will not allow the Athenians to sin twice against philosophy\" – a reference to Athens's trial and execution of Socrates. He died on Euboea of natural causes later that same year, having named his student Antipater as his chief executor and leaving a will in which he asked to be buried next to his wife.Speculative philosophyLogicWith the Prior Analytics, Aristotle is credited with the earliest study of formal logic, and his conception of it was the dominant form of Western logic until 19th-century advances in mathematical logic. Kant stated in the Critique of Pure Reason that with Aristotle logic reached its completion.OrganonWhat is today called Aristotelian logic with its types of syllogism (methods of logical argument), Aristotle himself would have labelled \"analytics\". The term \"logic\" he reserved to mean dialectics. Most of Aristotle's work is probably not in its original form, because it was most likely edited by students and later lecturers. The logical works of Aristotle were compiled into a set of six books called the Organon around 40 BC by Andronicus of Rhodes or others among his followers. The books are: Categories On Interpretation Prior Analytics Posterior Analytics Topics On Sophistical RefutationsThe order of the books (or the teachings from which they are composed) is not certain, but this list was derived from analysis of Aristotle's writings. It goes from the basics, the analysis of simple terms in the Categories, the analysis of propositions and their elementary relations in On Interpretation, to the study of more complex forms, namely, syllogisms (in the Analytics) and dialectics (in the Topics and Sophistical Refutations). The first three treatises form the core of the logical theory stricto sensu: the grammar of the language of logic and the correct rules of reasoning. The Rhetoric is not conventionally included, but it states that it relies on the Topics.MetaphysicsThe word \"metaphysics\" appears to have been coined by the first century AD editor who assembled various small selections of Aristotle's works to the treatise we know by the name Metaphysics. Aristotle called it \"first philosophy\", and distinguished it from mathematics and natural science (physics) as the contemplative (theoretikē) philosophy which is \"theological\" and studies the divine. He wrote in his Metaphysics (1026a16):Substance Aristotle examines the concepts of substance (ousia) and essence (to ti ên einai, \"the what it was to be\") in his Metaphysics (Book VII), and he concludes that a particular substance is a combination of both matter and form, a philosophical theory called hylomorphism. In Book VIII, he distinguishes the matter of the substance as the substratum, or the stuff of which it is composed. For example, the matter of a house is the bricks, stones, timbers, etc., or whatever constitutes the potential house, while the form of the substance is the actual house, namely 'covering for bodies and chattels' or any other differentia that let us define something as a house. The formula that gives the components is the account of the matter, and the formula that gives the differentia is the account of the form.Immanent realism Like his teacher Plato, Aristotle's philosophy aims at the universal. Aristotle's ontology places the universal (katholou) in particulars (kath' hekaston), things in the world, whereas for Plato the universal is a separately existing form which actual things imitate. For Aristotle, \"form\" is still what phenomena are based on, but is \"instantiated\" in a particular substance.Plato argued that all things have a universal form, which could be either a property or a relation to other things. When one looks at an apple, for example, one sees an apple, and one can also analyse a form of an apple. In this distinction, there is a particular apple and a universal form of an apple. Moreover, one can place an apple next to a book, so that one can speak of both the book and apple as being next to each other. Plato argued that there are some universal forms that are not a part of particular things. For example, it is possible that there is no particular good in existence, but \"good\" is still a proper universal form. Aristotle disagreed with Plato on this point, arguing that all universals are instantiated at some period of time, and that there are no universals that are unattached to existing things. In addition, Aristotle disagreed with Plato about the location of universals. Where Plato spoke of the world of forms, a place where all universal forms subsist, Aristotle maintained that universals exist within each thing on which each universal is predicated. So, according to Aristotle, the form of apple exists within each apple, rather than in the world of the forms.Potentiality and actuality With regard to the change (kinesis) and its causes now, as he defines in his Physics and On Generation and Corruption 319b–320a, he distinguishes the coming to be from: growth and diminution, which is change in quantity; locomotion, which is change in space; and alteration, which is change in quality.The coming to be is a change where nothing persists of which the resultant is a property. In that particular change he introduces the concept of potentiality (dynamis) and actuality (entelecheia) in association with the matter and the form. Referring to potentiality, this is what a thing is capable of doing or being acted upon if the conditions are right and it is not prevented by something else. For example, the seed of a plant in the soil is potentially (dynamei) a plant, and if it is not prevented by something, it will become a plant. Potentially beings can either 'act' (poiein) or 'be acted upon' (paschein), which can be either innate or learned. For example, the eyes possess the potentiality of sight (innate – being acted upon), while the capability of playing the flute can be possessed by learning (exercise – acting). Actuality is the fulfilment of the end of the potentiality. Because the end (telos) is the principle of every change, and for the sake of the end exists potentiality, therefore actuality is the end. Referring then to the previous example, it can be said that an actuality is when a plant does one of the activities that plants do.In summary, the matter used to make a house has potentiality to be a house and both the activity of building and the form of the final house are actualities, which is also a final cause or end. Then Aristotle proceeds and concludes that the actuality is prior to potentiality in formula, in time and in substantiality. With this definition of the particular substance (i.e., matter and form), Aristotle tries to solve the problem of the unity of the beings, for example, \"what is it that makes a man one\"? Since, according to Plato there are two Ideas: animal and biped, how then is man a unity? However, according to Aristotle, the potential being (matter) and the actual one (form) are one and the same.EpistemologyAristotle's immanent realism means his epistemology is based on the study of things that exist or happen in the world, and rises to knowledge of the universal, whereas for Plato epistemology begins with knowledge of universal Forms (or ideas) and descends to knowledge of particular imitations of these. Aristotle uses induction from examples alongside deduction, whereas Plato relies on deduction from a priori principles.Natural philosophyAristotle's \"natural philosophy\" spans a wide range of natural phenomena including those now covered by physics, biology and other natural sciences. In Aristotle's terminology, \"natural philosophy\" is a branch of philosophy examining the phenomena of the natural world, and includes fields that would be regarded today as physics, biology and other natural sciences. Aristotle's work encompassed virtually all facets of intellectual inquiry. Aristotle makes philosophy in the broad sense coextensive with reasoning, which he also would describe as \"science\". However, his use of the term science carries a different meaning than that covered by the term \"scientific method\". For Aristotle, \"all science (dianoia) is either practical, poetical or theoretical\" (Metaphysics 1025b25). His practical science includes ethics and politics; his poetical science means the study of fine arts including poetry; his theoretical science covers physics, mathematics and metaphysics.PhysicsFive elementsIn his On Generation and Corruption, Aristotle related each of the four elements proposed earlier by Empedocles, Earth, Water, Air, and Fire, to two of the four sensible qualities, hot, cold, wet, and dry. In the Empedoclean scheme, all matter was made of the four elements, in differing proportions. Aristotle's scheme added the heavenly Aether, the divine substance of the heavenly spheres, stars and planets.MotionAristotle describes two kinds of motion: \"violent\" or \"unnatural motion\", such as that of a thrown stone, in the Physics (254b10), and \"natural motion\", such as of a falling object, in On the Heavens (300a20). In violent motion, as soon as the agent stops causing it, the motion stops also: in other words, the natural state of an object is to be at rest, since Aristotle does not address friction. With this understanding, it can be observed that, as Aristotle stated, heavy objects (on the ground, say) require more force to make them move; and objects pushed with greater force move faster. This would imply the equation ,incorrect in modern physics.Natural motion depends on the element concerned: the aether naturally moves in a circle around the heavens, while the 4 Empedoclean elements move vertically up (like fire, as is observed) or down (like earth) towards their natural resting places.In the Physics (215a25), Aristotle effectively states a quantitative law, that the speed, v, of a falling body is proportional (say, with constant c) to its weight, W, and inversely proportional to the density, ρ, of the fluid in which it is falling: Aristotle implies that in a vacuum the speed of fall would become infinite, and concludes from this apparent absurdity that a vacuum is not possible. Opinions have varied on whether Aristotle intended to state quantitative laws. Henri Carteron held the \"extreme view\" that Aristotle's concept of force was basically qualitative, but other authors reject this.Archimedes corrected Aristotle's theory that bodies move towards their natural resting places; metal boats can float if they displace enough water; floating depends in Archimedes' scheme on the mass and volume of the object, not, as Aristotle thought, its elementary composition.Aristotle's writings on motion remained influential until the Early Modern period. John Philoponus (in the Middle Ages) and Galileo are said to have shown by experiment that Aristotle's claim that a heavier object falls faster than a lighter object is incorrect. A contrary opinion is given by Carlo Rovelli, who argues that Aristotle's physics of motion is correct within its domain of validity, that of objects in the Earth's gravitational field immersed in a fluid such as air. In this system, heavy bodies in steady fall indeed travel faster than light ones (whether friction is ignored, or not), and they do fall more slowly in a denser medium.Newton's \"forced\" motion corresponds to Aristotle's \"violent\" motion with its external agent, but Aristotle's assumption that the agent's effect stops immediately it stops acting (e.g., the ball leaves the thrower's hand) has awkward consequences: he has to suppose that surrounding fluid helps to push the ball along to make it continue to rise even though the hand is no longer acting on it, resulting in the Medieval theory of impetus.Four causesAristotle suggested that the reason for anything coming about can be attributed to four different types of simultaneously active factors. His term aitia is traditionally translated as \"cause\", but it does not always refer to temporal sequence; it might be better translated as \"explanation\", but the traditional rendering will be employed here. Material cause describes the material out of which something is composed. Thus the material cause of a table is wood. It is not about action. It does not mean that one domino knocks over another domino. The formal cause is its form, i.e., the arrangement of that matter. It tells one what a thing is, that a thing is determined by the definition, form, pattern, essence, whole, synthesis or archetype. It embraces the account of causes in terms of fundamental principles or general laws, as the whole (i.e., macrostructure) is the cause of its parts, a relationship known as the whole-part causation. Plainly put, the formal cause is the idea in the mind of the sculptor that brings the sculpture into being. A simple example of the formal cause is the mental image or idea that allows an artist, architect, or engineer to create a drawing. The efficient cause is \"the primary source\", or that from which the change under consideration proceeds. It identifies 'what makes of what is made and what causes change of what is changed' and so suggests all sorts of agents, non-living or living, acting as the sources of change or movement or rest. Representing the current understanding of causality as the relation of cause and effect, this covers the modern definitions of \"cause\" as either the agent or agency or particular events or states of affairs. In the case of two dominoes, when the first is knocked over it causes the second also to fall over. In the case of animals, this agency is a combination of how it develops from the egg, and how its body functions. The final cause (telos) is its purpose, the reason why a thing exists or is done, including both purposeful and instrumental actions and activities. The final cause is the purpose or function that something is supposed to serve. This covers modern ideas of motivating causes, such as volition. In the case of living things, it implies adaptation to a particular way of life.OpticsAristotle describes experiments in optics using a camera obscura in Problems, book 15. The apparatus consisted of a dark chamber with a small aperture that let light in. With it, he saw that whatever shape he made the hole, the sun's image always remained circular. He also noted that increasing the distance between the aperture and the image surface magnified the image.Chance and spontaneityAccording to Aristotle, spontaneity and chance are causes of some things, distinguishable from other types of cause such as simple necessity. Chance as an incidental cause lies in the realm of accidental things, \"from what is spontaneous\". There is also more a specific kind of chance, which Aristotle names \"luck\", that only applies to people's moral choices.AstronomyIn astronomy, Aristotle refuted Democritus's claim that the Milky Way was made up of \"those stars which are shaded by the earth from the sun's rays,\" pointing out correctly that if \"the size of the sun is greater than that of the earth and the distance of the stars from the earth many times greater than that of the sun, then... the sun shines on all the stars and the earth screens none of them.\"Geology/Natural SciencesAristotle was one of the first people to record any geological observations. He stated that geological change was too slow to be observed in one person's lifetime.The geologist Charles Lyell noted that Aristotle described such change, including \"lakes that had dried up\" and \"deserts that had become watered by rivers\", giving as examples the growth of the Nile delta since the time of Homer, and \"the upheaving of one of the Aeolian islands, previous to a volcanic eruption.\"'Aristotle also made many observations about the hydrologic cycle and meteorology (including his major writings \"Meteorologica\"). For example, he made some of the earliest observations about desalination: he observed early – and correctly – that when seawater is heated, freshwater evaporates and that the oceans are then replenished by the cycle of rainfall and river runoff (\"I have proved by experiment that salt water evaporated forms fresh and the vapor does not when it condenses condense into sea water again.\")BiologyEmpirical researchAristotle was the first person to study biology systematically, and biology forms a large part of his writings. He spent two years observing and describing the zoology of Lesbos and the surrounding seas, including in particular the Pyrrha lagoon in the centre of Lesbos. His data in History of Animals, Generation of Animals, Movement of Animals, and Parts of Animals are assembled from his own observations, statements given by people with specialized knowledge such as beekeepers and fishermen, and less accurate accounts provided by travellers from overseas. His apparent emphasis on animals rather than plants is a historical accident: his works on botany have been lost, but two books on plants by his pupil Theophrastus have survived.Aristotle reports on the sea-life visible from observation on Lesbos and the catches of fishermen. He describes the catfish, electric ray, and frogfish in detail, as well as cephalopods such as the octopus and paper nautilus. His description of the hectocotyl arm of cephalopods, used in sexual reproduction, was widely disbelieved until the 19th century. He gives accurate descriptions of the four-chambered fore-stomachs of ruminants, and of the ovoviviparous embryological development of the hound shark.He notes that an animal's structure is well matched to function, so, among birds, the heron, which lives in marshes with soft mud and lives by catching fish, has a long neck and long legs, and a sharp spear-like beak, whereas ducks that swim have short legs and webbed feet. Darwin, too, noted these sorts of differences between similar kinds of animal, but unlike Aristotle used the data to come to the theory of evolution. Aristotle's writings can seem to modern readers close to implying evolution, but while Aristotle was aware that new mutations or hybridizations could occur, he saw these as rare accidents. For Aristotle, accidents, like heat waves in winter, must be considered distinct from natural causes. He was thus critical of Empedocles's materialist theory of a \"survival of the fittest\" origin of living things and their organs, and ridiculed the idea that accidents could lead to orderly results. To put his views into modern terms, he nowhere says that different species can have a common ancestor, or that one kind can change into another, or that kinds can become extinct.Scientific styleAristotle did not do experiments in the modern sense. He used the ancient Greek term pepeiramenoi to mean observations, or at most investigative procedures like dissection. In Generation of Animals, he finds a fertilized hen's egg of a suitable stage and opens it to see the embryo's heart beating inside.Instead, he practiced a different style of science: systematically gathering data, discovering patterns common to whole groups of animals, and inferring possible causal explanations from these. This style is common in modern biology when large amounts of data become available in a new field, such as genomics. It does not result in the same certainty as experimental science, but it sets out testable hypotheses and constructs a narrative explanation of what is observed. In this sense, Aristotle's biology is scientific.From the data he collected and documented, Aristotle inferred quite a number of rules relating the life-history features of the live-bearing tetrapods (terrestrial placental mammals) that he studied. Among these correct predictions are the following. Brood size decreases with (adult) body mass, so that an elephant has fewer young (usually just one) per brood than a mouse. Lifespan increases with gestation period, and also with body mass, so that elephants live longer than mice, have a longer period of gestation, and are heavier. As a final example, fecundity decreases with lifespan, so long-lived kinds like elephants have fewer young in total than short-lived kinds like mice.Classification of living thingsAristotle distinguished about 500 species of animals, arranging these in the History of Animals in a graded scale of perfection, a nonreligious version of the scala naturae, with man at the top. His system had eleven grades of animal, from highest potential to lowest, expressed in their form at birth: the highest gave live birth to hot and wet creatures, the lowest laid cold, dry mineral-like eggs. Animals came above plants, and these in turn were above minerals. see also: He grouped what the modern zoologist would call vertebrates as the hotter \"animals with blood\", and below them the colder invertebrates as \"animals without blood\". Those with blood were divided into the live-bearing (mammals), and the egg-laying (birds, reptiles, fish). Those without blood were insects, crustacea (non-shelled – cephalopods, and shelled) and the hard-shelled molluscs (bivalves and gastropods). He recognised that animals did not exactly fit into a linear scale, and noted various exceptions, such as that sharks had a placenta like the tetrapods. To a modern biologist, the explanation, not available to Aristotle, is convergent evolution. Philosophers of science have generally concluded that Aristotle was not interested in taxonomy, but zoologists who studied this question recently think otherwise. He believed that purposive final causes guided all natural processes; this teleological view justified his observed data as an expression of formal design.PsychologySoulAristotle's psychology, given in his treatise On the Soul (peri psychēs), posits three kinds of soul (\"psyches\"): the vegetative soul, the sensitive soul, and the rational soul. Humans have a rational soul. The human soul incorporates the powers of the other kinds: Like the vegetative soul it can grow and nourish itself; like the sensitive soul it can experience sensations and move locally. The unique part of the human, rational soul is its ability to receive forms of other things and to compare them using the nous (intellect) and logos (reason).For Aristotle, the soul is the form of a living being. Because all beings are composites of form and matter, the form of living beings is that which endows them with what is specific to living beings, e.g. the ability to initiate movement (or in the case of plants, growth and chemical transformations, which Aristotle considers types of movement). In contrast to earlier philosophers, but in accordance with the Egyptians, he placed the rational soul in the heart, rather than the brain. Notable is Aristotle's division of sensation and thought, which generally differed from the concepts of previous philosophers, with the exception of Alcmaeon.MemoryAccording to Aristotle in On the Soul, memory is the ability to hold a perceived experience in the mind and to distinguish between the internal \"appearance\" and an occurrence in the past. In other words, a memory is a mental picture (phantasm) that can be recovered. Aristotle believed an impression is left on a semi-fluid bodily organ that undergoes several changes in order to make a memory. A memory occurs when stimuli such as sights or sounds are so complex that the nervous system cannot receive all the impressions at once. These changes are the same as those involved in the operations of sensation, Aristotelian , and thinking.Aristotle uses the term 'memory' for the actual retaining of an experience in the impression that can develop from sensation, and for the intellectual anxiety that comes with the impression because it is formed at a particular time and processing specific contents. Memory is of the past, prediction is of the future, and sensation is of the present. Retrieval of impressions cannot be performed suddenly. A transitional channel is needed and located in past experiences, both for previous experience and present experience.Because Aristotle believes people receive all kinds of sense perceptions and perceive them as impressions, people are continually weaving together new impressions of experiences. To search for these impressions, people search the memory itself. Within the memory, if one experience is offered instead of a specific memory, that person will reject this experience until they find what they are looking for. Recollection occurs when one retrieved experience naturally follows another. If the chain of \"images\" is needed, one memory will stimulate the next. When people recall experiences, they stimulate certain previous experiences until they reach the one that is needed. Recollection is thus the self-directed activity of retrieving the information stored in a memory impression. Only humans can remember impressions of intellectual activity, such as numbers and words. Animals that have perception of time can retrieve memories of their past observations. Remembering involves only perception of the things remembered and of the time passed.Aristotle believed the chain of thought, which ends in recollection of certain impressions, was connected systematically in relationships such as similarity, contrast, and contiguity, described in his laws of association. Aristotle believed that past experiences are hidden within the mind. A force operates to awaken the hidden material to bring up the actual experience. According to Aristotle, association is the power innate in a mental state, which operates upon the unexpressed remains of former experiences, allowing them to rise and be recalled.DreamsAristotle describes sleep in On Sleep and Wakefulness. Sleep takes place as a result of overuse of the senses or of digestion, so it is vital to the body. While a person is asleep, the critical activities, which include thinking, sensing, recalling and remembering, do not function as they do during wakefulness. Since a person cannot sense during sleep they cannot have desire, which is the result of sensation. However, the senses are able to work during sleep, albeit differently, unless they are weary.Dreams do not involve actually sensing a stimulus. In dreams, sensation is still involved, but in an altered manner. Aristotle explains that when a person stares at a moving stimulus such as the waves in a body of water, and then looks away, the next thing they look at appears to have a wavelike motion. When a person perceives a stimulus and the stimulus is no longer the focus of their attention, it leaves an impression. When the body is awake and the senses are functioning properly, a person constantly encounters new stimuli to sense and so the impressions of previously perceived stimuli are ignored. However, during sleep the impressions made throughout the day are noticed as there are no new distracting sensory experiences. So, dreams result from these lasting impressions. Since impressions are all that are left and not the exact stimuli, dreams do not resemble the actual waking experience. During sleep, a person is in an altered state of mind. Aristotle compares a sleeping person to a person who is overtaken by strong feelings toward a stimulus. For example, a person who has a strong infatuation with someone may begin to think they see that person everywhere because they are so overtaken by their feelings. Since a person sleeping is in a suggestible state and unable to make judgements, they become easily deceived by what appears in their dreams, like the infatuated person. This leads the person to believe the dream is real, even when the dreams are absurd in nature. In De Anima iii 3, Aristotle ascribes the ability to create, to store, and to recall images in the absence of perception to the faculty of imagination, phantasia.One component of Aristotle's theory of dreams disagrees with previously held beliefs. He claimed that dreams are not foretelling and not sent by a divine being. Aristotle reasoned naturalistically that instances in which dreams do resemble future events are simply coincidences. Aristotle claimed that a dream is first established by the fact that the person is asleep when they experience it. If a person had an image appear for a moment after waking up or if they see something in the dark it is not considered a dream because they were awake when it occurred. Secondly, any sensory experience that is perceived while a person is asleep does not qualify as part of a dream. For example, if, while a person is sleeping, a door shuts and in their dream they hear a door is shut, this sensory experience is not part of the dream. Lastly, the images of dreams must be a result of lasting impressions of waking sensory experiences.Practical philosophyAristotle's practical philosophy covers areas such as ethics, politics, economics, and rhetoric.EthicsAristotle considered ethics to be a practical rather than theoretical study, i.e., one aimed at becoming good and doing good rather than knowing for its own sake. He wrote several treatises on ethics, including most notably, the Nicomachean Ethics.Aristotle taught that virtue has to do with the proper function (ergon) of a thing. An eye is only a good eye in so much as it can see, because the proper function of an eye is sight. Aristotle reasoned that humans must have a function specific to humans, and that this function must be an activity of the psuchē (soul) in accordance with reason (logos). Aristotle identified such an optimum activity (the virtuous mean, between the accompanying vices of excess or deficiency) of the soul as the aim of all human deliberate action, eudaimonia, generally translated as \"happiness\" or sometimes \"well-being\". To have the potential of ever being happy in this way necessarily requires a good character (ēthikē aretē), often translated as moral or ethical virtue or excellence.Aristotle taught that to achieve a virtuous and potentially happy character requires a first stage of having the fortune to be habituated not deliberately, but by teachers, and experience, leading to a later stage in which one consciously chooses to do the best things. When the best people come to live life this way their practical wisdom (phronesis) and their intellect (nous) can develop with each other towards the highest possible human virtue, the wisdom of an accomplished theoretical or speculative thinker, or in other words, a philosopher.PoliticsIn addition to his works on ethics, which address the individual, Aristotle addressed the city in his work titled Politics. Aristotle considered the city to be a natural community. Moreover, he considered the city to be prior in importance to the family which in turn is prior to the individual, \"for the whole must of necessity be prior to the part\". He famously stated that \"man is by nature a political animal\" and argued that humanity's defining factor among others in the animal kingdom is its rationality. Aristotle conceived of politics as being like an organism rather than like a machine, and as a collection of parts none of which can exist without the others. Aristotle's conception of the city is organic, and he is considered one of the first to conceive of the city in this manner.The common modern understanding of a political community as a modern state is quite different from Aristotle's understanding. Although he was aware of the existence and potential of larger empires, the natural community according to Aristotle was the city (polis) which functions as a political \"community\" or \"partnership\" (koinōnia). The aim of the city is not just to avoid injustice or for economic stability, but rather to allow at least some citizens the possibility to live a good life, and to perform beautiful acts: \"The political partnership must be regarded, therefore, as being for the sake of noble actions, not for the sake of living together.\" This is distinguished from modern approaches, beginning with social contract theory, according to which individuals leave the state of nature because of \"fear of violent death\" or its \"inconveniences.\"In Protrepticus, the character 'Aristotle' states:As Plato's disciple Aristotle was rather skeptical concerning democracy and, following Plato's vague ideas, he developed a coherent theory of integrating various forms of power into a so-called mixed state:To illustrate this approach, Aristotle proposed a first-of-its-kind mathematical model of voting, albeit textually described, where the democratic principle of \"one voter–one vote\" is combined with the oligarchic \"merit-weighted voting\"; for relevant quotes and their translation into mathematical formulas see.EconomicsAristotle made substantial contributions to economic thought, especially to thought in the Middle Ages. In Politics, Aristotle addresses the city, property, and trade. His response to criticisms of private property, in Lionel Robbins's view, anticipated later proponents of private property among philosophers and economists, as it related to the overall utility of social arrangements. Aristotle believed that although communal arrangements may seem beneficial to society, and that although private property is often blamed for social strife, such evils in fact come from human nature. In Politics, Aristotle offers one of the earliest accounts of the origin of money. Money came into use because people became dependent on one another, importing what they needed and exporting the surplus. For the sake of convenience, people then agreed to deal in something that is intrinsically useful and easily applicable, such as iron or silver.Aristotle's discussions on retail and interest was a major influence on economic thought in the Middle Ages. He had a low opinion of retail, believing that contrary to using money to procure things one needs in managing the household, retail trade seeks to make a profit. It thus uses goods as a means to an end, rather than as an end unto itself. He believed that retail trade was in this way unnatural. Similarly, Aristotle considered making a profit through interest unnatural, as it makes a gain out of the money itself, and not from its use.Aristotle gave a summary of the function of money that was perhaps remarkably precocious for his time. He wrote that because it is impossible to determine the value of every good through a count of the number of other goods it is worth, the necessity arises of a single universal standard of measurement. Money thus allows for the association of different goods and makes them \"commensurable\". He goes on to state that money is also useful for future exchange, making it a sort of security. That is, \"if we do not want a thing now, we shall be able to get it when we do want it\".Rhetoric and poeticsAristotle's Rhetoric proposes that a speaker can use three basic kinds of appeals to persuade his audience: ethos (an appeal to the speaker's character), pathos (an appeal to the audience's emotion), and logos (an appeal to logical reasoning). He also categorizes rhetoric into three genres: epideictic (ceremonial speeches dealing with praise or blame), forensic (judicial speeches over guilt or innocence), and deliberative (speeches calling on an audience to make a decision on an issue). Aristotle also outlines two kinds of rhetorical proofs: enthymeme (proof by syllogism) and paradeigma (proof by example).Aristotle writes in his Poetics that epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, dithyrambic poetry, painting, sculpture, music, and dance are all fundamentally acts of mimesis (\"imitation\"), each varying in imitation by medium, object, and manner. He applies the term mimesis both as a property of a work of art and also as the product of the artist's intention and contends that the audience's realisation of the mimesis is vital to understanding the work itself. Aristotle states that mimesis is a natural instinct of humanity that separates humans from animals and that all human artistry \"follows the pattern of nature\". Because of this, Aristotle believed that each of the mimetic arts possesses what Stephen Halliwell calls \"highly structured procedures for the achievement of their purposes.\" For example, music imitates with the media of rhythm and harmony, whereas dance imitates with rhythm alone, and poetry with language. The forms also differ in their object of imitation. Comedy, for instance, is a dramatic imitation of men worse than average; whereas tragedy imitates men slightly better than average. Lastly, the forms differ in their manner of imitation – through narrative or character, through change or no change, and through drama or no drama.While it is believed that Aristotle's Poetics originally comprised two books – one on comedy and one on tragedy – only the portion that focuses on tragedy has survived. Aristotle taught that tragedy is composed of six elements: plot-structure, character, style, thought, spectacle, and lyric poetry. The characters in a tragedy are merely a means of driving the story; and the plot, not the characters, is the chief focus of tragedy. Tragedy is the imitation of action arousing pity and fear, and is meant to effect the catharsis of those same emotions. Aristotle concludes Poetics with a discussion on which, if either, is superior: epic or tragic mimesis. He suggests that because tragedy possesses all the attributes of an epic, possibly possesses additional attributes such as spectacle and music, is more unified, and achieves the aim of its mimesis in shorter scope, it can be considered superior to epic. Aristotle was a keen systematic collector of riddles, folklore, and proverbs; he and his school had a special interest in the riddles of the Delphic Oracle and studied the fables of Aesop.Views on womenAristotle's analysis of procreation describes an active, ensouling masculine element bringing life to an inert, passive female element. On this ground, proponents of feminist metaphysics have accused Aristotle of misogyny and sexism. However, Aristotle gave equal weight to women's happiness as he did to men's, and commented in his Rhetoric that the things that lead to happiness need to be in women as well as men.InfluenceMore than 2300 years after his death, Aristotle remains one of the most influential people who ever lived. He contributed to almost every field of human knowledge then in existence, and he was the founder of many new fields. According to the philosopher Bryan Magee, \"it is doubtful whether any human being has ever known as much as he did\". Among countless other achievements, Aristotle was the founder of formal logic, pioneered the study of zoology, and left every future scientist and philosopher in his debt through his contributions to the scientific method. Taneli Kukkonen, writing in The Classical Tradition, observes that his achievement in founding two sciences is unmatched, and his reach in influencing \"every branch of intellectual enterprise\" including Western ethical and political theory, theology, rhetoric and literary analysis is equally long. As a result, Kukkonen argues, any analysis of reality today \"will almost certainly carry Aristotelian overtones ... evidence of an exceptionally forceful mind.\" Jonathan Barnes wrote that \"an account of Aristotle's intellectual afterlife would be little less than a history of European thought\".On his successor, TheophrastusAristotle's pupil and successor, Theophrastus, wrote the History of Plants, a pioneering work in botany. Some of his technical terms remain in use, such as carpel from carpos, fruit, and pericarp, from pericarpion, seed chamber.Theophrastus was much less concerned with formal causes than Aristotle was, instead pragmatically describing how plants functioned.On later Greek philosophersThe immediate influence of Aristotle's work was felt as the Lyceum grew into the Peripatetic school. Aristotle's notable students included Aristoxenus, Dicaearchus, Demetrius of Phalerum, Eudemos of Rhodes, Harpalus, Hephaestion, Mnason of Phocis, Nicomachus, and Theophrastus. Aristotle's influence over Alexander the Great is seen in the latter's bringing with him on his expedition a host of zoologists, botanists, and researchers. He had also learned a great deal about Persian customs and traditions from his teacher. Although his respect for Aristotle was diminished as his travels made it clear that much of Aristotle's geography was clearly wrong, when the old philosopher released his works to the public, Alexander complained \"Thou hast not done well to publish thy acroamatic doctrines; for in what shall I surpass other men if those doctrines wherein I have been trained are to be all men's common property?\"On Hellenistic scienceAfter Theophrastus, the Lyceum failed to produce any original work. Though interest in Aristotle's ideas survived, they were generally taken unquestioningly. It is not until the age of Alexandria under the Ptolemies that advances in biology can be again found.The first medical teacher at Alexandria, Herophilus of Chalcedon, corrected Aristotle, placing intelligence in the brain, and connected the nervous system to motion and sensation. Herophilus also distinguished between veins and arteries, noting that the latter pulse while the former do not. Though a few ancient atomists such as Lucretius challenged the teleological viewpoint of Aristotelian ideas about life, teleology (and after the rise of Christianity, natural theology) would remain central to biological thought essentially until the 18th and 19th centuries. Ernst Mayr states that there was \"nothing of any real consequence in biology after Lucretius and Galen until the Renaissance.\"On Byzantine scholarsGreek Christian scribes played a crucial role in the preservation of Aristotle by copying all the extant Greek language manuscripts of the corpus. The first Greek Christians to comment extensively on Aristotle were Philoponus, Elias, and David in the sixth century, and Stephen of Alexandria in the early seventh century. John Philoponus stands out for having attempted a fundamental critique of Aristotle's views on the eternity of the world, movement, and other elements of Aristotelian thought. Philoponus questioned Aristotle's teaching of physics, noting its flaws and introducing the theory of impetus to explain his observations.After a hiatus of several centuries, formal commentary by Eustratius and Michael of Ephesus reappeared in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries, apparently sponsored by Anna Comnena.On the medieval Islamic worldAristotle was one of the most revered Western thinkers in early Islamic theology. Most of the still extant works of Aristotle, as well as a number of the original Greek commentaries, were translated into Arabic and studied by Muslim philosophers, scientists and scholars. Averroes, Avicenna and Alpharabius, who wrote on Aristotle in great depth, also influenced Thomas Aquinas and other Western Christian scholastic philosophers. Alkindus greatly admired Aristotle's philosophy, and Averroes spoke of Aristotle as the \"exemplar\" for all future philosophers. Medieval Muslim scholars regularly described Aristotle as the \"First Teacher\". The title \"teacher\" was first given to Aristotle by Muslim scholars, and was later used by Western philosophers (as in the famous poem of Dante) who were influenced by the tradition of Islamic philosophy.On medieval EuropeWith the loss of the study of ancient Greek in the early medieval Latin West, Aristotle was practically unknown there from c. AD 600 to c. 1100 except through the Latin translation of the Organon made by Boethius. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, interest in Aristotle revived and Latin Christians had translations made, both from Arabic translations, such as those by Gerard of Cremona, and from the original Greek, such as those by James of Venice and William of Moerbeke. After the Scholastic Thomas Aquinas wrote his Summa Theologica, working from Moerbeke's translations and calling Aristotle \"The Philosopher\", the demand for Aristotle's writings grew, and the Greek manuscripts returned to the West, stimulating a revival of Aristotelianism in Europe that continued into the Renaissance. These thinkers blended Aristotelian philosophy with Christianity, bringing the thought of Ancient Greece into the Middle Ages. Scholars such as Boethius, Peter Abelard, and John Buridan worked on Aristotelian logic.The medieval English poet Chaucer describes his student as being happy by havingA cautionary medieval tale held that Aristotle advised his pupil Alexander to avoid the king's seductive mistress, Phyllis, but was himself captivated by her, and allowed her to ride him. Phyllis had secretly told Alexander what to expect, and he witnessed Phyllis proving that a woman's charms could overcome even the greatest philosopher's male intellect. Artists such as Hans Baldung produced a series of illustrations of the popular theme.The Italian poet Dante says of Aristotle in The Divine Comedy:Besides Dante's fellow poets, the classical figure that most influenced the Comedy is Aristotle. Dante built up the philosophy of the Comedy with the works of Aristotle as a foundation, just as the scholastics used Aristotle as the basis for their thinking. Dante knew Aristotle directly from Latin translations of his works and indirectly quotations in the works of Albert Magnus. Dante even acknowledges Aristotle's influence explicitly in the poem, specifically when Virgil justifies the Inferno's structure by citing the Nicomachean Ethics.On medieval JudaismMoses Maimonides (considered to be the foremost intellectual figure of medieval Judaism) adopted Aristotelianism from the Islamic scholars and based his Guide for the Perplexed on it and that became the basis of Jewish scholastic philosophy. Maimonides also considered Aristotle to be the greatest philosopher that ever lived, and styled him as the \"chief of the philosophers\". Also, in his letter to Samuel ibn Tibbon, Maimonides observes that there is no need for Samuel to study the writings of philosophers who preceded Aristotle because the works of the latter are \"sufficient by themselves and [superior] to all that were written before them. His intellect, Aristotle's is the extreme limit of human intellect, apart from him upon whom the divine emanation has flowed forth to such an extent that they reach the level of prophecy, there being no level higher\".On Early Modern scientistsIn the Early Modern period, scientists such as William Harvey in England and Galileo Galilei in Italy reacted against the theories of Aristotle and other classical era thinkers like Galen, establishing new theories based to some degree on observation and experiment. Harvey demonstrated the circulation of the blood, establishing that the heart functioned as a pump rather than being the seat of the soul and the controller of the body's heat, as Aristotle thought. Galileo used more doubtful arguments to displace Aristotle's physics, proposing that bodies all fall at the same speed whatever their weight.On 18th/19th-century thinkersThe 19th-century German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche has been said to have taken nearly all of his political philosophy from Aristotle. Aristotle rigidly separated action from production, and argued for the deserved subservience of some people (\"natural slaves\"), and the natural superiority (virtue, arete) of others. It was Martin Heidegger, not Nietzsche, who elaborated a new interpretation of Aristotle, intended to warrant his deconstruction of scholastic and philosophical tradition.The English mathematician George Boole fully accepted Aristotle's logic, but decided \"to go under, over, and beyond\" it with his system of algebraic logic in his 1854 book The Laws of Thought. This gives logic a mathematical foundation with equations, enables it to solve equations as well as check validity, and allows it to handle a wider class of problems by expanding propositions of any number of terms, not just two.Charles Darwin regarded Aristotle as the most important contributor to the subject of biology. In an 1882 letter he wrote that \"Linnaeus and Cuvier have been my two gods, though in very different ways, but they were mere schoolboys to old Aristotle\". Also, in later editions of the book \"On the Origin of Species', Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles.James Joyce's favoured philosopher was Aristotle, whom he considered to be \"the greatest thinker of all times\". Samuel Taylor Coleridge said: Everybody is born either a Platonist or an Aristotelian. Ayn Rand acknowledged Aristotle as her greatest influence and remarked that in the history of philosophy she could only recommend \"three A's\"—Aristotle, Aquinas, and Ayn Rand. She also regarded Aristotle as the greatest of all philosophers.Karl Marx considered Aristotle to be the \"greatest thinker of antiquity\", and called him a \"giant thinker\", a \"genius\", and \"the great scholar\".Modern rejection and rehabilitationDuring the 20th century, Aristotle's work was widely criticized. The philosopher Bertrand Russellargued that \"almost every serious intellectual advance has had to begin with an attack on some Aristotelian doctrine\". Russell called Aristotle's ethics \"repulsive\", and labelled his logic \"as definitely antiquated as Ptolemaic astronomy\". Russell stated that these errors made it difficult to do historical justice to Aristotle, until one remembered what an advance he made upon all of his predecessors.The Dutch historian of science Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis wrote that Aristotle and his predecessors showed the difficulty of science by \"proceed[ing] so readily to frame a theory of such a general character\" on limited evidence from their senses. In 1985, the biologist Peter Medawar could still state in \"pure seventeenth century\" tones that Aristotle had assembled \"a strange and generally speaking rather tiresome farrago of hearsay, imperfect observation, wishful thinking and credulity amounting to downright gullibility\". Hobbes rejected one of the most famous theses of Aristotle's politics, namely that human beings are naturally suited to life in a polis and do not fully realize their natures until they exercise the role of citizen.By the start of the 21st century, however, Aristotle was taken more seriously: Kukkonen noted that \"In the best 20th-century scholarship Aristotle comes alive as a thinker wrestling with the full weight of the Greek philosophical tradition.\" Alasdair MacIntyre has attempted to reform what he calls the Aristotelian tradition in a way that is anti-elitist and capable of disputing the claims of both liberals and Nietzscheans. Kukkonen observed, too, that \"that most enduring of romantic images, Aristotle tutoring the future conqueror Alexander\" remained current, as in the 2004 film Alexander, while the \"firm rules\" of Aristotle's theory of drama have ensured a role for the Poetics in Hollywood.Biologists continue to be interested in Aristotle's thinking. Armand Marie Leroi has reconstructed Aristotle's biology, while Niko Tinbergen's four questions, based on Aristotle's four causes, are used to analyse animal behaviour; they examine function, phylogeny, mechanism, and ontogeny.Surviving worksCorpus AristotelicumThe works of Aristotle that have survived from antiquity through medieval manuscript transmission are collected in the Corpus Aristotelicum. These texts, as opposed to Aristotle's lost works, are technical philosophical treatises from within Aristotle's school. Reference to them is made according to the organization of Immanuel Bekker's Royal Prussian Academy edition (Aristotelis Opera edidit Academia Regia Borussica, Berlin, 1831–1870), which in turn is based on ancient classifications of these works.Loss and preservationAristotle wrote his works on papyrus scrolls, the common writing medium of that era. His writings are divisible into two groups: the \"exoteric\", intended for the public, and the \"esoteric\", for use within the Lyceum school. Aristotle's \"lost\" works stray considerably in characterization from the surviving Aristotelian corpus. Whereas the lost works appear to have been originally written with a view to subsequent publication, the surviving works mostly resemble lecture notes not intended for publication. Cicero's description of Aristotle's literary style as \"a river of gold\" must have applied to the published works, not the surviving notes. A major question in the history of Aristotle's works is how the exoteric writings were all lost, and how the ones now possessed came to be found. The consensus is that Andronicus of Rhodes collected the esoteric works of Aristotle's school which existed in the form of smaller, separate works, distinguished them from those of Theophrastus and other Peripatetics, edited them, and finally compiled them into the more cohesive, larger works as they are known today.LegacyDepictionsPaintingsAristotle has been depicted by major artists including Lucas Cranach the Elder, Justus van Gent, Raphael, Paolo Veronese, Jusepe de Ribera, Rembrandt, and Francesco Hayez over the centuries. Among the best-known depictions is Raphael's fresco The School of Athens, in the Vatican's Apostolic Palace, where the figures of Plato and Aristotle are central to the image, at the architectural vanishing point, reflecting their importance. Rembrandt's Aristotle with a Bust of Homer, too, is a celebrated work, showing the knowing philosopher and the blind Homer from an earlier age: as the art critic Jonathan Jones writes, \"this painting will remain one of the greatest and most mysterious in the world, ensnaring us in its musty, glowing, pitch-black, terrible knowledge of time.\"SculpturesEponymsThe Aristotle Mountains in Antarctica are named after Aristotle. He was the first person known to conjecture, in his book Meteorology, the existence of a landmass in the southern high-latitude region and called it Antarctica. Aristoteles is a crater on the Moon bearing the classical form of Aristotle's name.See also Aristotelian SocietyAristotle's Biology Conimbricenses PerfectionismReferencesNotesCitationsSourcesFurther readingThe secondary literature on Aristotle is vast. The following is only a small selection. Ackrill, J. L. (1997). Essays on Plato and Aristotle, Oxford University Press. These translations are available in several places online; see External links. Bakalis, Nikolaos. (2005). Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics Analysis and Fragments, Trafford Publishing, . Bolotin, David (1998). An Approach to Aristotle's Physics: With Particular Attention to the Role of His Manner of Writing. Albany: SUNY Press. A contribution to our understanding of how to read Aristotle's scientific works. Burnyeat, Myles F. et al. (1979). Notes on Book Zeta of Aristotle's Metaphysics. Oxford: Sub-faculty of Philosophy. Code, Alan (1995). Potentiality in Aristotle's Science and Metaphysics, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 76. De Groot, Jean (2014). Aristotle's Empiricism: Experience and Mechanics in the 4th century BC, Parmenides Publishing, . Frede, Michael (1987). Essays in Ancient Philosophy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Gendlin, Eugene T. (2012). Line by Line Commentary on Aristotle's De Anima , Volume 1: Books I & II; Volume 2: Book III. The Focusing Institute. Gill, Mary Louise (1989). Aristotle on Substance: The Paradox of Unity. Princeton University Press. Jori, Alberto (2003). Aristotele, Bruno Mondadori (Prize 2003 of the \"International Academy of the History of Science\"), . Knight, Kelvin (2007). Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre, Polity Press. Lewis, Frank A. (1991). Substance and Predication in Aristotle. Cambridge University Press. Lord, Carnes (1984). Introduction to The Politics, by Aristotle. Chicago University Press. Loux, Michael J. (1991). Primary Ousia: An Essay on Aristotle's Metaphysics Ζ and Η. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Maso, Stefano (Ed.), Natali, Carlo (Ed.), Seel, Gerhard (Ed.) (2012) Reading Aristotle: Physics VII. 3: What is Alteration? Proceedings of the International ESAP-HYELE Conference, Parmenides Publishing. . [Reprinted in J. Barnes, M. Schofield, and R.R.K. Sorabji, eds.(1975). Articles on Aristotle Vol 1. Science. London: Duckworth 14–34.] Reeve, C. D. C. (2000). Substantial Knowledge: Aristotle's Metaphysics. Hackett. Scaltsas, T. (1994). Substances and Universals in Aristotle's Metaphysics. Cornell University Press. Strauss, Leo (1964). \"On Aristotle's Politics\", in The City and Man, Rand McNally.External links At the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: At the Internet Classics Archive From the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Collections of works At Massachusetts Institute of Technology Perseus Project at Tufts University At the University of Adelaide P. Remacle The 11-volume 1837 Bekker edition of Aristotle's Works in Greek (PDFDJVU) 384 BC births322 BC deaths4th-century BC mathematicians4th-century BC philosophers4th-century BC writersAcademic philosophersActing theoristsAncient Greek biologistsAncient Greek economistsAncient Greek epistemologistsAncient Greek ethicistsAncient Greek logiciansAncient Greek mathematiciansAncient Greek metaphilosophersAncient Greek metaphysiciansAncient Greek philosophersAncient Greek philosophers of languageAncient Greek philosophers of mindAncient Greek physicistsAncient Greek political philosophersAncient Greek philosophers of artAncient literary criticsAncient StagiritesAphoristsAristotelian philosophersAttic Greek writersAncient Greek cosmologistsCritical thinkingCultural criticsFounders of philosophical traditionsGreek male writersGreek geologistsGreek meteorologistsGreek social commentatorsHumor researchersIrony theoristsMetic philosophers in Classical AthensMoral philosophersNatural philosophersOntologistsPeripatetic philosophersPhilosophers and tutors of Alexander the GreatPhilosophers of ancient ChalcidicePhilosophers of culturePhilosophers of educationPhilosophers of ethics and moralityPhilosophers of historyPhilosophers of lawPhilosophers of literaturePhilosophers of logicPhilosophers of lovePhilosophers of psychologyPhilosophers of sciencePhilosophers of timePhilosophers of sexualityPhilosophers of technologyPhilosophical logicPhilosophical theistsPhilosophy academicsPhilosophy writersRhetoric theoristsSocial criticsSocial philosophersStudents of PlatoTrope theoristsVirtue ethicistsVirtue ethicsWestern cultureWestern philosophyZoologists"}
+{"text": "An American in Paris is a jazz-influenced orchestral piece by American composer George Gershwin first performed in 1928. It was inspired by the time that Gershwin had spent in Paris and evokes the sights and energy of the French capital during the Années folles.Gershwin scored the piece for the standard instruments of the symphony orchestra plus celesta, saxophones, and automobile horns. He brought back four Parisian taxi horns for the New York premiere of the composition, which took place on December 13, 1928, in Carnegie Hall, with Walter Damrosch conducting the New York Philharmonic. It was Damrosch who had commissioned Gershwin to write his Concerto in F following the earlier success of Rhapsody in Blue (1924). He completed the orchestration on November 18, less than four weeks before the work's premiere. He collaborated on the original program notes with critic and composer Deems Taylor.BackgroundAlthough the story is likely apocryphal, Gershwin is said to have been attracted by Maurice Ravel's unusual chords, and Gershwin went on his first trip to Paris in 1926 ready to study with Ravel. After his initial student audition with Ravel turned into a sharing of musical theories, Ravel said he could not teach him, saying, \"Why be a second-rate Ravel when you can be a first-rate Gershwin?\"Gershwin strongly encouraged Ravel to come to the United States for a tour. To this end, upon his return to New York, Gershwin joined the efforts of Ravel's friend Robert Schmitz, a pianist Ravel had met during the war, to urge Ravel to tour the U.S. Schmitz was the head of Pro Musica, promoting Franco-American musical relations, and was able to offer Ravel a $10,000 fee for the tour, an enticement Gershwin knew would be important to Ravel.Gershwin greeted Ravel in New York in March 1928 during a party held for Ravel's birthday by Éva Gauthier. Ravel's tour reignited Gershwin's desire to return to Paris, which he and his brother Ira did after meeting Ravel. Ravel's high praise of Gershwin in an introductory letter to Nadia Boulanger caused Gershwin to seriously consider taking much more time to study abroad in Paris. Yet after he played for her, she told him she could not teach him. Boulanger gave Gershwin basically the same advice she gave all her accomplished master students: \"What could I give you that you haven't already got?\" This did not set Gershwin back, as his real intent abroad was to complete a new work based on Paris and perhaps a second rhapsody for piano and orchestra to follow his Rhapsody in Blue. Paris at this time hosted many expatriate writers, among them Ezra Pound, W. B. Yeats, Ernest Hemingway, and artist Pablo Picasso.CompositionGershwin based An American in Paris on a melodic fragment called \"Very Parisienne\", written in 1926 on his first visit to Paris as a gift to his hosts, Robert and Mabel Schirmer. Gershwin called it \"a rhapsodic ballet\"; it is written freely and in a much more modern idiom than his prior works.Gershwin explained in Musical America, \"My purpose here is to portray the impressions of an American visitor in Paris as he strolls about the city, listens to the various street noises, and absorbs the French atmosphere.\"The piece is structured into five sections, which culminate in a loose ABA format. Gershwin's first A episode introduces the two main \"walking\" themes in the \"Allegretto grazioso\" and develops a third theme in the \"Subito con brio\". The style of this A section is written in the typical French style of composers Claude Debussy and Les Six. This A section featured duple meter, singsong rhythms, and diatonic melodies with the sounds of oboe, English horn, and taxi horns. The B section's \"Andante ma con ritmo deciso\" introduces the American Blues and spasms of homesickness. The \"Allegro\" that follows continues to express homesickness in a faster twelve-bar blues. In the B section, Gershwin uses common time, syncopated rhythms, and bluesy melodies with the sounds of trumpet, saxophone, and snare drum. \"Moderato con grazia\" is the last A section that returns to the themes set in A. After recapitulating the \"walking\" themes, Gershwin overlays the slow blues theme from section B in the final \"Grandioso\".ResponseGershwin did not particularly like Walter Damrosch's interpretation at the world premiere of An American in Paris. He stated that Damrosch's sluggish, dragging tempo caused him to walk out of the hall during a matinee performance of this work. The audience, according to Edward Cushing, responded with \"a demonstration of enthusiasm impressively genuine in contrast to the conventional applause which new music, good and bad, ordinarily arouses.\"Critics believed that An American in Paris was better crafted than Gershwin's Concerto in F. Some did not think it belonged in a program with classical composers César Franck, Richard Wagner, or Guillaume Lekeu on its premiere. Gershwin responded to the critics:InstrumentationAn American in Paris was originally scored for 3 flutes (3rd doubling on piccolo), 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets in B-flat, bass clarinet in B-flat, 2 bassoons, contrabassoon, 4 horns in F, 3 trumpets in B-flat, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, snare drum, bass drum, triangle, wood block, ratchet, cymbals, low and high tom-toms, xylophone, glockenspiel, celesta, 4 taxi horns labeled as A, B, C, and D with circles around them, alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, baritone saxophone (all saxophones doubling soprano saxophones), and strings. Although most modern audiences have heard the taxi horns using the notes A, B, C, and D, it had been Gershwin's intention to use the notes A4, B4, D5, and A4. It is likely that in labeling the taxi horns as A, B, C, and D with circles, he was referring to the four horns, and not the notes that they played.A major revision of the work by composer and arranger F. Campbell-Watson simplified the instrumentation by reducing the saxophones to only three instruments: alto, tenor and baritone. The soprano saxophone doublings were eliminated to avoid changing instruments, and the contrabassoon was also deleted. This became the standard performing edition until 2000, when Gershwin specialist Jack Gibbons made his own restoration of the original orchestration of An American in Paris, working directly from Gershwin's original manuscript, including the restoration of Gershwin's soprano saxophone parts removed in Campbell-Watson's revision. Gibbons' restored orchestration of An American in Paris was performed at London's Queen Elizabeth Hall on July 9, 2000, by the City of Oxford Orchestra conducted by Levon Parikian.William Daly arranged the score for piano solo; this was published by New World Music in 1929.Preservation statusOn September 22, 2013, it was announced that a musicological critical edition of the full orchestral score would be eventually released. The Gershwin family, working in conjunction with the Library of Congress and the University of Michigan, were working to make scores available to the public that represent Gershwin's true intent. It was unknown whether the critical score would include the four minutes of material Gershwin later deleted from the work (such as the restatement of the blues theme after the faster 12 bar blues section), or if the score would document changes in the orchestration during Gershwin's composition process.The score to An American in Paris was scheduled to be issued first in a series of scores to be released. The entire project was expected to take 30 to 40 years to complete, but An American in Paris was planned to be an early volume in the series.Two urtext editions of the work were published by the German publisher B-Note Music in 2015. The changes made by Campbell-Watson were withdrawn in both editions. In the extended urtext, 120 bars of music were re-integrated. Conductor Walter Damrosch had cut them shortly before the first performance.On September 9, 2017, The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra gave the world premiere of the long-awaited critical edition of the piece prepared by Mark Clague, director of the Gershwin initiative at the University of Michigan. This performance was of the original 1928 orchestration, an alteration usually attributed to F. Campbell-Watson.RecordingsAn American in Paris has been frequently recorded. The first recording was made for the Victor Talking Machine Company in 1929 with Nathaniel Shilkret conducting the Victor Symphony Orchestra, drawn from members of the Philadelphia Orchestra. Gershwin was on hand to \"supervise\" the recording; however, Shilkret was reported to be in charge and eventually asked the composer to leave the recording studio. Then, a little later, Shilkret discovered there was no one to play the brief celesta solo during the slow section, so he hastily asked Gershwin if he might play the solo; Gershwin said he could and so he briefly participated in the actual recording. This recording is believed to use the taxi horns in the way that Gershwin had intended using the notes A-flat, B-flat, a higher D, and a lower A.The radio broadcast of the September 8, 1937, Hollywood Bowl George Gershwin Memorial Concert, in which An American in Paris, also conducted by Shilkret, was second on the program, was recorded and was released in 1998 in a two-CD set.Arthur Fiedler and the Boston Pops Orchestra recorded the work for RCA Victor, including one of the first stereo recordings of the music.In 1945, Arturo Toscanini conducting the NBC Symphony Orchestra recorded the piece for RCA Victor, one of the few commercial recordings Toscanini made of music by an American composer.The Seattle Symphony also recorded a version in 1990 of Gershwin's original score, before he made numerous edits resulting in the score as we hear it today.Harry James released a version of the blues section on his 1953 album One Night Stand, recorded live at the Aragon Ballroom in Chicago (Columbia GL 522 and CL 522).Use in filmIn 1951, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released the musical film, An American in Paris, featuring Gene Kelly and Leslie Caron. Winning the 1951 Best Picture Oscar, and numerous other awards, the film was directed by Vincente Minnelli, featured many tunes of Gershwin, and concluded with an extensive, elaborate dance sequence built around the An American in Paris symphonic poem (arranged for the film by Johnny Green), costing $500,000.ReferencesFurther reading Rimler, Walter. George Gershwin – An Intimate Portrait. Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 2009. chapter 6: Paris, pp. 28–33.External links Scores, marked by Leonard Bernstein, Andre Kostelanetz, Erich Leinsdorf; New York Philharmonic archives 1944 recording by the New York Philharmonic conducted by Artur Rodziński , New York Philharmonic, Leonard Bernstein, 1959. 1928 compositionsCompositions by George GershwinGrammy Hall of Fame Award recipientsMusic about ParisMusic commissioned by the New York PhilharmonicSymphonic poems"}
+{"text": "The Academy Award for Best Production Design recognizes achievement for art direction in film. The category's original name was Best Art Direction, but was changed to its current name in 2012 for the 85th Academy Awards. This change resulted from the Art Director's branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) being renamed the Designer's branch. Since 1947, the award is shared with the set decorator(s). It is awarded to the best interior design in a film.The films below are listed with their production year (for example, the 2000 Academy Award for Best Art Direction is given to a film from 1999). In the lists below, the winner of the award for each year is shown first, followed by the other nominees in alphabetical order.SuperlativesWinners and nominees1920s1930s1940s1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000s2010s2020sSee also BAFTA Award for Best Production Design Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Production DesignNotesReferencesBest Production DesignAwards for best art direction"}
+{"text": "The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, are awards for artistic and technical merit in the film industry. They are regarded by many as the most prestigious and significant awards in the entertainment industry worldwide. Given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), the awards are an international recognition of excellence in cinematic achievements, as assessed by the Academy's voting membership. The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette as a trophy, officially called the \"Academy Award of Merit\", although more commonly referred to by its nickname, the \"Oscar\". The statuette depicts a knight rendered in the Art Deco style.The award was originally sculpted by George Stanley from a design sketch by Cedric Gibbons. AMPAS first presented it in 1929 at a private dinner hosted by Douglas Fairbanks in The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in what would become known as the 1st Academy Awards. The Academy Awards ceremony was first broadcast by radio in 1930 and was televised for the first time in 1953. It is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and is now televised live worldwide. It is also the oldest of the four major annual American entertainment awards; its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music – are modeled after the Academy Awards. A total of 3,140 Oscar statuettes have been awarded since its inception in 1929. They are widely cited as the most prestigious and renowned competitive awards in the field of entertainment.The 93rd Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2020 and early 2021, was held on April 25, 2021, after it was postponed from its original February 28, 2021, schedule due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema. As with the two previous ceremonies, there was no host. The ceremony was broadcast on ABC. It took place at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles, California for the 19th consecutive year, along with satellite location taking place at the Union Station also in Los Angeles.HistoryThe first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16, 1929, at a private dinner function at The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people.The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel. The cost of guest tickets for that night's ceremony was $5 ($ at 2020 prices). Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the film-making industry of the time, for their works during the 1927–28 period. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes.Winners were announced to the media three months earlier. That was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11:00 pm on the night of the awards. This method was used until 1940 when the Los Angeles Times announced the winners before the ceremony began; as a result, the Academy has, since 1941, used a sealed envelope to reveal the names of the winners.MilestonesThe first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. He had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier; this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. At that time, winners were recognized for the entirety of their work done in a certain category during the qualifying period; for example, Jannings received the award for two movies in which he starred during that period, and Janet Gaynor later won a single Oscar for performances in three films. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, and professionals were honored for a specific performance in a single film. For the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years.At the 29th ceremony, held in 1957, the Best Foreign Language Film category, now known as Best International Feature Film, was introduced. Until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award.Perhaps the most widely seen streaker in history was 34-year-old Robert Opel, who streaked across the stage of The Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles flashing a peace sign on national US television at the 46th Academy Awards in 1974. Bemused host David Niven quipped, \"Isn't it fascinating to think that probably the only laugh that man will ever get in his life is by stripping off and showing his shortcomings?\" Later, evidence arose suggesting that Opel's appearance was facilitated as a publicity stunt by the show's producer Jack Haley Jr. Robert Metzler, the show's business manager, believed that the incident had been planned in some way; during the dress rehearsal Niven had asked Metzler's wife to borrow a pen so he could write down the famous line, which was thus not the ad-lib it appeared to be.The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.From 1973 to 2020, all Academy Awards ceremonies have ended with the Academy Award for Best Picture. For 2021, this tradition was broken as the ceremony ended with the Academy Award for Best Actor.Traditionally, the previous year's winner for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor present the awards for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress, while the previous year's winner for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress present the awards for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor.Parasite became the first foreign-language film to win Best Picture at the February 9, 2020, award ceremony.Tom Hanks announced at the 2020 Oscar Ceremony, the opening of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures on December 14, 2020.[Barnes, Brooks (February 19, 2020). \"Motion Picture Academy Museum Will Open in December.\" The New York Times. Retrieved March 15, 2020.] The museum development started in 2017 under Kerry Brougher, but is now led by Bill Kramer. The industry curated exhibits will be geared toward the history of motion picture, the art & science of film making, exhibiting trailblazing directors, actors, film-makers, sound editors and more, and will house famous artifacts from acclaimed movies like Dorothy's Ruby Red Slippers.Because of COVID-19, Academy president David Rubin and CEO Dawn Hudson announced that for the 2021 Oscar Ceremony, streaming movies not shown in theaters would be eligible, though at some point the requirement that movies be shown in theaters would return.Oscar statuetteAcademy Award of Merit (Oscar statuette)The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. Made of gold-plated bronze on a black metal base, it is 13.5 in (34.3 cm) tall, weighs 8.5 lb (3.856 kg), and depicts a knight rendered in Art Deco style holding a sword standing on a reel of film with five spokes. The five spokes represent the original branches of the Academy: Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers, and Technicians.Sculptor George Stanley (who also did the Muse Fountain at the Hollywood Bowl) sculpted Cedric Gibbons' design. The statuettes presented at the initial ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze. Within a few years, the bronze was abandoned in favor of Britannia metal, a pewter-like alloy which is then plated in copper, nickel silver, and finally, 24-karat gold. Due to a metal shortage during World War II, Oscars were made of painted plaster for three years. Following the war, the Academy invited recipients to redeem the plaster figures for gold-plated metal ones. The only addition to the Oscar since it was created is a minor streamlining of the base. The original Oscar mold was cast in 1928 at the C.W. Shumway & Sons Foundry in Batavia, Illinois, which also contributed to casting the molds for the Vince Lombardi Trophy and Emmy Award's statuettes. From 1983 to 2015, approximately 50 Oscars in a tin alloy with gold plating were made each year in Chicago by Illinois manufacturer R.S. Owens & Company. It would take between three and four weeks to manufacture 50 statuettes. In 2016, the Academy returned to bronze as the core metal of the statuettes, handing manufacturing duties to Walden, New York-based Polich Tallix Fine Art Foundry. While based on a digital scan of an original 1929 Oscar, the statuettes retain their modern-era dimensions and black pedestal. Cast in liquid bronze from 3D-printed ceramic molds and polished, they are then electroplated in 24-karat gold by Brooklyn, New York–based Epner Technology. The time required to produce 50 such statuettes is roughly three months. R.S. Owens is expected to continue producing other awards for the Academy and service existing Oscars that need replating.NamingThe Academy officially adopted the name \"Oscar\" for the trophies in 1939. However, the origin of the nickname is disputed.One biography of Bette Davis, who was a president of the Academy in 1941, claims she named the award after her first husband, band leader Harmon Oscar Nelson. A frequently mentioned originator is Margaret Herrick, the Academy executive secretary, who, when she first saw the award in 1931, said the statuette reminded her of \"Uncle Oscar\", a nickname for her cousin Oscar Pierce.Columnist Sidney Skolsky, who was present during Herrick's naming in 1931, wrote that \"Employees have affectionately dubbed their famous statuette 'Oscar.'\" The Academy credits Skolsky with \"the first confirmed newspaper reference\" to Oscar in his column on March 16, 1934, which was written about that year's 6th Academy Awards. The 1934 awards appeared again in another early media mention of Oscar: a Time magazine story. In the ceremonies that year, Walt Disney was the first to thank the Academy for his \"Oscar\" during his acceptance speech.EngravingTo prevent information identifying the Oscar winners from leaking ahead of the ceremony, Oscar statuettes presented at the ceremony have blank baseplates. Until 2010, winners returned their statuettes to the Academy and had to wait several weeks to have their names inscribed on their respective Oscars. Since 2010, winners have had the option of having engraved nameplates applied to their statuettes at an inscription-processing station at the Governor's Ball, a party held immediately after the Oscar ceremony. The R.S. Owens company has engraved nameplates made before the ceremony, bearing the name of every potential winner. The nameplates for the non-winning nominees are later recycled.Ownership of Oscar statuettesPrior to 1950, Oscar statuettes were (and remain) the property of the recipient. Since then the statuettes have been legally encumbered by the requirement that the statuette be first offered for sale back to the Academy for US$1. If a winner refuses to agree to this stipulation, then the Academy keeps the statuette. Academy Awards predating this agreement have been sold in public auctions and private deals for six-figure sums.In 1989, Michael Todd's grandson tried to sell Todd's Best Picture Oscar for his 1956 production of Around the World in 80 Days to a movie prop collector. The Academy earned enforcement of its statuette contract by gaining a permanent injunction against the sale.In 1992, Harold Russell consigned his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for The Best Years of Our Lives to auction to raise money for his wife's medical expenses. Though his decision caused controversy, the first-ever Oscar to be sold passed to a private collector on August 6, 1992 for $60,500 ($ today). Russell defended his action, saying, \"I don't know why anybody would be critical. My wife's health is much more important than sentimental reasons. The movie will be here, even if Oscar isn't.\"In December 2011, Orson Welles' 1941 Oscar for Citizen Kane (Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay) was put up for auction, after his heirs won a 2004 court decision contending that Welles did not sign any agreement to return the statue to the Academy. On December 20, 2011, it sold in an online auction for US$861,542 ($ today).Some buyers have subsequently returned the statuettes to the Academy, which keeps them in its treasury.Other awards presented by the AcademyIn addition to the Academy Award of Merit (Oscar award), there are nine honorary (non-competitive) awards presented by the Academy from time to time (except for the Academy Honorary Award, the Technical Achievement Award, and the Student Academy Awards, which are presented annually): Governors Awards: The Academy Honorary Award (annual) (which may or may not be in the form of an Oscar statuette); The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award (since 1938) (in the form of a bust of Thalberg); The Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award (since 1957) (in the form of an Oscar statuette); The Academy Scientific and Technical Awards: Academy Award of Merit (non-competitive) (in the form of an Oscar statuette); Scientific and Engineering Award (in the form of a bronze tablet); Technical Achievement Award (annual) (in the form of a certificate); The John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation (since 1978) (in the form of a medal); The Gordon E. Sawyer Award (since 1982); and The Academy Student Academy Awards (annual).The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting.NominationSince 2004, Academy Award nomination results have been announced to the public in mid-January. Prior to that, the results were announced in early February. In 2021, the nominees are announced in March.VotersThe Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), a professional honorary organization, maintains a voting membership of over 7,000 .Academy membership is divided into different branches, with each representing a different discipline in film production. Actors constitute the largest voting bloc, numbering 1,311 members (22 percent) of the Academy's composition. Votes have been certified by the auditing firm PricewaterhouseCoopers (and its predecessor Price Waterhouse) since the 7th Academy Awards in 1935. The firm mails the ballots of eligible nominees to members of the Academy in December to reflect the previous eligible year with a due date sometime in January of the next year, then tabulates the votes in a process that takes thousands of hours.All AMPAS members must be invited to join by the Board of Governors, on behalf of Academy Branch Executive Committees. Membership eligibility may be achieved by a competitive nomination or a member may submit a name based on other significant contributions to the field of motion pictures.New membership proposals are considered annually. The Academy does not publicly disclose its membership, although as recently as 2007 press releases have announced the names of those who have been invited to join. The 2007 release also stated that it has just under 6,000 voting members. While the membership had been growing, stricter policies have kept its size steady since then.In 2012, the results of a study conducted by the Los Angeles Times were published describing the demographic breakdown of approximately 88% of AMPAS' voting membership. Of the 5,100+ active voters confirmed, 94% were Caucasian, 77% were male, and 54% were found to be over the age of 60. 33% of voting members are former nominees (14%) and winners (19%).In May 2011, the Academy sent a letter advising its 6,000 or so voting members that an online system for Oscar voting would be implemented in 2013.RulesAccording to Rules 2 and 3 of the official Academy Awards Rules, a film must open in the previous calendar year, from midnight at the start of January 1 to midnight at the end of December 31, in Los Angeles County, California, and play for seven consecutive days, to qualify (except for the Best International Feature Film, Best Documentary Feature, and awards in short film categories). Additionally, the film must be shown at least three times on each day of its qualifying run, with at least one of the daily showings starting between 6 pm and 10 pm local time.For example, the 2009 Best Picture winner, The Hurt Locker, was originally first released in 2008, but did not qualify for the 2008 awards, as it did not play its Oscar-qualifying run in Los Angeles until mid-2009, thus qualifying for the 2009 awards. Foreign films must include English subtitles, and each country can submit only one film for consideration in the International Feature Film category per year.Rule 2 states that a film must be feature-length, defined as a minimum of 40 minutes, except for short-subject awards, and it must exist either on a 35 mm or 70 mm film print or in 24 frame/s or 48 frame/s progressive scan digital cinema format with a minimum projector resolution of 2048 by 1080 pixels. Since the 90th Academy Awards, presented in 2018, multi-part and limited series have been ineligible for the Best Documentary Feature award. This followed the win of O.J.: Made in America, an eight-hour presentation that was screened in a limited release before being broadcast in five parts on ABC and ESPN, in that category in 2017. The Academy's announcement of the new rule made no direct mention of that film.The Best International Feature Film award does not require a U.S. release. It requires the film to be submitted as its country's official selection.The Best Documentary Feature award requires either week-long releases in both Los Angeles County and New York City during the previous calendar year, or a qualifying award at a competitive film festival from the Documentary Feature Qualifying Festival list (regardless of any public exhibition or distribution), or submission in the International Feature Film category as its country's official selection. The qualifying theatrical runs must meet the same requirements as those for non-documentary films regarding numbers and times of screenings. Additionally, a film must have been reviewed by a critic from The New York Times, Time Out New York, the Los Angeles Times, or LA Weekly.Producers must submit an Official Screen Credits online form before the deadline; in case it is not submitted by the defined deadline, the film will be ineligible for Academy Awards in any year. The form includes the production credits for all related categories. Then, each form is checked and put in a Reminder List of Eligible Releases.Awards in short film categories (Best Documentary Short Subject, Best Animated Short Film, and Best Live Action Short Film) have noticeably different eligibility rules from most other competitive awards. First, the qualifying period for release does not coincide with a calendar year, instead of covering one year starting on October 1 and ending on September 30 of the calendar year before the ceremony. Second, there are multiple methods of qualification. The main method is a week-long theatrical release in either Los Angeles County or New York City during the eligibility period. Films also can qualify by winning specified awards at one of several competitive film festivals designated by the Academy, also without regard to prior public distribution. Finally, a film that is selected as a gold, silver, or bronze medal winner in an appropriate category of the immediately previous Student Academy Awards is also eligible (Documentary category for that award, and Animation, Narrative, Alternative, or International for the other awards). The requirements for the qualifying theatrical run are also different from those for other awards. Only one screening per day is required. For the Documentary award, the screening must start between noon and 10 pm local time; for other awards, no specific start time is required, but the film must appear in regular theater listings with dates and screening times.In late December, ballots, and copies of the Reminder List of Eligible Releases are mailed to around 6,000 active members. For most categories, members from each of the branches vote to determine the nominees only in their respective categories (i.e. only directors vote for directors, writers for writers, actors for actors, etc.). In the special case of Best Picture, all voting members are eligible to select the nominees. In all major categories, a variant of the single transferable vote is used, with each member casting a ballot with up to five nominees (ten for Best Picture) ranked preferentially. In certain categories, including International Feature Film, Documentary and Animated Feature, nominees are selected by special screening committees made up of members from all branches.In most categories, the winner is selected from among the nominees by plurality voting of all members. Since 2009, the Best Picture winner has been chosen by instant runoff voting. Since 2013, re-weighted range voting has been used to select the nominees for the Best Visual Effects.Film companies will spend as much as several million dollars on marketing to awards voters for a movie in the running for Best Picture, in attempts to improve chances of receiving Oscars and other movie awards conferred in Oscar season. The Academy enforces rules to limit overt campaigning by its members to try to eliminate excesses and prevent the process from becoming undignified. It has an awards czar on staff who advises members on allowed practices and levies penalties on offenders. For example, a producer of the 2009 Best Picture nominee The Hurt Locker was disqualified as a producer in the category when he contacted associates urging them to vote for his film and not another that was seen as the front-runner (The Hurt Locker eventually won).Academy Screening RoomThe Academy Screening Room or Academy Digital Screening Room is a secure streaming platform which allows voting members of the Academy to view all eligible films (except, initially, those in the International category) in one place. It was introduced in 2019, for the 2020 Oscars, though DVD screeners and Academy in-person screenings were still provided. For films to be included on the platform, the North American distributor must pay $12,500, including a watermarking fee, and a digital copy of the film to be prepared for streaming by the Academy. The platform can be accessed through an app on Apple TV. The watermarking process involved several video security firms, creating a forensic watermark and restricting the ability to take screenshots or screen recordings.In 2021, for the 2022 Oscars, the Academy banned all physical screeners and in-person screenings, restricting official membership viewing to the Academy Screening Room. Films eligible in the Documentary and International categories were made available in different sections of the platform. Distributors can also pay an extra fee to add video featurettes to promote their films on the platform. The in-person screenings were said to be cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Eligible films do not have to be added to the platform, but the Academy advertises them to voting members when they are.Awards ceremoniesTelecastThe major awards are presented at a live televised ceremony, commonly in late February or early March following the relevant calendar year, and six weeks after the announcement of the nominees. It is the culmination of the film awards season, which usually begins during November or December of the previous year. This is an elaborate extravaganza, with the invited guests walking up the red carpet in the creations of the most prominent fashion designers of the day. Black tie dress is the most common outfit for men, although fashion may dictate not wearing a bow-tie, and musical performers sometimes do not adhere to this. (The artists who recorded the nominees for Best Original Song quite often perform those songs live at the awards ceremony, and the fact that they are performing is often used to promote the television broadcast.)The Academy Awards is the world's longest-running awards show televised live from the U.S. to all-time zones in North America and worldwide, and gathers billions of viewers elsewhere throughout the world. The Oscars were first televised in 1953 by NBC, which continued to broadcast the event until 1960, when ABC took over, televising the festivities (including the first color broadcast of the event in 1966) through 1970. NBC regained the rights for five years then ABC resumed broadcast duties in 1976 and its current contract with the Academy runs through 2028. The Academy has also produced condensed versions of the ceremony for broadcast in international markets (especially those outside of the Americas) in more desirable local timeslots. The ceremony was broadcast live internationally for the first time via satellite since 1970, but only two South American countries, Chile and Brazil, purchased the rights to air the broadcast. By that time, the television rights to the Academy Awards had been sold in 50 countries. A decade later, the rights were already being sold to 60 countries, and by 1984, the TV rights to the Awards were licensed in 76 countries.The ceremonies were moved up from late March/early April to late February, since 2004, to help disrupt and shorten the intense lobbying and ad campaigns associated with Oscar season in the film industry. Another reason was because of the growing TV ratings success coinciding with the NCAA Basketball Tournament, which would cut into the Academy Awards audience. (In 1976 and 1977, ABC's regained Oscars were moved from Tuesday to Monday and went directly opposite NBC's NCAA title game.) The earlier date is also to the advantage of ABC, as it now usually occurs during the highly profitable and important February sweeps period. Some years, the ceremony is moved into the first Sunday of March to avoid a clash with the Winter Olympic Games. Another reason for the move to late February and early March is also to avoid the awards ceremony occurring so close to the religious holidays of Passover and Easter, which for decades had been a grievance from members and the general public. Advertising is somewhat restricted, however, as traditionally no movie studios or competitors of official Academy Award sponsors may advertise during the telecast. The production of the Academy Awards telecast currently holds the distinction of winning the most Emmys in history, with 47 wins and 195 nominations overall since that award's own launch in 1949.After many years of being held on Mondays at 9:00 pm Eastern/6:00 p.m Pacific, since the 1999 ceremonies, it was moved to Sundays at 8:30 pm ET/5:30 pm PT. The reasons given for the move were that more viewers would tune in on Sundays, that Los Angeles rush-hour traffic jams could be avoided, and an earlier start time would allow viewers on the East Coast to go to bed earlier. For many years the film industry opposed a Sunday broadcast because it would cut into the weekend box office. In 2010, the Academy contemplated moving the ceremony even further back into January, citing TV viewers' fatigue with the film industry's long awards season. However, such an accelerated schedule would dramatically decrease the voting period for its members, to the point where some voters would only have time to view the contending films streamed on their computers (as opposed to traditionally receiving the films and ballots in the mail). Furthermore, a January ceremony on Sunday would clash with National Football League playoff games. In 2018, the Academy announced that the ceremony would be moved from late February to mid February beginning with the 92nd Academy Awards in 2020.Originally scheduled for April 8, 1968, the 40th Academy Awards ceremony was postponed for two days, because of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. On March 30, 1981, the 53rd Academy Awards was postponed for one day, after the shooting of President Ronald Reagan and others in Washington, D.C.In 1993, an In Memoriam segment was introduced, honoring those who had made a significant contribution to cinema who had died in the preceding 12 months, a selection compiled by a small committee of Academy members. This segment has drawn criticism over the years for the omission of some names. Criticism was also levied for many years regarding another aspect, with the segment having a \"popularity contest\" feel as the audience varied their applause to those who had died by the subject's cultural impact; the applause has since been muted during the telecast, and the audience is discouraged from clapping during the segment and giving silent reflection instead. This segment was later followed by a commercial break.In terms of broadcast length, the ceremony generally averages three and a half hours. The first Oscars, in 1929, lasted 15 minutes. At the other end of the spectrum, the 2002 ceremony lasted four hours and twenty-three minutes. In 2010, the organizers of the Academy Awards announced winners' acceptance speeches must not run past 45 seconds. This, according to organizer Bill Mechanic, was to ensure the elimination of what he termed \"the single most hated thing on the show\" – overly long and embarrassing displays of emotion. In 2016, in a further effort to streamline speeches, winners' dedications were displayed on an on-screen ticker. During the 2018 ceremony, host Jimmy Kimmel acknowledged how long the ceremony had become, by announcing that he would give a brand-new jet ski to whoever gave the shortest speech of the night (a reward won by Mark Bridges when accepting his Best Costume Design award for Phantom Thread). The Wall Street Journal analyzed the average minutes spent across the 2014–2018 telecasts as follows: 14 on song performances; 25 on the hosts' speeches; 38 on prerecorded clips; and 78 on the awards themselves, broken into 24 on the introduction and announcement, 24 on winners walking to the stage, and 30 on their acceptance speeches.Although still dominant in ratings, the viewership of the Academy Awards has steadily dropped; the 88th Academy Awards were the lowest-rated in the past eight years (although with increases in male and 18–49 viewership), while the show itself also faced mixed reception. Following the show, Variety reported that ABC was, in negotiating an extension to its contract to broadcast the Oscars, seeking to have more creative control over the broadcast itself. Currently and nominally, AMPAS is responsible for most aspects of the telecast, including the choice of production staff and hosting, although ABC is allowed to have some input on their decisions. In August 2016, AMPAS extended its contract with ABC through 2028: the contract neither contains any notable changes nor gives ABC any further creative control over the telecast.TV ratingsHistorically, the telecast's viewership is higher when box-office hits are favored to win the Best Picture award. More than 57.25 million viewers tuned to the telecast for the 70th Academy Awards in 1998, the year of Titanic, which generated a box office haul during its initial 1997–98 run of US$600.8 million in the US, a box office record that would remain unsurpassed for years. The 76th Academy Awards ceremony, in which The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (pre-telecast box office earnings of US$368 million) received 11 Awards including Best Picture, drew 43.56 million viewers. The most watched ceremony based on Nielsen ratings to date, however, was the 42nd Academy Awards (Best Picture Midnight Cowboy) which drew a 43.4% household rating on April 7, 1970.By contrast, ceremonies honoring films that have not performed well at the box office tend to show weaker ratings, despite how much critical acclaim those films have received. The 78th Academy Awards which awarded low-budget independent film Crash (with a pre-Oscar gross of US$53.4 million) generated an audience of 38.64 million with a household rating of 22.91%. In 2008, the 80th Academy Awards telecast was watched by 31.76 million viewers on average with an 18.66% household rating, the lowest-rated and least-watched ceremony at the time, in spite of celebrating 80 years of the Academy Awards. The Best Picture winner of that particular ceremony was another independent film (No Country for Old Men).Whereas the 92nd Academy Awards drew an average of 23.6 million viewers, the 93rd Academy Awards drew an even lower viewership of 10.4 million. That is the lowest viewership recorded by Nielsen since it started recording audience totals in 1974.ArchiveThe Academy Film Archive holds copies of every Academy Awards ceremony since the 1949 Oscars and material on many prior ceremonies, along with ancillary material related to more recent shows. Copies are held in a variety of film, video, and digital formats.VenuesIn 1929, the first Academy Awards were presented at a banquet dinner at The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. From 1930 to 1943, the ceremony alternated between two venues: the Ambassador Hotel on Wilshire Boulevard and the Biltmore Hotel in downtown Los Angeles.Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood then hosted the awards from 1944 to 1946, followed by the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles from 1947 to 1948. The 21st Academy Awards in 1949 were held at the Academy Award Theatre at what had been the Academy's headquarters on Melrose Avenue in Hollywood.From 1950 to 1960, the awards were presented at Hollywood's Pantages Theatre. With the advent of television, the awards from 1953 to 1957 took place simultaneously in Hollywood and New York, first at the NBC International Theatre (1953) and then at the NBC Century Theatre, after which the ceremony took place solely in Los Angeles. The Oscars moved to the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California, in 1961. By 1969, the Academy decided to move the ceremonies back to Downtown Los Angeles, this time to the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion at the Los Angeles County Music Center. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the ceremony returned to the Shrine.In 2002, Hollywood's Dolby Theatre (previously known as the Kodak Theatre) became the presentation's current venue.Awards of Merit categoriesCurrent categoriesIn the first year of the awards, the Best Directing award was split into two categories (Drama and Comedy). At times, the Best Original Score award has also been split into separate categories (Drama and Comedy/Musical). From the 1930s through the 1960s, the Art Direction (now Production Design), Cinematography, and Costume Design awards were likewise split into two categories (black-and-white films and color films). Prior to 2012, the Production Design award was called Art Direction, while the Makeup and Hairstyling award was called Makeup.In August 2018, the Academy announced that several categories would not be televised live, but rather be recorded during commercial breaks and aired later in the ceremony.Following dissent from Academy members, they announced that they would indeed air all 24 categories live. This followed several proposals (among them, the introduction of a Popular Film category) that the Academy had announced but did not implement.Discontinued categoriesProposed categoriesThe Board of Governors meets each year and considers new award categories. To date, the following categories have been proposed: Best Casting: rejected in 1999 Best Popular Film: proposed in 2018 for presentation at the 2019 ceremony; postponed until the 2020 ceremony at the earliest (yet to be implemented) Best Stunt Coordination: rejected every year from 1991 to 2012 Best Title Design: rejected in 1999Special categoriesThe Special Academy Awards are voted on by special committees, rather than by the Academy membership as a whole. They are not always presented on an annual basis.Current special categories Academy Honorary Award: since 1929 Academy Scientific and Technical Award (three different awards): since 1931 Gordon E. Sawyer Award: since 1981 Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award: since 1957 Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award: since 1938 Academy Special Achievement Award: from 1972 to 1995, and again for 2017Discontinued special categories Academy Juvenile Award: 1934 to 1960CriticismAccusations of commercialismDue to the positive exposure and prestige of the Academy Awards, many studios spend millions of dollars and hire publicists specifically to promote their films during what is typically called the \"Oscar season\". This has generated accusations of the Academy Awards being influenced more by marketing than by quality. William Friedkin, an Academy Award-winning film director and former producer of the ceremony, expressed this sentiment at a conference in New York in 2009, describing it as \"the greatest promotion scheme that any industry ever devised for itself\".Tim Dirks, editor of AMC's filmsite.org, has written of the Academy Awards:A recent technique that has been claimed to be used during the Oscar season is the whisper campaign. These campaigns are intended to spread negative perceptions of other movies nominated and are believed to be perpetrated by those that were involved in creating the movie. Examples of whisper campaigns include the allegations against Zero Dark Thirty suggesting that it justifies torture and the claim that Lincoln distorts history.Accusations of biasTypical criticism of the Academy Awards for Best Picture is that among the winners and nominees there is an over-representation of romantic historical epics, biographical dramas, romantic dramedies and family melodramas, most of which are released in the U.S. in the last three months of the calendar year. The Oscars have been infamously known for selecting specific genres of movies to be awarded. The term \"Oscar bait\" was coined to describe such movies. This has led, at times, to more specific criticisms that the Academy is disconnected from the audience, e.g., by favoring \"Oscar bait\" over audience favorites or favoring historical melodramas over critically acclaimed movies that depict current life issues.Allegations of a lack of diversityThe Academy Awards have long received criticism over its lack of diversity among the nominees. This criticism is based on the statistics from every Academy Awards since 1929, which shows us that only 6.4% of academy award nominees have been non-white and since 1991, 11.2% of nominees have been non-white, with the rate of winners being even more polarizing. Due to a variety of reasons, including marketability and historical bans on interracial couples, a number of high-profile Oscars have been given to yellowface portrayals, as well as performances of Asian characters rewritten for white characters. The 88th awards ceremony became the target of a boycott, popularized on social media with the hashtag #OscarsSoWhite, based on activists' perception that its all-white acting nominee list reflected bias. In response, the Academy initiated \"historic\" changes in membership by the year 2020.Symbolism or sentimentalizationActing prizes in certain years have been criticized for not recognizing superior performances so much as being awarded for personal popularity, to make up for a \"snub\" for a work that proved in time to be more popular or renowned than the one awarded, or presented as a \"career honor\" to recognize a distinguished nominee's entire body of work.Recognition of streaming media filmFollowing the 91st Academy Awards in February 2019 in which the Netflix-broadcast film Roma had been nominated for ten awards including the Best Picture category, Steven Spielberg and other members of the Academy discussed changing the requirements through the Board of Governors for films as to exclude those from Netflix and other media streaming services. Spielberg had been concerned that Netflix as a movie production and distribution studio could spend much more than typical Oscar-winning films and have much wider and earlier distribution than other Best Picture-nominated films, while still being able to meet the minimal theatrical-run status to qualify for an Oscar. The United States Department of Justice, having heard of this potential rule change, wrote a letter to the Academy in March 2019, cautioning them that placing additional restrictions on films that originate from streaming media services without proper justification could raise anti-trust concerns against the Academy. Following its April 2019 board meeting, the Academy Board of Governors agreed to retain the current rules that allow for streaming media films to be eligible for Oscars as long as they enjoy limited theatrical runs.Refusals of the awardSome winners critical of the Academy Awards have boycotted the ceremonies and refused to accept their Oscars. The first to do so was screenwriter Dudley Nichols (Best Writing in 1935 for The Informer). Nichols boycotted the 8th Academy Awards ceremony because of conflicts between the Academy and the Writers' Guild. Nichols eventually accepted the 1935 award three years later, at the 1938 ceremony. Nichols was nominated for three further Academy Awards during his career.George C. Scott became the second person to refuse his award (Best Actor in 1970 for Patton) at the 43rd Academy Awards ceremony. Scott described it as a \"meat parade\", saying, \"I don't want any part of it.\"The third person to refuse the award was Marlon Brando, who refused his award (Best Actor for 1972's The Godfather), citing the film industry's discrimination and mistreatment of Native Americans. At the 45th Academy Awards ceremony, Brando asked actress and civil rights activist Sacheen Littlefeather to read a 15-page speech in his place, detailing his criticisms, for which there was booing and cheering by the audience.DisqualificationsSix films have had nominations revoked before the official award ceremony: The Circus (1928) – The film was voluntarily removed by the Academy from competitive categories, to award Charlie Chaplin a special award. Hondo (1953) – Removed from the Best Story ballot after letters from the producer and nominee questioned its inclusion in the category. High Society (1955) – Withdrawn from screenwriting ballot after being mistaken for the 1956 movie of the same title. The Godfather (1972) – Initially nominated for eleven awards, its nomination for Best Original Score was revoked after it was discovered that its main theme was very similar to music that the score's composer had written for an earlier film. None of its other nominations were revoked, and it received three Oscars, including Best Picture. A Place in the World (1992) – Removed from the Best Foreign Language Film ballot after it was discovered that the country which submitted the film exercised insufficient artistic control. Alone Yet Not Alone (2014) – The film's title song, \"Alone Yet Not Alone\", was removed from the Best Original Song ballot after Bruce Broughton was found to have improperly contacted other members of the academy's musical branch; this was the first time that a film was removed from a ballot for ethical reasons.One film was disqualified after winning the award, and had the winner return the Oscar: Young Americans (1969) – Initially won the award for Best Documentary Feature, but was later revoked after it was revealed that it had opened theatrically prior to the eligibility period.One film had its nomination revoked after the award ceremony when it had not won the Oscar:Tuba Atlantic (2011) – Its nomination for Best Live Action Short Film was revoked when it was discovered that the film had aired on television in 2010, before its theatrical release.Gender segregationSome advocates of gender equality and non-binary people have criticized the separation of male and female acting categories in the Academy Awards, Emmy Awards and Tony Awards. Though some commentators worry that gender discrimination would cause men to dominate unsegregated categories, other categories are unsegregated. The Grammy Awards went gender-neutral in 2012, while the Daytime Emmy Awards introduced a single Outstanding Younger Performer in a Drama Series category in 2019 to replace their two gender-specific younger actor and actress categories.Associated eventsThe following events are closely associated with the annual Academy Awards: BAFTA Awards César Awards David di Donatello Awards Nominees luncheon Governors Awards The 25th Independent Spirit Awards (2010), usually held in Santa Monica, California the Saturday before the Oscars, marked the first time it was moved to a Friday and a change of venue to L.A. Live The annual \"Night Before\", traditionally held at the Beverly Hills Hotel, begun in 2002 and generally known as the party of the season, benefits the Motion Picture & Television Fund, which operates a retirement home for SAG actors in the San Fernando Valley Elton John AIDS Foundation Academy Award Party airs the awards live at the nearby Pacific Design Center The Governors Ball is the Academy's official after-party, including dinner (until 2011), and is adjacent to the awards-presentation venue The Vanity Fair after-party, historically at the former Morton's restaurant, has been at the Sunset Tower since 2009 Ariel Award in Mexico Goya Award in SpainPresenter and performer giftsIt has become a tradition to give out gift bags to the presenters and performers at the Oscars. In recent years, these gifts have also been extended to award nominees and winners. The value of each of these gift bags can reach into the tens of thousands of dollars. In 2014, the value was reported to be as high as US$80,000. The value has risen to the point where the U.S. Internal Revenue Service issued a statement regarding the gifts and their taxable status.Oscar gift bags have included vacation packages to Hawaii and Mexico and Japan, a private dinner party for the recipient and friends at a restaurant, videophones, a four-night stay at a hotel, watches, bracelets, spa treatments, bottles of vodka, maple salad dressing, weight-loss gummie candy and up to $25,000 worth of cosmetic treatments and rejuvenation procedures such as lip fillers and chemical peels from New York City facial plastic surgeon Konstantin Vasyukevich. Some of the gifts have even had a \"risque\" element to them; in 2014, the adult products retailer Adam & Eve had a \"Secret Room Gifting Suite\". Celebrities visiting the gifting suite included Judith Hoag, Carolyn Hennesy, Kate Linder, Chris Mulkey, Jim O'Heir, and John Salley.Television ratings and advertisement pricesFrom 2006 onwards, results are Live+SD; all previous years are live viewing.TrademarkThe term \"Oscar\" is a registered trademark of the AMPAS; however, in the Italian language, it is used generically to refer to any award or award ceremony, regardless of which field.Court: Oscar may be generic term in Italian | Reuters See also List of film awards List of Academy Award records List of actors with Academy Award nominations List of superlative Academy Award winners and nomineesFootnotesReferencesFurther reading Brokaw, Lauren (2010). \"Wanna see an Academy Awards invite? We got it along with all the major annual events surrounding the Oscars\". Los Angeles: The Daily Truffle. Wright, Jon (2007). The Lunacy of Oscar: The Problems with Hollywood's Biggest Night''. Thomas Publishing, Inc.External links of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Official Academy Awards Database (searchable) 1929 establishments in CaliforniaPerforming arts trophiesAmerican annual television specialsAmerican film awardsAnnual events in Los Angeles County, CaliforniaAwards established in 1929Cinema of Southern CaliforniaEvents in Los AngelesHollywood history and cultureAmerican live television shows"}
+{"text": "Actresses (Catalan: Actrius) is a 1997 Catalan language Spanish drama film produced and directed by Ventura Pons and based on the award-winning stage play E.R. by Josep Maria Benet i Jornet. The film has no male actors, with all roles played by females. The film was produced in 1996.SynopsisIn order to prepare herself to play a role commemorating the life of legendary actress Empar Ribera, young actress (Mercè Pons) interviews three established actresses who had been the Ribera's pupils: the international diva Glòria Marc (Núria Espert), the television star Assumpta Roca (Rosa Maria Sardà), and dubbing director Maria Caminal (Anna Lizaran).Cast Núria Espert as Glòria Marc Rosa Maria Sardà as Assumpta Roca Anna Lizaran as Maria Caminal Mercè Pons as EstudiantRecognitionScreeningsActrius screened in 2001 at the Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in an American Cinematheque retrospective of the works of its director. The film had first screened at the same location in 1998. It was also shown at the 1997 Stockholm International Film Festival.ReceptionIn Movie - Film - Review, Christopher Tookey wrote that though the actresses were \"competent in roles that may have some reference to their own careers\", the film \"is visually unimaginative, never escapes its stage origins, and is almost totally lacking in revelation or surprising incident\". Noting that there were \"occasional, refreshing moments of intergenerational bitchiness\", they did not \"justify comparisons to All About Eve\", and were \"insufficiently different to deserve critical parallels with Rashomon\". He also wrote that The Guardian called the film a \"slow, stuffy chamber-piece\", and that The Evening Standard stated the film's \"best moments exhibit the bitchy tantrums seething beneath the threesome's composed veneers\". MRQE wrote \"This cinematic adaptation of a theatrical work is true to the original, but does not stray far from a theatrical rendering of the story.\"Awards and nominations 1997, won 'Best Catalan Film' at Butaca Awards for Ventura Pons 1997, won 'Best Catalan Film Actress' at Butaca Awards, shared by Núria Espert, Rosa Maria Sardà, Anna Lizaran, and Mercè Pons 1998, nominated for 'Best Screenplay' at Goya Awards, shared by Josep Maria Benet i Jornet and Ventura PonsReferencesExternal links as archived 17 February 2009 (Spanish)1997 films1997 drama filmsSpanish filmsCatalan-language filmsFilms set in BarcelonaFilms directed by Ventura PonsSpanish drama films"}
+{"text": "Animalia is an illustrated children's book by Graeme Base. It was originally published in 1986, followed by a tenth anniversary edition in 1996, and a 25th anniversary edition in 2012. Over four million copies have been sold worldwide. A special numbered and signed anniversary edition was also published in 1996, with an embossed gold jacket.SynopsisAnimalia is an alliterative alphabet book and contains twenty-six illustrations, one for each letter of the alphabet. Each illustration features an animal from the animal kingdom (A is for alligator and armadillo, B is for butterfly, etc.) along with a short poem utilizing the letter of the page for many of the words. The illustrations contain many other objects beginning with that letter that the reader can try to identify (however, there are not necessarily \"a thousand things, or maybe more\", as the author states). As an additional challenge, the author has hidden a picture of himself as a child in every picture.Here are some of the things in each picture that are truly different (the alligator in the A section is wearing an apron featuring the alphabet, which the book is about, and this section also features the author's home country, Australia):Note: This list is incomplete.A1. Astronaut2. Album3. Admiral4. Archdiocese5. Actor6. Actress7. Aborigine8. Athlete9. Acrobat10. Apple11. Acorn12. Apricot13. Avocado14. Adder15. Albatross16. Antelope (this is actually a pronghorn, which is not a true antelope, so it belongs in the P section)17. Anteater18. Aardvark19. Anvil20. Afghan hound21. Affenpinscher22. Airedale terrier23. Aqueduct24. Ant25. Abacus26. Asparagus27. Artichoke28. Accordion29. Anchor30. Anemone 31. Axe32. Angel 33. Algebra34. Atlas35. Apron36. Alien37. Ambulance38. AntennaB36. Bumblebee37. Bobolink38. Bear39. Bonnet40. Barbed wire41. Brambles42. Bulrushes43. Baboon44. Bassoon45. Brontosaurus46. Budgerigar47. Bomb48. Brain49. Brick50. Basket51. Basketball52. Basketball hoop53. Baseball54. Baseball bat55. Backgammon56. Ballpoint pen57. Bagpipes58. Bicycle59. Barrel60. Bell61. Boot62. Button63. Blueberries64. Belt65. Bugle66. Bull67. Bucket68. Bellows69. Boomerang70. Bathtub71. Bone72. Brush73. Bottle74. Banana75. Brush76. Binoculars77. Barracuda78. Buddha79. Battery80. Broom81. Bat (animal)82. Boy83. BungalowC82. Crab83. Chair84. Crane85. Caterpillar86. Canoe87. Computer88. Collar89. Camera90. Concertina91. Cap92. Cheetah93. Chain94. Cassette95. Crocodile96. Cone97. Cube98. Cylinder99. Cymbal100. Cucumber101. Celery102. Cabbage103. Cheese104. Corn105. Carrot106. Cards107. Calculator108. Candle109. Cherry110. Cake111. Coconut112. Cup113. Cocoa114. Can115. Calendar116. Chef117. Castle118. Church119. Cemetery120. Cross of Christ121. Caravan122. Circus123. Clown124. Cricket (game)125. Convict126. Cannon127. Cow128. Chimpanzee129. Cobra130. Cage131. Canary132. Check133. Crossword puzzle134. Crutch135. Cord136. Crown137. Crate138. Cork 139. Cog140. Comb141. Clarinet142. Clam143. Chieftain144. Cactus145. Cliff146. Chateau147. Concorde148. Chandelier149. Cottage150. Cigar151. Candy cane152. Cauldron153. CentipedeD154. Dustpan155. Duster156. Dynamite157. Drill158. Drawers159. Draughts160. Doughnut161. Diamond162. Dice163. Dutch doll164. Dentures165. Date (fruit)166. Date (time)167. Doily168. Dish169. Dollar170. Dolphin171. Decagon172. Devil173. Dormouse174. Diagonal175. Decade176. Doctrine177. Dumbbell178. Dragonfly179. Dwarf180. Dachshund181. Doberman pinscher182. Dalmatian183. Dodo184. Diplodocus185. Dimetrodon186. Dove187. Desperado188. Donkey189. Dam190. Drain191. Dinghy192. Drowning193. Drawbridge194. Deer195. Destroyer196. Dromedary197. Double-decker bus198. Daffodil199. Daisy200. Dirigible201. Dominos202. Dagger203. Dart204. Duck205. Dingo206. Dolly207. Deputy208. DogE208. Eclipse209. Éclair210. Elderberries211. Envelope212. Emu213. Eleven214. Edison215. Einstein216. Embryo217. Earwig218. Echidna219. Elf220. Eskimo221. Eagle222. Edelweiss223. Earring224. Emerald225. Exclamation point226. EyeglassesF226. Flounder227. Film228. Fly229. Foxglove230. Fern231. Fairy232. Fire233. Firewood234. Frankenstein235. Fork236. Forest237. Falcon238. Fungus239. Flier240. Flute241. Fan242. FoghornG243. Graph244. Glockenspiel245. Gerbil246. Geranium247. Gladiolus248. Gladiator249. Gremlin250. Golf club251. Golf ball252. Gibbon253. Guitar254. Galoshes255. Grail256. Greyhound257. Gong258. Gazelle259. Griffin260. Gargoyle261. Graffiti262. Grasshopper263. Globe264. Galleon265. Gorgon266. Gnome267. Gramophone268. Goat269. Goggles270. Goose271. Giraffe272. Gazebo273. Guard274. Gift275. Garage276. Garbage277. Garbage can278. Gallows279. Guillotine280. Ghost281. Giant282. Goal283. Glider284. Gage285. GarterH285. Hexagon286. Hose287. Hare288. Hyena289. Hawk290. Hammock291. Hook292. Hippo293. Hunter294. Hill295. Hang glider296. Herald297. Helicopter298. Hamburger299. Hydrant300. Hourglass301. Hamster302. Hedgehog 303. Horn304. Heart305. Hen306. Hand grenade307. Humpty-Dumpty308. Holly309. Holy Bible310. Hatch311. Haddock312. Hammer313. Hieroglyphics314. Handkerchief315. Handcuffs316. Hatchet317. Hornet318. HalberdI318. Island319. Icicle320. Ice cream321. Iron322. Iceberg323. Icarus324. Imprisoned325. Ingot326. InkJ324. Judge325. Javelin326. Jester327. Jack-in-the-box328. Jack-in-the-pulpit329. Japan330. Jet331. Jasmine332. Jaguar333. JeansK333. Kite334. Knapsack335. Knitting336. Kiwi337. Kilt338. Kitten339. Knight340. Kipper341. Knife342. Keys343. Keychain344. Kitchen345. Kettle346. Kayak347. Knocker348. Ketch349. Keel350. Keypad351. KerbL350. Ladder351. Lyre352. Lantern353. Lobster354. Llama355. Lettuce356. Leprechaun357. Lockbox358. Ladle359. Lemon360. Lute361. Lollipop362. Lamp363. Lily364. LassoM365. Map366. Mammoth367. Mermaid368. Moose369. Magpie370. Mosque371. Mandolin372. Monkey marionette373. Marble374. Metronome375. Moth376. Million377. Millimeter378. Millipede379. Mushroom380. Match381. Matchbox382. Molecule383. Mug384. Milk385. Medal386. Monocle387. Magnet388. Maggot389. Mask390. Microphone391. Microscope392. Moon393. Mole394. Monster395. Monitor396. MoustacheN394. Noah395. Narwhal396. Neptune397. Newspaper398. Nightingale399. Nest400. Net401. Nun402. Nut403. Nutcracker404. North405. Ninety-nine406. Napkin407. Nautilus408. Nurse409. NonagonO410. Orange411. Otter412. Orangutan413. Observatory414. Octagon415. Owl416. Obelisk417. Oak418. Oil drill419. Organ420. Oven421. OrchestraP421. Purse422. Physician423. Poodle424. Parasol425. Pig426. Perambulator427. Periwinkle428. Politician429. Pin430. Philosopher431. Parchment432. Polka dot433. Pigtail434. Pit drum435. Pharaoh436. Pied Piper437. Pyjamas438. Plume439. Police440. Prisoner441. Pygmy442. Punch & Judy443. Pope444. Peace445. Pirate446. Patch447. Peg leg448. Prince449. Princess450. Pendant451. Palace452. Pagoda453. Parachute454. Pegasus455. Pisa (Leaning Tower)456. Parthenon457. Palm tree458. Pyramid459. Paris460. Peninsula461. Penguin462. Pool463. Pathway464. Procession465. Platypus466. Pan467. Pumpkin468. Pheasant469. Partridge470. Puffin471. Pelican472. Porcupine473. Panda474. Parcel475. Pliers476. Plow477. Pitchfork478. Pick479. Pine tree480. Pansy481. Poison ivy482. Periscope483. Porpoise484. Piano485. Popeye486. Phoenix487. Potato488. Plum489. Painter490. Palette491. Paint492. Paintbrush493. Peach494. Pear495. Pomegranate496. Pineapple497. Pussy-willows498. Pavilion499. Pulley500. Pump501. Plaque502. Prism503. Peas504. PearlQ505. Quartz506. Quicksand507. Quarter508. Quoits509. Queen510. Quilt511. Queensland512. QueueR 511. Rust512. Radar513. Raspberry514. Raccoon515. Rhododendron516. Roman numerals517. Ruby518. Ring519. Razor520. Roller skate521. Reindeer522. Roulette523. Rake524. Rifle525. Revolver526. Refrigerator527. Rabbit528. Rolling pin529. Register530. Rose531. Raven532. Ram533. Rat534. Rowboat535. Rooster536. Rattlesnake537. Robin538. Rocking horse539. Rocking chair540. Radius541. Rip542. Racket543. Recorder544. RocketS545. Sapphire546. Soup547. Stump548. Scorpion549. Sieve550. Sandcastle551. Sloop552. Schooner553. Shark554. Scarf555. Spider556. Spur557. Sheriff558. Sling559. Scab560. Sickle561. Scythe562. Slippers563. Sandwich564. Sunflower565. Snowshoes566. Skis567. Stretcher568. Spy569. Stitch570. Screwdriver571. Screw572. Shifter (Wrench)573. Shrug574. Spade575. Shovel576. Sledgehammer577. Scissors578. Shears579. Saw580. Scalpel581. Shack582. Scooter583. Satchel584. Sundae585. Straw586. Spaghetti587. Strawberry588. Spoon589. Saturn590. Seesaw591. Spring592. Sneeze593. Shepherd594. Staff595. Scarecrow596. Sloth597. Stork598. Spoonbill599. Safe600. Shrew601. Skipping rope602. Scroll603. Stamp604. Soccer605. Swimmer606. Snorkel607. Syringe608. Siphon609. Stethoscope610. Starfish611. Snail612. Slug613. Sphinx614. Sprocket615. Spinning wheel616. Spool617. Stool618. Space shuttle619. Satellite620. Sombrero621. Serape622. Saxophone623. Synthesizer624. Superman625. Shower626. Suitcase627. Shuttlecock628. Skittle (Bowling pin)629. Stilts630. Stalactite631. Stalagmite632. Steamroller633. Swings634. Slide635. Sword636. Sheathe637. Stiletto638. Scimitar639. Saber640. Spear641. Sleigh642. Snow643. Santa Claus644. Sack645. Sausage646. Stick figure647. Surfboard648. Surfer649. Seal650. Skull651. Spine652. Shamrock653. Spectacles654. Scapula655. Slingshot656. Snipe657. Swallow658. Sardines659. Swan660. Skunk661. Stepladder662. Sofa663. Scarab beetle664. Stereo665. Star of David666. Sparrow667. Squirrel668. Sextant669. Squid670. Seahorse671. Salute672. Sardines673. SemaphoreT672. Top hat673. Tulip674. Tricycle675. Toad676. Thermos677. Turtle678. Tear679. Trombone680. Trumpet681. Tuba682. Tractor683. Trailer684. Tunnel685. Tepee686. Totem pole687. Target688. Tuxedo689. Tunic690. Telescope691. Teapot692. Television693. Trophy694. Tap695. Teddy bear696. Tambourine697. Torch698. Toy tank699. Tomato700. Thermometer701. Tweezers702. Threader703. Typewriter704. Turntable705. Telephone706. TapirU707. UFO708. Ursa Major709. Ursa Minor710. United Kingdom711. Uncle Sam712. Ukulele713. Underwear714. UmiakV715. Volkswagen716. Vase717. Van718. VCR719. Violin720. Vacuum cleaner721. Voodoo doll722. Vane723. Valve724. Volcano725. Viaduct726. Vicar727. Viking728. Vampire729. Valley730. VegetablesW730. Weevil731. Wristwatch732. Witch733. Wave734. Wizard735. Wand736. Wheat737. Wall738. Wreck739. Wharf740. Whale741. Walrus742. Whirlpool743. Werewolf744. Wolf745. Wishbone746. Well747. Washerwoman748. Washhouse749. Washing machine750. Wagon751. Whip752. Windmill753. Wombat754. Wallaby755. Weeping willow756. Waterfall757. Weapons758. WaterX757. Xylophone758. Xerophytes759. Xmas tree760. X-ray761. X (sign language)Y762. Yoke763. Yolk764. Yeti765. Yeoman766. Yo-yo767. Yard768. YearZ769. Zulu770. Zodiac771. Zipper772. Zinnia773. Zither774. Zebu775. Zorro776. Zero777. ZebraRelated productsJulia MacRae Books published an Animalia colouring book in 2008. H. N. Abrams also published a wall calendar colouring book version for children the same year.H. N. Abrams published The Animalia Wall Frieze, a fold-out over 26 feet in length, in which the author created new riddles for each letter.The Great American Puzzle Factory created a 300-piece jigsaw puzzle based on the book's cover.AdaptationsA television series was also created, based on the book, which airs in the United States, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, Norway and Venezuela. It also airs on Minimax for the Czech Republic and Slovakia. And recently in Greece on the channel ET1. The Australian Children's Television Foundation released a teaching resource DVD-ROM in 2011 to accompany the TV series with teaching aids for classroom use.In 2010, The Base Factory and AppBooks released Animalia as an application for iPad and iPhone/iPod Touch.AwardsAnimalia won the Young Australian's Best Book Award in 1987 for Best Picture Story Book.The Children's Book Council of Australia designated Animalia a 1987 Picture Book of the Year: Honour Book.Kid's Own Australian Literature Awards named Animalia the 1988 Picture Book Winner.ReferencesExternal links Graeme Base's official website A Learning Time activity guide for Animalia created by The Little Big Book ClubAlphabet books1986 children's booksPicture books by Graeme BasePuzzle booksAustralian children's booksPuffin Books books"}
+{"text": "International Atomic Time (TAI, from the French name ) is a high-precision atomic coordinate time standard based on the notional passage of proper time on Earth's geoid. It is a continuous scale of time, without leap seconds. It is the principal realisation of Terrestrial Time (with a fixed offset of epoch). It is also the basis for Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which is used for civil timekeeping all over the Earth's surface. UTC deviates from TAI by a number of whole seconds. , when another leap second was put into effect, UTC is currently exactly 37 seconds behind TAI. The 37 seconds result from the initial difference of 10 seconds at the start of 1972, plus 27 leap seconds in UTC since 1972.TAI may be reported using traditional means of specifying days, carried over from non-uniform time standards based on the rotation of the Earth. Specifically, both Julian days and the Gregorian calendar are used. TAI in this form was synchronised with Universal Time at the beginning of 1958, and the two have drifted apart ever since, due to the changing motion of the Earth.OperationTAI is a weighted average of the time kept by over 400 atomic clocks in over 50 national laboratories worldwide. The majority of the clocks involved are caesium clocks; the International System of Units (SI) definition of the second is based on caesium. The clocks are compared using GPS signals and two-way satellite time and frequency transfer. Due to the signal averaging TAI is an order of magnitude more stable than its best constituent clock.The participating institutions each broadcast, in real time, a frequency signal with timecodes, which is their estimate of TAI. Time codes are usually published in the form of UTC, which differs from TAI by a well-known integer number of seconds. These time scales are denoted in the form UTC(NPL) in the UTC form, where NPL identifies the National Physical Laboratory, UK. The TAI form may be denoted TAI(NPL). The latter is not to be confused with TA(NPL), which denotes an independent atomic time scale, not synchronised to TAI or to anything else.The clocks at different institutions are regularly compared against each other. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM, France), combines these measurements to retrospectively calculate the weighted average that forms the most stable time scale possible. This combined time scale is published monthly in \"Circular T\", and is the canonical TAI. This time scale is expressed in the form of tables of differences UTC − UTC(k) (equivalent to TAI − TAI(k)) for each participating institution k. The same circular also gives tables of TAI − TA(k), for the various unsynchronised atomic time scales.Errors in publication may be corrected by issuing a revision of the faulty Circular T or by errata in a subsequent Circular T. Aside from this, once published in Circular T, the TAI scale is not revised. In hindsight, it is possible to discover errors in TAI and to make better estimates of the true proper time scale. Since the published circulars are definitive, better estimates do not create another version of TAI; it is instead considered to be creating a better realisation of Terrestrial Time (TT).HistoryEarly atomic time scales consisted of quartz clocks with frequencies calibrated by a single atomic clock; the atomic clocks were not operated continuously. Atomic timekeeping services started experimentally in 1955, using the first caesium atomic clock at the National Physical Laboratory, UK (NPL). It was used as a basis for calibrating the quartz clocks at the Royal Greenwich Observatory and to establish a time scale, called Greenwich Atomic (GA). The United States Naval Observatory began the A.1 scale on 13 September 1956, using an Atomichron commercial atomic clock, followed by the NBS-A scale at the National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado on 9 October 1957.The International Time Bureau (BIH) began a time scale, Tm or AM, in July 1955, using both local caesium clocks and comparisons to distant clocks using the phase of VLF radio signals. The BIH scale, A.1, and NBS-A were defined by an epoch at the beginning of 1958 The procedures used by the BIH evolved, and the name for the time scale changed: \"A3\" in 1964 and \"TA(BIH)\" in 1969.The SI second was defined in terms of the caesium atom in 1967. From 1971 to 1975 the General Conference on Weights and Measures and the International Committee for Weights and Measures made a series of decisions which designated the BIPM time scale International Atomic Time (TAI).In the 1970s, it became clear that the clocks participating in TAI were ticking at different rates due to gravitational time dilation, and the combined TAI scale, therefore, corresponded to an average of the altitudes of the various clocks. Starting from the Julian Date 2443144.5 (1 January 1977 00:00:00), corrections were applied to the output of all participating clocks, so that TAI would correspond to proper time at the geoid (mean sea level). Because the clocks were, on average, well above sea level, this meant that TAI slowed by about one part in a trillion. The former uncorrected time scale continues to be published under the name EAL (Échelle Atomique Libre, meaning Free Atomic Scale).The instant that the gravitational correction started to be applied serves as the epoch for Barycentric Coordinate Time (TCB), Geocentric Coordinate Time (TCG), and Terrestrial Time (TT), which represent three fundamental time scales in the solar system. All three of these time scales were defined to read JD 2443144.5003725 (1 January 1977 00:00:32.184) exactly at that instant. TAI was henceforth a realisation of TT, with the equation TT(TAI) = TAI + 32.184 s.The continued existence of TAI was questioned in a 2007 letter from the BIPM to the ITU-R which stated, \"In the case of a redefinition of UTC without leap seconds, the CCTF would consider discussing the possibility of suppressing TAI, as it would remain parallel to the continuous UTC.\"Relation to UTCUTC is a discontinuous time scale. It is occasionally adjusted by leap seconds. Between these adjustments, it is composed of segments that are mapped to atomic time. From its beginning in 1961 through December 1971, the adjustments were made regularly in fractional leap seconds so that UTC approximated UT2. Afterward, these adjustments were made only in whole seconds to approximate UT1. This was a compromise arrangement in order to enable a publicly broadcast time scale. The less frequent whole-second adjustments meant that the time scale would be more stable and easier to synchronize internationally. The fact that it continues to approximate UT1 means that tasks such as navigation which require a source of Universal Time continue to be well served by the public broadcast of UTC.See also Clock synchronization Network Time Protocol Precision Time Protocol Time and frequency transferNotesReferencesFootnotesBibliographyExternal links Bureau International des Poids et Mesures: TAI Time and Frequency Section - National Physical Laboratory, UK IERS website NIST Web Clock FAQs History of time scales NIST-F1 Cesium Fountain Atomic Clock Japan Standard Time Project, NICT, Japan Standard of time definition: UTC, GPS, LORAN and TAITime scales"}
+{"text": "Altruism is the principle and moral practice of concern for happiness of other human beings or other animals, resulting in a quality of life both material and spiritual. It is a traditional virtue in many cultures and a core aspect of various religious and secular worldviews. However, the object(s) of concern vary among cultures and religions. In an extreme case, altruism may become a synonym of selflessness, which is the opposite of selfishness.The word \"altruism\" was popularized (and possibly coined) by the French philosopher Auguste Comte in French, as altruisme, for an antonym of egoism. He derived it from the Italian altrui, which in turn was derived from Latin alteri, meaning \"other people\" or \"somebody else\".Altruism in biological observations in field populations of the day organisms is an individual performing an action which is at a cost to themselves (e.g., pleasure and quality of life, time, probability of survival or reproduction), but benefits, either directly or indirectly, another individual, without the expectation of reciprocity or compensation for that action. Steinberg suggests a definition for altruism in the clinical setting, that is \"intentional and voluntary actions that aim to enhance the welfare of another person in the absence of any quid pro quo external rewards\". In one sense, the opposite of altruism is spite; a spiteful action harms another with no self-benefit.Altruism can be distinguished from feelings of loyalty or concern for the common good. The latter are predicated upon social relationships, whilst altruism does not consider relationships. Much debate exists as to whether \"true\" altruism is possible in human psychology. The theory of psychological egoism suggests that no act of sharing, helping or sacrificing can be described as truly altruistic, as the actor may receive an intrinsic reward in the form of personal gratification. The validity of this argument depends on whether intrinsic rewards qualify as \"benefits\".The term altruism may also refer to an ethical doctrine that claims that individuals are morally obliged to benefit others. Used in this sense, it is usually contrasted with egoism, which claims individuals are morally obligated to serve themselves first. Effective altruism is the use of evidence and reason to determine the most effective ways to benefit others.The notion of altruismThe concept has a long history in philosophical and ethical thought. The term was originally coined in the 19th century by the founding sociologist and philosopher of science, Auguste Comte, and has become a major topic for psychologists (especially evolutionary psychology researchers), evolutionary biologists, and ethologists. Whilst ideas about altruism from one field can affect the other fields, the different methods and focuses of these fields always lead to different perspectives on altruism. In simple terms, altruism is caring about the welfare of other people and acting to help them.Scientific viewpointsAnthropologyMarcel Mauss's essay The Gift contains a passage called \"Note on alms\". This note describes the evolution of the notion of alms (and by extension of altruism) from the notion of sacrifice. In it, he writes:Alms are the fruits of a moral notion of the gift and of fortune on the one hand, and of a notion of sacrifice, on the other. Generosity is an obligation, because Nemesis avenges the poor and the gods for the superabundance of happiness and wealth of certain people who should rid themselves of it. This is the ancient morality of the gift, which has become a principle of justice. The gods and the spirits accept that the share of wealth and happiness that has been offered to them and had been hitherto destroyed in useless sacrifices should serve the poor and children.Evolutionary explanationsIn the science of ethology (the study of animal behaviour), and more generally in the study of social evolution, altruism refers to behaviour by an individual that increases the fitness of another individual while decreasing the fitness of the actor. In evolutionary psychology this may be applied to a wide range of human behaviors such as charity, emergency aid, help to coalition partners, tipping, courtship gifts, production of public goods, and environmentalism.Theories of apparently altruistic behavior were accelerated by the need to produce theories compatible with evolutionary origins. Two related strands of research on altruism have emerged from traditional evolutionary analyses and from evolutionary game theory a mathematical model and analysis of behavioural strategies.Some of the proposed mechanisms are: Kin selection. That animals and humans are more altruistic towards close kin than to distant kin and non-kin has been confirmed in numerous studies across many different cultures. Even subtle cues indicating kinship may unconsciously increase altruistic behavior. One kinship cue is facial resemblance. One study found that slightly altering photographs so that they more closely resembled the faces of study participants increased the trust the participants expressed regarding depicted persons. Another cue is having the same family name, especially if rare, and this has been found to increase helpful behavior. Another study found more cooperative behavior the greater the number of perceived kin in a group. Using kinship terms in political speeches increased audience agreement with the speaker in one study. This effect was especially strong for firstborns, who are typically close to their families. Vested interests. People are likely to suffer if their friends, allies, and similar social ingroups suffer or even disappear. Helping such group members may therefore eventually benefit the altruist. Making ingroup membership more noticeable increases cooperativeness. Extreme self-sacrifice towards the ingroup may be adaptive if a hostile outgroup threatens to kill the entire ingroup. Reciprocal altruism. See also Reciprocity (evolution). Direct reciprocity. Research shows that it can be beneficial to help others if there is a chance that they can and will reciprocate the help. The effective tit for tat strategy is one game theoretic example. Many people seem to be following a similar strategy by cooperating if and only if others cooperate in return.One consequence is that people are more cooperative if it is more likely that individuals will interact again in the future. People tend to be less cooperative if they perceive that the frequency of helpers in the population is lower. They tend to help less if they see non-cooperativeness by others and this effect tend to be stronger than the opposite effect of seeing cooperative behaviors. Simply changing the cooperative framing of a proposal may increase cooperativeness such as calling it a \"Community Game\" instead of a \"Wall Street Game\".A tendency towards reciprocity implies that people will feel obligated to respond if someone helps them. This has been used by charities that give small gifts to potential donors hoping thereby to induce reciprocity. Another method is to announce publicly that someone has given a large donation. The tendency to reciprocate can even generalize so people become more helpful toward others in general after being helped. On the other hand, people will avoid or even retaliate against those perceived not to be cooperating. People sometimes mistakenly fail to help when they intended to, or their helping may not be noticed, which may cause unintended conflicts. As such, it may be an optimal strategy to be slightly forgiving of and have a slightly generous interpretation of non-cooperation.People are more likely to cooperate on a task if they can communicate with one another first. This may be due to better assessments of cooperativeness or due to exchange of promises. They are more cooperative if they can gradually build trust, instead of being asked to give extensive help immediately. Direct reciprocity and cooperation in a group can be increased by changing the focus and incentives from intra-group competition to larger scale competitions such as between groups or against the general population. Thus, giving grades and promotions based only on an individual's performance relative to a small local group, as is common, may reduce cooperative behaviors in the group. Indirect reciprocity. The avoidance of poor reciprocators and cheaters causes a person's reputation to become very important. A person with a good reputation for reciprocity has a higher chance of receiving help even from persons they have had no direct interactions with previously. Strong reciprocity. A form of reciprocity where some individuals seem to spend more resources on cooperating and punishing than would be most beneficial as predicted by several established theories of altruism. A number of theories have been proposed as explanations as well as criticisms regarding its existence. Pseudo-reciprocity. An organism behaves altruistically and the recipient does not reciprocate but has an increased chance of acting in a way that is selfish but also as a byproduct benefits the altruist. Costly signaling and the handicap principle. Since altruism takes away resources from the altruist it can be an \"honest signal\" of resource availability and the abilities needed to gather resources. This may signal to others that the altruist is a valuable potential partner. It may also be a signal of interactive and cooperative intentions since those not interacting further in the future gain nothing from the costly signaling. It is unclear if costly signaling can indicate a long-term cooperative personality but people have increased trust for those who help. Costly signaling is pointless if everyone has the same traits, resources, and cooperative intentions but become a potentially more important signal if the population increasingly varies on these characteristics.Hunters widely sharing the meat has been seen as a costly signal of ability and research has found that good hunters have higher reproductive success and more adulterous relations even if they themselves receive no more of the hunted meat than anyone else. Similarly, holding large feasts and giving large donations has been seen as ways of demonstrating one's resources. Heroic risk-taking has also been interpreted as a costly signal of ability.Both indirect reciprocity and costly signaling depend on the value of reputation and tend to make similar predictions. One is that people will be more helping when they know that their helping behavior will be communicated to people they will interact with later, is publicly announced, is discussed, or is simply being observed by someone else. This have been documented in many studies. The effect is sensitive to subtle cues such as people being more helpful when there were stylized eyespots instead of a logo on a computer screen. Weak reputational cues such as eyespots may become unimportant if there are stronger cues present and may lose their effect with continued exposure unless reinforced with real reputational effects. Public displays such as public weeping for dead celebrities and participation in demonstrations may be influenced by a desire to be seen as altruistic. People who know that they are publicly monitored sometimes even wastefully donate money they know are not needed by recipient which may be because of reputational concerns.Women have been found to find altruistic men to be attractive partners. When looking for a long-term partner, altruism may be a preferred trait as it may indicate that he is also willing to share resources with her and her children. It has been shown that men perform altruistic acts in the early stages of a romantic relationship or simply when in the presence of an attractive woman. While both sexes state that kindness is the most preferable trait in a partner there is some evidence that men place less value on this than women and that women may not be more altruistic in presence of an attractive man. Men may even avoid altruistic women in short-term relationships which may be because they expect less success.People may compete for social benefit from a burnished reputation, which may cause competitive altruism. On the other hand, in some experiments a proportion of people do not seem to care about reputation and they do not help more even if this is conspicuous. This may possibly be due to reasons such as psychopathy or that they are so attractive that they need not be seen to be altruistic. The reputational benefits of altruism occur in the future as compared to the immediate costs of altruism in the present. While humans and other organisms generally place less value on future costs/benefits as compared to those in the present, some have shorter time horizons than others and these people tend to be less cooperative.Explicit extrinsic rewards and punishments have been found to sometimes actually have the opposite effect on behaviors compared to intrinsic rewards. This may be because such extrinsic, top-down incentives may replace (partially or in whole) intrinsic and reputational incentives, motivating the person to focus on obtaining the extrinsic rewards, which overall may make the behaviors less desirable. Another effect is that people would like altruism to be due to a personality characteristic rather than due to overt reputational concerns and simply pointing out that there are reputational benefits of an action may actually reduce them. This may possibly be used as derogatory tactic against altruists, especially by those who are non-cooperators. A counterargument is that doing good due to reputational concerns is better than doing no good at all. Group selection. It has controversially been argued by some evolutionary scientists such as David Sloan Wilson that natural selection can act at the level of non-kin groups to produce adaptations that benefit a non-kin group even if these adaptations are detrimental at the individual level. Thus, while altruistic persons may under some circumstances be outcompeted by less altruistic persons at the individual level, according to group selection theory the opposite may occur at the group level where groups consisting of the more altruistic persons may outcompete groups consisting of the less altruistic persons. Such altruism may only extend to ingroup members while there may instead prejudice and antagonism against outgroup members (See also in-group favoritism). Group selection theory has been criticized by many other evolutionary scientists.Such explanations do not imply that humans are always consciously calculating how to increase their inclusive fitness when they are doing altruistic acts. Instead, evolution has shaped psychological mechanisms, such as emotions, that promote altruistic behaviors.Every single instance of altruistic behavior need not always increase inclusive fitness; altruistic behaviors would have been selected for if such behaviors on average increased inclusive fitness in the ancestral environment. This need not imply that on average 50% or more of altruistic acts were beneficial for the altruist in the ancestral environment; if the benefits from helping the right person were very high it would be beneficial to err on the side of caution and usually be altruistic even if in most cases there were no benefits.The benefits for the altruist may be increased and the costs reduced by being more altruistic towards certain groups. Research has found that people are more altruistic to kin than to no-kin, to friends than to strangers, to those attractive than to those unattractive, to non-competitors than to competitors, and to members ingroups than to members of outgroup.The study of altruism was the initial impetus behind George R. Price's development of the Price equation, which is a mathematical equation used to study genetic evolution. An interesting example of altruism is found in the cellular slime moulds, such as Dictyostelium mucoroides. These protists live as individual amoebae until starved, at which point they aggregate and form a multicellular fruiting body in which some cells sacrifice themselves to promote the survival of other cells in the fruiting body.Selective investment theory proposes that close social bonds, and associated emotional, cognitive, and neurohormonal mechanisms, evolved in order to facilitate long-term, high-cost altruism between those closely depending on one another for survival and reproductive success.Such cooperative behaviors have sometimes been seen as arguments for left-wing politics such by the Russian zoologist and anarchist Peter Kropotkin in his 1902 book Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution and Moral Philosopher Peter Singer in his book A Darwinian Left.NeurobiologyJorge Moll and Jordan Grafman, neuroscientists at the National Institutes of Health and LABS-D'Or Hospital Network (J.M.) provided the first evidence for the neural bases of altruistic giving in normal healthy volunteers, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. In their research, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA in October 2006, they showed that both pure monetary rewards and charitable donations activated the mesolimbic reward pathway, a primitive part of the brain that usually responds to food and sex. However, when volunteers generously placed the interests of others before their own by making charitable donations, another brain circuit was selectively activated: the subgenual cortex/septal region. These structures are intimately related to social attachment and bonding in other species. Altruism, the experiment suggested, was not a superior moral faculty that suppresses basic selfish urges but rather was basic to the brain, hard-wired and pleasurable. One brain region, the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex/basal forebrain, contributes to learning altruistic behavior, especially in those with trait empathy. The same study has shown a connection between giving to charity and the promotion of social bonding.In fact, in an experiment published in March 2007 at the University of Southern California neuroscientist Antonio R. Damasio and his colleagues showed that subjects with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex lack the ability to empathically feel their way to moral answers, and that when confronted with moral dilemmas, these brain-damaged patients coldly came up with \"end-justifies-the-means\" answers, leading Damasio to conclude that the point was not that they reached immoral conclusions, but that when they were confronted by a difficult issue – in this case as whether to shoot down a passenger plane hijacked by terrorists before it hits a major city – these patients appear to reach decisions without the anguish that afflicts those with normally functioning brains. According to Adrian Raine, a clinical neuroscientist also at the University of Southern California, one of this study's implications is that society may have to rethink how it judges immoral people: \"Psychopaths often feel no empathy or remorse. Without that awareness, people relying exclusively on reasoning seem to find it harder to sort their way through moral thickets. Does that mean they should be held to different standards of accountability?\"In another study, in the 1990s, Dr. Bill Harbaugh, a University of Oregon economist, concluded people are motivated to give for reasons of personal prestige and in a similar fMRI scanner test in 2007 with his psychologist colleague Dr. Ulrich Mayr, reached the same conclusions of Jorge Moll and Jordan Grafman about giving to charity, although they were able to divide the study group into two groups: \"egoists\" and \"altruists\". One of their discoveries was that, though rarely, even some of the considered \"egoists\" sometimes gave more than expected because that would help others, leading to the conclusion that there are other factors in cause in charity, such as a person's environment and values.PsychologyThe International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences defines psychological altruism as \"a motivational state with the goal of increasing another's welfare\". Psychological altruism is contrasted with psychological egoism, which refers to the motivation to increase one's own welfare.There has been some debate on whether or not humans are truly capable of psychological altruism. Some definitions specify a self-sacrificial nature to altruism and a lack of external rewards for altruistic behaviors. However, because altruism ultimately benefits the self in many cases, the selflessness of altruistic acts is brought to question. The social exchange theory postulates that altruism only exists when benefits to the self outweigh costs to the self. Daniel Batson is a psychologist who examined this question and argues against the social exchange theory. He identified four major motives: to ultimately benefit the self (egoism), to ultimately benefit the other person (altruism), to benefit a group (collectivism), or to uphold a moral principle (principlism). Altruism that ultimately serves selfish gains is thus differentiated from selfless altruism, but the general conclusion has been that empathy-induced altruism can be genuinely selfless. The empathy-altruism hypothesis basically states that psychological altruism does exist and is evoked by the empathic desire to help someone who is suffering. Feelings of empathic concern are contrasted with feelings of personal distress, which compel people to reduce their own unpleasant emotions and increase their own positive ones through helping someone in need. Empathy is thus not selfless, since altruism works either as the way to avoid those negative, unpleasant feelings and have positive, pleasant feelings triggered by others' need for help, or as the way to incentive the gain of social reward or through fear to avoid social punishment by helping. People with empathic concern help others in distress even when exposure to the situation could be easily avoided, whereas those lacking in empathic concern avoid helping unless it is difficult or impossible to avoid exposure to another's suffering. Helping behavior is seen in humans at about two years old, when a toddler is capable of understanding subtle emotional cues.In psychological research on altruism, studies often observe altruism as demonstrated through prosocial behaviors such as helping, comforting, sharing, cooperation, philanthropy, and community service. Research has found that people are most likely to help if they recognize that a person is in need and feel personal responsibility for reducing the person's distress. Research also suggests that the number of bystanders witnessing distress or suffering affects the likelihood of helping (the Bystander effect). Greater numbers of bystanders decrease individual feelings of responsibility. However, a witness with a high level of empathic concern is likely to assume personal responsibility entirely regardless of the number of bystanders.Many studies have observed the effects of volunteerism (as a form of altruism) on happiness and health and have consistently found a strong connection between volunteerism and current and future health and well-being. In a study of older adults, those who volunteered were higher on life satisfaction and will to live, and lower in depression, anxiety, and somatization. Volunteerism and helping behavior have not only been shown to improve mental health, but physical health and longevity as well, attributable to the activity and social integration it encourages. One study examined the physical health of mothers who volunteered over a 30-year period and found that 52% of those who did not belong to a volunteer organization experienced a major illness while only 36% of those who did volunteer experienced one. A study on adults ages 55+ found that during the four-year study period, people who volunteered for two or more organizations had a 63% lower likelihood of dying. After controlling for prior health status, it was determined that volunteerism accounted for a 44% reduction in mortality. Merely being aware of kindness in oneself and others is also associated with greater well-being. A study that asked participants to count each act of kindness they performed for one week significantly enhanced their subjective happiness. It is important to note that, while research supports the idea that altruistic acts bring about happiness, it has also been found to work in the opposite direction—that happier people are also kinder. The relationship between altruistic behavior and happiness is bidirectional. Studies have found that generosity increases linearly from sad to happy affective states.Studies have also been careful to note that feeling over-taxed by the needs of others has conversely negative effects on health and happiness. For example, one study on volunteerism found that feeling overwhelmed by others' demands had an even stronger negative effect on mental health than helping had a positive one (although positive effects were still significant). Additionally, while generous acts make people feel good about themselves, it is also important for people to appreciate the kindness they receive from others. Studies suggest that gratitude goes hand-in-hand with kindness and is also very important for our well-being. A study on the relationship happiness to various character strengths showed that \"a conscious focus on gratitude led to reductions in negative affect and increases in optimistic appraisals, positive affect, offering emotional support, sleep quality, and well-being\".Pathological altruismPathological altruism is when altruism is taken to an unhealthy extreme, and either harms the altruistic person, or well-intentioned actions cause more harm than good.The term \"pathological altruism\" was popularised by the book Pathological Altruism.Examples include depression and burnout seen in healthcare professionals, an unhealthy focus on others to the detriment of one's own needs, hoarding of animals, and ineffective philanthropic and social programs that ultimately worsen the situations they are meant to aid.Sociology\"Sociologists have long been concerned with how to build the good society\" (\"Altruism, Morality, and Social Solidarity\". American Sociological Association.). The structure of our societies and how individuals come to exhibit charitable, philanthropic, and other pro-social, altruistic actions for the common good is a largely researched topic within the field. The American Sociology Association (ASA) acknowledges public sociology saying, \"The intrinsic scientific, policy, and public relevance of this field of investigation in helping to construct 'good societies' is unquestionable\" (\"Altruism, Morality, and Social Solidarity\" ASA). This type of sociology seeks contributions that aid grassroots and theoretical understandings of what motivates altruism and how it is organized, and promotes an altruistic focus in order to benefit the world and people it studies. How altruism is framed, organized, carried out, and what motivates it at the group level is an area of focus that sociologists seek to investigate in order to contribute back to the groups it studies and \"build the good society\". The motivation of altruism is also the focus of study; some publications link the occurrence of moral outrage to the punishment of perpetrators and compensation of victims. Studies have shown that generosity in laboratory and in online experiments is contagious – people imitate observed generosity of others.Religious viewpointsMost, if not all, of the world's religions promote altruism as a very important moral value. Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Judaism, and Sikhism, etc., place particular emphasis on altruistic morality.BuddhismAltruism figures prominently in Buddhism. Love and compassion are components of all forms of Buddhism, and are focused on all beings equally: love is the wish that all beings be happy, and compassion is the wish that all beings be free from suffering. \"Many illnesses can be cured by the one medicine of love and compassion. These qualities are the ultimate source of human happiness, and the need for them lies at the very core of our being\" (Dalai Lama).Still, the notion of altruism is modified in such a world-view, since the belief is that such a practice promotes our own happiness: \"The more we care for the happiness of others, the greater our own sense of well-being becomes\" (Dalai Lama).In the context of larger ethical discussions on moral action and judgment, Buddhism is characterized by the belief that negative (unhappy) consequences of our actions derive not from punishment or correction based on moral judgment, but from the law of karma, which functions like a natural law of cause and effect. A simple illustration of such cause and effect is the case of experiencing the effects of what one causes: if one causes suffering, then as a natural consequence one would experience suffering; if one causes happiness, then as a natural consequence one would experience happiness.JainismThe fundamental principles of Jainism revolve around the concept of altruism, not only for humans but for all sentient beings. Jainism preaches the view of Ahimsa – to live and let live, thereby not harming sentient beings, i.e. uncompromising reverence for all life. It also considers all living things to be equal. The first Tirthankara, Rishabhdev, introduced the concept of altruism for all living beings, from extending knowledge and experience to others to donation, giving oneself up for others, non-violence and compassion for all living things.Jainism prescribes a path of non-violence to progress the soul to this ultimate goal. A major characteristic of Jain belief is the emphasis on the consequences of not only physical but also mental behaviors. One's unconquered mind with anger, pride (ego), deceit, greed and uncontrolled sense organs are the powerful enemies of humans. Anger spoils good relations, pride destroys humility, deceit destroys peace and greed destroys everything. Jainism recommends conquering anger by forgiveness, pride by humility, deceit by straightforwardness and greed by contentment.Jains believe that to attain enlightenment and ultimately liberation, one must practice the following ethical principles (major vows) in thought, speech and action. The degree to which these principles are practiced is different for householders and monks. They are: Non-violence (Ahimsa); Truthfulness (Satya); Non-stealing (Asteya); Celibacy (Brahmacharya); Non-possession or non-materialism (Aparigraha);The \"great vows\" (Mahavrata) are prescribed for monks and \"limited vows\" (Anuvrata) are prescribed for householders. The house-holders are encouraged to practice the above-mentioned five vows. The monks have to observe them very strictly. With consistent practice, it will be possible to overcome the limitations gradually, accelerating the spiritual progress.The principle of nonviolence seeks to minimize karmas which limit the capabilities of the soul. Jainism views every soul as worthy of respect because it has the potential to become Siddha (God in Jainism). Because all living beings possess a soul, great care and awareness is essential in one's actions. Jainism emphasizes the equality of all life, advocating harmlessness towards all, whether the creatures are great or small. This policy extends even to microscopic organisms. Jainism acknowledges that every person has different capabilities and capacities to practice and therefore accepts different levels of compliance for ascetics and householders.ChristianitySt Thomas Aquinas interprets 'You should love your neighbour as yourself' as meaning that love for ourselves is the exemplar of love for others. Considering that \"the love with which a man loves himself is the form and root of friendship\" and quotes Aristotle that \"the origin of friendly relations with others lies in our relations to ourselves\", he concluded that though we are not bound to love others more than ourselves, we naturally seek the common good, the good of the whole, more than any private good, the good of a part. However, he thinks we should love God more than ourselves and our neighbours, and more than our bodily life—since the ultimate purpose of loving our neighbour is to share in eternal beatitude: a more desirable thing than bodily well-being. In coining the word Altruism, as stated above, Comte was probably opposing this Thomistic doctrine, which is present in some theological schools within Catholicism.Many biblical authors draw a strong connection between love of others and love of God. 1 John 4 states that for one to love God one must love his fellowman, and that hatred of one's fellowman is the same as hatred of God. Thomas Jay Oord has argued in several books that altruism is but one possible form of love. An altruistic action is not always a loving action. Oord defines altruism as acting for the other's good, and he agrees with feminists who note that sometimes love requires acting for one's own good when the other's demands undermine overall well-being.German philosopher Max Scheler distinguishes two ways in which the strong can help the weak. One way is a sincere expression of Christian love, \"motivated by a powerful feeling of security, strength, and inner salvation, of the invincible fullness of one's own life and existence\". Another way is merely \"one of the many modern substitutes for love, ... nothing but the urge to turn away from oneself and to lose oneself in other people's business\". At its worst, Scheler says, \"love for the small, the poor, the weak, and the oppressed is really disguised hatred, repressed envy, an impulse to detract, etc., directed against the opposite phenomena: wealth, strength, power, largesse.\"IslamIn Islam, the concept \"īthār\" (إيثار) (altruism) is the notion of \"preferring others to oneself\". For Sufis, this means devotion to others through complete forgetfulness of one's own concerns, where concern for others is deemed as a demand made by Allah (i.e. God) on the human body, considered to be property of Allah alone. The importance of īthār lies in sacrifice for the sake of the greater good; Islam considers those practicing īthār as abiding by the highest degree of nobility.This is similar to the notion of chivalry, but unlike that European concept, in īthār attention is focused on everything in existence. A constant concern for Allah results in a careful attitude towards people, animals, and other things in this world.JudaismJudaism defines altruism as the desired goal of creation. The famous Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook stated that love is the most important attribute in humanity. This is defined as bestowal, or giving, which is the intention of altruism. This can be altruism towards humanity that leads to altruism towards the creator or God. Kabbalah defines God as the force of giving in existence. Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzatto in particular focused on the 'purpose of creation' and how the will of God was to bring creation into perfection and adhesion with this upper force.Modern Kabbalah developed by Rabbi Yehuda Ashlag, in his writings about the future generation, focuses on how society could achieve an altruistic social framework. Ashlag proposed that such a framework is the purpose of creation, and everything that happens is to raise humanity to the level of altruism, love for one another. Ashlag focused on society and its relation to divinity.SikhismAltruism is essential to the Sikh religion. The central faith in Sikhism is that the greatest deed any one can do is to imbibe and live the godly qualities like love, affection, sacrifice, patience, harmony, truthfulness. The concept of seva, or selfless service to the community for its own sake, is an important concept in Sikhism.The fifth Guru, Arjun Dev, sacrificed his life to uphold \"22 carats of pure truth, the greatest gift to humanity\", the Guru Granth. The ninth Guru, Tegh Bahadur, sacrificed his head to protect weak and defenseless people against atrocity.In the late seventeenth century, Guru Gobind Singh (the tenth Guru in Sikhism), was at war with the Mughal rulers to protect the people of different faiths when a fellow Sikh, Bhai Kanhaiya, attended the troops of the enemy. He gave water to both friends and foes who were wounded on the battlefield. Some of the enemy began to fight again and some Sikh warriors were annoyed by Bhai Kanhaiya as he was helping their enemy. Sikh soldiers brought Bhai Kanhaiya before Guru Gobind Singh, and complained of his action that they considered counterproductive to their struggle on the battlefield. \"What were you doing, and why?\" asked the Guru. \"I was giving water to the wounded because I saw your face in all of them\", replied Bhai Kanhaiya. The Guru responded, \"Then you should also give them ointment to heal their wounds. You were practicing what you were coached in the house of the Guru.\"Under the tutelage of the Guru, Bhai Kanhaiya subsequently founded a volunteer corps for altruism, which is still engaged today in doing good to others and in training new recruits for this service.HinduismIn Hinduism Selflessness (Atmatyag), Love (Prema), Kindness (Daya) and Forgiveness (Kshama) are considered as the highest acts of humanity or \"Manushyattva\". Giving alms to the beggers or poor people is considered as a divine act or \"Punya\" and Hindus believe it will free their souls from guilt or \"Paapa\" and will led them to heaven or \"Swarga\" in afterlife. Altruism is also the central act of various Hindu mythology and religious poems and songs.The founder of warkari samprdaya the great saint \"Dhnyaneshwar Maharaj\" (1275-1296) in his \"Pasaydan\" pray to the supreme lord \"Vitthal\" for the wellbeing of all living organisms of the universe.Swami Vivekananda, the legendary Hindu monk, has said -\"Jive prem kare jeijon, Seijon sebiche Iswar\" (Whoever loves any living being, is serving god.). Mass donation of clothes to poor people (Vastraseva), or blood donation camp or mass food donation (Annaseva) for poor people is common in various Hindu religious ceremonies.Swami Sivananda, an Advaita scholar, reiterates the views in his commentary synthesising Vedanta views on the Brahma Sutras, a Vedantic text. In his commentary on Chapter 3 of the Brahma Sutras, Sivananda notes that karma is insentient and short-lived, and ceases to exist as soon as a deed is executed. Hence, karma cannot bestow the fruits of actions at a future date according to one's merit. Furthermore, one cannot argue that karma generates apurva or punya, which gives fruit. Since apurva is non-sentient, it cannot act unless moved by an intelligent being such as a god. It cannot independently bestow reward or punishment.However the very well known and popular text, the Bhagavad Gita supports the doctrine of karma yoga (achieving oneness with God through action) & \"Nishkam Karma\" or action without expectation / desire for personal gain which can be said to encompass altruism. Altruistic acts are generally celebrated and very well received in Hindu literature and is central to Hindu morality.PhilosophyThere exists a wide range of philosophical views on humans' obligations or motivations to act altruistically. Proponents of ethical altruism maintain that individuals are morally obligated to act altruistically. The opposing view is ethical egoism, which maintains that moral agents should always act in their own self-interest. Both ethical altruism and ethical egoism contrast with utilitarianism, which maintains that each agent should act in order to maximise the efficacy of their function and the benefit to both themselves and their co-inhabitants.A related concept in descriptive ethics is psychological egoism, the thesis that humans always act in their own self-interest and that true altruism is impossible. Rational egoism is the view that rationality consists in acting in one's self-interest (without specifying how this affects one's moral obligations).Effective altruismEffective altruism is a philosophy and social movement that uses evidence and reasoning to determine the most effective ways to benefit others. Effective altruism encourages individuals to consider all causes and actions and to act in the way that brings about the greatest positive impact, based upon their values. It is the broad, evidence-based and cause-neutral approach that distinguishes effective altruism from traditional altruism or charity. Effective altruism is part of the larger movement towards evidence-based practices.While a substantial proportion of effective altruists have focused on the nonprofit sector, the philosophy of effective altruism applies more broadly to prioritizing the scientific projects, companies, and policy initiatives which can be estimated to save lives, help people, or otherwise have the biggest benefit. People associated with the movement include philosopher Peter Singer, Facebook co founder Dustin Moskovitz, Cari Tuna, Ben Delo, Oxford-based researchers William MacAskill and Toby Ord, and professional poker player Liv Boeree,GeneticsThe genes OXTR, CD38, COMT, DRD4, DRD5, IGF2, and GABRB2 have been found to be candidate genes for altruism.Digital AltruismDigital Altruism is the notion that some are willing to freely share information based on the principle of reciprocity and in the belief that in the end, everyone benefits from sharing information via the Internet.This term is coined by Dr. Dana Klisanin, the founder and CEO of Evolutionary Guidance Media R&D Inc., and is a recipient of the Early Career Award for Scientific Achievement in Media Psychology from the American Psychological Association's Division of Media Psychology.According to Klisanin, \"the notion that \"some are willing to freely reveal what they know\" is interesting.Types of Digital AltruismThere are three types of digital altruism: (1) \"everyday digital altruism,\" involving expedience, ease, moral engagement, and conformity; (2) \"creative digital altruism,\" involving creativity, heightened moral engagement, and cooperation; and (3) \"co-creative digital altruism\" involving creativity, moral engagement, and meta cooperative efforts.See also Altruria, California Charitable organization Comedy of the commons Consideration Egotism Family economics Golden Rule Gene-centered view of evolution Humanity (virtue) Misanthropy Mutual aid Non nobis solum Prisoner's dilemma Random act of kindness Social preferences Social psychology Solidarity (sociology) Spite (game theory)NotesReferences Comte, Auguste, Catechisme positiviste (1852) or Catechism of Positivism, tr. R. Congreve, (London: Kegan Paul, 1891) Kropotkin, Peter, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (1902) Nietzsche, Friedrich, Beyond Good and Evil Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, The Philosophy of Poverty (1847) Lysander Spooner, Natural Law Matt Ridley, The Origins of Virtue Oliner, Samuel P. and Pearl M. Towards a Caring Society: Ideas into Action. West Port, CT: Praeger, 1995.External linksRichard Kraut (2016) Altruism Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Auguste ComteDefence mechanismsMoralityMoral psychologyPhilanthropySocial philosophyInterpersonal relationshipsVirtue"}
+{"text": "Alice O'Connor (born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum; , 1905 – March 6, 1982), better known by her pen name Ayn Rand (), was a Russian-born American writer and philosopher. She is known for her fiction and for developing a philosophical system she named Objectivism. Born and educated in Russia, she moved to the United States in 1926. She wrote a play that opened on Broadway in 1935. After two early novels that were initially unsuccessful, she achieved fame with her 1943 novel, The Fountainhead. In 1957, Rand published her best-known work, the novel Atlas Shrugged. Afterward, until her death in 1982, she turned to non-fiction to promote her philosophy, publishing her own periodicals and releasing several collections of essays.Rand advocated reason as the only means of acquiring knowledge; she rejected faith and religion. She supported rational and ethical egoism and rejected altruism. In politics, she condemned the initiation of force as immoral and opposed collectivism, statism, and anarchism. Instead, she supported laissez-faire capitalism, which she defined as the system based on recognizing individual rights, including private property rights. Although Rand opposed libertarianism, which she viewed as anarchism, she is often associated with the modern libertarian movement in the United States. In art, Rand promoted romantic realism. She was sharply critical of most philosophers and philosophical traditions known to her, except for Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, and classical liberals.Rand's fiction received mixed reviews from literary critics. Although academic interest in her ideas has grown since her death, academic philosophers have generally ignored or rejected her philosophy because of her polemical approach and lack of methodological rigor. Her writings have politically influenced some libertarians and conservatives. The Objectivist movement attempts to spread her ideas, both to the public and in academic settings.LifeEarly lifeRand was born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum on February 2, 1905, to a Russian-Jewish bourgeois family living in Saint Petersburg. She was the eldest of three daughters of Zinovy Zakharovich Rosenbaum, a pharmacist, and Anna Borisovna (née Kaplan). Rand later said she found school unchallenging and began writing screenplays at age eight and novels at age ten. At the prestigious , her closest friend was Vladimir Nabokov's younger sister, Olga; the pair shared an intense interest in politics.She was twelve at the time of the February Revolution of 1917, during which Rand favored Alexander Kerensky over Tsar Nicholas II. The subsequent October Revolution and the rule of the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin disrupted the life the family had enjoyed previously. Her father's business was confiscated, and the family fled to the Crimean Peninsula, which was initially under the control of the White Army during the Russian Civil War. While in high school there, Rand concluded she was an atheist and valued reason above any other virtue. After graduating in June 1921, she returned with her family to Petrograd (as Saint Petersburg was then named), where they faced desperate conditions, occasionally nearly starving.Following the Russian Revolution, universities were opened to women, allowing her to be in the first group of women to enroll at Petrograd State University. At 16, she began her studies in the department of social pedagogy, majoring in history. At the university, she was introduced to the writings of Aristotle and Plato; Rand came to see their differing views on reality and knowledge as the primary conflict within philosophy. She also studied the philosophical works of Friedrich Nietzsche.Along with many other bourgeois students, she was purged from the university shortly before graduating. After complaints from a group of visiting foreign scientists, many of the purged students were allowed to complete their work and graduate, which she did in October 1924. She then studied for a year at the State Technicum for Screen Arts in Leningrad. For an assignment, Rand wrote an essay about the Polish actress Pola Negri, which became her first published work.By this time, she had decided her professional surname for writing would be Rand, possibly because it is graphically similar to a vowelless excerpt of her birth surname in Cyrillic. She adopted the first name Ayn.Arrival in the United StatesIn late 1925, Rand was granted a visa to visit relatives in Chicago. She departed on January 17, 1926. Arriving in New York City on February 19, 1926, Rand was so impressed with the Manhattan skyline that she cried what she later called \"tears of splendor\". Intent on staying in the United States to become a screenwriter, she lived for a few months with her relatives. One of them owned a movie theater and allowed her to watch dozens of films free of charge. She then left for Hollywood, California.In Hollywood, a chance meeting with famed director Cecil B. DeMille led to work as an extra in his film The King of Kings and a subsequent job as a junior screenwriter. While working on The King of Kings, she met an aspiring young actor, Frank O'Connor; the two married on April 15, 1929. She became a permanent American resident in July 1929 and an American citizen on March 3, 1931. She made several attempts to bring her parents and sisters to the United States, but they were unable to obtain permission to emigrate.During these early years of her career, Rand wrote a number of screenplays, plays, and short stories that were not produced or published during her lifetime; some were published later in The Early Ayn Rand.Early fictionAlthough it was never produced, Rand's first literary success came with the sale of her screenplay Red Pawn to Universal Studios in 1932. Her courtroom drama Night of January 16th, first produced by E. E. Clive in Hollywood in 1934, reopened successfully on Broadway in 1935. Each night, a jury was selected from members of the audience; based on its vote, one of two different endings would be performed.Her first published novel, the semi-autobiographical We the Living, was published in 1936. Set in Soviet Russia, it focused on the struggle between the individual and the state. Initial sales were slow, and the American publisher let it go out of print, although European editions continued to sell. She adapted the story as a stage play, but producer George Abbott's Broadway production was a failure and closed in less than a week. After the success of her later novels, Rand was able to release a revised version in 1959 that has since sold over three million copies. In a foreword to the 1959 edition, Rand wrote that We the Living \"is as near to an autobiography as I will ever write. ... The plot is invented, the background is not ...\".Rand wrote her novella Anthem during a break from writing her next major novel, The Fountainhead. It presents a vision of a dystopian future world in which totalitarian collectivism has triumphed to such an extent that even the word I has been forgotten and replaced with we. Published in England in 1938, Rand could not find an American publisher initially. As with We the Living, Rand's later success allowed her to get a revised version published in 1946, which has sold over 3.5 million copies.The Fountainhead and political activismDuring the 1940s, Rand became politically active. She and her husband worked as full-time volunteers for Republican Wendell Willkie's 1940 presidential campaign. This led to Rand's first public speaking experiences; she enjoyed fielding sometimes hostile questions from New York City audiences who had seen pro-Willkie newsreels. Her work brought her into contact with other intellectuals sympathetic to free-market capitalism. She became friends with journalist Henry Hazlitt, who introduced her to the Austrian School economist Ludwig von Mises. Despite her philosophical differences with them, Rand strongly endorsed the writings of both men throughout her career, and both of them expressed admiration for her. Mises once referred to her as \"the most courageous man in America\", a compliment that particularly pleased her because he said \"man\" instead of \"woman\". Rand became friends with libertarian writer Isabel Paterson. Rand questioned her about American history and politics long into the night during their many meetings, and gave Paterson ideas for her only non-fiction book, The God of the Machine.Rand's first major success as a writer came in 1943 with The Fountainhead, a romantic and philosophical novel that she wrote over seven years. The novel centers on an uncompromising young architect named Howard Roark and his struggle against what Rand described as \"second-handers\"—those who attempt to live through others, placing others above themselves. Twelve publishers rejected it before the Bobbs-Merrill Company finally accepted it at the insistence of editor Archibald Ogden, who threatened to quit if his employer did not publish it. While completing the novel, Rand was prescribed the amphetamine Benzedrine to fight fatigue. The drug helped her to work long hours to meet her deadline for delivering the novel, but afterwards she was so exhausted that her doctor ordered two weeks' rest. Her use of the drug for approximately three decades may have contributed to what some of her later associates described as volatile mood swings.The Fountainhead became a worldwide success, bringing Rand fame and financial security. In 1943, she sold the film rights to Warner Bros. and returned to Hollywood to write the screenplay. Producer Hal B. Wallis hired her afterwards as a screenwriter and script-doctor. Her work for him included the screenplays for the Oscar-nominated Love Letters and You Came Along. Rand worked on other projects, including a never-completed nonfiction treatment of her philosophy to be called The Moral Basis of Individualism.Rand extended her involvement with free-market and anti-communist activism while working in Hollywood. She became involved with the anti-Communist Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals and wrote articles on the group's behalf. She also joined the anti-Communist American Writers Association. A visit by Paterson to meet with Rand's California associates led to a falling out between the two when Paterson made comments to valued political allies which Rand considered rude. In 1947, during the Second Red Scare, Rand testified as a \"friendly witness\" before the United States House Un-American Activities Committee that the 1944 film Song of Russia grossly misrepresented conditions in the Soviet Union, portraying life there as much better and happier than it was. She also wanted to criticize the lauded 1946 film The Best Years of Our Lives for what she interpreted as its negative presentation of the business world, but was not allowed to do so. When asked after the hearings about her feelings on the investigations' effectiveness, Rand described the process as \"futile\".After several delays, the film version of The Fountainhead was released in 1949. Although it used Rand's screenplay with minimal alterations, she \"disliked the movie from beginning to end\" and complained about its editing, the acting and other elements.Atlas Shrugged and ObjectivismFollowing the publication of The Fountainhead, Rand received numerous letters from readers, some of whom the book had influenced profoundly. In 1951, Rand moved from Los Angeles to New York City, where she gathered a group of these admirers around her. This group (jokingly designated \"The Collective\") included a future chair of the Federal Reserve Alan Greenspan, a young psychology student named Nathan Blumenthal (later Nathaniel Branden) and his wife Barbara, and Barbara's cousin Leonard Peikoff. Initially, the group was an informal gathering of friends who met with Rand at her apartment on weekends to discuss philosophy. Later, Rand began allowing them to read the drafts of her new novel, Atlas Shrugged, as she wrote the manuscript. In 1954, her close relationship with Nathaniel Branden turned into a romantic affair, with the knowledge of their spouses.Published in 1957, Atlas Shrugged was considered Rand's magnum opus. She described the novel's theme as \"the role of the mind in man's existence—and, as a corollary, the demonstration of a new moral philosophy: the morality of rational self-interest\". It advocates the core tenets of Rand's philosophy of Objectivism and expresses her concept of human achievement. The plot involves a dystopian United States in which the most creative industrialists, scientists, and artists respond to a welfare state government by going on strike and retreating to a hidden valley where they build an independent free economy. The novel's hero and leader of the strike, John Galt, describes it as \"stopping the motor of the world\" by withdrawing the minds of the individuals contributing most to the nation's wealth and achievements. With this fictional strike, Rand intended to illustrate that without the efforts of the rational and productive, the economy would collapse and society would fall apart. The novel includes elements of mystery, romance, and science fiction, and contains an extended exposition of Objectivism in a lengthy monologue delivered by Galt.Despite many negative reviews, Atlas Shrugged became an international bestseller; however, the reaction of intellectuals to the novel discouraged and depressed Rand. Atlas Shrugged was her last completed work of fiction marking the end of her career as a novelist and the beginning of her role as a popular philosopher.In 1958, Nathaniel Branden established the Nathaniel Branden Lectures, later incorporated as the Nathaniel Branden Institute (NBI), to promote Rand's philosophy. Collective members gave lectures for the NBI and wrote articles for Objectivist periodicals that Rand edited. She later published some of these articles in book form. Rand was unimpressed by many of the NBI students and held them to strict standards, sometimes reacting coldly or angrily to those who disagreed with her. Critics, including some former NBI students and Branden himself, later described the culture of the NBI as one of intellectual conformity and excessive reverence for Rand. Some described the NBI or the Objectivist movement as a cult or religion. Rand expressed opinions on a wide range of topics, from literature and music to sexuality and facial hair. Some of her followers mimicked her preferences, wearing clothes to match characters from her novels and buying furniture like hers. However, some former NBI students believed the extent of these behaviors was exaggerated, and the problem was concentrated among Rand's closest followers in New York.Later yearsThroughout the 1960s and 1970s, Rand developed and promoted her Objectivist philosophy through her nonfiction works and by giving talks to students at institutions such as Yale, Princeton, Columbia, Harvard, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She began delivering annual lectures at the Ford Hall Forum, responding to questions from the audience. During these appearances, she often took controversial stances on the political and social issues of the day. These included: supporting abortion rights, opposing the Vietnam War and the military draft (but condemning many draft dodgers as \"bums\"), supporting Israel in the Yom Kippur War of 1973 against a coalition of Arab nations as \"civilized men fighting savages\", saying European colonists had the right to invade and take land inhabited by American Indians, and calling homosexuality \"immoral\" and \"disgusting\", while also advocating the repeal of all laws concerning it. She endorsed several Republican candidates for president of the United States, most strongly Barry Goldwater in 1964, whose candidacy she promoted in several articles for The Objectivist Newsletter.In 1964, Nathaniel Branden began an affair with the young actress Patrecia Scott, whom he later married. Nathaniel and Barbara Branden kept the affair hidden from Rand. When she learned of it in 1968, though her romantic relationship with Branden had already ended, Rand ended her relationship with both Brandens, and the NBI was closed. She published an article in The Objectivist repudiating Nathaniel Branden for dishonesty and other \"irrational behavior in his private life\". In subsequent years, Rand and several more of her closest associates parted company.Rand underwent surgery for lung cancer in 1974 after decades of heavy smoking. In 1976, she retired from writing her newsletter and, after her initial objections, allowed a social worker employed by her attorney to enroll her in Social Security and Medicare. During the late 1970s, her activities within the Objectivist movement declined, especially after the death of her husband on November 9, 1979. One of her final projects was work on a never-completed television adaptation of Atlas Shrugged.On March 6, 1982, Rand died of heart failure at her home in New York City. She was interred in the Kensico Cemetery, Valhalla, New York. At her funeral, a floral arrangement in the shape of a dollar sign was placed near her casket. In her will, Rand named Leonard Peikoff as her beneficiary.Literary method and influencesRand described her approach to literature as \"romantic realism\". She wanted her fiction to present the world \"as it could be and should be\", rather than as it was. This approach led her to create highly stylized situations and characters. Her fiction typically has protagonists who are heroic individualists, depicted as fit and attractive. Her stories' villains support duty and collectivist moral ideals. Rand often describes them as unattractive and they sometimes have names that suggest negative traits, like Wesley Mouch in Atlas Shrugged.Rand considered plot a critical element of literature, and her stories typically have what biographer Anne Heller described as \"tight, elaborate, fast-paced plotting\". Romantic triangles are a common plot element in Rand's fiction; in most of her novels and plays, the main female character is romantically involved with at least two different men.InfluencesIn school Rand read works by Fyodor Dostoevsky, Victor Hugo, Edmond Rostand, and Friedrich Schiller, who became her favorites. She considered them to be among the \"top rank\" of Romantic writers because of their focus on moral themes and their skill at constructing plots. Hugo, in particular, was an important influence on her writing, especially her approach to plotting. In the introduction she wrote for an English-language edition of his novel Ninety-Three, Rand called him \"the greatest novelist in world literature\".Although Rand disliked most Russian literature, her depictions of her heroes show the influence of the Russian Symbolists and other nineteenth-century Russian writing, most notably the 1863 novel What Is to Be Done? by Nikolay Chernyshevsky. Rand's experience of the Russian Revolution and early Communist Russia influenced the portrayal of her villains. This is most apparent in We the Living, set in Russia. The ideas and rhetoric of Ellsworth Toohey in The Fountainhead and the destruction of the economy by the looters in Atlas Shrugged also reflect it.Rand's descriptive style echoes her early career writing scenarios and scripts for movies; her novels have many narrative descriptions that resemble early Hollywood movie scenarios. They often follow common film editing conventions, such as having a broad establishing shot description of a scene followed by close-up details, and her descriptions of women characters often take a \"male gaze\" perspective.PhilosophyRand called her philosophy \"Objectivism\", describing its essence as \"the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute\". She considered Objectivism a systematic philosophy and laid out positions on metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political philosophy, and aesthetics.In metaphysics, Rand supported philosophical realism and opposed anything she regarded as mysticism or supernaturalism, including all forms of religion. Rand believed in free will as a form of agent causation and rejected determinism.In epistemology, she considered all knowledge to be based on sense perception, the validity of which Rand considered axiomatic, and reason, which she described as \"the faculty that identifies and integrates the material provided by man's senses\". Rand rejected all claims of non-perceptual or a priori knowledge, including instinct,' 'intuition,' 'revelation,' or any form of 'just knowing. In her Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology, Rand presented a theory of concept formation and rejected the analytic–synthetic dichotomy.In ethics, Rand argued for rational and ethical egoism (rational self-interest), as the guiding moral principle. She said the individual should \"exist for his own sake, neither sacrificing himself to others nor sacrificing others to himself\". Rand referred to egoism as \"the virtue of selfishness\" in her book of that title. In it, she presented her solution to the is-ought problem by describing a meta-ethical theory that based morality in the needs of \"man's survival qua man\". She condemned ethical altruism as incompatible with the requirements of human life and happiness, and held the initiation of force was evil and irrational, writing in Atlas Shrugged that, \"Force and mind are opposites.\"Rand's political philosophy emphasized individual rights—including property rights. She considered laissez-faire capitalism the only moral social system because in her view it was the only system based on protecting those rights. Rand opposed statism, which she understood included theocracy, absolute monarchy, Nazism, fascism, communism, democratic socialism, and dictatorship. She believed a constitutionally limited government should protect natural rights. Although her political views are often classified as conservative or libertarian, Rand preferred the term \"radical for capitalism\". She worked with conservatives on political projects, but disagreed with them over issues such as religion and ethics. Rand denounced libertarianism, which she associated with anarchism. She rejected anarchism as a naive theory based in subjectivism that could only lead to collectivism in practice.In aesthetics, Rand defined art as a \"selective re-creation of reality according to an artist's metaphysical value-judgments\". According to her, art allows philosophical concepts to be presented in a concrete form that can be grasped easily, thereby fulfilling a need of human consciousness. As a writer, the art form Rand focused on most closely was literature. She considered romanticism to be the approach that most accurately reflected the existence of human free will.Rand said her most important contributions to philosophy were her \"theory of concepts, ethics, and discovery in politics that evil—the violation of rights—consists of the initiation of force\". She believed epistemology was a foundational branch of philosophy and considered the advocacy of reason to be the single most significant aspect of her philosophy, stating: \"I am not primarily an advocate of capitalism, but of egoism; and I am not primarily an advocate of egoism, but of reason. If one recognizes the supremacy of reason and applies it consistently, all the rest follows.\"CriticismsRand's ethics and politics are the most criticized areas of her philosophy. Numerous authors, including Robert Nozick and William F. O'Neill, in some of the earliest academic critiques of her ideas, said she failed in her attempt to solve the is–ought problem. Critics have called her definitions of egoism and altruism biased and inconsistent with normal usage. Critics from religious traditions oppose her rejection of altruism in addition to atheism. Essays criticizing Rand's egoistic views are included in a number of anthologies for teaching introductory ethics, which often include no essays presenting or defending them.Multiple critics, including Nozick, have said her attempt to justify individual rights based on egoism fails. Others, like Michael Huemer, have gone further, saying that her support of egoism and her support of individual rights are inconsistent positions. Some critics, like Roy Childs, have said that her opposition to the initiation of force should lead to support of anarchism, rather than limited government.Commentators, including Hazel Barnes, Albert Ellis, and Nathaniel Branden, have criticized Rand's focus on the importance of reason. Branden said this emphasis led her to denigrate emotions and create unrealistic expectations of how consistently rational human beings should be.Relationship to other philosophersExcept for Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas and classical liberals, Rand was sharply critical of most philosophers and philosophical traditions known to her. Acknowledging Aristotle as her greatest influence, Rand remarked that in the history of philosophy she could only recommend \"three A's\"—Aristotle, Aquinas, and Ayn Rand. In a 1959 interview with Mike Wallace, when asked where her philosophy came from, she responded: \"Out of my own mind, with the sole acknowledgement of a debt to Aristotle, the only philosopher who ever influenced me. I devised the rest of my philosophy myself.\"In an article for the Claremont Review of Books, political scientist Charles Murray criticized her claim that her only \"philosophical debt\" was to Aristotle. He asserted her ideas were derivative of previous thinkers such as John Locke and Friedrich Nietzsche. Rand found early inspiration from Nietzsche, and scholars have found indications of this in Rand's private journals. In 1928, she alluded to his idea of the \"superman\" in notes for an unwritten novel whose protagonist was inspired by the murderer William Edward Hickman. There are other indications of Nietzsche's influence in passages from the first edition of We the Living (which Rand later revised), and in her overall writing style. By the time she wrote The Fountainhead, Rand had turned against Nietzsche's ideas, and the extent of his influence on her even during her early years is disputed.Rand considered her philosophical opposite to be Immanuel Kant, whom she referred to as \"the most evil man in mankind's history\"; she believed his epistemology undermined reason and his ethics opposed self-interest. Philosophers George Walsh and Fred Seddon have argued she misinterpreted Kant and exaggerated their differences.Rand's relationship with contemporary philosophers was mostly antagonistic. She was not an academic and did not participate in academic discourse. She was dismissive toward critics and wrote about ideas she disagreed with in a polemical manner without in-depth analysis. She was in turn viewed very negatively by many academic philosophers, who dismissed her as an unimportant figure who need not be given serious consideration.Reception and legacyCritical receptionThe first reviews Rand received were for Night of January 16th. Reviews of the Broadway production were largely positive, but Rand considered even positive reviews to be embarrassing because of significant changes made to her script by the producer. Although Rand believed that her novel We the Living was not widely reviewed, over 200 publications published approximately 125 different reviews. Overall, they were more positive than those she received for her later work. Her 1938 novella Anthem received little review attention, both for its first publication in England and for subsequent re-issues.Rand's first bestseller, The Fountainhead, received far fewer reviews than We the Living, and reviewers' opinions were mixed. Lorine Pruette's positive review in The New York Times, which called the author \"a writer of great power\" who wrote \"brilliantly, beautifully and bitterly\", was one that Rand greatly appreciated. There were other positive reviews, but Rand dismissed most of them for either misunderstanding her message or for being in unimportant publications. Some negative reviews said the novel was too long; others called the characters unsympathetic and Rand's style \"offensively pedestrian\".Atlas Shrugged was widely reviewed, and many of the reviews were strongly negative. Atlas Shrugged received positive reviews from a few publications, but Rand scholar Mimi Reisel Gladstein later wrote that \"reviewers seemed to vie with each other in a contest to devise the cleverest put-downs\", with reviews including comments that it was \"written out of hate\" and showed \"remorseless hectoring and prolixity\". Whittaker Chambers wrote what was later called the novel's most \"notorious\" review for the conservative magazine National Review. He accused Rand of supporting a godless system (which he related to that of the Soviets), claiming, \"From almost any page of Atlas Shrugged, a voice can be heard ... commanding: 'To a gas chamber—go!.Rand's nonfiction received far fewer reviews than her novels. The tenor of the criticism for her first nonfiction book, For the New Intellectual, was similar to that for Atlas Shrugged. Philosopher Sidney Hook likened her certainty to \"the way philosophy is written in the Soviet Union\", and author Gore Vidal called her viewpoint \"nearly perfect in its immorality\". These reviews set the pattern for reaction to her ideas among liberal critics. Her subsequent books got progressively less review attention.On the 100th anniversary of Rand's birth in 2005, writing for The New York Times, Edward Rothstein referred to her written fiction as quaint utopian \"retro fantasy\" and programmatic neo-Romanticism of the misunderstood artist, while criticizing her characters' \"isolated rejection of democratic society\".Popular interestWith over 30 million copies sold , Rand's books continue to be read widely. A survey conducted for the Library of Congress and the Book-of-the-Month Club in 1991 asked club members to name the most influential book in their lives. Rand's Atlas Shrugged was the second most popular choice, after the Bible. Although Rand's influence has been greatest in the United States, there has been international interest in her work.Rand's contemporary admirers included fellow novelists, like Ira Levin, Kay Nolte Smith and L. Neil Smith; she has influenced later writers like Erika Holzer and Terry Goodkind. Other artists who have cited Rand as an important influence on their lives and thought include comic book artist Steve Ditko and musician Neil Peart of Rush, although he later distanced himself. Rand provided a positive view of business and subsequently many business executives and entrepreneurs have admired and promoted her work. John Allison of BB&T and Ed Snider of Comcast Spectacor have funded the promotion of Rand's ideas. Mark Cuban (owner of the Dallas Mavericks) as well as John P. Mackey (CEO of Whole Foods), among others, have said they consider Rand crucial to their success.Television shows including animated sitcoms, live-action comedies, dramas, and game shows, as well as movies and video games have referred to Rand and her works. Throughout her life she was the subject of many articles in popular magazines, as well as book-length critiques by authors such as the psychologist Albert Ellis and Trinity Foundation president John W. Robbins. Rand, or characters based on her, figure prominently in novels by prominent American authors, including Mary Gaitskill, Matt Ruff, Kay Nolte Smith, and Tobias Wolff. Nick Gillespie, former editor-in- chief of Reason, remarked that, \"Rand's is a tortured immortality, one in which she's as likely to be a punch line as a protagonist. Jibes at Rand as cold and inhuman run through the popular culture.\" Two movies have been made about Rand's life. A 1997 documentary film, Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life, was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. The Passion of Ayn Rand, a 1999 television adaptation of the book of the same name, won several awards. Rand's image also appears on a 1999 U.S. postage stamp illustrated by artist Nick Gaetano.Rand's works, most commonly Anthem or The Fountainhead, are sometimes assigned as secondary school reading. Since 2002, the Ayn Rand Institute has provided free copies of Rand's novels to teachers who promise to include the books in their curriculum. The Institute had distributed 4.5 million copies in the U.S. and Canada by the end of 2020. In 2017, Rand was added to the required reading list for the A Level Politics exam in the United Kingdom.Political influenceAlthough she rejected the labels \"conservative\" and \"libertarian\", Rand has had a continuing influence on right-wing politics and libertarianism. Rand is often considered one of the three most important women (along with Rose Wilder Lane and Isabel Paterson) in the early development of modern American libertarianism. David Nolan, one founder of the Libertarian Party, said that \"without Ayn Rand, the libertarian movement would not exist\". In his history of that movement, journalist Brian Doherty described her as \"the most influential libertarian of the twentieth century to the public at large\". Historian Jennifer Burns referred to her as \"the ultimate gateway drug to life on the right\".The political figures who cite Rand as an influence are usually conservatives (often members of the Republican Party), despite Rand taking some atypical positions for a conservative, like being pro-choice and an atheist. She faced intense opposition from William F. Buckley Jr. and other contributors to the conservative National Review magazine, which published numerous criticisms of her writings and ideas. Nevertheless, a 1987 article in The New York Times referred to her as the Reagan administration's \"novelist laureate\". Republican congressmen and conservative pundits have acknowledged her influence on their lives and have recommended her novels. She has influenced some conservative politicians outside the U.S., such as Sajid Javid in the United Kingdom, Siv Jensen in Norway, and Ayelet Shaked in Israel.The financial crisis of 2007–2008 spurred renewed interest in her works, especially Atlas Shrugged, which some saw as foreshadowing the crisis. Opinion articles compared real-world events with the novel's plot. Signs mentioning Rand and her fictional hero John Galt appeared at Tea Party protests. There was increased criticism of her ideas, especially from the political left. Critics blamed the economic crisis on her support of selfishness and free markets, particularly through her influence on Alan Greenspan. In 2015, Adam Weiner said that through Greenspan, \"Rand had effectively chucked a ticking time bomb into the boiler room of the US economy\". Lisa Duggan said that Rand's novels had \"incalculable impact\" in encouraging the spread of neoliberal political ideas. In 2021, Cass Sunstein said Rand's ideas could be seen in the tax and regulatory policies of the Trump administration, which he attributed to the \"enduring influence\" of Rand's fiction.Academic reactionDuring Rand's lifetime, her work received little attention from academic scholars. Since her death, interest in her work has increased gradually. In 2009, historian Jennifer Burns identified \"three overlapping waves\" of scholarly interest in Rand, including \"an explosion of scholarship\" since the year 2000. However, as of that same year, few universities included Rand or Objectivism as a philosophical specialty or research area, with many literature and philosophy departments dismissing her as a pop culture phenomenon rather than a subject for serious study. From 2002 to 2012, over 60 colleges and universities accepted grants from the charitable foundation of BB&T Corporation that required teaching Rand's ideas or works; in some cases, the grants were controversial or even rejected because of the requirement to teach about Rand. In 2020, media critic Eric Burns said that, \"Rand is surely the most engaging philosopher of my lifetime\", but \"nobody in the academe pays any attention to her, neither as an author nor a philosopher. That same year, the editor of a collection of critical essays about Rand said academics who disapproved of her ideas had long held \"a stubborn resolve to ignore or ridicule\" her work, but he believed more academic critics were engaging with her work in recent years.To her ideasIn 1967, John Hospers discussed Rand's ethical ideas in the second edition of his textbook, An Introduction to Philosophical Analysis. That same year, Hazel Barnes included a chapter critiquing Objectivism in her book An Existentialist Ethics. When the first full-length academic book about Rand's philosophy appeared in 1971, its author declared writing about Rand \"a treacherous undertaking\" that could lead to \"guilt by association\" for taking her seriously. A few articles about Rand's ideas appeared in academic journals before her death in 1982, many of them in The Personalist. One of these was \"On the Randian Argument\" by libertarian philosopher Robert Nozick, who criticized her meta-ethical arguments. Other philosophers, writing in the same publication, argued that Nozick misstated Rand's case. In an article responding to Nozick, Douglas Den Uyl and Douglas B. Rasmussen defended her positions, but described her style as \"literary, hyperbolic and emotional\".The Philosophic Thought of Ayn Rand, a 1984 collection of essays about Objectivism edited by Den Uyl and Rasmussen, was the first academic book about Rand's ideas published after her death. In one essay, political writer Jack Wheeler wrote that despite \"the incessant bombast and continuous venting of Randian rage\", Rand's ethics are \"a most immense achievement, the study of which is vastly more fruitful than any other in contemporary thought\". In 1987, Allan Gotthelf, George Walsh, and David Kelley co-founded the Ayn Rand Society, a group affiliated with the American Philosophical Association.In a 1995 entry about Rand in Contemporary Women Philosophers, Jenny A. Heyl described a divergence in how different academic specialties viewed Rand. She said that Rand's philosophy \"is regularly omitted from academic philosophy. Yet, throughout literary academia, Ayn Rand is considered a philosopher.\" Writing in the 1998 edition of the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, political theorist Chandran Kukathas summarized the mainstream philosophical reception of her work in two parts. He said most commentators view her ethical argument as an unconvincing variant of Aristotle's ethics, and her political theory \"is of little interest\" because it is marred by an \"ill-thought out and unsystematic\" effort to reconcile her hostility to the state with her rejection of anarchism. The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, a multidisciplinary, peer-reviewed academic journal devoted to the study of Rand and her ideas, was established in 1999. R. W. Bradford, Stephen D. Cox, and Chris Matthew Sciabarra were its founding co-editors.In a 2010 essay for the Cato Institute, libertarian philosopher Michael Huemer argued very few people find Rand's ideas convincing, especially her ethics. He attributed the attention she receives to her being a \"compelling writer\", especially as a novelist, noting that Atlas Shrugged outsells Rand's non-fiction works and the works of other philosophers of classical liberalism. In 2012, the Pennsylvania State University Press agreed to take over publication of The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, and the University of Pittsburgh Press launched an \"Ayn Rand Society Philosophical Studies\" series based on the Society's proceedings. The Fall 2012 update to the entry about Rand in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy said that \"only a few professional philosophers have taken her work seriously\". That same year, political scientist Alan Wolfe dismissed Rand as a \"nonperson\" among academics, an attitude that writer Ben Murnane later described as \"the traditional academic view\" of Rand.To her fictionAcademic consideration of Rand as a literary figure during her life was even more limited than the discussion of her philosophy. Mimi Reisel Gladstein could not find any scholarly articles about Rand's novels when she began researching her in 1973, and only three such articles appeared during the rest of the 1970s. Since her death, scholars of English and American literature have continued largely to ignore her work, although attention to her literary work has increased since the 1990s. Several academic book series about important authors cover Rand and her works. These include Twayne's United States Authors (Ayn Rand by James T. Baker), Twayne's Masterwork Studies (The Fountainhead: An American Novel by Den Uyl and Atlas Shrugged: Manifesto of the Mind by Gladstein), and Re-reading the Canon (Feminist Interpretations of Ayn Rand, edited by Gladstein and Sciabarra), as well as in popular study guides like CliffsNotes and SparkNotes. In The Literary Encyclopedia entry for Rand written in 2001, John David Lewis declared that \"Rand wrote the most intellectually challenging fiction of her generation.\" In 2019, Lisa Duggan described Rand's fiction as popular and influential on many readers, despite being easy to criticize for \"her cartoonish characters and melodramatic plots, her rigid moralizing, her middle- to lowbrow aesthetic preferences ... and philosophical strivings\".Objectivist movementAfter the closure of the Nathaniel Branden Institute, the Objectivist movement continued in other forms. In the 1970s, Leonard Peikoff began delivering courses on Objectivism. In 1979, Objectivist writer Peter Schwartz started a newsletter called The Intellectual Activist, which Rand endorsed. She also endorsed The Objectivist Forum, a bimonthly magazine founded by Objectivist philosopher Harry Binswanger, which ran from 1980 to 1987.In 1985, Peikoff worked with businessman Ed Snider to establish the Ayn Rand Institute, a nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting Rand's ideas and works. In 1990, after an ideological disagreement with Peikoff, philosopher David Kelley founded the Institute for Objectivist Studies, now known as The Atlas Society. In 2001, historian John McCaskey organized the Anthem Foundation for Objectivist Scholarship, which provides grants for scholarly work on Objectivism in academia.Selected worksFiction and drama: Night of January 16th (performed 1934, published 1968) We the Living (1936, revised 1959) Anthem (1938, revised 1946) The Unconquered (performed 1940, published 2014) The Fountainhead (1943) Atlas Shrugged (1957) The Early Ayn Rand (1984) Ideal (2015)Non-fiction: For the New Intellectual (1961) The Virtue of Selfishness (1964) Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal (1966, expanded 1967) The Romantic Manifesto (1969, expanded 1975) The New Left (1971, expanded 1975) Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology (1979, expanded 1990) Philosophy: Who Needs It (1982) Letters of Ayn Rand (1995) Journals of Ayn Rand (1997)NotesReferencesWorks cited Reprinted from Esquire, July 1961.External links Frequently Asked Questions About Ayn Rand from the Ayn Rand Institute Rand's papers at The Library of Congress Ayn Rand Lexicon – searchable database \"Writings of Ayn Rand\" – from C-SPAN's American Writers: A Journey Through History 1905 births1982 deathsWriters from Saint PetersburgWriters from New York City20th-century American dramatists and playwrights20th-century American novelists20th-century American philosophers20th-century American women writers20th-century atheists20th-century essayists20th-century Russian philosophersActivists from New York (state)American abortion-rights activistsAmerican anti-communistsAmerican anti-fascistsJewish American atheistsAmerican atheist writersAmerican essayistsAmerican ethicistsAmerican people of Russian-Jewish descentAmerican political activistsAmerican political philosophersAmerican science fiction writersAmerican women activistsAmerican women dramatists and playwrightsAmerican women essayistsAmerican women novelistsAmerican women philosophersAmerican women screenwritersAmerican secularistsAmerican writers of Russian descentAristotelian philosophersAtheist philosophersCritics of MarxismEpistemologistsExophonic writersFemale critics of feminismAtheists of the Russian EmpireJews of the Russian EmpireJewish American dramatists and playwrightsJewish American novelistsJewish activistsJewish anti-communistsJewish anti-fascistsJewish philosophersJewish women writersMetaphysiciansNovelists from New York (state)ObjectivistsOld Right (United States)People of the New Deal arts projectsPeople with acquired American citizenshipPhilosophers from New York (state)Political philosophersPseudonymous women writersDramatists and playwrights of the Russian EmpireSaint Petersburg State University alumniScreenwriters from New York (state)Soviet emigrants to the United StatesWomen science fiction and fantasy writersBurials at Kensico Cemetery20th-century American screenwritersDeaths from organ failure20th-century pseudonymous writersCritics of ChristianitySocial critics"}
+{"text": "Alain Connes (; born 1 April 1947) is a French mathematician, and a theoretical physicist, known for his contributions to the study of operator algebras and noncommutative geometry. He is a professor at the Collège de France, IHÉS, Ohio State University and Vanderbilt University. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1982.CareerConnes was an Invited Professor at the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (2000).ResearchAlain Connes studies operator algebras. In his early work on von Neumann algebras in the 1970s, he succeeded in obtaining the almost complete classification of injective factors. He also formulated the Connes embedding problem. Following this, he made contributions in operator K-theory and index theory, which culminated in the Baum–Connes conjecture. He also introduced cyclic cohomology in the early 1980s as a first step in the study of noncommutative differential geometry. He was a member of Bourbaki.Connes has applied his work in areas of mathematics and theoretical physics, including number theory, differential geometry and particle physics.Awards and honoursConnes was awarded the Fields Medal in 1982, the Crafoord Prize in 2001 and the gold medal of the CNRS in 2004. He was an invited speaker at the ICM in 1974 at Vancouver and in 1986 at Berkeley and a plenary speaker at the ICM in 1978 at Helsinki. He is a member of the French Academy of Sciences and several foreign academies and societies, including the Danish Academy of Sciences, Norwegian Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, and US National Academy of Sciences.Books Alain Connes and Matilde Marcolli, Noncommutative Geometry, Quantum Fields and Motives, Colloquium Publications, American Mathematical Society, 2007, Alain Connes, Andre Lichnerowicz, and Marcel Paul Schutzenberger, Triangle of Thought, translated by Jennifer Gage, American Mathematical Society, 2001, Jean-Pierre Changeux, and Alain Connes, Conversations on Mind, Matter, and Mathematics, translated by M. B. DeBevoise, Princeton University Press, 1998, Alain Connes, Noncommutative Geometry, Academic Press, 1994,See also Bost–Connes system Cyclic category Cyclic homology Factor (functional analysis) Higgs boson C*-algebra Noncommutative quantum field theory M-theory Groupoid Spectral tripleCriticism of non-standard analysis Riemann hypothesisReferencesExternal links Alain Connes Official Web Site containing downloadable papers, and his book Non-commutative geometry, . Alain Connes' Standard Model An interview with Alain Connes and a discussion about it 1947 birthsLiving people20th-century French mathematiciansForeign associates of the National Academy of Sciences21st-century French mathematiciansCollège de France facultyInstitute for Advanced Study visiting scholarsFields MedalistsMathematical analystsDifferential geometersÉcole Normale Supérieure alumniVanderbilt University facultyForeign Members of the Russian Academy of SciencesMembers of the French Academy of SciencesMembers of the Norwegian Academy of Science and LettersMembers of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and LettersClay Research Award recipients"}
+{"text": "Allan Dwan (born Joseph Aloysius Dwan; April 3, 1885 – December 28, 1981) was a pioneering Canadian-born American motion picture director, producer, and screenwriter.Early lifeBorn Joseph Aloysius Dwan in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Dwan, was the younger son of commercial traveler of woolen clothing Joseph Michael Dwan (1857–1917) and his wife Mary Jane Dwan, née Hunt. The family moved to the United States when he was seven years old on December 4, 1892 by ferry from Windsor to Detroit, according to his naturalization petition of August 1939. His elder brother, Leo Garnet Dwan (1883–1964), became a physician.Allan Dwan studied engineering at the University of Notre Dame and then worked for a lighting company in Chicago. He had a strong interest in the fledgling motion picture industry, and when Essanay Studios offered him the opportunity to become a scriptwriter, he took the job. At that time, some of the East Coast movie makers began to spend winters in California where the climate allowed them to continue productions requiring warm weather. Soon, a number of movie companies worked there year-round, and in 1911, Dwan began working part-time in Hollywood. While still in New York, in 1917 he was the founding president of the East Coast chapter of the Motion Picture Directors Association.CareerDwan operated Flying A Studios in La Mesa, California from August 1911 to July 1912. Flying A was one of the first motion pictures studios in California history. On August 12, 2011, a plaque was unveiled on the Wolff building at Third Avenue and La Mesa Boulevard commemorating Dwan and the Flying A Studios origins in La Mesa, California.After making a series of westerns and comedies, Dwan directed fellow Canadian-American Mary Pickford in several very successful movies as well as her husband, Douglas Fairbanks, notably in the acclaimed 1922 Robin Hood. Dwan directed Gloria Swanson in eight feature films, and one short film made in the short-lived sound-on-film process Phonofilm. This short, also featuring Thomas Meighan and Henri de la Falaise, was produced as a joke, for the April 26, 1925 \"Lambs' Gambol\" for The Lambs, with the film showing Swanson crashing the all-male club.Following the introduction of the talkies, Dwan directed child-star Shirley Temple in Heidi (1937) and Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1938).Dwan helped launch the career of two other successful Hollywood directors, Victor Fleming, who went on to direct The Wizard of Oz and Gone With the Wind, and Marshall Neilan, who became an actor, director, writer and producer. Over a long career spanning almost 50 years, Dwan directed 125 motion pictures, some of which were highly acclaimed, such as the 1949 box office hit, Sands of Iwo Jima. He directed his last movie in 1961.He died in Los Angeles at the age of 96, and is interred in the San Fernando Mission Cemetery, Mission Hills, California.Dwan has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6263 Hollywood Boulevard.Daniel Eagan of Film Journal International described Dwan as one of the early pioneers of cinema, stating that his style \"is so basic as to seem invisible, but he treats his characters with uncommon sympathy and compassion.\"Partial filmography as directorThe Gold Lust (1911)The Picket Guard (1913)The Restless Spirit (1913)Back to Life (1913)Bloodhounds of the North (1913)The Lie (1914)The Honor of the Mounted (1914) The Unwelcome Mrs. Hatch (1914)Remember Mary Magdalen (1914)Discord and Harmony (1914)The Embezzler (1914)The Lamb, the Woman, the Wolf (1914)The End of the Feud (1914)The Test (1914) (*writer)The Tragedy of Whispering Creek (1914)The Unlawful Trade (1914)The Forbidden Room (1914)The Hopes of Blind Alley (1914)Richelieu (1914) Wildflower (1914)A Small Town Girl (1915)David Harum (1915)A Girl of Yesterday (1915)The Pretty Sister of Jose (1915) Jordan Is a Hard Road (1915)Betty of Graystone (1916)The Habit of Happiness (1916)The Good Bad Man (1916)An Innocent Magdalene (1916)The Half-Breed (1916)Manhattan Madness (1916)Accusing Evidence (1916)Panthea (1917)A Modern Musketeer (1917)Bound in Morocco (1918)Headin' South (1918)Mr. Fix-It (1918)He Comes Up Smiling (1918)Cheating Cheaters (1919)The Dark Star (1919)Getting Mary Married (1919)Soldiers of Fortune (1919)In The Heart of a Fool (1920) also producerThe Forbidden Thing (1920) also producerA Splendid Hazard (1920)A Perfect Crime (1921) The Sin of Martha Queed (1921) A Broken Doll (1921)Robin Hood (1922)Zaza (1923)Big Brother (1923)Manhandled (1924)Argentine Love (1924)The Coast of Folly (1925)Night Life of New York (1925)Stage Struck (1925)Gloria Swanson Dialogue (1925) short film made in Phonofilm for The Lambs annual \"Gambol\" held at Metropolitan Opera HousePadlocked (1926)Sea Horses (1926)Summer Bachelors (1926)Tin Gods (1926)French Dressing (1927)The Joy Girl (1927)East Side, West Side (1927)The Big Noise (1928)Frozen Justice (1929)The Iron Mask (1929)Tide of Empire (1929)The Far Call (1929)What a Widow! (1930)Man to Man (1930)Chances (1931)Wicked (1931)While Paris Sleeps (1932)Counsel's Opinion (1933)Black Sheep (1935)Navy Wife (1935)High Tension (1936)15 Maiden Lane (1936)One Mile from Heaven (1937)Heidi (1937)Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1938)Suez (1938) Josette (1938)The Three Musketeers (1939)The Gorilla (1939)Frontier Marshal (1939)Sailor's Lady (1940)Young People (1940)Trail of the Vigilantes (1940)Look Who's Laughing (1941) also producerRise and Shine (1941)Friendly Enemies (1942)Around the World (1943) also producerUp in Mabel's Room (1944)Abroad with Two Yanks (1944)Getting Gertie's Garter (1945) also screenwriterBrewster's Millions (1945)Rendezvous with Annie (1946)Driftwood (1947)Calendar Girl (1947)Northwest Outpost (1947) also associate producerThe Inside Story (1948)Angel in Exile (1948) (with Philip Ford)Sands of Iwo Jima (1949)Surrender (1950)Belle Le Grand (1951)Wild Blue Yonder (1951)I Dream of Jeanie (1952)Montana Belle (1952)Woman They Almost Lynched (1953) Sweethearts on Parade (1953)Silver Lode (1954)Passion (1954)Cattle Queen of Montana (1954)Tennessee's Partner (1955)Pearl of the South Pacific (1955)Escape to Burma (1955)Slightly Scarlet (1956)Hold Back the Night (1956)The Restless Breed (1957)The River's Edge (1957)Enchanted Island (1958)Most Dangerous Man Alive (1961)See alsoCanadian pioneers in early HollywoodReferencesFurther readingBrownlow, Kevin, The Parade's Gone By... (1968) Bogdanovich, Peter, Allan Dwan: The Last Pioneer (1971) Foster, Charles, Stardust and Shadows: Canadians in Early Hollywood (2000) Lombardi, Frederic, Allan Dwan and the Rise and Decline of the Hollywood Studios (2013)Print E-bookExternal linksAllan Dwan profile, virtual-history.com; accessed June 16, 20141885 births1981 deaths20th-century American male writers20th-century American screenwritersAmerican film directorsAmerican film producersAmerican male screenwritersBurials at San Fernando Mission CemeteryCanadian emigrants to the United StatesFilm directors from TorontoWestern (genre) film directorsWriters from Toronto"}
+{"text": "Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. The country is the largest country by total area in Africa and in the Arab world, and is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. It has a semi-arid geography, with most of the population living in the fertile north and the Sahara dominating the geography of the south. Algeria covers an area of , making it the world's tenth largest nation by area, and the largest nation in Africa. With a population of 44 million, Algeria is the ninth-most populous country in Africa, and the 32nd-most populous country in the world. The capital and largest city is Algiers, located in the far north on the Mediterranean coast.Pre-1962 Algeria has seen many empires and dynasties, including ancient Numidians, Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, Umayyads, Abbasids, Rustamids, Idrisids, Aghlabids, Fatimids, Zirids, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads, Zayyanids, Spaniards, Ottomans and finally, the French colonial empire. The vast majority of Algeria's population is Arab-Berber, practicing Islam, and using the official languages of Arabic and Berber. However, French serves as an administrative and educational language in some contexts. The main spoken language is Algerian Arabic.Algeria is a semi-presidential republic, with local constituencies consisting of 58 provinces and 1,541 communes. Algeria is a regional power in North Africa, and a middle power in global affairs. It has the highest Human Development Index of all non-island African countries and one of the largest economies on the continent, based largely on energy exports. Algeria has the world's sixteenth-largest oil reserves and the ninth-largest reserves of natural gas. Sonatrach, the national oil company, is the largest company in Africa, supplying large amounts of natural gas to Europe. Algeria's military is one of the largest in Africa, and has the largest defence budget on the continent. It is a member of the African Union, the Arab League, the OIC, OPEC, the United Nations, and the Arab Maghreb Union, of which it is a founding member.Name Other forms of the name are: , ; ; ; ; . It is officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (; , , ; , abbreviated as RADP).EtymologyThe country's name derives from the city of Algiers which in turn derives from the Arabic (, \"The Islands\"), a truncated form of the older (, \"Islands of the Mazghanna Tribe\"), employed by medieval geographers such as al-Idrisi.HistoryPrehistory and ancient historyAround ~1.8-million-year-old stone artifacts from Ain Hanech (Algeria) were considered to represent the oldest archaeological materials in North Africa. Stone artifacts and cut-marked bones that were excavated from two nearby deposits at Ain Boucherit are estimated to be ~1.9 million years old, and even older stone artifacts to be as old as ~2.4 million years. Hence, the Ain Boucherit evidence shows that ancestral hominins inhabited the Mediterranean fringe in northern Africa much earlier than previously thought. The evidence strongly argues for early dispersal of stone tool manufacture and use from East Africa or a possible multiple-origin scenario of stone technology in both East and North Africa.Neanderthal tool makers produced hand axes in the Levalloisian and Mousterian styles (43,000 BC) similar to those in the Levant. Algeria was the site of the highest state of development of Middle Paleolithic Flake tool techniques. Tools of this era, starting about 30,000 BC, are called Aterian (after the archaeological site of Bir el Ater, south of Tebessa).The earliest blade industries in North Africa are called Iberomaurusian (located mainly in the Oran region). This industry appears to have spread throughout the coastal regions of the Maghreb between 15,000 and 10,000 BC. Neolithic civilization (animal domestication and agriculture) developed in the Saharan and Mediterranean Maghreb perhaps as early as 11,000 BC or as late as between 6000 and 2000 BC. This life, richly depicted in the Tassili n'Ajjer paintings, predominated in Algeria until the classical period. The mixture of peoples of North Africa coalesced eventually into a distinct native population that came to be called Berbers, who are the indigenous peoples of northern Africa.From their principal center of power at Carthage, the Carthaginians expanded and established small settlements along the North African coast; by 600 BC, a Phoenician presence existed at Tipasa, east of Cherchell, Hippo Regius (modern Annaba) and Rusicade (modern Skikda). These settlements served as market towns as well as anchorages.As Carthaginian power grew, its impact on the indigenous population increased dramatically. Berber civilisation was already at a stage in which agriculture, manufacturing, trade, and political organisation supported several states. Trade links between Carthage and the Berbers in the interior grew, but territorial expansion also resulted in the enslavement or military recruitment of some Berbers and in the extraction of tribute from others.By the early 4th century BC, Berbers formed the single largest element of the Carthaginian army. In the Revolt of the Mercenaries, Berber soldiers rebelled from 241 to 238 BC after being unpaid following the defeat of Carthage in the First Punic War. They succeeded in obtaining control of much of Carthage's North African territory, and they minted coins bearing the name Libyan, used in Greek to describe natives of North Africa. The Carthaginian state declined because of successive defeats by the Romans in the Punic Wars.In 146 BC the city of Carthage was destroyed. As Carthaginian power waned, the influence of Berber leaders in the hinterland grew. By the 2nd century BC, several large but loosely administered Berber kingdoms had emerged. Two of them were established in Numidia, behind the coastal areas controlled by Carthage. West of Numidia lay Mauretania, which extended across the Moulouya River in modern-day Morocco to the Atlantic Ocean. The high point of Berber civilisation, unequalled until the coming of the Almohads and Almoravids more than a millennium later, was reached during the reign of Masinissa in the 2nd century BC.After Masinissa's death in 148 BC, the Berber kingdoms were divided and reunited several times. Masinissa's line survived until 24 AD, when the remaining Berber territory was annexed to the Roman Empire.For several centuries Algeria was ruled by the Romans, who founded many colonies in the region. Like the rest of North Africa, Algeria was one of the breadbaskets of the empire, exporting cereals and other agricultural products. Saint Augustine was the bishop of Hippo Regius (modern-day Annaba, Algeria), located in the Roman province of Africa. The Germanic Vandals of Geiseric moved into North Africa in 429, and by 435 controlled coastal Numidia. They did not make any significant settlement on the land, as they were harassed by local tribes. In fact, by the time the Byzantines arrived Leptis Magna was abandoned and the Msellata region was occupied by the indigenous Laguatan who had been busy facilitating an Amazigh political, military and cultural revival. Furthermore, during the rule of the Romans, Byzantines, Vandals, Carthaginians, and Ottomans the Berber people were the only or one of the few in North Africa who remained independent. The Berber people were so resistant that even during the Muslim conquest of North Africa they still had control and possession over their mountains.The collapse of the Western Roman Empire led to the establishment of a native Kingdom based in Altava (modern day Algeria) known as the Mauro-Roman Kingdom. It was succeeded by another Kingdom based in Altava, the Kingdom of Altava. During the reign of Kusaila its territory extended from the region of modern-day Fez in the west to the western Aurès and later Kairaouan and the interior of Ifriqiya in the east.Middle AgesAfter negligible resistance from the locals, Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate conquered Algeria in the early 8th century. Large numbers of the indigenous Berber people converted to Islam. Christians, Berber and Latin speakers remained in the great majority in Tunisia until the end of the 9th century and Muslims only became a vast majority some time in the 10th. After the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate, numerous local dynasties emerged, including the Rustamids, Aghlabids, Fatimids, Zirids, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads and the Abdalwadid. The Christians left in three waves: after the initial conquest, in the 10th century and the 11th. The last were evacuated to Sicily by the Normans and the few remaining died out in the 14th century.During the Middle Ages, North Africa was home to many great scholars, saints and sovereigns including Judah Ibn Quraysh, the first grammarian to mention Semitic and Berber languages, the great Sufi masters Sidi Boumediene (Abu Madyan) and Sidi El Houari, and the Emirs Abd Al Mu'min and Yāghmūrasen. It was during this time that the Fatimids or children of Fatima, daughter of Muhammad, came to the Maghreb. These \"Fatimids\" went on to found a long lasting dynasty stretching across the Maghreb, Hejaz and the Levant, boasting a secular inner government, as well as a powerful army and navy, made up primarily of Arabs and Levantines extending from Algeria to their capital state of Cairo. The Fatimid caliphate began to collapse when its governors the Zirids seceded. In order to punish them the Fatimids sent the Arab Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym against them. The resultant war is recounted in the epic Tāghribāt. In Al-Tāghrībāt the Amazigh Zirid Hero Khālīfā Al-Zānatī asks daily, for duels, to defeat the Hilalan hero Ābu Zayd al-Hilalī and many other Arab knights in a string of victories. The Zirids, however, were ultimately defeated ushering in an adoption of Arab customs and culture. The indigenous Amazigh tribes, however, remained largely independent, and depending on tribe, location and time controlled varying parts of the Maghreb, at times unifying it (as under the Fatimids). The Fatimid Islamic state, also known as Fatimid Caliphate made an Islamic empire that included North Africa, Sicily, Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, the Red Sea coast of Africa, Tihamah, Hejaz and Yemen. Caliphates from Northern Africa traded with the other empires of their time, as well as forming part of a confederated support and trade network with other Islamic states during the Islamic Era.The Amazighs historically consisted of several tribes. The two main branches were the Botr and Barnès tribes, who were divided into tribes, and again into sub-tribes. Each region of the Maghreb contained several tribes (for example, Sanhadja, Houara, Zenata, Masmouda, Kutama, Awarba, and Berghwata). All these tribes made independent territorial decisions.Several Amazigh dynasties emerged during the Middle Ages in the Maghreb and other nearby lands. Ibn Khaldun provides a table summarising the Amazigh dynasties of the Maghreb region, the Zirid, Ifranid, Maghrawa, Almoravid, Hammadid, Almohad, Merinid, Abdalwadid, Wattasid, Meknassa and Hafsid dynasties. Both of the Hammadid and Zirid empires as well as the Fatimids established their rule in all of the Maghreb countries. The Zirids ruled land in what is now Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Libya, Spain, Malta and Italy. The Hammadids captured and held important regions such as Ouargla, Constantine, Sfax, Susa, Algiers, Tripoli and Fez establishing their rule in every country in the Maghreb region. The Fatimids which was created and established by the Kutama Berbers conquered all of North Africa as well as Sicily and parts of the Middle East.A few examples of medieval Berber dynasties which originated in Modern Algeria Ifranid Dynasty Maghrawa Dynasty Zirid dynasty Hammadid dynasty Fatimid Caliphate Kingdom of TlemcenFollowing the Berber revolt numerous independent states emerged across the Maghreb. In Algeria the Rustamid Kingdom was established. The Rustamid realm stretched from Tafilalt in Morocco to the Nafusa mountains in Libya including south, central and western Tunisia therefore including territory in all of the modern day Maghreb countries, in the south the Rustamid realm expanded to the modern borders of Mali and included territory in Mauritania.Once extending their control over all of the Maghreb, part of Spain and briefly over Sicily, originating from modern Algeria, the Zirids only controlled modern Ifriqiya by the 11th century. The Zirids recognized nominal suzerainty of the Fatimid caliphs of Cairo. El Mu'izz the Zirid ruler decided to end this recognition and declared his independence. The Zirids also fought against other Zenata Kingdoms, for example the Maghrawa, a Berber dynasty originating from Algeria and which at one point was a dominant power in the Maghreb ruling over much of Morocco and western Algeria including Fez, Sijilmasa, Aghmat, Oujda, most of the Sous and Draa and reaching as far as M’sila and the Zab in Algeria.As the Fatimid state was at the time too weak to attempt a direct invasion, they found another means of revenge. Between the Nile and the Red Sea were living Bedouin nomad tribes expelled from Arabia for their disruption and turbulency. The Banu Hilal and the Banu Sulaym for example, who regularly disrupted farmers in the Nile Valley since the nomads would often loot their farms. The then Fatimid vizier decided to destroy what he couldn't control, and broke a deal with the chiefs of these Beduouin tribes. The Fatimids even gave them money to leave.Whole tribes set off with women, children, elders, animals and camping equipment. Some stopped on the way, especially in Cyrenaica, where they are still one of the essential elements of the settlement but most arrived in Ifriqiya by the Gabes region, arriving 1051. The Zirid ruler tried to stop this rising tide, but with each encounter, the last under the walls of Kairouan, his troops were defeated and the Arabs remained masters of the battlefield. They Arabs usually didn't take control over the cities, instead looting them and destroying them.The invasion kept going, and in 1057 the Arabs spread on the high plains of Constantine where they encircled the Qalaa of Banu Hammad (capital of the Hammadid Emirate), as they had done in Kairouan a few decades ago. From there they gradually gained the upper Algiers and Oran plains. Some of these territories were forcibly taken back by the Almohads in the second half of the 12th century. The influx of Bedouin tribes was a major factor in the linguistic, cultural Arabization of the Maghreb and in the spread of nomadism in areas where agriculture had previously been dominant. Ibn Khaldun noted that the lands ravaged by Banu Hilal tribes had become completely arid desert.The Almohads originating from modern day Morocco, although founded by a man originating from Algeria known as Abd al-Mu'min would soon take control over the Maghreb. During the time of the Almohad Dynasty Abd al-Mu'min's tribe, the Koumïa, were the main supporters of the throne and the most important body of the empire. Defeating the weakening Almoravid Empire and taking control over Morocco in 1147, they pushed into Algeria in 1152, taking control over Tlemcen, Oran, and Algiers, wrestling control from the Hilian Arabs, and by the same year they defeated Hammadids who controlled Eastern Algeria.Following their decisive defeat in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 the Almohads began collapsing, and in 1235 the governor of modern-day Western Algeria, Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan declared his independence and established the Kingdom of Tlemcen and the Zayyanid dynasty. Warring with the Almohad forces attempting to restore control over Algeria for 13 years, they defeated the Almohads in 1248 after killing their Caliph in a successful ambush near Oujda. The Zayyanids retained their control over Algeria for 3 centuries. Much of the eastern territories of Algeria were under the authority of the Hafsid dynasty, although the Emirate of Bejaia encompassing the Algerian territories of the Hafsids would occasionally be independent from central Tunisian control. At their peak the Zayyanid kingdom included all of Morocco as its vassal to the west and in the east reached as far as Tunis which they captured during the reign of Abu Tashfin.After several conflicts with local Barbary pirates sponsored by the Zayyanid sultans, Spain decided to invade Algeria and defeat the native Kingdom of Tlemcen. In 1505, they invaded and captured Mers el Kébir, and in 1509 after a bloody siege, they conquered Oran. Following their decisive victories over the Algerians in the western-coastal areas of Algeria, the Spanish decided to get bolder, and invaded more Algerian cities. In 1510, they led a series of sieges and attacks, taking over Bejaia in a large siege, and leading a semi-successful siege against Algiers. They also besieged Tlemcen. In 1511, they took control over Cherchell and Jijel, and attacked Mostaganem where although they weren't able to conquer the city, they were able to force a tribute on them.Ottoman era In 1516, the Ottoman privateer brothers Aruj and Hayreddin Barbarossa, who operated successfully under the Hafsids, moved their base of operations to Algiers. They succeeded in conquering Jijel and Algiers from the Spaniards with help from the locals who saw them as liberators from the Christians, but the brothers eventually assassinated the local noble Salim al-Tumi and took control over the city and the surrounding regions. When Aruj was killed in 1518 during his invasion of Tlemcen, Hayreddin succeeded him as military commander of Algiers. The Ottoman sultan gave him the title of beylerbey and a contingent of some 2,000 janissaries. With the aid of this force and native Algerians, Hayreddin conquered the whole area between Constantine and Oran (although the city of Oran remained in Spanish hands until 1792).The next beylerbey was Hayreddin's son Hasan, who assumed the position in 1544. He was a Kouloughli or of mixed origins, as his mother was an Algerian Mooresse. Until 1587 Beylerbeylik of Algiers was governed by Beylerbeys who served terms with no fixed limits. Subsequently, with the institution of a regular administration, governors with the title of pasha ruled for three-year terms. The pasha was assisted by an autonomous janissary unit, known in Algeria as the Ojaq who were led by an agha. Discontent among the ojaq rose in the mid-1600s because they were not paid regularly, and they repeatedly revolted against the pasha. As a result, the agha charged the pasha with corruption and incompetence and seized power in 1659.Plague had repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost from 30,000 to 50,000 inhabitants to the plague in 1620–21, and suffered high fatalities in 1654–57, 1665, 1691 and 1740–42.The Barbary pirates preyed on Christian and other non-Islamic shipping in the western Mediterranean Sea. The pirates often took the passengers and crew on the ships and sold them or used them as slaves. They also did a brisk business in ransoming some of the captives. According to Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th century, pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as slaves. They often made raids, called Razzias, on European coastal towns to capture Christian slaves to sell at slave markets in North Africa and other parts of the Ottoman Empire. In 1544, for example, Hayreddin Barbarossa captured the island of Ischia, taking 4,000 prisoners, and enslaved some 9,000 inhabitants of Lipari, almost the entire population. In 1551, the Ottoman governor of Algiers, Turgut Reis, enslaved the entire population of the Maltese island of Gozo. Barbary pirates often attacked the Balearic Islands. The threat was so severe that residents abandoned the island of Formentera. The introduction of broad-sail ships from the beginning of the 17th century allowed them to branch out into the Atlantic.In July 1627 two pirate ships from Algiers under the command of Dutch pirate Jan Janszoon sailed as far as Iceland, raiding and capturing slaves. Two weeks earlier another pirate ship from Salé in Morocco had also raided in Iceland. Some of the slaves brought to Algiers were later ransomed back to Iceland, but some chose to stay in Algeria. In 1629, pirate ships from Algeria raided the Faroe Islands.In 1671, the taifa of raises, or the company of corsair captains rebelled, killed the agha, and placed one of its own in power. The new leader received the title of Dey. After 1689, the right to select the dey passed to the divan, a council of some sixty nobles. It was at first dominated by the ojaq; but by the 18th century, it had become the dey's instrument. In 1710, the dey persuaded the sultan to recognise him and his successors as regent, replacing the pasha in that role. Although Algiers remained nominally part of the Ottoman Empire, in reality they acted independently from the rest of the Empire, and often had wars with other Ottoman subjects and territories such as the Beylik of Tunis.The dey was in effect a constitutional autocrat. The dey was elected for a life term, but in the 159 years (1671–1830) that the system was in place, fourteen of the twenty-nine deys were assassinated. Despite usurpation, military coups and occasional mob rule, the day-to-day operation of the Deylikal government was remarkably orderly. Although the regency patronised the tribal chieftains, it never had the unanimous allegiance of the countryside, where heavy taxation frequently provoked unrest. Autonomous tribal states were tolerated, and the regency's authority was seldom applied in the Kabylia, although in 1730 the Regency was able to take control over the Kingdom of Kuku in western Kabylia. Many cities in the northern parts of the Algerian desert paid taxes to Algiers or one of its Beys, although they otherwise retained complete autonomy from central control, while the deeper parts of the Sahara were completely independent from Algiers.Barbary raids in the Mediterranean continued to attack Spanish merchant shipping, and as a result, the Spanish Navy bombarded Algiers in 1783 and 1784. For the attack in 1784, the Spanish fleet was to be joined by ships from such traditional enemies of Algiers as Naples, Portugal and the Knights of Malta. Over 20,000 cannonballs were fired, much of the city and its fortifications were destroyed and most of the Algerian fleet was sunk.In 1792, Algiers took back Oran and Mers el Kébir, the two last Spanish strongholds in Algeria. In the same year, they conquered the Moroccan Rif and Oujda, which they then abandoned in 1795.In the 19th century, Algerian pirates forged affiliations with Caribbean powers, paying a \"licence tax\" in exchange for safe harbour of their vessels.Attacks by Algerian pirates on American merchantmen resulted in the First and Second Barbary Wars, which ended the attacks on U.S. ships. A year later, a combined Anglo-Dutch fleet, under the command of Lord Exmouth bombarded Algiers to stop similar attacks on European fishermen. These efforts proved successful, although Algerian piracy would continue until the French conquest in 1830.French colonization (1830–1962) Under the pretext of a slight to their consul, the French invaded and captured Algiers in 1830. Historian Ben Kiernan wrote on the French conquest of Algeria: \"By 1875, the French conquest was complete. The war had killed approximately 825,000 indigenous Algerians since 1830.\" French losses from 1831 to 1851 were 92,329 dead in the hospital and only 3,336 killed in action. The population of Algeria, which stood at about 2.9 million in 1872, reached nearly 11 million in 1960. French policy was predicated on \"civilising\" the country. The slave trade and piracy in Algeria ceased following the French conquest. The conquest of Algeria by the French took some time and resulted in considerable bloodshed. A combination of violence and disease epidemics caused the indigenous Algerian population to decline by nearly one-third from 1830 to 1872. On 17 September 1860, Napoleon III declared \"Our first duty is to take care of the happiness of the three million Arabs, whom the fate of arms has brought under our domination.\"During this time, only Kabylia resisted, the Kabylians were not colonized until after the Mokrani Revolt in 1871. From 1848 until independence, France administered the whole Mediterranean region of Algeria as an integral part and département of the nation. One of France's longest-held overseas territories, Algeria became a destination for hundreds of thousands of European immigrants, who became known as colons and later, as Pied-Noirs. Between 1825 and 1847, 50,000 French people emigrated to Algeria. These settlers benefited from the French government's confiscation of communal land from tribal peoples, and the application of modern agricultural techniques that increased the amount of arable land. Many Europeans settled in Oran and Algiers, and by the early 20th century they formed a majority of the population in both cities.During the late 19th and early 20th century, the European share was almost a fifth of the population. The French government aimed at making Algeria an assimilated part of France, and this included substantial educational investments especially after 1900. The indigenous cultural and religious resistance heavily opposed this tendency, but in contrast to the other colonised countries' path in central Asia and Caucasus, Algeria kept its individual skills and a relatively human-capital intensive agriculture.During the Second World War, Algeria came under Vichy control before being liberated by the Allies in Operation Torch, which saw the first large-scale deployment of American troops in the North African campaign.Gradually, dissatisfaction among the Muslim population, which lacked political and economic status under the colonial system, gave rise to demands for greater political autonomy and eventually independence from France. In May 1945, the uprising against the occupying French forces was suppressed through what is now known as the Sétif and Guelma massacre. Tensions between the two population groups came to a head in 1954, when the first violent events of what was later called the Algerian War began after the publication of the Declaration of 1 November 1954. Historians have estimated that between 30,000 and 150,000 Harkis and their dependants were killed by the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) or by lynch mobs in Algeria. The FLN used hit and run attacks in Algeria and France as part of its war, and the French conducted severe reprisals.The war led to the death of hundreds of thousands of Algerians and hundreds of thousands of injuries. Historians, like Alistair Horne and Raymond Aron, state that the actual number of Algerian Muslim war dead was far greater than the original FLN and official French estimates but was less than the 1 million deaths claimed by the Algerian government after independence. Horne estimated Algerian casualties during the span of eight years to be around 700,000. The war uprooted more than 2 million Algerians.The war against French rule concluded in 1962, when Algeria gained complete independence following the March 1962 Evian agreements and the July 1962 self-determination referendum.The first three decades of independence (1962–1991)The number of European Pied-Noirs who fled Algeria totaled more than 900,000 between 1962 and 1964. The exodus to mainland France accelerated after the Oran massacre of 1962, in which hundreds of militants entered European sections of the city, and began attacking civilians.Algeria's first president was the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) leader Ahmed Ben Bella. Morocco's claim to portions of western Algeria led to the Sand War in 1963. Ben Bella was overthrown in 1965 by Houari Boumédiène, his former ally and defence minister. Under Ben Bella, the government had become increasingly socialist and authoritarian; Boumédienne continued this trend. But, he relied much more on the army for his support, and reduced the sole legal party to a symbolic role. He collectivised agriculture and launched a massive industrialisation drive. Oil extraction facilities were nationalised. This was especially beneficial to the leadership after the international 1973 oil crisis.In the 1960s and 1970s under President Houari Boumediene, Algeria pursued a program of industrialisation within a state-controlled socialist economy. Boumediene's successor, Chadli Bendjedid, introduced some liberal economic reforms. He promoted a policy of Arabisation in Algerian society and public life. Teachers of Arabic, brought in from other Muslim countries, spread conventional Islamic thought in schools and sowed the seeds of a return to Orthodox Islam.The Algerian economy became increasingly dependent on oil, leading to hardship when the price collapsed during the 1980s oil glut. Economic recession caused by the crash in world oil prices resulted in Algerian social unrest during the 1980s; by the end of the decade, Bendjedid introduced a multi-party system. Political parties developed, such as the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), a broad coalition of Muslim groups.Civil War (1991–2002) and aftermathIn December 1991 the Islamic Salvation Front dominated the first of two rounds of legislative elections. Fearing the election of an Islamist government, the authorities intervened on 11 January 1992, cancelling the elections. Bendjedid resigned and a High Council of State was installed to act as the Presidency. It banned the FIS, triggering a civil insurgency between the Front's armed wing, the Armed Islamic Group, and the national armed forces, in which more than 100,000 people are thought to have died. The Islamist militants conducted a violent campaign of civilian massacres. At several points in the conflict, the situation in Algeria became a point of international concern, most notably during the crisis surrounding Air France Flight 8969, a hijacking perpetrated by the Armed Islamic Group. The Armed Islamic Group declared a ceasefire in October 1997.Algeria held elections in 1999, considered biased by international observers and most opposition groups which were won by President Abdelaziz Bouteflika. He worked to restore political stability to the country and announced a \"Civil Concord\" initiative, approved in a referendum, under which many political prisoners were pardoned, and several thousand members of armed groups were granted exemption from prosecution under a limited amnesty, in force until 13 January 2000. The AIS disbanded and levels of insurgent violence fell rapidly. The Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat (GSPC), a splinter group of the Armed Islamic Group, continued a terrorist campaign against the Government.Bouteflika was re-elected in the April 2004 presidential election after campaigning on a programme of national reconciliation. The programme comprised economic, institutional, political and social reform to modernise the country, raise living standards, and tackle the causes of alienation. It also included a second amnesty initiative, the Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation, which was approved in a referendum in September 2005. It offered amnesty to most guerrillas and Government security forces.In November 2008, the Algerian Constitution was amended following a vote in Parliament, removing the two-term limit on Presidential incumbents. This change enabled Bouteflika to stand for re-election in the 2009 presidential elections, and he was re-elected in April 2009. During his election campaign and following his re-election, Bouteflika promised to extend the programme of national reconciliation and a $150-billion spending programme to create three million new jobs, the construction of one million new housing units, and to continue public sector and infrastructure modernisation programmes.A continuing series of protests throughout the country started on 28 December 2010, inspired by similar protests across the Middle East and North Africa. On 24 February 2011, the government lifted Algeria's 19-year-old state of emergency. The government enacted legislation dealing with political parties, the electoral code, and the representation of women in elected bodies. In April 2011, Bouteflika promised further constitutional and political reform. However, elections are routinely criticised by opposition groups as unfair and international human rights groups say that media censorship and harassment of political opponents continue.On 2 April 2019, Bouteflika resigned from the presidency after mass protests against his candidacy for a fifth term in office.In December 2019, Abdelmadjid Tebboune became Algeria's president, after winning the first round of the presidential election with a record abstention rate – the highest of all presidential elections since Algeria's democracy in 1989. Tebboune is close to the military and he is also accused of being loyal to the deposed president.Geography Since the 2011 breakup of Sudan, and the creation of South Sudan, Algeria has been the largest country in Africa, and the Mediterranean Basin. Its southern part includes a significant portion of the Sahara. To the north, the Tell Atlas form with the Saharan Atlas, further south, two parallel sets of reliefs in approaching eastbound, and between which are inserted vast plains and highlands. Both Atlas tend to merge in eastern Algeria. The vast mountain ranges of Aures and Nememcha occupy the entire northeastern Algeria and are delineated by the Tunisian border. The highest point is Mount Tahat ().Algeria lies mostly between latitudes 19° and 37°N (a small area is north of 37°N and south of 19°N), and longitudes 9°W and 12°E. Most of the coastal area is hilly, sometimes even mountainous, and there are a few natural harbours. The area from the coast to the Tell Atlas is fertile. South of the Tell Atlas is a steppe landscape ending with the Saharan Atlas; farther south, there is the Sahara desert.The Hoggar Mountains (), also known as the Hoggar, are a highland region in central Sahara, southern Algeria. They are located about south of the capital, Algiers, and just east of Tamanghasset. Algiers, Oran, Constantine, and Annaba are Algeria's main cities.Climate and hydrology In this region, midday desert temperatures can be hot year round. After sunset, however, the clear, dry air permits rapid loss of heat, and the nights are cool to chilly. Enormous daily ranges in temperature are recorded.Rainfall is fairly plentiful along the coastal part of the Tell Atlas, ranging from annually, the amount of precipitation increasing from west to east. Precipitation is heaviest in the northern part of eastern Algeria, where it reaches as much as in some years.Farther inland, the rainfall is less plentiful. Algeria also has ergs, or sand dunes, between mountains. Among these, in the summer time when winds are heavy and gusty, temperatures can go up to .Fauna and flora The varied vegetation of Algeria includes coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions which all support a wide range of wildlife. Many of the creatures comprising the Algerian wildlife live in close proximity to civilisation. The most commonly seen animals include the wild boars, jackals, and gazelles, although it is not uncommon to spot fennecs (foxes), and jerboas. Algeria also has a small African leopard and Saharan cheetah population, but these are seldom seen. A species of deer, the Barbary stag, inhabits the dense humid forests in the north-eastern areas. The fennec fox is the national animal of Algeria.A variety of bird species makes the country an attraction for bird watchers. The forests are inhabited by boars and jackals. Barbary macaques are the sole native monkey. Snakes, monitor lizards, and numerous other reptiles can be found living among an array of rodents throughout the semi arid regions of Algeria. Many animals are now extinct, including the Barbary lions, Atlas bears and crocodiles.In the north, some of the native flora includes Macchia scrub, olive trees, oaks, cedars and other conifers. The mountain regions contain large forests of evergreens (Aleppo pine, juniper, and evergreen oak) and some deciduous trees. Fig, eucalyptus, agave, and various palm trees grow in the warmer areas. The grape vine is indigenous to the coast. In the Sahara region, some oases have palm trees. Acacias with wild olives are the predominant flora in the remainder of the Sahara. Algeria had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.22/10, ranking it 106th globally out of 172 countries.Camels are used extensively; the desert also abounds with venomous and nonvenomous snakes, scorpions, and numerous insects.Government and politics Elected politicians have relatively little sway over Algeria. Instead, a group of unelected civilian and military \"décideurs\" (\"deciders\"), known as \"le pouvoir\" (\"the power\"), actually rule the country, even deciding who should be president. The most powerful man might have been Mohamed Mediène, the head of military intelligence, before he was brought down during the 2019 protests. In recent years, many of these generals have died, retired, or been imprisoned. After the death of General Larbi Belkheir, previous president Bouteflika put loyalists in key posts, notably at Sonatrach, and secured constitutional amendments that made him re-electable indefinitely, until he was brought down in 2019 during protests.The head of state is the President of Algeria, who is elected for a five-year term. The president was formerly limited to two five-year terms, but a constitutional amendment passed by the Parliament on 11 November 2008 removed this limitation. The most recent presidential election was planned to be in April 2019, but widespread protests erupted on 22 February against the president's decision to participate in the election, which resulted in President Bouteflika announcing his resignation on 3 April. Abdelmadjid Tebboune, an independent candidate, was elected as president after the election eventually took place on 12 December 2019. Protestors refused to recognise Tebboune as president, citing demands for comprehensive reform of the political system. Algeria has universal suffrage at 18 years of age. The President is the head of the army, the Council of Ministers and the High Security Council. He appoints the Prime Minister who is also the head of government.The Algerian parliament is bicameral; the lower house, the People's National Assembly, has 462 members who are directly elected for five-year terms, while the upper house, the Council of the Nation, has 144 members serving six-year terms, of which 96 members are chosen by local assemblies and 48 are appointed by the president. According to the constitution, no political association may be formed if it is \"based on differences in religion, language, race, gender, profession, or region\". In addition, political campaigns must be exempt from the aforementioned subjects.Parliamentary elections were last held in May 2017. In the elections, the FLN lost 44 of its seats, but remained the largest party with 164 seats, the military-backed National Rally for Democracy won 100, and the Muslim Brotherhood-linked Movement of the Society for Peace won 33.Foreign relationsAlgeria is included in the European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.Giving incentives and rewarding best performers, as well as offering funds in a faster and more flexible manner, are the two main principles underlying the European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI) that came into force in 2014. It has a budget of €15.4 billion and provides the bulk of funding through a number of programmes.In 2009, the French government agreed to compensate victims of nuclear tests in Algeria. Defence Minister Herve Morin stated that \"It's time for our country to be at peace with itself, at peace thanks to a system of compensation and reparations,\" when presenting the draft law on the payouts. Algerian officials and activists believe that this is a good first step and hope that this move would encourage broader reparation.Tensions between Algeria and Morocco in relation to the Western Sahara have been an obstacle to tightening the Arab Maghreb Union, nominally established in 1989, but which has carried little practical weight. On 24 August 2021, Algeria announced the break of diplomatic relations with Morocco.MilitaryThe military of Algeria consists of the People's National Army (ANP), the Algerian National Navy (MRA), and the Algerian Air Force (QJJ), plus the Territorial Air Defence Forces. It is the direct successor of the National Liberation Army (Armée de Libération Nationale or ALN), the armed wing of the nationalist National Liberation Front which fought French colonial occupation during the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62).Total military personnel include 147,000 active, 150,000 reserve, and 187,000 paramilitary staff (2008 estimate). Service in the military is compulsory for men aged 19–30, for a total of 12 months. The military expenditure was 4.3% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012. Algeria has the second largest military in North Africa with the largest defence budget in Africa ($10 billion). Most of Algeria's weapons are imported from Russia, with whom they are a close ally.In 2007, the Algerian Air Force signed a deal with Russia to purchase 49 MiG-29SMT and 6 MiG-29UBT at an estimated cost of $1.9 billion. Russia is also building two 636-type diesel submarines for Algeria.Human rightsAlgeria has been categorised by Freedom House as \"not free\" since it began publishing such ratings in 1972, with the exception of 1989, 1990, and 1991, when the country was labelled \"partly free.\" In December 2016, the Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor issued a report regarding violation of media freedom in Algeria. It clarified that the Algerian government imposed restriction on freedom of the press; expression; and right to peaceful demonstration, protest and assembly as well as intensified censorship of the media and websites. Due to the fact that the journalists and activists criticise the ruling government, some media organisations' licenses are cancelled.Independent and autonomous trade unions face routine harassment from the government, with many leaders imprisoned and protests suppressed. In 2016, a number of unions, many of which were involved in the 2010–2012 Algerian Protests, have been deregistered by the government.Homosexuality is illegal in Algeria. Public homosexual behavior is punishable by up to two years in prison. Despite this, about 26% of Algerians think that homosexuality should be accepted, according to the survey conducted by the BBC News Arabic-Arab Barometer in 2019. Algeria showed largest LGBT acceptance compared to other Arab countries where the survey was conducted.Human Rights Watch has accused the Algerian authorities of using the COVID-19 pandemic as an excuse to prevent pro-democracy movements and protests in the country, leading to the arrest of youths as part of social distancing.Administrative divisionsAlgeria is divided into 58 provinces (wilayas), 553 districts (daïras) and 1,541 municipalities (baladiyahs). Each province, district, and municipality is named after its seat, which is usually the largest city.The administrative divisions have changed several times since independence. When introducing new provinces, the numbers of old provinces are kept, hence the non-alphabetical order. With their official numbers, currently (since 1983) they areEconomyAlgeria's currency is the dinar (DZD). The economy remains dominated by the state, a legacy of the country's socialist post-independence development model. In recent years, the Algerian government has halted the privatization of state-owned industries and imposed restrictions on imports and foreign involvement in its economy. These restrictions are just starting to be lifted off recently although questions about Algeria's slowly-diversifying economy remain.Algeria has struggled to develop industries outside hydrocarbons in part because of high costs and an inert state bureaucracy. The government's efforts to diversify the economy by attracting foreign and domestic investment outside the energy sector have done little to reduce high youth unemployment rates or to address housing shortages. The country is facing a number of short-term and medium-term problems, including the need to diversify the economy, strengthen political, economic and financial reforms, improve the business climate and reduce inequalities amongst regions.A wave of economic protests in February and March 2011 prompted the Algerian government to offer more than $23 billion in public grants and retroactive salary and benefit increases. Public spending has increased by 27% annually during the past 5 years. The 2010–14 public-investment programme will cost US$286 billion, 40% of which will go to human development.Thanks to strong hydrocarbon revenues, Algeria has a cushion of $173 billion in foreign currency reserves and a large hydrocarbon stabilisation fund. In addition, Algeria's external debt is extremely low at about 2% of GDP. The economy remains very dependent on hydrocarbon wealth, and, despite high foreign exchange reserves (US$178 billion, equivalent to three years of imports), current expenditure growth makes Algeria's budget more vulnerable to the risk of prolonged lower hydrocarbon revenues.Algeria has not joined the WTO, despite several years of negotiations but is a member of the Greater Arab Free Trade Area and the African Continental Free Trade Area, and has an association agreement with the European UnionOil and natural resourcesAlgeria, whose economy is reliant on petroleum, has been an OPEC member since 1969. Its crude oil production stands at around 1.1 million barrels/day, but it is also a major gas producer and exporter, with important links to Europe. Hydrocarbons have long been the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of GDP, and 87.7% of export earnings. Algeria has the 10th-largest reserves of natural gas in the world and is the sixth-largest gas exporter. The U.S. Energy Information Administration reported that in 2005, Algeria had of proven natural-gas reserves. It also ranks 16th in oil reserves.Non-hydrocarbon growth for 2011 was projected at 5%. To cope with social demands, the authorities raised expenditure, especially on basic food support, employment creation, support for SMEs, and higher salaries. High hydrocarbon prices have improved the current account and the already large international reserves position.Income from oil and gas rose in 2011 as a result of continuing high oil prices, though the trend in production volume is downwards. Production from the oil and gas sector in terms of volume, continues to decline, dropping from 43.2 million tonnes to 32 million tonnes between 2007 and 2011. Nevertheless, the sector accounted for 98% of the total volume of exports in 2011, against 48% in 1962, and 70% of budgetary receipts, or US$71.4 billion.The Algerian national oil company is Sonatrach, which plays a key role in all aspects of the oil and natural gas sectors in Algeria. All foreign operators must work in partnership with Sonatrach, which usually has majority ownership in production-sharing agreements.Access to biocapacity in Algeria is lower than world average. In 2016, Algeria had 0.53 global hectares of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person. In 2016, Algeria used 2.4 global hectares of biocapacity per person – their ecological footprint of consumption. This means they use just under 4.5 times as much biocapacity as Algeria contains. As a result, Algeria is running a biocapacity deficit.Research and alternative energy sourcesAlgeria has invested an estimated 100 billion dinars towards developing research facilities and paying researchers. This development program is meant to advance alternative energy production, especially solar and wind power. Algeria is estimated to have the largest solar energy potential in the Mediterranean, so the government has funded the creation of a solar science park in Hassi R'Mel. Currently, Algeria has 20,000 research professors at various universities and over 780 research labs, with state-set goals to expand to 1,000. Besides solar energy, areas of research in Algeria include space and satellite telecommunications, nuclear power and medical research.Labour marketThe overall rate of unemployment was 10% in 2011, but remained higher among young people, with a rate of 21.5% for those aged between 15 and 24. The government strengthened in 2011 the job programs introduced in 1988, in particular in the framework of the program to aid those seeking work (Dispositif d'Aide à l'Insertion Professionnelle).Despite a decline in total unemployment, youth and women unemployment is high. Unemployment particularly affects the young, with a jobless rate of 21.5% among the 15–24 age group.TourismThe development of the tourism sector in Algeria had previously been hampered by a lack of facilities, but since 2004 a broad tourism development strategy has been implemented resulting in many hotels of a high modern standard being built.There are several UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Algeria including Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad, the first capital of the Hammadid empire; Tipasa, a Phoenician and later Roman town; and Djémila and Timgad, both Roman ruins; M'Zab Valley, a limestone valley containing a large urbanized oasis; and the Casbah of Algiers, an important citadel. The only natural World Heritage Site is the Tassili n'Ajjer, a mountain range.TransportThe Algerian road network is the densest in Africa; its length is estimated at of highways, with more than 3,756 structures and a paving rate of 85%. This network will be complemented by the East-West Highway, a major infrastructure project currently under construction. It is a 3-way, highway, linking Annaba in the extreme east to the Tlemcen in the far west. Algeria is also crossed by the Trans-Sahara Highway, which is now completely paved. This road is supported by the Algerian government to increase trade between the six countries crossed: Algeria, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, and Tunisia.DemographicsAlgeria has a population of an estimated 44 million, of which the vast majority are Arab-Berber ethnically. At the outset of the 20th century, its population was approximately four million. About 90% of Algerians live in the northern, coastal area; the inhabitants of the Sahara desert are mainly concentrated in oases, although some 1.5 million remain nomadic or partly nomadic. 28.1% of Algerians are under the age of 15.Between 90,000 and 165,000 Sahrawis from Western Sahara live in the Sahrawi refugee camps, in the western Algerian Sahara desert. There are also more than 4,000 Palestinian refugees, who are well integrated and have not asked for assistance from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). In 2009, 35,000 Chinese migrant workers lived in Algeria.The largest concentration of Algerian migrants outside Algeria is in France, which has reportedly over 1.7 million Algerians of up to the second generation.Ethnic groupsIndigenous Berbers as well as Phoenicians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantine Greeks, Arabs, Turks, various Sub-Saharan Africans, and French have contributed to the history of Algeria. Descendants of Andalusian refugees are also present in the population of Algiers and other cities. Moreover, Spanish was spoken by these Aragonese and Castillian Morisco descendants deep into the 18th century, and even Catalan was spoken at the same time by Catalan Morisco descendants in the small town of Grish El-Oued.Despite the dominance of the Berber ethnicity in Algeria, the majority of Algerians identify with an Arabic-based identity, especially after the Arab nationalism rising in the 20th century. Berbers and Berber-speaking Algerians are divided into many groups with varying languages. The largest of these are the Kabyles, who live in the Kabylie region east of Algiers, the Chaoui of Northeast Algeria, the Tuaregs in the southern desert and the Shenwa people of North Algeria.During the colonial period, there was a large (10% in 1960) European population who became known as Pied-Noirs. They were primarily of French, Spanish and Italian origin. Almost all of this population left during the war of independence or immediately after its end.LanguagesModern Standard Arabic and Berber are the official languages. Algerian Arabic (Darja) is the language used by the majority of the population. Colloquial Algerian Arabic is heavily infused with borrowings from French and Berber.Berber has been recognised as a \"national language\" by the constitutional amendment of 8 May 2002. Kabyle, the predominant Berber language, is taught and is partially co-official (with a few restrictions) in parts of Kabylie. In February 2016, the Algerian constitution passed a resolution that made Berber an official language alongside Arabic.Although French has no official status in Algeria, it has one of the largest Francophone populations in the world, and French is widely used in government, media (newspapers, radio, local television), and both the education system (from primary school onwards) and academia due to Algeria's colonial history. It can be regarded as a lingua franca of Algeria. In 2008, 11.2 million Algerians could read and write in French. An Abassa Institute study in April 2000 found that 60% of households could speak and understand French, or 18 million people out of a total of 30 million at the time. Following a period during which the Algerian government tried to phase out French, in recent decades the government has changed course and reinforced the study of French, and some television programs are broadcast in the language.Algeria emerged as a bilingual state after 1962. Colloquial Algerian Arabic is spoken by about 72% of the population and Berber by 27–30%.ReligionIslam is the predominant religion in Algeria, with its adherents, mostly Sunnis, accounting for 99% of the population according to a 2021 CIA World Factbook estimate, and 97.9% according to Pew Research in 2020. There are about 290,000 Ibadis in the M'zab Valley in the region of Ghardaia. Estimates of the Christian population range from 20,000 to 200,000 Algerian citizens who are Christians predominantly belong to Protestant groups, which have seen increased pressure from the government in recent years including many forced closures.There has been an increase in the number of people identifying as non-religious. The June 2019 Arab Barometer-BBC News report found that the percentage of Algerians identifying as non-religious has grown from around 8% in 2013 to around 15% in 2018. The Arab Barometer December 2019, found that the growth in the percentage of Algerians identifying as non-religious is largely driven by young Algerians, with roughly 25% describing themselves as non-religious.Algeria has given the Muslim world a number of prominent thinkers, including Emir Abdelkader, Abdelhamid Ben Badis, Mouloud Kacem Naît Belkacem, Malek Bennabi and Mohamed Arkoun.HealthIn 2018, Algeria had the highest numbers of physicians in the Maghreb region (1.72 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people). Access to \"improved water sources\" was around 97.4% of the population in urban areas and 98.7% of the population in the rural areas. Some 99% of Algerians living in urban areas, and around 93.4% of those living in rural areas, had access to \"improved sanitation\". According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress toward its goal of \"reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015\". Given Algeria's young population, policy favours preventive health care and clinics over hospitals. In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an immunisation program. However, poor sanitation and unclean water still cause tuberculosis, hepatitis, measles, typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery. The poor generally receive health care free of charge.Health records have been maintained in Algeria since 1882 and began adding Muslims living in the south to their vital record database in 1905 during French rule.EducationSince the 1970s, in a centralised system that was designed to significantly reduce the rate of illiteracy, the Algerian government introduced a decree by which school attendance became compulsory for all children aged between 6 and 15 years who have the ability to track their learning through the 20 facilities built since independence, now the literacy rate is around 92.6%. Since 1972, Arabic is used as the language of instruction during the first nine years of schooling. From the third year, French is taught and it is also the language of instruction for science classes. The students can also learn English, Italian, Spanish and German. In 2008, new programs at the elementary appeared, therefore the compulsory schooling does not start at the age of six anymore, but at the age of five. Apart from the 122 private schools, the Universities of the State are free of charge. After nine years of primary school, students can go to the high school or to an educational institution. The school offers two programs: general or technical. At the end of the third year of secondary school, students pass the exam of the baccalaureate, which allows once it is successful to pursue graduate studies in universities and institutes.Education is officially compulsory for children between the ages of six and 15. In 2008, the illiteracy rate for people over 10 was 22.3%, 15.6% for men and 29.0% for women. The province with the lowest rate of illiteracy was Algiers Province at 11.6%, while the province with the highest rate was Djelfa Province at 35.5%.Algeria has 26 universities and 67 institutions of higher education, which must accommodate a million Algerians and 80,000 foreign students in 2008. The University of Algiers, founded in 1879, is the oldest, it offers education in various disciplines (law, medicine, science and letters). Twenty-five of these universities and almost all of the institutions of higher education were founded after the independence of the country.Even if some of them offer instruction in Arabic like areas of law and the economy, most of the other sectors as science and medicine continue to be provided in French and English. Among the most important universities, there are the University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, the University of Mentouri Constantine, and University of Oran Es-Senia. The University of Abou Bekr Belkaïd in Tlemcen and University of Batna Hadj Lakhdar occupy the 26th and 45th row in Africa. Algeria was ranked 121st in the Global Innovation Index in 2020, down from 113rd in 2019.CitiesBelow is a list of the most populous Algerian cities:CultureModern Algerian literature, split between Arabic, Tamazight and French, has been strongly influenced by the country's recent history. Famous novelists of the 20th century include Mohammed Dib, Albert Camus, Kateb Yacine and Ahlam Mosteghanemi while Assia Djebar is widely translated. Among the important novelists of the 1980s were Rachid Mimouni, later vice-president of Amnesty International, and Tahar Djaout, murdered by an Islamist group in 1993 for his secularist views.Malek Bennabi and Frantz Fanon are noted for their thoughts on decolonization; Augustine of Hippo was born in Tagaste (modern-day Souk Ahras); and Ibn Khaldun, though born in Tunis, wrote the Muqaddima while staying in Algeria. The works of the Sanusi family in pre-colonial times, and of Emir Abdelkader and Sheikh Ben Badis in colonial times, are widely noted. The Latin author Apuleius was born in Madaurus (Mdaourouch), in what later became Algeria.Contemporary Algerian cinema is various in terms of genre, exploring a wider range of themes and issues. There has been a transition from cinema which focused on the war of independence to films more concerned with the everyday lives of Algerians.MediaArtAlgerian painters, like Mohamed Racim or Baya, attempted to revive the prestigious Algerian past prior to French colonisation, at the same time that they have contributed to the preservation of the authentic values of Algeria. In this line, Mohamed Temam, Abdelkhader Houamel have also returned through this art, scenes from the history of the country, the habits and customs of the past and the country life. Other new artistic currents including the one of M'hamed Issiakhem, Mohammed Khadda and Bachir Yelles, appeared on the scene of Algerian painting, abandoning figurative classical painting to find new pictorial ways, in order to adapt Algerian paintings to the new realities of the country through its struggle and its aspirations. Mohammed Khadda and M'hamed Issiakhem have been notable in recent years.Literature The historic roots of Algerian literature go back to the Numidian and Roman African era, when Apuleius wrote The Golden Ass, the only Latin novel to survive in its entirety. This period had also known Augustine of Hippo, Nonius Marcellus and Martianus Capella, among many others. The Middle Ages have known many Arabic writers who revolutionised the Arab world literature, with authors like Ahmad al-Buni, Ibn Manzur and Ibn Khaldoun, who wrote the Muqaddimah while staying in Algeria, and many others.Albert Camus was an Algerian-born French Pied-Noir author. In 1957, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature.Today Algeria contains, in its literary landscape, big names having not only marked the Algerian literature, but also the universal literary heritage in Arabic and French.As a first step, Algerian literature was marked by works whose main concern was the assertion of the Algerian national entity, there is the publication of novels as the Algerian trilogy of Mohammed Dib, or even Nedjma of Kateb Yacine novel which is often regarded as a monumental and major work. Other known writers will contribute to the emergence of Algerian literature whom include Mouloud Feraoun, Malek Bennabi, Malek Haddad, Moufdi Zakaria, Abdelhamid Ben Badis, Mohamed Laïd Al-Khalifa, Mouloud Mammeri, Frantz Fanon, and Assia Djebar.In the aftermath of the independence, several new authors emerged on the Algerian literary scene, they will attempt through their works to expose a number of social problems, among them there are Rachid Boudjedra, Rachid Mimouni, Leila Sebbar, Tahar Djaout and Tahir Wattar.Currently, a part of Algerian writers tends to be defined in a literature of shocking expression, due to the terrorism that occurred during the 1990s, the other party is defined in a different style of literature who staged an individualistic conception of the human adventure. Among the most noted recent works, there is the writer, the swallows of Kabul and the attack of Yasmina Khadra, the oath of barbarians of Boualem Sansal, memory of the flesh of Ahlam Mosteghanemi and the last novel by Assia Djebar nowhere in my father's House.MusicChaâbi music is a typically Algerian musical genre characterized by specific rhythms and of Qacidate (popular poems) in Arabic dialect. The undisputed master of this music is El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka. The Constantinois Malouf style is saved by musician from whom Mohamed Tahar Fergani is a performer.Folk music styles include Bedouin music, characterized by the poetic songs based on long kacida (poems); Kabyle music, based on a rich repertoire that is poetry and old tales passed through generations; Shawiya music, a folklore from diverse areas of the Aurès Mountains. Rahaba music style is unique to the Aures. Souad Massi is a rising Algerian folk singer. Other Algerian singers of the diaspora include Manel Filali in Germany and Kenza Farah in France. Tergui music is sung in Tuareg languages generally, Tinariwen had a worldwide success. Finally, the staïfi music is born in Sétif and remains a unique style of its kind.Modern music is available in several facets, Raï music is a style typical of western Algeria. Rap, a relatively recent style in Algeria, is experiencing significant growth.CinemaThe Algerian state's interest in film-industry activities can be seen in the annual budget of DZD 200 million (EUR 1.3 million) allocated to production, specific measures and an ambitious programme plan implemented by the Ministry of Culture in order to promote national production, renovate the cinema stock and remedy the weak links in distribution and exploitation.The financial support provided by the state, through the Fund for the Development of the Arts, Techniques and the Film Industry (FDATIC) and the Algerian Agency for Cultural Influence (AARC), plays a key role in the promotion of national production. Between 2007 and 2013, FDATIC subsidised 98 films (feature films, documentaries and short films). In mid-2013, AARC had already supported a total of 78 films, including 42 feature films, 6 short films and 30 documentaries.According to the European Audiovisual Observatory's LUMIERE database, 41 Algerian films were distributed in Europe between 1996 and 2013; 21 films in this repertoire were Algerian-French co-productions. Days of Glory (2006) and Outside the Law (2010) recorded the highest number of admissions in the European Union, 3,172,612 and 474,722, respectively.Algeria won the Palme d'Or for Chronicle of the Years of Fire (1975), two Oscars for Z (1969), and other awards for the Italian-Algerian movie The Battle of Algiers.CuisineAlgerian cuisine is rich and diverse. The country was considered as the \"granary of Rome\". It offers a component of dishes and varied dishes, depending on the region and according to the seasons. The cuisine uses cereals as the main products, since they are always produced with abundance in the country. There is not a dish where cereals are not present.Algerian cuisine varies from one region to another, according to seasonal vegetables. It can be prepared using meat, fish and vegetables. Among the dishes known, couscous, chorba, rechta, chakhchoukha, berkoukes, shakshouka, mthewem, chtitha, mderbel, dolma, brik or bourek, garantita, lham'hlou, etc. Merguez sausage is widely used in Algeria, but it differs, depending on the region and on the added spices.Cakes are marketed and can be found in cities either in Algeria, in Europe or North America. However, traditional cakes are also made at home, following the habits and customs of each family. Among these cakes, there are Tamina, Baklawa, Chrik, Garn logzelles, Griouech, Kalb el-louz, Makroud, Mbardja, Mchewek, Samsa, Tcharak, Baghrir, Khfaf, Zlabia, Aarayech, Ghroubiya and Mghergchette. Algerian pastry also contains Tunisian or French cakes. Marketed and home-made bread products include varieties such as Kessra or Khmira or Harchaya, chopsticks and so-called washers Khoubz dar or Matloue. Other traditional meals sold often as street food include mhadjeb or mahjouba, karantika, doubara, chakhchoukha, hassouna, and t'chicha.SportsVarious games have existed in Algeria since antiquity. In the Aures, people played several games such as El Kherba or El khergueba (chess variant). Playing cards, checkers and chess games are part of Algerian culture. Racing (fantasia) and rifle shooting are part of cultural recreation of the Algerians.The first Algerian and African gold medalist is Boughera El Ouafi in 1928 Olympics of Amsterdam in the Marathon. The second Algerian Medalist was Alain Mimoun in 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. Several men and women were champions in athletics in the 1990s including Noureddine Morceli, Hassiba Boulmerka, Nouria Merah-Benida, and Taoufik Makhloufi, all specialized in middle-distance running.Football is the most popular sport in Algeria. Several names are engraved in the history of the sport, including Lakhdar Belloumi, Rachid Mekhloufi, Hassen Lalmas, Rabah Madjer, Riyad Mahrez, Salah Assad and Djamel Zidane. The Algeria national football team qualified for the 1982 FIFA World Cup, 1986 FIFA World Cup, 2010 FIFA World Cup and 2014 FIFA World Cup. In addition, several football clubs have won continental and international trophies as the club ES Sétif or JS Kabylia. The Algerian Football Federation is an association of Algeria football clubs organizing national competitions and international matches of the selection of Algeria national football team.See also Index of Algeria-related articles Outline of AlgeriaExplanatory notesCitationsGeneral bibliography Ageron, Charles-Robert (1991). Modern Algeria – A History from 1830 to the Present. Translated from French and edited by Michael Brett. London: Hurst. . Aghrout, Ahmed; Bougherira, Redha M. (2004). Algeria in Transition – Reforms and Development Prospects. Routledge. . Bennoune, Mahfoud (1988). The Making of Contemporary Algeria – Colonial Upheavals and Post-Independence Development, 1830–1987. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . Fanon, Frantz (1966; 2005 paperback). The Wretched of the Earth. Grove Press. ASIN B0007FW4AW, . Horne, Alistair (1977). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. Viking Adult. , (2006 reprint) Laouisset, Djamel (2009). A Retrospective Study of the Algerian Iron and Steel Industry. New York City: Nova Publishers. . Roberts, Hugh (2003). The Battlefield – Algeria, 1988–2002. Studies in a Broken Polity. London: Verso Books. . Ruedy, John (1992). Modern Algeria – The Origins and Development of a Nation. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. . Stora, Benjamin (2001). Algeria, 1830–2000 – A Short History. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. . Sidaoui, Riadh (2009). \"Islamic Politics and the Military – Algeria 1962–2008\". Religion and Politics – Islam and Muslim Civilisation. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. .External links People's Democratic Republic of Algeria Official government website Portal of the First Ministry Portal of the First Ministry Algeria. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Algeria profile from the BBC News ency education ency education Key Development Forecasts for Algeria from International Futures EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Algeria North African countriesMaghrebi countriesSaharan countriesArab republicsRepublicsArabic-speaking countries and territoriesBerber-speaking countries and territoriesFrench-speaking countries and territoriesG15 nationsMember states of OPECMember states of the African UnionMember states of the Arab LeagueMember states of the Organisation of Islamic CooperationMember states of the Union for the MediterraneanCurrent member states of the United NationsStates and territories established in 19621962 establishments in Algeria1962 establishments in AfricaCountries in Africa"}
+{"text": "This is a list of characters in Ayn Rand's 1957 novel Atlas Shrugged.Major charactersThe following are major characters from the novel.ProtagonistsDagny TaggartDagny Taggart is the protagonist of the novel. She is vice-president in Charge of Operations for Taggart Transcontinental, under her brother, James Taggart. Given James' incompetence, Dagny is responsible for all the workings of the railroad.Francisco d'AnconiaFrancisco d'Anconia is one of the central characters in Atlas Shrugged, an owner by inheritance of the world's largest copper mining operation. He is a childhood friend, and the first love, of Dagny Taggart. A child prodigy of exceptional talents, Francisco was dubbed the \"climax\" of the d'Anconia line, an already prestigious family of skilled industrialists. He was a classmate of John Galt and Ragnar Danneskjöld and student of both Hugh Akston and Robert Stadler. He began working while still in school, proving that he could have made a fortune without the aid of his family's wealth and power. Later, Francisco bankrupts the d'Anconia business to put it out of others' reach. His full name is given as \"Francisco Domingo Carlos Andres Sebastián d'Anconia\".John GaltJohn Galt is the primary male hero of Atlas Shrugged. He initially appears as an unnamed menial worker for Taggart Transcontinental, who often dines with Eddie Willers in the employees' cafeteria, and leads Eddie to reveal important information about Dagny Taggart and Taggart Transcontinental. Only Eddie's side of their conversations is given in the novel. Later in the novel, the reader discovers this worker's true identity.Before working for Taggart Transcontinental, Galt worked as an engineer for the Twentieth Century Motor Company, where he secretly invented a generator of usable electric energy from ambient static electricity, but abandoned his prototype, and his employment, when dissatisfied by an easily corrupted novel system of payment. This prototype was found by Dagny Taggart and Hank Rearden. Galt himself remains concealed throughout much of the novel, working a job and living by himself, where he unites the most skillful inventors and business leaders under his leadership. Much of the book's third division is given to his broadcast speech, which presents the author's philosophy of Objectivism.Henry \"Hank\" ReardenHenry (known as \"Hank\") Rearden is one of the central characters in Atlas Shrugged. He owns the most important steel company in the United States, and invents Rearden Metal, an alloy stronger, lighter, cheaper and tougher than steel. He lives in Philadelphia with his wife Lillian, his brother Philip, and his elderly mother. Rearden represents a type of self-made man and eventually divorces Lillian, abandons his steel mills following a bloody assault by government-planted workers, and joins John Galt's strike.Eddie WillersEdwin \"Eddie\" Willers is the Special Assistant to the Vice-President in Charge of Operations at Taggart Transcontinental. His father and grandfather worked for the Taggarts, and himself likewise. He is completely loyal to Dagny and to Taggart Transcontinental. Willers does not possess the creative ability of Galt's associates, but matches them in moral courage and is capable of appreciating and making use of their creations. After Dagny shifts her attention and loyalty to saving the captive Galt, Willers maintains the railroad until its collapse.Ragnar DanneskjöldOne of Galt's first followers, and world-famous as a pirate, who seizes relief ships sent from the United States to the People's States of Europe. He works to ensure that once those espousing Galt's philosophy are restored to their rightful place in society, they have enough capital to rebuild the world. Kept in the background for much of the book, Danneskjöld makes a personal appearance to encourage Rearden to persevere in his increasingly difficult situation, and gives him a bar of gold as compensation for the income taxes he has paid over the last several years. Danneskjöld is married to the actress Kay Ludlow; their relationship is kept hidden from the outside world, which only knows of Ludlow as a retired film star. Considered a misfit by Galt's other adherents, he views his actions as a means to speed the world along in understanding Galt's perspective.According to Barbara Branden, who was closely associated with Rand at the time the book was written, there were sections written describing Danneskjöld's adventures at sea, cut from the final published text. In a 1974 comment at a lecture, Ayn Rand admitted that Danneskjöld's name was a tribute to Victor Hugo's novel, , wherein the hero becomes the first of the Counts of Danneskjöld. In the published book, Danneskjöld is always seen through the eyes of others (Dagny Taggart or Hank Rearden), except for a brief paragraph in the very last chapter.AntagonistsJames TaggartThe President of Taggart Transcontinental and the book's most important antagonist. Taggart is an expert influence peddler but incapable of making operational decisions on his own. He relies on his sister, Dagny Taggart, to actually run the railroad, but nonetheless opposes her in almost every endeavor because of his various anti-capitalist moral and political beliefs. In a sense, he is the antithesis of Dagny. This contradiction leads to the recurring absurdity of his life: the desire to overcome those on whom his life depends, and the horror that he will succeed at this. In the final chapters of the novel, he suffers a complete mental breakdown upon realizing that he can no longer deceive himself in this respect.Lillian ReardenThe unsupportive wife of Hank Rearden, who dislikes his habits and (secretly at first) seeks to ruin Rearden to prove her own value. Lillian achieves this, when she passes information to James Taggart about her husband's affair with his sister. This information is used to blackmail Rearden to sign a Gift Certificate which delivers all the property rights of Rearden Metal to others. Lillian thereafter uses James Taggart for sexual satisfaction, until Hank abandons her.Dr. Floyd FerrisFerris is a biologist who works as \"co-ordinator\" at the State Science Institute. He uses his position there to deride reason and productive achievement, and publishes a book entitled Why Do You Think You Think? He clashes on several occasions with Hank Rearden, and twice attempts to blackmail Rearden into giving up Rearden Metal. He is also one of the group of looters who tries to get Rearden to agree to the Steel Unification Plan. Ferris hosts the demonstration of the Project X weapon, and is the creator of the Ferris Persuader, a torture machine. When John Galt is captured by the looters, Ferris uses the device on Galt, but it breaks down before extracting the information Ferris wants from Galt. Ferris represents the group which uses brute force on the heroes to achieve the ends of the looters.Dr. Robert StadlerA former professor at Patrick Henry University, and along with colleague Hugh Akston, mentor to Francisco d'Anconia, John Galt and Ragnar Danneskjöld. He has since become a sell-out, one who had great promise but squandered it for social approval, to the detriment of the free. He works at the State Science Institute where all his inventions are perverted for use by the military, including a sound-based weapon known as Project X (Xylophone). He is killed when Cuffy Meigs (see below) drunkenly overloads the circuits of Project X, causing it to destroy itself and every structure and living thing in a 100-mile radius. The character was, in part, modeled on J. Robert Oppenheimer, whom Rand had interviewed for an earlier project, and his part in the creation of nuclear weapons.` To his former student Galt, Stadler represents the epitome of human evil, as the \"man who knew better\" but chose not to act for the good.Wesley MouchThe incompetent and treacherous lobbyist whom Hank Rearden reluctantly employs in Washington, who rises to prominence and authority throughout the novel through trading favours and disloyalty. In return for betraying Hank by helping broker the Equalization of Opportunity Bill (which, by restricting the number of businesses each person may own to one, forces Hank to divest most of his companies), he is given a senior position at the Bureau of Economic Planning and National Resources. Later in the novel he becomes its Top Co-ordinator, a position that eventually becomes Economic Dictator of the country. Mouch's mantra, whenever a problem arises from his prior policy, is to say, \"I can't help it. I need wider powers.\"Secondary charactersThe following secondary characters also appear in the novel.Hugh Akston is identified as \"One of the last great advocates of reason.\" He was a renowned philosopher and the head of the Department of Philosophy at Patrick Henry University, where he taught Francisco d'Anconia, John Galt, and Ragnar Danneskjöld. He was, along with Robert Stadler, a father figure to these three. Akston's name is so hallowed that a young lady, on hearing that Francisco had studied under him, is shocked. She thought he must have been one of those great names from an earlier century. He now works as a cook in a roadside diner, and proves extremely skillful at the job. When Dagny tracks him down, and before she discovers his true identity, he rejects her enthusiastic offer to manage the dining car services for Taggart Transcontinental. He is based on Aristotle.Jeff Allen is a tramp who stows away on a Taggart train during one of Dagny's cross-country trips. Instead of throwing him out, she allows him to ride as her guest. It is from Allen that she learns the full story behind the collapse of the Twentieth Century Motor Company (Rand's extensive metaphor for the inherent flaws of communism), as well as a hint of John Galt's true background.Calvin Atwood is owner of Atwood Light and Power Company and joins Galt's strike.Mayor Bascom is the mayor of Rome, Wisconsin, who reveals part of the history of the Twentieth Century Motor Company.Dr. Blodgett is the scientist who pulls the lever to demonstrate Project X.Orren Boyle is the head of Associated Steel, antithesis of Hank Rearden and a friend of James Taggart. He is an investor in the San Sebastián Mines. He disappears from the story after having a nervous breakdown following the failed 'unification' of the steel industry.Laura Bradford is an actress and Kip Chalmers' mistress. She is one of the passengers on his train, and dies in the Taggart Tunnel disaster.Bill Brent is the chief dispatcher for the Colorado Division of Taggart Transcontinental, who tries to prevent the Taggart Tunnel disaster.Cherryl Brooks is a dime store shopgirl who marries James Taggart after a chance encounter in her store the night the John Galt Line was falsely deemed his greatest success. She marries him thinking he is the heroic person behind Taggart Transcontinental. Cherryl is at first harsh towards Dagny, having believed Jim Taggart's descriptions of his sister, until she questions employees of the railroad. Upon learning that her scorn had been misdirected, Cherryl puts off apologizing to Dagny out of shame, but eventually admits to Dagny that when she married Jim, she thought he had the heroic qualities that she had looked up to - she thought she was marrying someone like Dagny. Shortly after making this admission, she commits suicide by jumping over a stone parapet and into the river, unable to live with her evil husband and seeing no way to escape him.Millie Bush was \"a mean, ugly little eight-year-old\" girl voted to receive gold braces to straighten her teeth by the Marxist \"family\" committee who determined how pay was allocated at The Twentieth Century Motor Company. Her teeth are later knocked out by a man denied an allowance by the committee to purchase the things he valued.Emma Chalmers, Kip Chalmers' mother, gains some influence after his death. Known as \"Kip's Ma,\" she starts a soybean-growing project in Louisiana and commandeers thousands of railroad freight cars to move the harvest. As a result, the year's wheat crop from Minnesota never reaches the rest of the country, but instead rots in storage; also, the soybean crop is lost, having been reaped too early.Kip Chalmers is a Washington man who has decided to run for election as Legislator from California. On the way to a campaign rally, the Taggart Transcontinental train that is carrying him encounters a split rail, resulting in the destruction of its diesel engine. His demands lead to a coal-burning steam engine being attached to his train in its stead and used to pull it through an eight-mile tunnel. The result is the suffocation of all passengers and the destruction of the Taggart Tunnel.Dan Conway is the middle-aged president of the Phoenix-Durango railroad. Running a railroad is just about the only thing he knows. When the Anti-dog-eat-dog Rule is used to drive his business out of Colorado, he loses the will to fight, and resigns himself to a quiet life of books and fishing. He is not one of those who joined John Galt's strike, his resignation being a personal choice of his own. Ken Danagger owns Danagger Coal in Pennsylvania. He helps Hank Rearden illegally make Rearden Metal, then later decides to quit and join Galt's strike moments before Dagny arrives to try to persuade him otherwise.Quentin Daniels is an enterprising engineer hired by Dagny Taggart to reconstruct John Galt's motor. Partway through this process, Quentin withdraws his effort for the same reasons John Galt himself had. Dagny's pursuit of Quentin leads her to Galt's Gulch. Galt recognizes in him a younger version of himself, having emulated both Galt's achievements in physics and Galt's social reasoning. Sebastian d'Anconia was the 16th (or 17th) Century founder of the d'Anconia dynasty. Escaped from Spain because of expressing his opinions too freely and coming in conflict with the Inquisition, leaving behind a palace and his beloved. Started a small mine in South America, which became the beginning of a mining empire and a new fortune (and a new palace). Eventually sent for his beloved who had waited for him many years. He is the role model which Francisco d'Anconia looks to, as Dagny Taggart looks to Nathaniel Taggart. Francisco remarks that their respective ancestors would have liked each other.Balph Eubank is called \"the literary leader of the age\", despite the fact that no book he has written has sold more than 3,000 copies. He complains that it is disgraceful that artists are treated as peddlers, and that there should be a law limiting the sales of books to 10,000 copies. He is a misogynist who thinks it disgusting that Dagny Taggart is a railroad vice-president.The Fishwife is one of the strikers, who earns her living by providing the fish for Hammond's grocery market; she is described as having \"dark, disheveled hair and large eyes\", and is a writer. Galt says she \"wouldn't be published outside. She believes that when one deals with words, one deals with the mind.\" According to Barbara Branden in her book The Passion of Ayn Rand, \"The Fishwife is Ayn's Hitchcock-like appearance in Atlas Shrugged.\" So says too Leonard Peikoff.Lawrence Hammond runs Hammond Cars in Colorado, one of the few companies in existence that still produces top-quality vehicles. He eventually quits and joins the strike.Richard Halley is Dagny Taggart's favorite composer, who mysteriously disappeared after the evening of his greatest triumph. Halley spent years as a struggling and unappreciated composer. At age 24, his opera Phaethon was performed for the first time, to an audience who booed and heckled it. After 19 years, Phaethon was performed again, but this time it was received to the greatest ovation the opera house had ever heard. The following day, Halley retired, sold the rights to his music, and disappeared. It is later revealed that he has joined the strike and settled in Galt's Gulch.Mrs. William Hastings is the widow of the chief engineer at the Twentieth Century Motor Company. Her husband quit shortly after Galt did and joined the strike some years later. Her lead allows Dagny to find Hugh Akston.Dr. Thomas Hendricks is a famous brain surgeon who developed a new method of preventing strokes. He joined Galt's strike when the American medical system was put under government control.Tinky Holloway is one of the \"looters\" and is frequently referred to and quoted by other characters in the story, but he has only one major appearance: during the Washington meeting with Hank Rearden.Lee Hunsacker is in charge of a company called Amalgamated Service when takes over the Twentieth Century Motor Company. He files a lawsuit that eventually leads to Midas Mulligan and Judge Narragansett joining the strike. A failed businessman, he laments constantly that no-one ever gave him a chance.Gwen Ives is Hank Rearden's secretary, described as being in her late twenties and remaining calm and professional despite the chaos that threatens his business. When Rearden abandons his mills and joins Galt's strike, she and many other employees do the same.Gilbert Keith-Worthing is a British novelist of erstwhile fame, now neglected but still considered a \"walking classic,\" and a proponent of the idea that freedom is an illusion. Kip Chalmers brings him along on the train to California, \"for no reason that either of them could discover\"; he dies in the Taggart Tunnel disaster.Owen Kellogg is Assistant to the Manager of the Taggart Terminal in New York. He catches Dagny Taggart's eye as one of the few competent men on staff. After seeing the sorry state of the Ohio Division, she decides to make him its new Superintendent. However, as soon as she returns to New York, Kellogg informs her that he is quitting his job. Owen Kellogg eventually reaches, and settles in, Galt's Gulch.Fred Kinnan is a labor leader and member of the looter cabal. Unlike the others, however, Kinnan is straightforward and honest about his purpose. Kinnan is the only one to openly state the true motivations of himself and his fellow conspirators. At the end of Galt's three-hour speech, he expresses admiration for the man, as he says what he means. Despite this, Kinnan admits that he is one of the people Galt is out to destroy.Paul Larkin is an unsuccessful, middle-aged businessman, a friend of the Rearden family. He meets with the other Looters to work out a plan to bring Rearden down. James Taggart knows he is friends with Hank Rearden and challenges his loyalty, and Larkin assures Taggart that he will go along with them.Eugene Lawson heads the Community Bank of Madison, then gets a job with the government when it his bank goes bankrupt. One of the looter's cabal, he is a collectivist who abhors production and money-making.Mort Liddy is a hack composer who writes trite scores for movies and modern symphonies to which no one listens. He believes melody is a primitive vulgarity. He is one of Lillian Rearden's friends and a member of the cultural elite.Clifton Locey is a friend of Jim Taggart who takes the position of vice-president of operation when Dagny Taggart quits.Pat Logan is the engineer on the first run of the John Galt Line. He later strikes.Kay Ludlow is a beautiful actress who quit Holywood because of the roles she was given and married secretly the pirate Ragnar Danneskjöld.Dick McNamara is a contractor who finished the San Sebastian Line. Dagny Taggart plans to hire him to lay the new Rearden Metal track for the Rio Norte Line, but before she does so, he mysteriously disappears. She later discovers that he has joined the strike and settled in Galt's Gulch.Cuffy Meigs is the Director of Unification for the railroad business. He carries a pistol and a lucky rabbit's foot, and he dresses in a military uniform, and has been described as \"impervious to thought\". Meigs seizes control of Project X and accidentally destroys it, demolishing the country's last railroad bridge across the Mississippi River and killing himself, his men, and Dr. Stadler.Dave Mitchum is a state-hired superintendent of the Colorado Division of Taggart Transcontinental. He is partially responsible for the Taggart Tunnel disaster.Chick Morrison holds the position of \"Morale Conditioner\" in the government. He quits when society begins to collapse and flees to a stronghold in Tennessee. His fellow looters consider it unlikely that he will survive.Horace Bussby Mowen is the president of the Amalgamated Switch and Signal Company, Inc. of Connecticut. He is a businessman who sees nothing wrong with the moral code that is destroying society and would never dream of saying he is in business for any reason other than the good of society. Dagny Taggart hires Mowen to produce switches made of Rearden Metal. He is reluctant to build anything with this unproven technology, and has to be cajoled into accepting the contract. When pressured by public opinion, he discontinues production of the switches, forcing Dagny to find an alternative source.Midas Mulligan is a wealthy banker who mysteriously disappeared in protest after he was given a court order to lend money to an incompetent applicant. When the order came down, he liquidated his entire business, paid off his depositors, and joined Galt's strike. He is the legal owner of the land where Galt's Gulch is located. Mulligan's birth name was Michael, but he had it legally changed after a news article called him \"Midas\" in a derogatory fashion, which Mulligan took as a compliment.Judge Narragansett is an American jurist who ruled in favor of Midas Mulligan during the case brought against him by the incompetent loan applicant. When Narragansett's ruling was reversed on appeal, he retired and joined the strike. At the end of the novel, he is seen editing the United States Constitution, crossing out the contradicting amendments of it and adding an amendment to prohibit Congress from passing laws that restrain freedom of trade.Ben Nealy is a railroad contractor whom Dagny Taggart hires to replace the track on the Rio Norte Line with Rearden Metal. Nealy is incompetent, but Dagny can find no one better in all the country. Nealy believes that anything can get done with enough muscle power. He sees no role for intelligence in human achievement. He relies on Dagny and Ellis Wyatt to run things, and resents them for doing it, because it appears to him like they are just bossing people around.Ted Nielsen is the head of Nielsen Motors. He eventually goes on strike, along with most of the other industrialist \"producer\" types, by closing his motor factory. Dagny later finds him when she visits Galt's Gulch for the first time.Betty Pope is a wealthy socialite who is having a meaningless sexual affair with James Taggart. She is deliberately crude in a way that casts ridicule on her high social position.Dr. Potter holds some undefined position with the State Science Institute. He is sent to try to obtain the rights to Rearden Metal.Dr. Simon Pritchett is the prestigious head of the Department of Philosophy at Patrick Henry University and is considered the leading philosopher of the age. He believes that man is nothing but a collection of chemicals, reason is a superstition, it is futile to seek meaning in life, and the duty of a philosopher is to show that nothing can be understood.Rearden's mother, whose name is not mentioned, lives with Rearden at his home in Philadelphia. She is involved in charity work, and berates Rearden whenever she can. She dotes on her weak son Philip Rearden.Philip Rearden is the younger brother of Hank Rearden. He lives in his brother's home in Philadelphia and is completely dependent on him. He is resentful of his brother's charity.Dwight Sanders owns Sanders Aircraft, a producer of high-quality airplanes, and joins the strike.Bertram Scudder is an editorial writer for the magazine The Future. He typically bashes business and businessmen, but he never says anything specific in his articles, relying on innuendo, sneers, and denunciation. He wrote a hatchet job on Hank Rearden called The Octopus. He is also vocal in support of the Equalization of Opportunity Bill. Scudder claims that the most important thing in life is \"brother love\" but seems to have nothing but hatred for those around him. He loses his job after Dagny Taggart reveals her affair with Hank Rearden over air on his radio show.Claude Slagenhop is president of political organization Friends of Global Progress and one of Lillian Rearden's friends. He believes that ideas are just air, that this is no time for talk, but for action. Global Progress is a sponsor of the Equalization of Opportunity Bill.Gerald and Ivy Starnes are the two surviving children of Jed Starnes, the founder of the Twentieth Century Motor Company. Together with their since-deceased brother Eric, they instituted a communistic payment-and-benefits program that drove the company into bankruptcy. Gerald, a dying alcoholic, and Ivy, a pseudo-Buddhist ascetic, continue to insist that the plan was perfect and that the failure of their father's company was entirely due to the workers. Eric was a weak, attention-seeking man with a pathological desire to be loved. He committed suicide after the woman he loved married another man. Gerald claims that he always acted for the good of the employees, but he was vain and incompetent and often threw lavish parties using company funds. Ivy, on the other hand, is described as a sadist who relishes seeing others in poverty, but who has no desire for wealth of her own.Andrew Stockton runs the Stockton Foundry in Stockton, Colorado. When he joins the strike, he opens a foundry in Galt's Gulch.Nathaniel \"Nat\" Taggart was the founder of Taggart Transcontinental. He built his railroad without any government handouts, and ran the business for no other reason than to turn a profit. He began as a penniless adventurer and ended up as one of the wealthiest men in the country. He never earned money by force or fraud (except for bribing government officials and throwing an opponent down a flight of stairs), and never apologized for becoming wealthy and successful. He was one of the most hated men of his time. Dagny is often inspired by looking at a statue of Nat Taggart at the railroad headquarters, and draws a dollar sign on its base as a signal to Francisco when she is ready to join Galt's strike. It is suspected that he is modeled after James Jerome Hill, builder of the Great Northern Railroad. Mr. Thompson is the \"Head of the State\" for the United States. He is not particularly intelligent and has a very undistinguished look. He knows politics, however, and is a master of public relations and back-room deals. Rand's notes indicate that she modeled him on President Harry S. Truman, and that she deliberately decided not to call him \"President of the United States\" as this title has \"honorable connotations\" which the character does not deserve.Lester Tuck is the campaign manager for Kip Chalmers and one of his guests on the train trip to California. He dies in the Taggart Tunnel disaster.Clem Weatherby is a government representative on the board of directors of Taggart Transcontinental. Dagny considers him the least bad of the government representatives, since he does have some real knowledge on the running of trains. She notices, however, that he is the least appreciated by his own bosses.The Wet Nurse (Tony) is a young bureaucrat sent by the government to watch over Rearden's mills. Though he starts out as a cynical follower of the looters' code, his experience at the mills transforms him, and he comes to respect and admire the producers. He is shot attempting to inform Hank Rearden about a government plot, but does succeed in warning Rearden just before he dies.Ellis Wyatt is the head of Wyatt Oil. He has almost single-handedly revived the economy of Colorado by discovering a new process for extracting more oil from what were thought to be exhausted oil wells. When first introduced, he is aggressive towards Dagny, whom he does not yet know and whom he blames for what are, in fact, her brother's policies which directly threaten his business. When the government passes laws and decrees which make it impossible for him to continue, he sets all his oil wells on fire, leaving a single note: \"I am leaving it as I found it. Take over. It's yours.\" One particular burning well that resists all efforts to extinguish it becomes known as \"Wyatt's Torch\". Later Dagny meets him in Galt's Gulch.FootnotesNotesCitationsGeneral referencesExternal linksWebsite with comprehensive list of individuals mentioned in Atlas Shrugged Fictional socialitesLists of literary charactersLiterary characters introduced in 1957"}
+{"text": "Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including past human species. Social anthropology studies patterns of behaviour, while cultural anthropology studies cultural meaning, including norms and values. A portmanteau sociocultural anthropology is commonly used today. Linguistic anthropology studies how language influences social life. Biological or physical anthropology studies the biological development of humans.Archaeological anthropology, often termed as 'anthropology of the past', studies human activity through investigation of physical evidence. It is considered a branch of anthropology in North America and Asia, while in Europe archaeology is viewed as a discipline in its own right or grouped under other related disciplines, such as history.EtymologyThe abstract noun anthropology is first attested in reference to history. Its present use first appeared in Renaissance Germany in the works of Magnus Hundt and Otto Casmann. Their New Latin derived from the combining forms of the Greek words ánthrōpos (, \"human\") and lógos (, \"study\"). (Its adjectival form appeared in the works of Aristotle.) It began to be used in English, possibly via French , by the early 18th century.HistoryThrough the 19th centuryIn 1647, the Bartholins, founders of the University of Copenhagen, defined as follows:Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, such as the use by Étienne Serres in 1839 to describe the natural history, or paleontology, of man, based on comparative anatomy, and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the French National Museum of Natural History by Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau. Various short-lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed. The Société Ethnologique de Paris, the first to use the term ethnology, was formed in 1839. Its members were primarily anti-slavery activists. When slavery was abolished in France in 1848, the Société was abandoned.Meanwhile, the Ethnological Society of New York, currently the American Ethnological Society, was founded on its model in 1842, as well as the Ethnological Society of London in 1843, a break-away group of the Aborigines' Protection Society. These anthropologists of the times were liberal, anti-slavery, and pro-human-rights activists. They maintained international connections.Anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century. Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy, linguistics, and ethnology, making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals, languages, and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then. For them, the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect. Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild.Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of breaking away from the Société de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies, the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, meeting for the first time in Paris in 1859. When he read Darwin, he became an immediate convert to Transformisme, as the French called evolutionism. His definition now became \"the study of the human group, considered as a whole, in its details, and in relation to the rest of nature\".Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the human brain, today called Broca's area after him. His interest was mainly in Biological anthropology, but a German philosopher specializing in psychology, Theodor Waitz, took up the theme of general and social anthropology in his six-volume work, entitled Die Anthropologie der Naturvölker, 1859–1864. The title was soon translated as \"The Anthropology of Primitive Peoples\". The last two volumes were published posthumously.Waitz defined anthropology as \"the science of the nature of man\". Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology to differentiate man from \"the animals nearest to him\". He stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical, gathered by experimentation. The history of civilization, as well as ethnology, are to be brought into the comparison. It is to be presumed fundamentally that the species, man, is a unity, and that \"the same laws of thought are applicable to all men\".Waitz was influential among British ethnologists. In 1863, the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology. It was the 2nd society dedicated to general anthropology in existence. Representatives from the French Société were present, though not Broca. In his keynote address, printed in the first volume of its new publication, The Anthropological Review, Hunt stressed the work of Waitz, adopting his definitions as a standard. Among the first associates were the young Edward Burnett Tylor, inventor of cultural anthropology, and his brother Alfred Tylor, a geologist. Previously Edward had referred to himself as an ethnologist; subsequently, an anthropologist.Similar organizations in other countries followed: The Anthropological Society of Madrid (1865), the American Anthropological Association in 1902, the Anthropological Society of Vienna (1870), the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology (1871), and many others subsequently. The majority of these were evolutionists. One notable exception was the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology, and Prehistory (1869) founded by Rudolph Virchow, known for his vituperative attacks on the evolutionists. Not religious himself, he insisted that Darwin's conclusions lacked empirical foundation.During the last three decades of the 19th century, a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred, most independent, most publishing their own journals, and all international in membership and association. The major theorists belonged to these organizations. They supported the gradual osmosis of anthropology curricula into the major institutions of higher learning. By 1898, 48 educational institutions in 13 countries had some curriculum in anthropology. None of the 75 faculty members were under a department named anthropology.20th and 21st centuriesThis meager statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions, many thousands in number. Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more. Practical anthropology, the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems, has arrived; for example, the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene. The organization has reached a global level. For example, the World Council of Anthropological Associations (WCAA), \"a network of national, regional and international associations that aims to promote worldwide communication and cooperation in anthropology\", currently contains members from about three dozen nations.Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronisław Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, social anthropology in Great Britain and cultural anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by their emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons, long-term in-depth examination of context, and the importance they place on participant-observation or experiential immersion in the area of research. Cultural anthropology, in particular, has emphasized cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques. This has been particularly prominent in the United States, from Boas' arguments against 19th-century racial ideology, through Margaret Mead's advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation, to current criticisms of post-colonial oppression and promotion of multiculturalism. Ethnography is one of its primary research designs as well as the text that is generated from anthropological fieldwork.In Great Britain and the Commonwealth countries, the British tradition of social anthropology tends to dominate. In the United States, anthropology has traditionally been divided into the four field approach developed by Franz Boas in the early 20th century: biological or physical anthropology; social, cultural, or sociocultural anthropology; and archaeological anthropology; plus linguistic anthropology. These fields frequently overlap but tend to use different methodologies and techniques.European countries with overseas colonies tended to practice more ethnology (a term coined and defined by Adam F. Kollár in 1783). It is sometimes referred to as sociocultural anthropology in the parts of the world that were influenced by the European tradition.FieldsAnthropology is a global discipline involving humanities, social sciences and natural sciences. Anthropology builds upon knowledge from natural sciences, including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of Homo sapiens, human physical traits, human behavior, the variations among different groups of humans, how the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture, and from social sciences, including the organization of human social and cultural relations, institutions, social conflicts, etc. Early anthropology originated in Classical Greece and Persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity, such as by Al-Biruni of the Islamic Golden Age. As such, anthropology has been central in the development of several new (late 20th century) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies.According to Clifford Geertz,Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline. During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology. In contrast, archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist. Due to this difference in epistemology, the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades.SocioculturalSociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among individuals and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects the experience for self and group, contributing to a more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. In that, it helps develop an understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree.Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography. Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research, i.e. an ethnographic monograph. As a methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site. Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology. Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures. The process of participant-observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view.The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology).Comparison across cultures is a key element of method in sociocultural anthropology, including the industrialized (and de-industrialized) West. The Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (SCCS) includes 186 such cultures.BiologicalBiological anthropology and physical anthropology are synonymous terms to describe anthropological research focused on the study of humans and non-human primates in their biological, evolutionary, and demographic dimensions. It examines the biological and social factors that have affected the evolution of humans and other primates, and that generate, maintain or change contemporary genetic and physiological variation.ArchaeologicalArchaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways.LinguisticLinguistic anthropology (not to be confused with anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis.Ethnography Ethnography is a method of analysing social or cultural interaction. It often involves participant observation though an ethnographer may also draw from texts written by participants of in social interactions. Ethnography views first-hand experience and social context as important.Tim Ingold distinguishes ethnography from anthropology arguing that anthropology tries to construct general theories of human experience, applicable in general and novel settings, while ethnography concerns itself with fidelity. He argues that the anthropologist must make his writing consistent with their understanding of literature and other theory, but notes that ethnography may be of use to the anthropologists and the fields inform one another.Key topics by field: socioculturalArt, media, music, dance and filmArt One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' Primitive Art, Claude Lévi-Strauss' The Way of the Masks (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'.Media Media anthropology (also known as the anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media, and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s.Music Ethnomusicology is an academic field encompassing various approaches to the study of music (broadly defined), that emphasize its cultural, social, material, cognitive, biological, and other dimensions or contexts instead of or in addition to its isolated sound component or any particular repertoire.Ethnomusicology can be used in a wide variety of fields, such as teaching, politics, cultural anthropology etc. While the origins of ethnomusicology date back to the 18th and 19th centuries, it was formally introduced as “ethnomusicology” by Dutch scholar Jaap Kunst around 1950. Later, the influence of study in this area spawned the creation of the periodical Ethnomusicology and the Society of Ethnomusicology.Visual Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings, and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology.Economic, political economic, applied and developmentEconomic Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of anthropology, Bronisław Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, in contrast. Economic anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists, and have now turned to examine corporations, banks, and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective.Political economyPolitical economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of historical materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture. Three main areas of interest rapidly developed. The first of these areas was concerned with the \"pre-capitalist\" societies that were subject to evolutionary \"tribal\" stereotypes. Sahlin's work on hunter-gatherers as the \"original affluent society\" did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. More recently, these political economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world.Applied Applied anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. It is a \"complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direct action, and/or the formulation of policy\". More simply, applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community. It is closely related to development anthropology (distinct from the more critical anthropology of development).DevelopmentAnthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer? Why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis? In short, why does so much planned development fail?Kinship, feminism, gender and sexualityKinship Kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves. Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as \"descent\", \"descent groups\", \"lineages\", \"affines\", \"cognates\", and even \"fictive kinship\". Broadly, kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage. Within kinship you have two different families. People have their biological families and it is the people they share DNA with. This is called consanguineal relations or \"blood ties\". People can also have a chosen family Finding Connection Through \"Chosen Family\" in which they chose who they want to be a part of their family. In some cases people are closer with their chosen family more than with their biological families.Feminist Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology (archeological, biological, cultural, linguistic) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge. Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western traditions, whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white feminists of Europe, America, and elsewhere. From the perspective of the Western world, historically such 'peripheral' perspectives have been ignored, observed only from an outsider perspective, and regarded as less-valid or less-important than knowledge from the Western world. Exploring and addressing that double bias against women from marginalized racial or ethnic groups is of particular interest in intersectional feminist anthropology.Feminist anthropologists have stated that their publications have contributed to anthropology, along the way correcting against the systemic biases beginning with the \"patriarchal origins of anthropology (and (academia)\" and note that from 1891 to 1930 doctorates in anthropology went to males more than 85%, more than 81% were under 35, and only 7.2% to anyone over 40 years old, thus reflecting an age gap in the pursuit of anthropology by first-wave feminists until later in life. This correction of systemic bias may include mainstream feminist theory, history, linguistics, archaeology, and anthropology. Feminist anthropologists are often concerned with the construction of gender across societies. Gender constructs are of particular interest when studying sexism.According to St. Clair Drake, Vera Mae Green was, until \"[w]ell into the 1960s\", the only African-American female anthropologist who was also a Caribbeanist. She studied ethnic and family relations in the Caribbean as well as the United States, and thereby tried to improve the way black life, experiences, and culture were studied. However, Zora Neale Hurston, although often primarily considered to be a literary author, was trained in anthropology by Franz Boas, and published Tell my Horse about her \"anthropological observations\" of voodoo in the Caribbean (1938).Feminist anthropology is inclusive of the anthropology of birth as a specialization, which is the anthropological study of pregnancy and childbirth within cultures and societies.Medical, nutritional, psychological, cognitive and transpersonalMedical Medical anthropology is an interdisciplinary field which studies \"human health and disease, health care systems, and biocultural adaptation\". It is believed that William Caudell was the first to discover the field of medical anthropology. Currently, research in medical anthropology is one of the main growth areas in the field of anthropology as a whole. It focuses on the following six basic fields:Other subjects that have become central to medical anthropology worldwide are violence and social suffering (Farmer, 1999, 2003; Beneduce, 2010) as well as other issues that involve physical and psychological harm and suffering that are not a result of illness. On the other hand, there are fields that intersect with medical anthropology in terms of research methodology and theoretical production, such as cultural psychiatry and transcultural psychiatry or ethnopsychiatry.Nutritional Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, then this interplay between culture and biology is in turn connected to broader historical and economic trends associated with globalization. Nutritional status affects overall health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development (either in terms of human development or traditional western models) for any given group of people.Psychological Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group – with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories – shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health. It also examines how the understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes.Cognitive Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural innovation, and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences (especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology) often through close collaboration with historians, ethnographers, archaeologists, linguists, musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms. Cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them.Transpersonal Transpersonal anthropology studies the relationship between altered states of consciousness and culture. As with transpersonal psychology, the field is much concerned with altered states of consciousness (ASC) and transpersonal experience. However, the field differs from mainstream transpersonal psychology in taking more cognizance of cross-cultural issues – for instance, the roles of myth, ritual, diet, and texts in evoking and interpreting extraordinary experiences.Political and legalPolitical Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems, looked at from the basis of the structure of societies. Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies, a new development started from the 1960s, and is still unfolding: anthropologists started increasingly to study more \"complex\" social settings in which the presence of states, bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena. The turn towards complex societies meant that political themes were taken up at two main levels. Firstly, anthropologists continued to study political organization and political phenomena that lay outside the state-regulated sphere (as in patron-client relations or tribal political organization). Secondly, anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions (and on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions). An anthropology of the state developed, and it is a most thriving field today. Geertz' comparative work on \"Negara\", the Balinese state, is an early, famous example.LegalLegal anthropology or anthropology of law specializes in \"the cross-cultural study of social ordering\". Earlier legal anthropological research often focused more narrowly on conflict management, crime, sanctions, or formal regulation. More recent applications include issues such as human rights, legal pluralism, and political uprisings.PublicPublic anthropology was created by Robert Borofsky, a professor at Hawaii Pacific University, to \"demonstrate the ability of anthropology and anthropologists to effectively address problems beyond the discipline – illuminating larger social issues of our times as well as encouraging broad, public conversations about them with the explicit goal of fostering social change\".Nature, science, and technologyCyborgCyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science. Donna Haraway's 1985 Cyborg Manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term. Cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built, specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings.Digital Digital anthropology is the study of the relationship between humans and digital-era technology, and extends to various areas where anthropology and technology intersect. It is sometimes grouped with sociocultural anthropology, and sometimes considered part of material culture. The field is new, and thus has a variety of names with a variety of emphases. These include techno-anthropology, digital ethnography, cyberanthropology, and virtual anthropology.Ecological Ecological anthropology is defined as the \"study of cultural adaptations to environments\". The sub-field is also defined as, \"the study of relationships between a population of humans and their biophysical environment\". The focus of its research concerns \"how cultural beliefs and practices helped human populations adapt to their environments, and how their environments change across space and time. The contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology, and arguably at least the backdrop, if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today, is political ecology. Many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, century anthropology and more. The focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for/against or creation of policy, and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land. Often, the observer has become an active part of the struggle either directly (organizing, participation) or indirectly (articles, documentaries, books, ethnographies). Such is the case with environmental justice advocate Melissa Checker and her relationship with the people of Hyde Park.Environment Social sciences, like anthropology, can provide interdisciplinary approaches to the environment. Professor Kay Milton, Director of the Anthropology research network in the School of History and Anthropology, describes anthropology as distinctive, with its most distinguishing feature being its interest in non-industrial indigenous and traditional societies. Anthropological theory is distinct because of the consistent presence of the concept of culture; not an exclusive topic but a central position in the study and a deep concern with the human condition. Milton describes three trends that are causing a fundamental shift in what characterizes anthropology: dissatisfaction with the cultural relativist perspective, reaction against cartesian dualisms which obstructs progress in theory (nature culture divide), and finally an increased attention to globalization (transcending the barriers or time/space).Environmental discourse appears to be characterized by a high degree of globalization. (The troubling problem is borrowing non indigenous practices and creating standards, concepts, philosophies and practices in western countries.) Anthropology and environmental discourse now have become a distinct position in anthropology as a discipline. Knowledge about diversities in human culture can be important in addressing environmental problems - anthropology is now a study of human ecology. Human activity is the most important agent in creating environmental change, a study commonly found in human ecology which can claim a central place in how environmental problems are examined and addressed. Other ways anthropology contributes to environmental discourse is by being theorists and analysts, or by refinement of definitions to become more neutral/universal, etc. In exploring environmentalism - the term typically refers to a concern that the environment should be protected, particularly from the harmful effects of human activities. Environmentalism itself can be expressed in many ways. Anthropologists can open the doors of environmentalism by looking beyond industrial society, understanding the opposition between industrial and non industrial relationships, knowing what ecosystem people and biosphere people are and are affected by, dependent and independent variables, “primitive” ecological wisdom, diverse environments, resource management, diverse cultural traditions, and knowing that environmentalism is a part of culture.Historical Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records. It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today. Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation. Its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of documents and manuscripts. Practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps, music, paintings, photography, folklore, oral tradition, site exploration, archaeological materials, museum collections, enduring customs, language, and place names.Religion The anthropology of religion involves the study of religious institutions in relation to other social institutions, and the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across cultures. Modern anthropology assumes that there is complete continuity between magical thinking and religion, and that every religion is a cultural product, created by the human community that worships it.Urban Urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization, poverty, and neoliberalism. Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were \"a notoriously agoraphobic lot, anti-urban by definition\". Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the \"Third World\" (the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists) brought the attention of \"specialists in 'other cultures'\" closer to their homes. There are two main approaches to urban anthropology: examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities. These two methods are overlapping and dependent of each other. By defining different types of cities, one would use social factors as well as economic and political factors to categorize the cities. By directly looking at the different social issues, one would also be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city.Key topics by field: archaeological and biologicalAnthrozoology Anthrozoology (also known as \"human–animal studies\") is the study of interaction between living things. It is an interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions. It includes scholars from a diverse range of fields, including anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy.Biocultural Biocultural anthropology is the scientific exploration of the relationships between human biology and culture. Physical anthropologists throughout the first half of the 20th century viewed this relationship from a racial perspective; that is, from the assumption that typological human biological differences lead to cultural differences. After World War II the emphasis began to shift toward an effort to explore the role culture plays in shaping human biology.Evolutionary Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non-hominin primates. Evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science, combining the human development with socioeconomic factors. Evolutionary anthropology is concerned with both biological and cultural evolution of humans, past and present. It is based on a scientific approach, and brings together fields such as archaeology, behavioral ecology, psychology, primatology, and genetics. It is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field, drawing on many lines of evidence to understand the human experience, past and present.Forensic Forensic anthropology is the application of the science of physical anthropology and human osteology in a legal setting, most often in criminal cases where the victim's remains are in the advanced stages of decomposition. A forensic anthropologist can assist in the identification of deceased individuals whose remains are decomposed, burned, mutilated or otherwise unrecognizable. The adjective \"forensic\" refers to the application of this subfield of science to a court of law.Palaeoanthropology Paleoanthropology combines the disciplines of paleontology and physical anthropology. It is the study of ancient humans, as found in fossil hominid evidence such as petrifacted bones and footprints. Genetics and morphology of specimens are crucially important to this field. Markers on specimens, such as enamel fractures and dental decay on teeth, can also give insight into the behaviour and diet of past populations.Organizations Contemporary anthropology is an established science with academic departments at most universities and colleges. The single largest organization of anthropologists is the American Anthropological Association (AAA), which was founded in 1903. Its members are anthropologists from around the globe.In 1989, a group of European and American scholars in the field of anthropology established the European Association of Social Anthropologists (EASA) which serves as a major professional organization for anthropologists working in Europe. The EASA seeks to advance the status of anthropology in Europe and to increase visibility of marginalized anthropological traditions and thereby contribute to the project of a global anthropology or world anthropology.Hundreds of other organizations exist in the various sub-fields of anthropology, sometimes divided up by nation or region, and many anthropologists work with collaborators in other disciplines, such as geology, physics, zoology, paleontology, anatomy, music theory, art history, sociology and so on, belonging to professional societies in those disciplines as well.List of major organizations American Anthropological Association American Ethnological Society Asociación de Antropólogos Iberoamericanos en Red, AIBR Moving Anthropology Student Network Anthropological Society of London Center for World Indigenous Studies Ethnological Society of London Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Network of Concerned Anthropologists N.N. Miklukho-Maklai Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Society for anthropological sciences Society for Applied Anthropology USC Center for Visual AnthropologyEthicsAs the field has matured it has debated and arrived at ethical principles aimed at protecting both the subjects of anthropological research as well as the researchers themselves, and professional societies have generated codes of ethics.Anthropologists, like other researchers (especially historians and scientists engaged in field research), have over time assisted state policies and projects, especially colonialism.Some commentators have contended: That the discipline grew out of colonialism, perhaps was in league with it, and derives some of its key notions from it, consciously or not. (See, for example, Gough, Pels and Salemink, but cf. Lewis 2004). That ethnographic work is often ahistorical, writing about people as if they were \"out of time\" in an \"ethnographic present\" (Johannes Fabian, Time and Its Other).In his article \"The Misrepresentation of Anthropology and Its Consequence,\" Herbert S. Lewis critiqued older anthropological works that presented other cultures as if they were strange and unusual. While the findings of those researchers should not be discarded, the field should learn from its mistakes.Cultural relativism As part of their quest for scientific objectivity, present-day anthropologists typically urge cultural relativism, which has an influence on all the sub-fields of anthropology. This is the notion that cultures should not be judged by another's values or viewpoints, but be examined dispassionately on their own terms. There should be no notions, in good anthropology, of one culture being better or worse than another culture.Ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide, infanticide, racism, sexism, mutilation (including circumcision and subincision), and torture. Topics like racism, slavery, and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies, to genes, to acculturation, to colonialism, have been proposed to explain their origins and continued recurrences.To illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach, one can take just one of these topics, such as \"racism\" and find thousands of anthropological references, stretching across all the major and minor sub-fields.Military involvementAnthropologists' involvement with the U.S. government, in particular, has caused bitter controversy within the discipline. Franz Boas publicly objected to US participation in World War I, and after the war he published a brief expose and condemnation of the participation of several American archaeologists in espionage in Mexico under their cover as scientists.But by the 1940s, many of Boas' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the Axis Powers (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan). Many served in the armed forces, while others worked in intelligence (for example, Office of Strategic Services and the Office of War Information). At the same time, David H. Price's work on American anthropology during the Cold War provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies.Attempts to accuse anthropologists of complicity with the CIA and government intelligence activities during the Vietnam War years have turned up surprisingly little. Many anthropologists (students and teachers) were active in the antiwar movement. Numerous resolutions condemning the war in all its aspects were passed overwhelmingly at the annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association (AAA).Professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state. Their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings. The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth (ASA) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous. The \"Principles of Professional Responsibility\" issued by the American Anthropological Association and amended through November 1986 stated that \"in relation with their own government and with host governments ... no secret research, no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given.\" The current \"Principles of Professional Responsibility\" does not make explicit mention of ethics surrounding state interactions.Anthropologists, along with other social scientists, are working with the US military as part of the US Army's strategy in Afghanistan. The Christian Science Monitor reports that \"Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs\" in Afghanistan, under the Human Terrain System (HTS) program; in addition, HTS teams are working with the US military in Iraq. In 2009, the American Anthropological Association's Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities released its final report concluding, in part, that, \"When ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions, not subject to external review, where data collection occurs in the context of war, integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency, and in a potentially coercive environment – all characteristic factors of the HTS concept and its application – it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology. In summary, while we stress that constructive engagement between anthropology and the military is possible, CEAUSSIC suggests that the AAA emphasize the incompatibility of HTS with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers and that it further recognize the problem of allowing HTS to define the meaning of \"anthropology\" within DoD.\"Post–World War II developmentsBefore WWII British 'social anthropology' and American 'cultural anthropology' were still distinct traditions. After the war, enough British and American anthropologists borrowed ideas and methodological approaches from one another that some began to speak of them collectively as 'sociocultural' anthropology.Basic trendsThere are several characteristics that tend to unite anthropological work. One of the central characteristics is that anthropology tends to provide a comparatively more holistic account of phenomena and tends to be highly empirical. The quest for holism leads most anthropologists to study a particular place, problem or phenomenon in detail, using a variety of methods, over a more extensive period than normal in many parts of academia.In the 1990s and 2000s, calls for clarification of what constitutes a culture, of how an observer knows where his or her own culture ends and another begins, and other crucial topics in writing anthropology were heard. These dynamic relationships, between what can be observed on the ground, as opposed to what can be observed by compiling many local observations remain fundamental in any kind of anthropology, whether cultural, biological, linguistic or archaeological.Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals (behaviors, ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures). They use many different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists \"into the field,\" which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called \"fieldwork.\" On the biological or physical side, human measurements, genetic samples, nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs.Along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis, anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions. Human time on Earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular use in archaeology. Further cultural subdivisions according to tool types, such as Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past. Anthropologists and geographers share approaches to culture regions as well, since mapping cultures is central to both sciences. By making comparisons across cultural traditions (time-based) and cultural regions (space-based), anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method, a central part of their science.Commonalities between fieldsBecause anthropology developed from so many different enterprises (see History of anthropology), including but not limited to fossil-hunting, exploring, documentary film-making, paleontology, primatology, antiquity dealings and curatorship, philology, etymology, genetics, regional analysis, ethnology, history, philosophy, and religious studies, it is difficult to characterize the entire field in a brief article, although attempts to write histories of the entire field have been made.Some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of \"other cultures\", both in terms of time (past societies) and space (non-European/non-Western societies). For example, the classic of urban anthropology, Ulf Hannerz in the introduction to his seminal Exploring the City: Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology mentions that the \"Third World\" had habitually received most of attention; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in \"other cultures\" looked for them far away and started to look \"across the tracks\" only in late 1960s.Now there exist many works focusing on peoples and topics very close to the author's \"home\". It is also argued that other fields of study, like History and Sociology, on the contrary focus disproportionately on the West.In France, the study of Western societies has been traditionally left to sociologists, but this is increasingly changing, starting in the 1970s from scholars like Isac Chiva and journals like Terrain (\"fieldwork\"), and developing with the center founded by Marc Augé (Le Centre d'anthropologie des mondes contemporains, the Anthropological Research Center of Contemporary Societies).Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region, frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale. There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people; increasingly, research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories, social movements, governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses.See also Anthropological science fiction Christian anthropology, a sub-field of theology Circumscription theory Culture Dual inheritance theory Engaged theory Ethnobiology Human behavioral ecology Human ethology Human Relations Area Files Intangible cultural heritage Origins of society Philosophical anthropology, a sub-field of philosophy Prehistoric medicine Qualitative researchLists Outline of anthropology List of indigenous peoples List of anthropologistsNotesReferencesFurther readingDictionaries and encyclopediasFieldnotes and memoirsHistories .Textbooks and key theoretical worksExternal links (AIO)"}
+{"text": "Agricultural science (or agriscience for short) is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture. Professionals of the agricultural science are called agricultural scientists or agriculturists.HistoryIn the 18th century, Johann Friedrich Mayer conducted experiments on the use of gypsum (hydrated calcium sulphate) as a fertilizer.In 1843, John Lawes and Joseph Henry Gilbert began a set of long-term field experiments at Rothamsted Research Station in England, some of which are still running as of 2018.In the United States, a scientific revolution in agriculture began with the Hatch Act of 1887, which used the term \"agricultural science\". The Hatch Act was driven by farmers' interest in knowing the constituents of early artificial fertilizer. The Smith-Hughes Act of 1917 shifted agricultural education back to its vocational roots, but the scientific foundation had been built. After 1906, public expenditures on agricultural research in the US exceeded private expenditures for the next 44 years.Prominent agricultural scientists Robert Bakewell Norman Borlaug Luther Burbank George Washington Carver Carl Henry Clerk George C. Clerk René Dumont Sir Albert Howard Kailas Nath KaulThomas Lecky Justus von Liebig Jay Lush Gregor Mendel Louis Pasteur M. S. Swaminathan Jethro Tull Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Sewall Wright Wilbur Olin AtwaterFields or related disciplines Agricultural biotechnology Agricultural chemistry Agricultural diversification Agricultural education Agricultural economics Agricultural engineering Agricultural geography Agricultural philosophy Agricultural marketing Agricultural soil science Agroecology Agrophysics Animal science Animal breeding Animal husbandry Animal nutrition Farm management Agronomy Botany Theoretical production ecology Horticulture Plant breeding Plant fertilization Aquaculture Biological engineering Genetic engineering Nematology Microbiology Plant pathologyRange management Environmental science Entomology Food science Human nutrition Irrigation and water management Soil science Agrology Waste management Weed scienceScopeAgriculture, agricultural science, and agronomy are often confused. However, they cover different concepts:Agriculture is the set of activities that transform the environment for the production of animals and plants for human use. Agriculture concerns techniques, including the application of agronomic research.Agronomy is research and development related to studying and improving plant-based crops.Soil forming factors and soil degradationAgricultural sciences include research and development on: Improving agricultural productivity in terms of quantity and quality (e.g., selection of drought-resistant crops and animals, development of new pesticides, yield-sensing technologies, simulation models of crop growth, in-vitro cell culture techniques) Minimizing the effects of pests (weeds, insects, pathogens, mollusks, nematodes) on crop or animal production systems. Transformation of primary products into end-consumer products (e.g., production, preservation, and packaging of dairy products) Prevention and correction of adverse environmental effects (e.g., soil degradation, waste management, bioremediation) Theoretical production ecology, relating to crop production modeling Traditional agricultural systems, sometimes termed subsistence agriculture, which feed most of the poorest people in the world. These systems are of interest as they sometimes retain a level of integration with natural ecological systems greater than that of industrial agriculture, which may be more sustainable than some modern agricultural systems. Food production and demand on a global basis, with special attention paid to the major producers, such as China, India, Brazil, the US and the EU. Various sciences relating to agricultural resources and the environment (e.g. soil science, agroclimatology); biology of agricultural crops and animals (e.g. crop science, animal science and their included sciences, e.g. ruminant nutrition, farm animal welfare); such fields as agricultural economics and rural sociology; various disciplines encompassed in agricultural engineering.See also Agricultural Research Council Agricultural sciences basic topics Agriculture ministry Agroecology American Society of Agronomy Genomics of domestication History of agricultural science Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development International Food Policy Research Institute, IFPRI List of agriculture topics National FFA Organization Research Institute of Crop Production (RICP) (in the Czech Republic) University of Agricultural SciencesReferencesFurther readingAgricultural Research, Livelihoods, and Poverty: Studies of Economic and Social Impacts in Six Countries Edited by Michelle Adato and Ruth Meinzen-Dick (2007), Johns Hopkins University Press Food Policy ReportClaude Bourguignon, Regenerating the Soil: From Agronomy to Agrology, Other India Press, 2005Pimentel David, Pimentel Marcia, Computer les kilocalories, Cérès, n. 59, sept-oct. 1977Russell E. Walter, Soil conditions and plant growth, Longman group, London, New York 1973 Saltini Antonio, Storia delle scienze agrarie, 4 vols, Bologna 1984–89, , , , Vavilov Nicolai I. (Starr Chester K. editor), The Origin, Variation, Immunity and Breeding of Cultivated Plants. Selected Writings, in Chronica botanica, 13: 1–6, Waltham, Mass., 1949–50Vavilov Nicolai I., World Resources of Cereals, Leguminous Seed Crops and Flax, Academy of Sciences of Urss, National Science Foundation, Washington, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem 1960Winogradsky Serge, Microbiologie du sol. Problèmes et methodes. Cinquante ans de recherches, Masson & c.ie, Paris 1949External linksConsultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)Agricultural Research ServiceIndian Council of Agricultural ResearchInternational Institute of Tropical AgricultureInternational Livestock Research InstituteThe National Agricultural Library (NAL) - The most comprehensive agricultural library in the world.Crop Science Society of AmericaAmerican Society of AgronomySoil Science Society of AmericaAgricultural Science Researchers, Jobs and DiscussionsInformation System for Agriculture and Food ResearchSouth Dakota Agricultural LaboratoriesNMSU Department of Entomology Plant Pathology and Weed ScienceUP AgricultureBihar Agriculture"}
+{"text": "Alchemy (from Arabic: al-kīmiyā; from Ancient Greek: khumeía) is an ancient branch of natural philosophy, a philosophical and protoscientific tradition that was historically practiced in China, India, the Muslim world, and Europe. In its Western form, alchemy is first attested in a number of pseudepigraphical texts written in Greco-Roman Egypt during the first few centuries CE.Alchemists attempted to purify, mature, and perfect certain materials. Common aims were chrysopoeia, the transmutation of \"base metals\" (e.g., lead) into \"noble metals\" (particularly gold); the creation of an elixir of immortality; and the creation of panaceas able to cure any disease. The perfection of the human body and soul was thought to result from the alchemical magnum opus (\"Great Work\"). The concept of creating the philosophers' stone was variously connected with all of these projects.Islamic and European alchemists developed a basic set of laboratory techniques, theories, and terms, some of which are still in use today. They did not abandon the Ancient Greek philosophical idea that everything is composed of four elements, and they tended to guard their work in secrecy, often making use of cyphers and cryptic symbolism. In Europe, the 12th-century translations of medieval Islamic works on science and the rediscovery of Aristotelian philosophy gave birth to a flourishing tradition of Latin alchemy. This late medieval tradition of alchemy would go on to play a significant role in the development of early modern science (particularly chemistry and medicine).Modern discussions of alchemy are generally split into an examination of its exoteric practical applications and its esoteric spiritual aspects, despite criticisms by scholars such as Eric J. Holmyard and Marie-Louise von Franz that they should be understood as complementary. The former is pursued by historians of the physical sciences, who examine the subject in terms of early chemistry, medicine, and charlatanism, and the philosophical and religious contexts in which these events occurred. The latter interests historians of esotericism, psychologists, and some philosophers and spiritualists. The subject has also made an ongoing impact on literature and the arts.Etymology The word alchemy comes from Old French alquemie, alkimie, used in Medieval Latin as . This name was itself brought from the Arabic word al-kīmiyā ( or ) composed of two parts: the Late Greek term khēmeía (χημεία), also spelled khumeia (χυμεία) and khēmía (χημία) - see below, and the Arabic definite article al- (), meaning 'The'. Together this association can be interpreted as 'the process of transmutation by which to fuse or reunite with the divine or original form'. Several etymologies have been proposed for the Greek term. The first was proposed by Zosimos of Panopolis (3rd–4th centuries), who derived it from the name of a book, the Khemeu. Hermanm Diels argued in 1914 that it rather derived from χύμα, used to describe metallic objects formed by casting.Others trace its roots to the Egyptian name kēme (hieroglyphic 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖 khmi ), meaning 'black earth', which refers to the fertile and auriferous soil of the Nile valley, as opposed to red desert sand. According to the Egyptologist Wallis Budge, the Arabic word al-kīmiyaʾ actually means \"the Egyptian [science]\", borrowing from the Coptic word for \"Egypt\", kēme (or its equivalent in the Mediaeval Bohairic dialect of Coptic, khēme). This Coptic word derives from Demotic kmỉ, itself from ancient Egyptian kmt. The ancient Egyptian word referred to both the country and the colour \"black\" (Egypt was the \"Black Land\", by contrast with the \"Red Land\", the surrounding desert); so this etymology could also explain the nickname \"Egyptian black arts\".History Alchemy encompasses several philosophical traditions spanning some four millennia and three continents. These traditions' general penchant for cryptic and symbolic language makes it hard to trace their mutual influences and \"genetic\" relationships. One can distinguish at least three major strands, which appear to be mostly independent, at least in their earlier stages: Chinese alchemy, centered in China and Indian alchemy, centered on the Indian subcontinent; and Western alchemy, which occurred around the Mediterranean and whose center has shifted over the millennia from Greco-Roman Egypt to the Islamic world, and finally medieval Europe. Chinese alchemy was closely connected to Taoism and Indian alchemy with the Dharmic faiths. In contrast, Western alchemy developed its philosophical system mostly independent of but influenced by various Western religions. It is still an open question whether these three strands share a common origin, or to what extent they influenced each other.Hellenistic Egypt The start of Western alchemy may generally be traced to ancient and Hellenistic Egypt, where the city of Alexandria was a center of alchemical knowledge, and retained its pre-eminence through most of the Greek and Roman periods. Following the work of André-Jean Festugière, modern scholars see alchemical practice in the Roman Empire as originating from the Egyptian goldsmith's art, Greek philosophy and different religious traditions. Tracing the origins of the alchemical art in Egypt is complicated by the pseudepigraphic nature of texts from the Greek alchemical corpus. The treatises of Zosimos of Panopolis, the earliest historically attested author (fl. c. 300 CE), can help in situating the other authors. Zosimus based his work on that of older alchemical authors, such as Mary the Jewess, Pseudo-Democritus, and Agathodaimon, but very little is known about any of these authors. The most complete of their works, The Four Books of Pseudo-Democritus, were probably written in the first century AD.Recent scholarship tends to emphasize the testimony of Zosimus, who traced the alchemical arts back to Egyptian metallurgical and ceremonial practices. It has also been argued that early alchemical writers borrowed the vocabulary of Greek philosophical schools but did not implement any of its doctrines in a systematic way. Zosimos of Panopolis wrote in the Final Abstinence (also known as the \"Final Count\"). Zosimos explains that the ancient practice of \"tinctures\" (the technical Greek name for the alchemical arts) had been taken over by certain \"demons\" who taught the art only to those who offered them sacrifices. Since Zosimos also called the demons \"guardians of places\" (οἱ κατὰ τόπον ἔφοροι) and those who offered them sacrifices \"priests\" (ἱερέα), it is fairly clear that he was referring to the gods of Egypt and their priests. While critical of the kind of alchemy he associated with the Egyptian priests and their followers, Zosimos nonetheless saw the tradition's recent past as rooted in the rites of the Egyptian temples.Mythology – Zosimos of Panopolis asserted that alchemy dated back to Pharaonic Egypt where it was the domain of the priestly class, though there is little to no evidence for his assertion. Alchemical writers used Classical figures from Greek, Roman, and Egyptian mythology to illuminate their works and allegorize alchemical transmutation. These included the pantheon of gods related to the Classical planets, Isis, Osiris, Jason, and many others.The central figure in the mythology of alchemy is Hermes Trismegistus (or Thrice-Great Hermes). His name is derived from the god Thoth and his Greek counterpart Hermes. Hermes and his caduceus or serpent-staff, were among alchemy's principal symbols. According to Clement of Alexandria, he wrote what were called the \"forty-two books of Hermes\", covering all fields of knowledge. The Hermetica of Thrice-Great Hermes is generally understood to form the basis for Western alchemical philosophy and practice, called the hermetic philosophy by its early practitioners. These writings were collected in the first centuries of the common era.Technology – The dawn of Western alchemy is sometimes associated with that of metallurgy, extending back to 3500 BC. Many writings were lost when the Roman emperor Diocletian ordered the burning of alchemical books after suppressing a revolt in Alexandria (AD 292). Few original Egyptian documents on alchemy have survived, most notable among them the Stockholm papyrus and the Leyden papyrus X. Dating from AD 250–300, they contained recipes for dyeing and making artificial gemstones, cleaning and fabricating pearls, and manufacturing of imitation gold and silver. These writings lack the mystical, philosophical elements of alchemy, but do contain the works of Bolus of Mendes (or Pseudo-Democritus), which aligned these recipes with theoretical knowledge of astrology and the classical elements. Between the time of Bolus and Zosimos, the change took place that transformed this metallurgy into a Hermetic art.Philosophy – Alexandria acted as a melting pot for philosophies of Pythagoreanism, Platonism, Stoicism and Gnosticism which formed the origin of alchemy's character. An important example of alchemy's roots in Greek philosophy, originated by Empedocles and developed by Aristotle, was that all things in the universe were formed from only four elements: earth, air, water, and fire. According to Aristotle, each element had a sphere to which it belonged and to which it would return if left undisturbed. The four elements of the Greek were mostly qualitative aspects of matter, not quantitative, as our modern elements are; \"...True alchemy never regarded earth, air, water, and fire as corporeal or chemical substances in the present-day sense of the word. The four elements are simply the primary, and most general, qualities by means of which the amorphous and purely quantitative substance of all bodies first reveals itself in differentiated form.\" Later alchemists extensively developed the mystical aspects of this concept.Alchemy coexisted alongside emerging Christianity. Lactantius believed Hermes Trismegistus had prophesied its birth. St Augustine later affirmed this in the 4th & 5th centuries, but also condemned Trismegistus for idolatry. Examples of Pagan, Christian, and Jewish alchemists can be found during this period.Most of the Greco-Roman alchemists preceding Zosimos are known only by pseudonyms, such as Moses, Isis, Cleopatra, Democritus, and Ostanes. Others authors such as Komarios, and Chymes, we only know through fragments of text. After AD 400, Greek alchemical writers occupied themselves solely in commenting on the works of these predecessors. By the middle of the 7th century alchemy was almost an entirely mystical discipline. It was at that time that Khalid Ibn Yazid sparked its migration from Alexandria to the Islamic world, facilitating the translation and preservation of Greek alchemical texts in the 8th and 9th centuries.Byzantium Greek alchemy is preserved in medieval Greek (Byzantine) manuscripts, and yet historians have only relatively recently begun to pay attention to the study and development of Greek alchemy in the Byzantine period.India The 2nd millennium BC text Vedas describe a connection between eternal life and gold. A considerable knowledge of metallurgy has been exhibited in a third-century CE text called Arthashastra which provides ingredients of explosives (Agniyoga) and salts extracted from fertile soils and plant remains (Yavakshara) such as saltpetre/nitre, perfume making (different qualities of perfumes are mentioned), granulated (refined) Sugar. Buddhist texts from the 2nd to 5th centuries mention the transmutation of base metals to gold. According to some scholars Greek alchemy may have influenced Indian alchemy but there are no hard evidences to back this claim.The 11th-century Persian chemist and physician Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī, who visited Gujarat as part of the court of Mahmud of Ghazni, reported that theyThe goals of alchemy in India included the creation of a divine body (Sanskrit divya-deham) and immortality while still embodied (Sanskrit jīvan-mukti). Sanskrit alchemical texts include much material on the manipulation of mercury and sulphur, that are homologized with the semen of the god Śiva and the menstrual blood of the goddess Devī.Some early alchemical writings seem to have their origins in the Kaula tantric schools associated to the teachings of the personality of Matsyendranath. Other early writings are found in the Jaina medical treatise Kalyāṇakārakam of Ugrāditya, written in South India in the early 9th century.Two famous early Indian alchemical authors were Nāgārjuna Siddha and Nityanātha Siddha. Nāgārjuna Siddha was a Buddhist monk. His book, Rasendramangalam, is an example of Indian alchemy and medicine. Nityanātha Siddha wrote Rasaratnākara, also a highly influential work. In Sanskrit, rasa translates to \"mercury\", and Nāgārjuna Siddha was said to have developed a method of converting mercury into gold.Scholarship on Indian alchemy is in the publication of The Alchemical Body by David Gordon White. A modern bibliography on Indian alchemical studies has been written by White.The contents of 39 Sanskrit alchemical treatises have been analysed in detail in G. Jan Meulenbeld's History of Indian Medical Literature. The discussion of these works in HIML gives a summary of the contents of each work, their special features, and where possible the evidence concerning their dating. Chapter 13 of HIML, Various works on rasaśāstra and ratnaśāstra (or Various works on alchemy and gems) gives brief details of a further 655 (six hundred and fifty-five) treatises. In some cases Meulenbeld gives notes on the contents and authorship of these works; in other cases references are made only to the unpublished manuscripts of these titles.A great deal remains to be discovered about Indian alchemical literature. The content of the Sanskrit alchemical corpus has not yet (2014) been adequately integrated into the wider general history of alchemy.Islamic world After the Fall of the Roman Empire, the focus of alchemical development moved to the Islamic World. Much more is known about Islamic alchemy because it was better documented: indeed, most of the earlier writings that have come down through the years were preserved as Arabic translations. The word alchemy itself was derived from the Arabic word al-kīmiyā (الكيمياء). The early Islamic world was a melting pot for alchemy. Platonic and Aristotelian thought, which had already been somewhat appropriated into hermetical science, continued to be assimilated during the late 7th and early 8th centuries through Syriac translations and scholarship.In the late ninth and early tenth centuries, the Arabic works attributed to Jābir ibn Hayyān (Latinized as \"Geber\" or \"Geberus\") introduced a new approach to alchemy. Paul Kraus, who wrote the standard reference work on Jabir, put it as follows:Islamic philosophers also made great contributions to alchemical hermeticism. The most influential author in this regard was arguably Jabir. Jabir's ultimate goal was Takwin, the artificial creation of life in the alchemical laboratory, up to, and including, human life. He analyzed each Aristotelian element in terms of four basic qualities of hotness, coldness, dryness, and moistness. According to Jabir, in each metal two of these qualities were interior and two were exterior. For example, lead was externally cold and dry, while gold was hot and moist. Thus, Jabir theorized, by rearranging the qualities of one metal, a different metal would result. By this reasoning, the search for the philosopher's stone was introduced to Western alchemy. Jabir developed an elaborate numerology whereby the root letters of a substance's name in Arabic, when treated with various transformations, held correspondences to the element's physical properties.The elemental system used in medieval alchemy also originated with Jabir. His original system consisted of seven elements, which included the five classical elements (aether, air, earth, fire, and water) in addition to two chemical elements representing the metals: sulphur, \"the stone which burns\", which characterized the principle of combustibility, and mercury, which contained the idealized principle of metallic properties. Shortly thereafter, this evolved into eight elements, with the Arabic concept of the three metallic principles: sulphur giving flammability or combustion, mercury giving volatility and stability, and salt giving solidity. The atomic theory of corpuscularianism, where all physical bodies possess an inner and outer layer of minute particles or corpuscles, also has its origins in the work of Jabir.From the 9th to 14th centuries, alchemical theories faced criticism from a variety of practical Muslim chemists, including Alkindus, Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, Avicenna and Ibn Khaldun. In particular, they wrote refutations against the idea of the transmutation of metals.East Asia Whereas European alchemy eventually centered on the transmutation of base metals into noble metals, Chinese alchemy had a more obvious connection to medicine. The philosopher's stone of European alchemists can be compared to the Grand Elixir of Immortality sought by Chinese alchemists. In the hermetic view, these two goals were not unconnected, and the philosopher's stone was often equated with the universal panacea; therefore, the two traditions may have had more in common than initially appears.Black powder may have been an important invention of Chinese alchemists. As previously stated above, Chinese alchemy was more related to medicine. It is said that the Chinese invented gunpowder while trying to find a potion for eternal life. Described in 9th-century texts and used in fireworks in China by the 10th century, it was used in cannons by 1290. From China, the use of gunpowder spread to Japan, the Mongols, the Muslim world, and Europe. Gunpowder was used by the Mongols against the Hungarians in 1241, and in Europe by the 14th century.Chinese alchemy was closely connected to Taoist forms of traditional Chinese medicine, such as Acupuncture and Moxibustion. In the early Song dynasty, followers of this Taoist idea (chiefly the elite and upper class) would ingest mercuric sulfide, which, though tolerable in low levels, led many to suicide. Thinking that this consequential death would lead to freedom and access to the Taoist heavens, the ensuing deaths encouraged people to eschew this method of alchemy in favor of external sources (the aforementioned Tai Chi Chuan, mastering of the qi, etc.) Chinese alchemy was introduced to the West by Obed Simon Johnson.Medieval Europe The introduction of alchemy to Latin Europe may be dated to 11 February 1144, with the completion of Robert of Chester's translation of the Arabic Book of the Composition of Alchemy. Although European craftsmen and technicians pre-existed, Robert notes in his preface that alchemy (though here still referring to the elixir rather than to the art itself) was unknown in Latin Europe at the time of his writing. The translation of Arabic texts concerning numerous disciplines including alchemy flourished in 12th-century Toledo, Spain, through contributors like Gerard of Cremona and Adelard of Bath. Translations of the time included the Turba Philosophorum, and the works of Avicenna and Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi. These brought with them many new words to the European vocabulary for which there was no previous Latin equivalent. Alcohol, carboy, elixir, and athanor are examples.Meanwhile, theologian contemporaries of the translators made strides towards the reconciliation of faith and experimental rationalism, thereby priming Europe for the influx of alchemical thought. The 11th-century St Anselm put forth the opinion that faith and rationalism were compatible and encouraged rationalism in a Christian context. In the early 12th century, Peter Abelard followed Anselm's work, laying down the foundation for acceptance of Aristotelian thought before the first works of Aristotle had reached the West. In the early 13th century, Robert Grosseteste used Abelard's methods of analysis and added the use of observation, experimentation, and conclusions when conducting scientific investigations. Grosseteste also did much work to reconcile Platonic and Aristotelian thinking.Through much of the 12th and 13th centuries, alchemical knowledge in Europe remained centered on translations, and new Latin contributions were not made. The efforts of the translators were succeeded by that of the encyclopaedists. In the 13th century, Albertus Magnus and Roger Bacon were the most notable of these, their work summarizing and explaining the newly imported alchemical knowledge in Aristotelian terms. Albertus Magnus, a Dominican friar, is known to have written works such as the Book of Minerals where he observed and commented on the operations and theories of alchemical authorities like Hermes and Democritus and unnamed alchemists of his time. Albertus critically compared these to the writings of Aristotle and Avicenna, where they concerned the transmutation of metals. From the time shortly after his death through to the 15th century, more than 28 alchemical tracts were misattributed to him, a common practice giving rise to his reputation as an accomplished alchemist. Likewise, alchemical texts have been attributed to Albert's student Thomas Aquinas.Roger Bacon, a Franciscan friar who wrote on a wide variety of topics including optics, comparative linguistics, and medicine, composed his Great Work () for as part of a project towards rebuilding the medieval university curriculum to include the new learning of his time. While alchemy was not more important to him than other sciences and he did not produce allegorical works on the topic, he did consider it and astrology to be important parts of both natural philosophy and theology and his contributions advanced alchemy's connections to soteriology and Christian theology. Bacon's writings integrated morality, salvation, alchemy, and the prolongation of life. His correspondence with Clement highlighted this, noting the importance of alchemy to the papacy. Like the Greeks before him, Bacon acknowledged the division of alchemy into practical and theoretical spheres. He noted that the theoretical lay outside the scope of Aristotle, the natural philosophers, and all Latin writers of his time. The practical confirmed the theoretical, and Bacon advocated its uses in natural science and medicine. In later European legend, he became an archmage. In particular, along with Albertus Magnus, he was credited with the forging of a brazen head capable of answering its owner's questions.Soon after Bacon, the influential work of Pseudo-Geber (sometimes identified as Paul of Taranto) appeared. His Summa Perfectionis remained a staple summary of alchemical practice and theory through the medieval and renaissance periods. It was notable for its inclusion of practical chemical operations alongside sulphur-mercury theory, and the unusual clarity with which they were described. By the end of the 13th century, alchemy had developed into a fairly structured system of belief. Adepts believed in the macrocosm-microcosm theories of Hermes, that is to say, they believed that processes that affect minerals and other substances could have an effect on the human body (for example, if one could learn the secret of purifying gold, one could use the technique to purify the human soul). They believed in the four elements and the four qualities as described above, and they had a strong tradition of cloaking their written ideas in a labyrinth of coded jargon set with traps to mislead the uninitiated. Finally, the alchemists practiced their art: they actively experimented with chemicals and made observations and theories about how the universe operated. Their entire philosophy revolved around their belief that man's soul was divided within himself after the fall of Adam. By purifying the two parts of man's soul, man could be reunited with God.In the 14th century, alchemy became more accessible to Europeans outside the confines of Latin speaking churchmen and scholars. Alchemical discourse shifted from scholarly philosophical debate to an exposed social commentary on the alchemists themselves. Dante, Piers Plowman, and Chaucer all painted unflattering pictures of alchemists as thieves and liars. Pope John XXII's 1317 edict, Spondent quas non-exhibent forbade the false promises of transmutation made by pseudo-alchemists. In 1403, Henry IV of England banned the practice of multiplying metals (although it was possible to buy a licence to attempt to make gold alchemically, and a number were granted by Henry VI and Edward IV). These critiques and regulations centered more around pseudo-alchemical charlatanism than the actual study of alchemy, which continued with an increasingly Christian tone. The 14th century saw the Christian imagery of death and resurrection employed in the alchemical texts of Petrus Bonus, John of Rupescissa, and in works written in the name of Raymond Lull and Arnold of Villanova.Nicolas Flamel is a well-known alchemist, but a good example of pseudepigraphy, the practice of giving your works the name of someone else, usually more famous. Although the historical Flamel existed, the writings and legends assigned to him only appeared in 1612. Flamel was not a religious scholar as were many of his predecessors, and his entire interest in the subject revolved around the pursuit of the philosopher's stone. His work spends a great deal of time describing the processes and reactions, but never actually gives the formula for carrying out the transmutations. Most of 'his' work was aimed at gathering alchemical knowledge that had existed before him, especially as regarded the philosopher's stone. Through the 14th and 15th centuries, alchemists were much like Flamel: they concentrated on looking for the philosophers' stone. Bernard Trevisan and George Ripley made similar contributions. Their cryptic allusions and symbolism led to wide variations in interpretation of the art.Renaissance and early modern Europe During the Renaissance, Hermetic and Platonic foundations were restored to European alchemy. The dawn of medical, pharmaceutical, occult, and entrepreneurial branches of alchemy followed.In the late 15th century, Marsilo Ficino translated the Corpus Hermeticum and the works of Plato into Latin. These were previously unavailable to Europeans who for the first time had a full picture of the alchemical theory that Bacon had declared absent. Renaissance Humanism and Renaissance Neoplatonism guided alchemists away from physics to refocus on mankind as the alchemical vessel.Esoteric systems developed that blended alchemy into a broader occult Hermeticism, fusing it with magic, astrology, and Christian cabala. A key figure in this development was German Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (1486–1535), who received his Hermetic education in Italy in the schools of the humanists. In his De Occulta Philosophia, he attempted to merge Kabbalah, Hermeticism, and alchemy. He was instrumental in spreading this new blend of Hermeticism outside the borders of Italy.Philippus Aureolus Paracelsus, (Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, 1493–1541) cast alchemy into a new form, rejecting some of Agrippa's occultism and moving away from chrysopoeia. Paracelsus pioneered the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine and wrote, \"Many have said of Alchemy, that it is for the making of gold and silver. For me such is not the aim, but to consider only what virtue and power may lie in medicines.\"His hermetical views were that sickness and health in the body relied on the harmony of man the microcosm and Nature the macrocosm. He took an approach different from those before him, using this analogy not in the manner of soul-purification but in the manner that humans must have certain balances of minerals in their bodies, and that certain illnesses of the body had chemical remedies that could cure them. Iatrochemistry refers to the pharmaceutical applications of alchemy championed by Paracelsus.John Dee (13 July 1527 – December, 1608) followed Agrippa's occult tradition. Although better known for angel summoning, divination, and his role as astrologer, cryptographer, and consultant to Queen Elizabeth I, Dee's alchemical Monas Hieroglyphica, written in 1564 was his most popular and influential work. His writing portrayed alchemy as a sort of terrestrial astronomy in line with the Hermetic axiom As above so below. During the 17th century, a short-lived \"supernatural\" interpretation of alchemy became popular, including support by fellows of the Royal Society: Robert Boyle and Elias Ashmole. Proponents of the supernatural interpretation of alchemy believed that the philosopher's stone might be used to summon and communicate with angels.Entrepreneurial opportunities were common for the alchemists of Renaissance Europe. Alchemists were contracted by the elite for practical purposes related to mining, medical services, and the production of chemicals, medicines, metals, and gemstones. Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, in the late 16th century, famously received and sponsored various alchemists at his court in Prague, including Dee and his associate Edward Kelley. King James IV of Scotland, Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Augustus, Elector of Saxony, Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn, and Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel all contracted alchemists. John's son Arthur Dee worked as a court physician to Michael I of Russia and Charles I of England but also compiled the alchemical book Fasciculus Chemicus.Although most of these appointments were legitimate, the trend of pseudo-alchemical fraud continued through the Renaissance. Betrüger would use sleight of hand, or claims of secret knowledge to make money or secure patronage. Legitimate mystical and medical alchemists such as Michael Maier and Heinrich Khunrath wrote about fraudulent transmutations, distinguishing themselves from the con artists. False alchemists were sometimes prosecuted for fraud.The terms \"chemia\" and \"alchemia\" were used as synonyms in the early modern period, and the differences between alchemy, chemistry and small-scale assaying and metallurgy were not as neat as in the present day. There were important overlaps between practitioners, and trying to classify them into alchemists, chemists and craftsmen is anachronistic. For example, Tycho Brahe (1546–1601), an alchemist better known for his astronomical and astrological investigations, had a laboratory built at his Uraniborg observatory/research institute. Michael Sendivogius (Michał Sędziwój, 1566–1636), a Polish alchemist, philosopher, medical doctor and pioneer of chemistry wrote mystical works but is also credited with distilling oxygen in a lab sometime around 1600. Sendivogious taught his technique to Cornelius Drebbel who, in 1621, applied this in a submarine. Isaac Newton devoted considerably more of his writing to the study of alchemy (see Isaac Newton's occult studies) than he did to either optics or physics. Other early modern alchemists who were eminent in their other studies include Robert Boyle, and Jan Baptist van Helmont. Their Hermeticism complemented rather than precluded their practical achievements in medicine and science.Later modern period The decline of European alchemy was brought about by the rise of modern science with its emphasis on rigorous quantitative experimentation and its disdain for \"ancient wisdom\". Although the seeds of these events were planted as early as the 17th century, alchemy still flourished for some two hundred years, and in fact may have reached its peak in the 18th century. As late as 1781 James Price claimed to have produced a powder that could transmute mercury into silver or gold. Early modern European alchemy continued to exhibit a diversity of theories, practices, and purposes: \"Scholastic and anti-Aristotelian, Paracelsian and anti-Paracelsian, Hermetic, Neoplatonic, mechanistic, vitalistic, and more—plus virtually every combination and compromise thereof.\"Robert Boyle (1627–1691) pioneered the scientific method in chemical investigations. He assumed nothing in his experiments and compiled every piece of relevant data. Boyle would note the place in which the experiment was carried out, the wind characteristics, the position of the Sun and Moon, and the barometer reading, all just in case they proved to be relevant. This approach eventually led to the founding of modern chemistry in the 18th and 19th centuries, based on revolutionary discoveries of Lavoisier and John Dalton.Beginning around 1720, a rigid distinction began to be drawn for the first time between \"alchemy\" and \"chemistry\". By the 1740s, \"alchemy\" was now restricted to the realm of gold making, leading to the popular belief that alchemists were charlatans, and the tradition itself nothing more than a fraud. In order to protect the developing science of modern chemistry from the negative censure to which alchemy was being subjected, academic writers during the 18th-century scientific Enlightenment attempted, for the sake of survival, to divorce and separate the \"new\" chemistry from the \"old\" practices of alchemy. This move was mostly successful, and the consequences of this continued into the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries.During the occult revival of the early 19th century, alchemy received new attention as an occult science. The esoteric or occultist school, which arose during the 19th century, held (and continues to hold) the view that the substances and operations mentioned in alchemical literature are to be interpreted in a spiritual sense, and it downplays the role of the alchemy as a practical tradition or protoscience. This interpretation further forwarded the view that alchemy is an art primarily concerned with spiritual enlightenment or illumination, as opposed to the physical manipulation of apparatus and chemicals, and claims that the obscure language of the alchemical texts were an allegorical guise for spiritual, moral or mystical processes.In the 19th-century revival of alchemy, the two most seminal figures were Mary Anne Atwood and Ethan Allen Hitchcock, who independently published similar works regarding spiritual alchemy. Both forwarded a completely esoteric view of alchemy, as Atwood claimed: \"No modern art or chemistry, notwithstanding all its surreptitious claims, has any thing in common with Alchemy.\" Atwood's work influenced subsequent authors of the occult revival including Eliphas Levi, Arthur Edward Waite, and Rudolf Steiner. Hitchcock, in his Remarks Upon Alchymists (1855) attempted to make a case for his spiritual interpretation with his claim that the alchemists wrote about a spiritual discipline under a materialistic guise in order to avoid accusations of blasphemy from the church and state. In 1845, Baron Carl Reichenbach, published his studies on Odic force, a concept with some similarities to alchemy, but his research did not enter the mainstream of scientific discussion.In 1946, Louis Cattiaux published the Message Retrouvé, a work that was at once philosophical, mystical and highly influenced by alchemy. In his lineage, many researchers, including Emmanuel and Charles d'Hooghvorst, are updating alchemical studies in France and Belgium.Women Several women appear in the earliest history of alchemy. Michael Maier names Mary the Jewess, Cleopatra the Alchemist, Medera, and Taphnutia as the four women who knew how to make the philosopher's stone. Zosimos' sister Theosebia (later known as Euthica the Arab) and Isis the Prophetess also played a role in early alchemical texts.The first alchemist whose name we know was Mary the Jewess (c. 200 A.D.). Early sources claim that Mary (or Maria) devised a number of improvements to alchemical equipment and tools as well as novel techniques in chemistry. Her best known advances were in heating and distillation processes. The laboratory water-bath, known eponymously (especially in France) as the bain-marie, is said to have been invented or at least improved by her. Essentially a double-boiler, it was (and is) used in chemistry for processes that require gentle heating. The tribikos (a modified distillation apparatus) and the kerotakis (a more intricate apparatus used especially for sublimations) are two other advancements in the process of distillation that are credited to her. Although we have no writing from Mary herself, she is known from the early-fourth-century writings of Zosimos of Panopolis.Due to the proliferation of pseudepigrapha and anonymous works, it is difficult to know which of the alchemists were actually women. After the Greco-Roman period, women's names appear less frequently in the alchemical literature. Women vacate the history of alchemy during the medieval and renaissance periods, aside from the fictitious account of Perenelle Flamel. Mary Anne Atwood's A Suggestive Inquiry into the Hermetic Mystery (1850) marks their return during the nineteenth-century occult revival.Modern historical research The history of alchemy has become a significant and recognized subject of academic study. As the language of the alchemists is analyzed, historians are becoming more aware of the intellectual connections between that discipline and other facets of Western cultural history, such as the evolution of science and philosophy, the sociology and psychology of the intellectual communities, kabbalism, spiritualism, Rosicrucianism, and other mystic movements. Institutions involved in this research include The Chymistry of Isaac Newton project at Indiana University, the University of Exeter Centre for the Study of Esotericism (EXESESO), the European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism (ESSWE), and the University of Amsterdam's Sub-department for the History of Hermetic Philosophy and Related Currents. A large collection of books on alchemy is kept in the Bibliotheca Philosophica Hermetica in Amsterdam. A recipe found in a mid-19th-century kabbalah based book features step by step instructions on turning copper into gold. The author attributed this recipe to an ancient manuscript he located.Journals which publish regularly on the topic of Alchemy include 'Ambix', published by the Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry, and 'Isis', published by The History of Science Society.Core concepts Western alchemical theory corresponds to the worldview of late antiquity in which it was born. Concepts were imported from Neoplatonism and earlier Greek cosmology. As such, the classical elements appear in alchemical writings, as do the seven classical planets and the corresponding seven metals of antiquity. Similarly, the gods of the Roman pantheon who are associated with these luminaries are discussed in alchemical literature. The concepts of prima materia and anima mundi are central to the theory of the philosopher's stone.Magnum opus The Great Work of Alchemy is often described as a series of four stages represented by colors.nigredo, a blackening or melanosisalbedo, a whitening or leucosiscitrinitas, a yellowing or xanthosisrubedo, a reddening, purpling, or iosisModernity Due to the complexity and obscurity of alchemical literature, and the 18th-century disappearance of remaining alchemical practitioners into the area of chemistry, the general understanding of alchemy has been strongly influenced by several distinct and radically different interpretations. Those focusing on the exoteric, such as historians of science Lawrence M. Principe and William R. Newman, have interpreted the 'decknamen' (or code words) of alchemy as physical substances. These scholars have reconstructed physicochemical experiments that they say are described in medieval and early modern texts. At the opposite end of the spectrum, focusing on the esoteric, scholars, such as George Calian and Anna Marie Roos, who question the reading of Principe and Newman, interpret these same decknamen as spiritual, religious, or psychological concepts.New interpretations of alchemy are still perpetuated, sometimes merging in concepts from New Age or radical environmentalism movements. Groups like the Rosicrucians and Freemasons have a continued interest in alchemy and its symbolism. Since the Victorian revival of alchemy, \"occultists reinterpreted alchemy as a spiritual practice, involving the self-transformation of the practitioner and only incidentally or not at all the transformation of laboratory substances\", which has contributed to a merger of magic and alchemy in popular thought.Esoteric interpretations of historical textsIn the eyes of a variety of modern esoteric and Neo-Hermeticist practitioners, alchemy is fundamentally spiritual. In this interpretation, transmutation of lead into gold is presented as an analogy for personal transmutation, purification, and perfection.According to this view, early alchemists such as Zosimos of Panopolis (c. AD 300) highlighted the spiritual nature of the alchemical quest, symbolic of a religious regeneration of the human soul. This approach is held to have continued in the Middle Ages, as metaphysical aspects, substances, physical states, and material processes are supposed to have been used as metaphors for spiritual entities, spiritual states, and, ultimately, transformation. In this sense, the literal meanings of 'Alchemical Formulas' were like a veil, hiding their true spiritual philosophy. In the Neo-Hermeticist interpretation, both the transmutation of common metals into gold and the universal panacea are held to symbolize evolution from an imperfect, diseased, corruptible, and ephemeral state toward a perfect, healthy, incorruptible, and everlasting state, so the philosopher's stone then represented a mystic key that would make this evolution possible. Applied to the alchemist himself, the twin goal symbolized his evolution from ignorance to enlightenment, and the stone represented a hidden spiritual truth or power that would lead to that goal. In texts that are held to have been written according to this view, the cryptic alchemical symbols, diagrams, and textual imagery of late alchemical works are supposed to contain multiple layers of meanings, allegories, and references to other equally cryptic works; which must be laboriously decoded to discover their true meaning.In his 1766 Alchemical Catechism, Théodore Henri de Tschudi denotes that the usage of the metals was merely symbolic:Psychology Alchemical symbolism has been important in depth and analytical psychology and was revived and popularized from near extinction by the Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung. Initially confounded and at odds with alchemy and its images, after being given a copy of the translation of The Secret of the Golden Flower, a Chinese alchemical text, by his friend Richard Wilhelm, Jung discovered a direct correlation or parallels between the symbolic images in the alchemical drawings and the inner, symbolic images coming up in dreams, visions or imaginations during the psychic processes of transformation occurring in his patients. A process, which he called \"process of individuation\". He regarded the alchemical images as symbols expressing aspects of this \"process of individuation\" of which the creation of the gold or lapis within were symbols for its origin and goal. Together with his alchemical mystica soror, Jungian Swiss analyst Marie-Louise von Franz, Jung began collecting all the old alchemical texts available, compiled a lexicon of key phrases with cross-references and pored over them. The volumes of work he wrote brought new light into understanding the art of transubstantiation and renewed alchemy's popularity as a symbolic process of coming into wholeness as a human being where opposites brought into contact and inner and outer, spirit and matter are reunited in the hieros gamos or divine marriage. His writings are influential in psychology and for people who have an interest in understanding the importance of dreams, symbols and the unconscious archetypal forces (archetypes) that influence all of life.Both von Franz and Jung have contributed greatly to the subject and work of alchemy and its continued presence in psychology as well as contemporary culture. Jung wrote volumes on alchemy and his magnum opus is Volume 14 of his Collected Works, Mysterium Coniunctionis.Literature Alchemy has had a long-standing relationship with art, seen both in alchemical texts and in mainstream entertainment. Literary alchemy appears throughout the history of English literature from Shakespeare to J. K. Rowling, and also the popular Japanese manga Fullmetal Alchemist. Here, characters or plot structure follow an alchemical magnum opus. In the 14th century, Chaucer began a trend of alchemical satire that can still be seen in recent fantasy works like those of the late Sir Terry Pratchett.Visual artists had a similar relationship with alchemy. While some of them used alchemy as a source of satire, others worked with the alchemists themselves or integrated alchemical thought or symbols in their work. Music was also present in the works of alchemists and continues to influence popular performers. In the last hundred years, alchemists have been portrayed in a magical and spagyric role in fantasy fiction, film, television, novels, comics and video games.Science One goal of alchemy, the transmutation of base substances into gold, is now known to be impossible by chemical means but possible by physical means. Although not financially worthwhile, Gold was synthesized in particle accelerators as early as 1941.See also Alchemical symbolBiological transmutation in Corentin Louis KervranCupellationHistoricismHistory of chemistryList of alchemistsNuclear transmutationOutline of alchemyPorta AlchemicaRenaissance magicSpagyricSuperseded theories in scienceSynthesis of precious metalsWestern esotericismNotesReferencesCitationsBibliographyFurther readingGeneral Lawrence Principe, The Secrets of Alchemy, Chicago, 2013.Jennifer M. Rampling. 2020. The Experimental Fire: Inventing English Alchemy, 1300-1700. University of Chicago Press.Greco-Egyptian alchemyTexts Marcellin Berthelot and Charles-Émile Ruelle (eds.), Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs (CAAG), 3 vols., 1887–1888, Vol 1: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96492923, Vol 2: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9680734p, Vol. 3: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9634942s. André-Jean Festugière, La Révélation d'Hermès Trismégiste, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2014 (, OCLC 897235256). Robert Halleux and Henri-Dominique Saffrey (eds.), Les alchimistes grecs, t. 1 : Papyrus de Leyde – Papyrus de Stockholm – Recettes, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 1981. Otto Lagercrantz (ed), Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis, Uppsala, A.B. Akademiska Bokhandeln, 1913, https://archive.org/details/papyrusgraecusho00lage/page/n8. Michèle Mertens and Henri-Dominique Saffrey (ed.), Les alchimistes grecs, t. 4.1 : Zosime de Panopolis. Mémoires authentiques, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 1995. Andrée Collinet and Henri-Dominique Saffrey (ed.), Les alchimistes grecs, t. 10 : L'Anonyme de Zuretti ou l'Art sacré and divin de la chrysopée par un anonyme, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2000. Andrée Collinet (ed), Les alchimistes grecs, t. 11 : Recettes alchimiques (Par. Gr. 2419; Holkhamicus 109) – Cosmas le Hiéromoine – Chrysopée, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2000. Matteo Martelli (ed), The Four Books of Pseudo-Democritus, Maney Publishing, 2014.Studies Dylan M. Burns, « μίξεώς τινι τέχνῃ κρείττονι : Alchemical Metaphor in the Paraphrase of Shem (NHC VII,1) », Aries 15 (2015), p. 79–106. Alberto Camplani, « Procedimenti magico-alchemici e discorso filosofico ermetico » in Giuliana Lanata (ed.), Il Tardoantico alle soglie del Duemila, ETS, 2000, p. 73–98. Alberto Camplani and Marco Zambon, « Il sacrificio come problema in alcune correnti filosofice di età imperiale », Annali di storia dell'esegesi 19 (2002), p. 59–99. Régine Charron and Louis Painchaud, « 'God is a Dyer,' The Background and Significance of a Puzzling Motif in the Coptic Gospel According to Philip (CG II, 3), Le Muséon 114 (2001), p. 41-50. Régine Charron, « The Apocryphon of John (NHC II,1) and the Greco-Egyptian Alchemical Literature », Vigiliae Christinae 59 (2005), p. 438-456. Philippe Derchain, \"L'Atelier des Orfèvres à Dendara et les origines de l'alchimie,\" Chronique d'Égypte, vol. 65, no 130, 1990, p. 219–242. Korshi Dosoo, « A History of the Theban Magical Library », Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 53 (2016), p. 251–274. Olivier Dufault, Early Greek Alchemy, Patronage and Innovation in Late Antiquity, California Classical Studies, 2019, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2ks0g83x. Sergio Knipe, « Sacrifice and self-transformation in the alchemical writings of Zosimus of Panopolis », in Christopher Kelly, Richard Flower, Michael Stuart Williams (eds.), Unclassical Traditions. Volume II: Perspectives from East and West in Late Antiquity, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 59–69. André-Jean Festugière, La Révélation d'Hermès Trismégiste, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2014 , . Kyle A. Fraser, « Zosimos of Panopolis and the Book of Enoch: Alchemy as Forbidden Knowledge », Aries 4.2 (2004), p. 125–147. Kyle A. Fraser, « Baptized in Gnosis: The Spiritual Alchemy of Zosimos of Panopolis », Dionysius 25 (2007), p. 33–54. Kyle A. Fraser, « Distilling Nature’s Secrets: The Sacred Art of Alchemy », in John Scarborough and Paul Keyser (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Science and Medicine in the Classical World, Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 721–742. 2018. https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199734146.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199734146-e-76. Shannon Grimes, Becoming Gold: Zosimos of Panopolis and the Alchemical Arts in Roman Egypt, Auckland, Rubedo Press, 2018, Paul T. Keyser, « Greco-Roman Alchemy and Coins of Imitation Silver », American Journal of Numismatics 7–8 (1995–1996), p. 209–234. Paul Keyser, « The Longue Durée of Alchemy », in John Scarborough and Paul Keyser (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Science and Medicine in the Classical World, Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 409–430. Jean Letrouit, \"Chronologie des alchimistes grecs,\" in Didier Kahn and Sylvain Matton, Alchimie: art, histoire et mythes, SEHA-Archè, 1995, p. 11–93. Lindsay, Jack. The Origins of Alchemy in Greco-Roman Egypt. Barnes & Noble, 1970. Paul Magdalino and Maria Mavroudi (eds.), The Occult Sciences in Byzantium, La Pomme d'or, 2006. Matteo Martelli, « The Alchemical Art of Dyeing: The Fourfold Division of Alchemy and the Enochian Tradition » in Sven Dupré (ed.), Laboratories of Art, Springer, 2014, . Matteo Martelli, « Alchemy, Medicine and Religion: Zosimus of Panopolis and the Egyptian Priests », Religion in the Roman Empire 3.2 (2017), p. 202–220. Gerasimos Merianos, « Alchemy », In A. Kaldellis & N. Siniossoglou (eds.), The Cambridge Intellectual History of Byzantium (pp. 234–251). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017, . Efthymios Nikolaïdis (ed.), Greek Alchemy from Late Antiquity to Early Modernity, Brepols, 2019, . Daniel Stolzenberg, « Unpropitious Tinctures: Alchemy, Astrology & Gnosis According to Zosimos of Panopolis », Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences 49 (1999), p. 3–31. Cristina Viano, « Byzantine Alchemy, or the Era of Systematization », in John Scarborough and Paul Keyser (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Science and Medicine in the Classical World, Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 943–964. C. Vlachou and al., « Experimental investigation of silvering in late Roman coinage », Material Research Society Symposium Proceedings 712 (2002), p. II9.2.1-II9.2.9, .Early modern Principe, Lawrence and William Newman. Alchemy Tried in the Fire: Starkey, Boyle, and the Fate of Helmontian Chymistry. University of Chicago Press, 2002.External links SHAC: Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry ESSWE: European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism Association for the Study of Esotericism The Alchemy Website. – Adam McLean's online collections and academic discussion. Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Alchemy Book of Secrets: Alchemy and the European Imagination, 1500–2000 – A digital exhibition from the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University Othmer MS 2 Alchemical Miscellany at OPenn Alchemy featured topic page on Science History Institute Digital Collections featuring selected manuscripts, rare books, paintings, and ephemera relating to alchemical topics and experimentation. EsotericismHermeticismHistory of philosophyHistory of science"}
+{"text": "Alien primarily refers to: Alien (law), a person in a country who is not a national of that country Enemy alien, the above in times of war Extraterrestrial life, life which does not originate from Earth Specifically, intelligent extraterrestrial beings; see List of alleged extraterrestrial beings Introduced species, a species not native to its environmentAlien(s), or The Alien(s) may also refer to:Science and technology AliEn (ALICE Environment), a grid framework Alien (file converter), a Linux program Alien Technology, a manufacturer of RFID technologyArts and entertainment Alien (franchise), a media franchise Alien (creature in Alien franchise)Films Alien (film), a 1979 film by Ridley Scott Aliens (film), second film in the franchise from 1986 by James Cameron Alien 3, third film in the franchise from 1992 by David Fincher Alien Resurrection, fourth film in the franchise from 1997 by Jean-Pierre Jeunet Alien vs. Predator (film), fifth film in the franchise from 2004 by Paul W. S. Anderson Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem, sixth film in the franchise from 2007 by the Brothers Strause Prometheus (2012 film), seventh film in the franchise from 2012 by Ridley Scott Alien: Covenant, eighth film in the franchise from 2017 by Ridley Scott Alien 2: On Earth, a 1980 unofficial sequel of the 1979 Alien filmAlien Visitor (also titled Epsilon) (1995 film) AustralianItalian science fiction film by Rolf de Heer The Alien (2016 film), a 2016 Mexican film The Alien (unproduced film), an incomplete 1960s IndianAmerican filmLiterature Alien novels, an extension of the Alien franchise Aliens (Tappan Wright novel), a 1902 novel by Mary Tappan Wright The Alien (Animorphs), the eighth book in the Animorphs series The Aliens (play), a 2010 play by Annie BakerMusicPerformers Alien (band), a 1980s Swedish rock group The Aliens (Australian band), a 1970s new wave group The Aliens (Scottish band), a 2005–2008 rock groupAlbums Alien (soundtrack), 1979 Alien (Beam album), 2022 Alien (Northlane album), 2019 Alien (Strapping Young Lad album), 2005 Alien, a 1989 EP by Tankard Aliens (soundtrack), 1987Songs \"Alien\" (Britney Spears song), 2013 \"Alien\" (Jonas Blue and Sabrina Carpenter song), 2018 \"Alien\", a song by Third Day from the album Conspiracy No. 5, 1997 \"Alien\", a song by Pennywise from the album Straight Ahead, 1999 \"Alien\", a song by Bush from the album Sixteen Stone, 1994 \"Alien\", a song by Erasure from the album Loveboat, 2000 \"Alien\", a song by Japan from the album Quiet Life, 1979 \"Alien\", a song by Lamb from the album Fear of Fours, 1999 \"Alien\", a song by Nerina Pallot from the album Dear Frustrated Superstar, 2001 \"Alien\", a song by P-Model from the album Landsale, 1980 \"Alien\", a song by Thriving Ivory from the album Thriving Ivory, 2003 \"Alien\", a song by Tokio Hotel from the album Humanoid, 2009. Fans of the band call themselves \"Aliens\". \"Alien\", a song by Atlanta Rhythm from the album Quinella, 1981 \"Alien\", a 2020 song by Lee Suhyun \"Aliens\" (song), a 2017 song by Coldplay \"Aliens\", a 1984 song by Warlord \"The Alien\", a song by Dream Theater from the album A View from the Top of the World, 2021Video games Alien (1984 video game), based on the film Alien (Atari 2600), a 1982 maze game based on the 1979 film Alien: Isolation, a 2014 video game based on the Alien science fiction horror film series Aliens (1982 video game), a text-only clone of Space Invaders written for the CP/M operating system on the Kaypro computer Aliens (1990 video game), a game by Konami, based on the sequel of the filmOther media Alien (Armenian TV series), a 2017 melodrama series Alien (sculpture), a 2012 work by David Breuer-Weil, in Mottisfont, Hampshire, England Aliens (Dark Horse Comics line) The Aliens (TV series), 2016 British sci-fi television series \"Aliens\" (Roseanne), a 1992 television episodeOther uses Alien (shipping company), a Russian company Alien Sun (born 1974), Singaporean actress Alien, a perfume by Thierry MuglerSee also Alians, an Islamic order Alien Project (disambiguation) Alien vs. Predator (disambiguation) Astrobiology, the study of hypothetical alien life ATLiens, a 1996 album by OutKast Predator (disambiguation) UFO (disambiguation) Unidentified flying object (disambiguation)"}
+{"text": "An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies – in either observational (by analyzing the data) or theoretical astronomy. Examples of topics or fields astronomers study include planetary science, solar astronomy, the origin or evolution of stars, or the formation of galaxies. A related but distinct subject is physical cosmology, which studies the Universe as a whole.TypesAstronomers usually fall under either of two main types: observational and theoretical. Observational astronomers make direct observations of celestial objects and analyze the data. In contrast, theoretical astronomers create and investigate models of things that cannot be observed. Because it takes millions to billions of years for a system of stars or a galaxy to complete a life cycle, astronomers must observe snapshots of different systems at unique points in their evolution to determine how they form, evolve, and die. They use these data to create models or simulations to theorize how different celestial objects work.Further subcategories under these two main branches of astronomy include planetary astronomy, galactic astronomy, or physical cosmology.Academic Historically, astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky, while astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena and the differences between them using physical laws. Today, that distinction has mostly disappeared and the terms \"astronomer\" and \"astrophysicist\" are interchangeable. Professional astronomers are highly educated individuals who typically have a PhD in physics or astronomy and are employed by research institutions or universities. They spend the majority of their time working on research, although they quite often have other duties such as teaching, building instruments, or aiding in the operation of an observatory.The American Astronomical Society, which is the major organization of professional astronomers in North America, has approximately 7,000 members. This number includes scientists from other fields such as physics, geology, and engineering, whose research interests are closely related to astronomy. The International Astronomical Union comprises almost 10,145 members from 70 different countries who are involved in astronomical research at the PhD level and beyond.Contrary to the classical image of an old astronomer peering through a telescope through the dark hours of the night, it is far more common to use a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera to record a long, deep exposure, allowing a more sensitive image to be created because the light is added over time. Before CCDs, photographic plates were a common method of observation. Modern astronomers spend relatively little time at telescopes usually just a few weeks per year. Analysis of observed phenomena, along with making predictions as to the causes of what they observe, takes the majority of observational astronomers' time.Astronomers who serve as faculty spend much of their time teaching undergraduate and graduate classes. Most universities also have outreach programs including public telescope time and sometimes planetariums as a public service to encourage interest in the field.Those who become astronomers usually have a broad background in maths, sciences and computing in high school. Taking courses that teach how to research, write, and present papers are also invaluable. In college/university most astronomers get a PhD in astronomy or physics.Amateur astronomers While there is a relatively low number of professional astronomers, the field is popular among amateurs. Most cities have amateur astronomy clubs that meet on a regular basis and often host star parties. The Astronomical Society of the Pacific is the largest general astronomical society in the world, comprising both professional and amateur astronomers as well as educators from 70 different nations. Like any hobby, most people who think of themselves as amateur astronomers may devote a few hours a month to stargazing and reading the latest developments in research. However, amateurs span the range from so-called \"armchair astronomers\" to the very ambitious, who own science-grade telescopes and instruments with which they are able to make their own discoveries and assist professional astronomers in research.See also List of astronomers List of women astronomers List of Muslim astronomers List of French astronomers List of Hungarian astronomers List of Russian astronomers and astrophysicists List of Slovenian astronomersReferencesSourcesExternal links American Astronomical Society European Astronomical Society International Astronomical Union Astronomical Society of the Pacific Space's astronomy newsAstronomy Science occupations"}
+{"text": "ASCII ( ), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII, although they support many additional characters.The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) prefers the name US-ASCII for this character encoding.ASCII is one of the IEEE milestones.OverviewASCII was developed from telegraph code. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began in May 1961, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) (now the American National Standards Institute or ANSI) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was published in 1963, underwent a major revision during 1967, and experienced its most recent update during 1986. Compared to earlier telegraph codes, the proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more convenient sorting (i.e., alphabetization) of lists and added features for devices other than teleprinters. The use of ASCII format for Network Interchange was described in 1969. That document was formally elevated to an Internet Standard in 2015.Originally based on the English alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart above. Ninety-five of the encoded characters are printable: these include the digits 0 to 9, lowercase letters a to z, uppercase letters A to Z, and punctuation symbols. In addition, the original ASCII specification included 33 non-printing control codes which originated with Teletype machines; most of these are now obsolete, although a few are still commonly used, such as the carriage return, line feed, and tab codes.For example, lowercase i would be represented in the ASCII encoding by binary 1101001 = hexadecimal 69 (i is the ninth letter) = decimal 105.HistoryThe American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) was developed under the auspices of a committee of the American Standards Association (ASA), called the X3 committee, by its X3.2 (later X3L2) subcommittee, and later by that subcommittee's X3.2.4 working group (now INCITS). The ASA later became the United States of America Standards Institute (USASI), and ultimately became the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code. There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rather than the lowercase alphabet. The indecision did not last long: during May 1963 the CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet proposed to assign lowercase characters to sticks 6 and 7, and International Organization for Standardization TC 97 SC 2 voted during October to incorporate the change into its draft standard. The X3.2.4 task group voted its approval for the change to ASCII at its May 1963 meeting. Locating the lowercase letters in sticks 6 and 7 caused the characters to differ in bit pattern from the upper case by a single bit, which simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers.The X3 committee made other changes, including other new characters (the brace and vertical bar characters), renaming some control characters (SOM became start of header (SOH)) and moving or removing others (RU was removed). ASCII was subsequently updated as USAS X3.4-1967, then USAS X3.4-1968, ANSI X3.4-1977, and finally, ANSI X3.4-1986.Revisions of the ASCII standard: ASA X3.4-1963 ASA X3.4-1965 (approved, but not published, nevertheless used by IBM 2260 & 2265 Display Stations and IBM 2848 Display Control) USAS X3.4-1967 USAS X3.4-1968 ANSI X3.4-1977 ANSI X3.4-1986 ANSI X3.4-1986 (R1992) ANSI X3.4-1986 (R1997) ANSI INCITS 4-1986 (R2002) ANSI INCITS 4-1986 (R2007) (ANSI) INCITS 4-1986[R2012] (ANSI) INCITS 4-1986[R2017]In the X3.15 standard, the X3 committee also addressed how ASCII should be transmitted (least significant bit first), and how it should be recorded on perforated tape. They proposed a 9-track standard for magnetic tape, and attempted to deal with some punched card formats.Design considerationsBit widthThe X3.2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems. Like other character encodings, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and character symbols (i.e. graphemes and control characters). This allows digital devices to communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information such as written language. Before ASCII was developed, the encodings in use included 26 alphabetic characters, 10 numerical digits, and from 11 to 25 special graphic symbols. To include all these, and control characters compatible with the Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique (CCITT) International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2) standard of 1924, FIELDATA (1956), and early EBCDIC (1963), more than 64 codes were required for ASCII.ITA2 was in turn based on the 5-bit telegraph code that Émile Baudot invented in 1870 and patented in 1874.The committee debated the possibility of a shift function (like in ITA2), which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code. In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes. It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for data transmission, as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable. The standards committee decided against shifting, and so ASCII required at least a seven-bit code.The committee considered an eight-bit code, since eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal. However, it would require all data transmission to send eight bits when seven could suffice. The committee voted to use a seven-bit code to minimize costs associated with data transmission. Since perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position, it also allowed for a parity bit for error checking if desired. Eight-bit machines (with octets as the native data type) that did not use parity checking typically set the eighth bit to 0.Internal organizationThe code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together and all graphic codes were together, for ease of identification. The first two so-called ASCII sticks (32 positions) were reserved for control characters. The \"space\" character had to come before graphics to make sorting easier, so it became position 20hex; for the same reason, many special signs commonly used as separators were placed before digits. The committee decided it was important to support uppercase 64-character alphabets, and chose to pattern ASCII so it could be reduced easily to a usable 64-character set of graphic codes, as was done in the DEC SIXBIT code (1963). Lowercase letters were therefore not interleaved with uppercase. To keep options available for lowercase letters and other graphics, the special and numeric codes were arranged before the letters, and the letter A was placed in position 41hex to match the draft of the corresponding British standard. The digits 0–9 are prefixed with 011, but the remaining 4 bits correspond to their respective values in binary, making conversion with binary-coded decimal straightforward.Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electric typewriters. Mechanical typewriters followed the de facto standard set by the Remington No. 2 (1878), the first typewriter with a shift key, and the shifted values of 23456789- were \"#$%_&'() early typewriters omitted 0 and 1, using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead, but 1! and 0) pairs became standard once 0 and 1 became common. Thus, in ASCII !\"#$% were placed in the second stick, positions 1–5, corresponding to the digits 1–5 in the adjacent stick. The parentheses could not correspond to 9 and 0, however, because the place corresponding to 0 was taken by the space character. This was accommodated by removing _ (underscore) from 6 and shifting the remaining characters, which corresponded to many European typewriters that placed the parentheses with 8 and 9. This discrepancy from typewriters led to bit-paired keyboards, notably the Teletype Model 33, which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII, differently from traditional mechanical typewriters. Electric typewriters, notably the IBM Selectric (1961), used a somewhat different layout that has become de facto standard on computers following the IBM PC (1981), especially Model M (1984) and thus shift values for symbols on modern keyboards do not correspond as closely to the ASCII table as earlier keyboards did. The /? pair also dates to the No. 2, and the ,< .> pairs were used on some keyboards (others, including the No. 2, did not shift , (comma) or . (full stop) so they could be used in uppercase without unshifting). However, ASCII split the ;: pair (dating to No. 2), and rearranged mathematical symbols (varied conventions, commonly -* =+) to :* ;+ -=.Some then-common typewriter characters were not included, notably ½ ¼ ¢, while ^ ` ~ were included as diacritics for international use, and < > for mathematical use, together with the simple line characters \\ | (in addition to common /). The @ symbol was not used in continental Europe and the committee expected it would be replaced by an accented À in the French variation, so the @ was placed in position 40hex, right before the letter A.The control codes felt essential for data transmission were the start of message (SOM), end of address (EOA), end of message (EOM), end of transmission (EOT), \"who are you?\" (WRU), \"are you?\" (RU), a reserved device control (DC0), synchronous idle (SYNC), and acknowledge (ACK). These were positioned to maximize the Hamming distance between their bit patterns.Character orderASCII-code order is also called ASCIIbetical order. Collation of data is sometimes done in this order rather than \"standard\" alphabetical order (collating sequence). The main deviations in ASCII order are: All uppercase come before lowercase letters; for example, \"Z\" precedes \"a\" Digits and many punctuation marks come before lettersAn intermediate order converts uppercase letters to lowercase before comparing ASCII values.Character groupsControl charactersASCII reserves the first 32 codes (numbers 0–31 decimal) for control characters: codes originally intended not to represent printable information, but rather to control devices (such as printers) that make use of ASCII, or to provide meta-information about data streams such as those stored on magnetic tape.For example, character 10 represents the \"line feed\" function (which causes a printer to advance its paper), and character 8 represents \"backspace\". refers to control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters. Except for the control characters that prescribe elementary line-oriented formatting, ASCII does not define any mechanism for describing the structure or appearance of text within a document. Other schemes, such as markup languages, address page and document layout and formatting.The original ASCII standard used only short descriptive phrases for each control character. The ambiguity this caused was sometimes intentional, for example where a character would be used slightly differently on a terminal link than on a data stream, and sometimes accidental, for example with the meaning of \"delete\".Probably the most influential single device affecting the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some ways less fragile than magnetic tape. In particular, the Teletype Model 33 machine assignments for codes 17 (Control-Q, DC1, also known as XON), 19 (Control-S, DC3, also known as XOFF), and 127 (Delete) became de facto standards. The Model 33 was also notable for taking the description of Control-G (code 7, BEL, meaning audibly alert the operator) literally, as the unit contained an actual bell which it rang when it received a BEL character. Because the keytop for the O key also showed a left-arrow symbol (from ASCII-1963, which had this character instead of underscore), a noncompliant use of code 15 (Control-O, Shift In) interpreted as \"delete previous character\" was also adopted by many early timesharing systems but eventually became neglected.When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a Control-S (XOFF, an abbreviation for transmit off), it caused the tape reader to stop; receiving Control-Q (XON, \"transmit on\") caused the tape reader to resume. This so-called flow control technique became adopted by several early computer operating systems as a \"handshaking\" signal warning a sender to stop transmission because of impending buffer overflow; it persists to this day in many systems as a manual output control technique. On some systems, Control-S retains its meaning but Control-Q is replaced by a second Control-S to resume output. The 33 ASR also could be configured to employ Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4) to start and stop the tape punch; on some units equipped with this function, the corresponding control character lettering on the keycap above the letter was TAPE and TAPE respectively.Delete vs BackspaceThe Teletype could not move its typehead backwards, so it did not have a key on its keyboard to send a BS (backspace). Instead, there was a key marked that sent code 127 (DEL). The purpose of this key was to erase mistakes in a manually-input paper tape: the operator had to push a button on the tape punch to back it up, then type the rubout, which punched all holes and replaced the mistake with a character that was intended to be ignored. Teletypes were commonly used with the less-expensive computers from Digital Equipment Corporation; these systems had to use what keys were available, and thus the DEL code was assigned to erase the previous character. Because of this, DEC video terminals (by default) sent the DEL code for the key marked \"Backspace\" while the separate key marked \"Delete\" sent an escape sequence; many other competing terminals sent a BS code for the Backspace key. The Unix terminal driver could only use one code to erase the previous character, this could be set to BS or DEL, but not both, resulting in recurring situations of ambiguity where users had to decide depending on what terminal they were using (shells that allow line editing, such as ksh, bash, and zsh, understand both). The assumption that no key sent a BS code allowed Control+H to be used for other purposes, such as the \"help\" prefix command in GNU Emacs.EscapeMany more of the control codes have been assigned meanings quite different from their original ones. The \"escape\" character (ESC, code 27), for example, was intended originally to allow sending of other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning, a so-called \"escape sequence\". This is the same meaning of \"escape\" encountered in URL encodings, C language strings, and other systems where certain characters have a reserved meaning. Over time this interpretation has been co-opted and has eventually been changed. In modern usage, an ESC sent to the terminal usually indicates the start of a command sequence usually in the form of a so-called \"ANSI escape code\" (or, more properly, a \"Control Sequence Introducer\") from ECMA-48 (1972) and its successors, beginning with ESC followed by a \"[\" (left-bracket) character. In contrast, an ESC sent from the terminal is most often used as an out-of-band character used to terminate an operation or special mode, as in the TECO and vi text editors. In graphical user interface (GUI) and windowing systems, ESC generally causes an application to abort its current operation or to exit (terminate) altogether.End of LineThe inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring \"plain text\" files between systems. The best example of this is the newline problem on various operating systems. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both \"Carriage Return\" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and \"Line Feed\" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead). The name \"Carriage Return\" comes from the fact that on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary. The entire carriage had to be pushed (returned) to the right in order to position the left margin of the paper for the next line.DEC operating systems (OS/8, RT-11, RSX-11, RSTS, TOPS-10, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the time so-called \"glass TTYs\" (later called CRTs or \"dumb terminals\") came along, the convention was so well established that backward compatibility necessitated continuing to follow it. When Gary Kildall created CP/M, he was inspired by some of the command line interface conventions used in DEC's RT-11 operating system. Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981, IBM had no influence in this because their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC encoding instead of ASCII, and they were oriented toward punch-card input and line printer output on which the concept of \"carriage return\" was meaningless. IBM's PC DOS (also marketed as MS-DOS by Microsoft) inherited the convention by virtue of being loosely based on CP/M, and Windows in turn inherited it from MS-DOS.Unfortunately, requiring two characters to mark the end of a line introduces unnecessary complexity and ambiguity as to how to interpret each character when encountered by itself. To simplify matters, plain text data streams, including files, on Multics used line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator. Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems, adopted this convention from Multics. On the other hand, the original Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS used carriage return (CR) alone as a line terminator; however, since Apple has now replaced these obsolete operating systems with the Unix-based macOS operating system, they now use line feed (LF) as well. The Radio Shack TRS-80 also used a lone CR to terminate lines.Computers attached to the ARPANET included machines running operating systems such as TOPS-10 and TENEX using CR-LF line endings; machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings; and machines running operating systems such as OS/360 that represented lines as a character count followed by the characters of the line and which used EBCDIC rather than ASCII encoding. The Telnet protocol defined an ASCII \"Network Virtual Terminal\" (NVT), so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported by transmitting a standard text format over the network. Telnet used ASCII along with CR-LF line endings, and software using other conventions would translate between the local conventions and the NVT. The File Transfer Protocol adopted the Telnet protocol, including use of the Network Virtual Terminal, for use when transmitting commands and transferring data in the default ASCII mode. This adds complexity to implementations of those protocols, and to other network protocols, such as those used for E-mail and the World Wide Web, on systems not using the NVT's CR-LF line-ending convention.End of File/StreamThe PDP-6 monitor, and its PDP-10 successor TOPS-10, used Control-Z (SUB) as an end-of-file indication for input from a terminal. Some operating systems such as CP/M tracked file length only in units of disk blocks, and used Control-Z to mark the end of the actual text in the file. For these reasons, EOF, or end-of-file, was used colloquially and conventionally as a three-letter acronym for Control-Z instead of SUBstitute. The end-of-text code (ETX), also known as Control-C, was inappropriate for a variety of reasons, while using Z as the control code to end a file is analogous to its position at the end of the alphabet, and serves as a very convenient mnemonic aid. A historically common and still prevalent convention uses the ETX code convention to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard.In C library and Unix conventions, the null character is used to terminate text strings; such null-terminated strings can be known in abbreviation as ASCIZ or ASCIIZ, where here Z stands for \"zero\".Control code chartOther representations might be used by specialist equipment, for example ISO 2047 graphics or hexadecimal numbers.Printable charactersCodes 20hex to 7Ehex, known as the printable characters, represent letters, digits, punctuation marks, and a few miscellaneous symbols. There are 95 printable characters in total.Code 20hex, the \"space\" character, denotes the space between words, as produced by the space bar of a keyboard. Since the space character is considered an invisible graphic (rather than a control character) it is listed in the table below instead of in the previous section.Code 7Fhex corresponds to the non-printable \"delete\" (DEL) control character and is therefore omitted from this chart; it is covered in the previous section's chart. Earlier versions of ASCII used the up arrow instead of the caret (5Ehex) and the left arrow instead of the underscore (5Fhex).Character setUsageASCII was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network. TWX originally used the earlier five-bit ITA2, which was also used by the competing Telex teleprinter system. Bob Bemer introduced features such as the escape sequence. His British colleague Hugh McGregor Ross helped to popularize this work according to Bemer, \"so much so that the code that was to become ASCII was first called the Bemer–Ross Code in Europe\". Because of his extensive work on ASCII, Bemer has been called \"the father of ASCII\".On March 11, 1968, US President Lyndon B. Johnson mandated that all computers purchased by the United States Federal Government support ASCII, stating:I have also approved recommendations of the Secretary of Commerce [Luther H. Hodges] regarding standards for recording the Standard Code for Information Interchange on magnetic tapes and paper tapes when they are used in computer operations.All computers and related equipment configurations brought into the Federal Government inventory on and after July 1, 1969, must have the capability to use the Standard Code for Information Interchange and the formats prescribed by the magnetic tape and paper tape standards when these media are used.ASCII was the most common character encoding on the World Wide Web until December 2007, when UTF-8 encoding surpassed it; UTF-8 is backward compatible with ASCII.Variants and derivationsAs computer technology spread throughout the world, different standards bodies and corporations developed many variations of ASCII to facilitate the expression of non-English languages that used Roman-based alphabets. One could class some of these variations as \"ASCII extensions\", although some misuse that term to represent all variants, including those that do not preserve ASCII's character-map in the 7-bit range. Furthermore, the ASCII extensions have also been mislabelled as ASCII.7-bit codesFrom early in its development, ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard.Other international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as ISO 646 (1967) that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII, with extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States, such as the symbol for the United Kingdom's pound sterling (£); e.g. with code page 1104. Almost every country needed an adapted version of ASCII, since ASCII suited the needs of only the US and a few other countries. For example, Canada had its own version that supported French characters.Many other countries developed variants of ASCII to include non-English letters (e.g. é, ñ, ß, Ł), currency symbols (e.g. £, ¥), etc. See also YUSCII (Yugoslavia).It would share most characters in common, but assign other locally useful characters to several code points reserved for \"national use\". However, the four years that elapsed between the publication of ASCII-1963 and ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation during 1967 caused ASCII's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world, causing confusion and incompatibility once other countries did begin to make their own assignments to these code points.ISO/IEC 646, like ASCII, is a 7-bit character set. It does not make any additional codes available, so the same code points encoded different characters in different countries. Escape codes were defined to indicate which national variant applied to a piece of text, but they were rarely used, so it was often impossible to know what variant to work with and, therefore, which character a code represented, and in general, text-processing systems could cope with only one variant anyway.Because the bracket and brace characters of ASCII were assigned to \"national use\" code points that were used for accented letters in other national variants of ISO/IEC 646, a German, French, or Swedish, etc. programmer using their national variant of ISO/IEC 646, rather than ASCII, had to write, and, thus, read, something such asä aÄiÜ = 'Ön'; üinstead of{ a[i] = '\\n'; }C trigraphs were created to solve this problem for ANSI C, although their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers limited their use. Many programmers kept their computers on US-ASCII, so plain-text in Swedish, German etc. (for example, in e-mail or Usenet) contained \"{, }\" and similar variants in the middle of words, something those programmers got used to. For example, a Swedish programmer mailing another programmer asking if they should go for lunch, could get \"N{ jag har sm|rg}sar\" as the answer, which should be \"Nä jag har smörgåsar\" meaning \"No I've got sandwiches\".In Japan and Korea, still a variation of ASCII is used, in which the backslash (5C hex) is rendered as ¥ (a Yen sign, in Japan) or ₩ (a Won sign, in Korea). This means that, for example, the file path C:\\Users\\Smith is shown as C:¥Users¥Smith (in Japan) or C:₩Users₩Smith (in Korea).8-bit codesEventually, as 8-, 16-, and 32-bit (and later 64-bit) computers began to replace 12-, 18-, and 36-bit computers as the norm, it became common to use an 8-bit byte to store each character in memory, providing an opportunity for extended, 8-bit relatives of ASCII. In most cases these developed as true extensions of ASCII, leaving the original character-mapping intact, but adding additional character definitions after the first 128 (i.e., 7-bit) characters.Encodings include ISCII (India), VISCII (Vietnam). Although these encodings are sometimes referred to as ASCII, true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard.Most early home computer systems developed their own 8-bit character sets containing line-drawing and game glyphs, and often filled in some or all of the control characters from 0 to 31 with more graphics. Kaypro CP/M computers used the \"upper\" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet.The PETSCII code Commodore International used for their 8-bit systems is probably unique among post-1970 codes in being based on ASCII-1963, instead of the more common ASCII-1967, such as found on the ZX Spectrum computer. Atari 8-bit computers and Galaksija computers also used ASCII variants.The IBM PC defined code page 437, which replaced the control characters with graphic symbols such as smiley faces, and mapped additional graphic characters to the upper 128 positions. Operating systems such as DOS supported these code pages, and manufacturers of IBM PCs supported them in hardware. Digital Equipment Corporation developed the Multinational Character Set (DEC-MCS) for use in the popular VT220 terminal as one of the first extensions designed more for international languages than for block graphics. The Macintosh defined Mac OS Roman and Postscript also defined a set, both of these contained both international letters and typographic punctuation marks instead of graphics, more like modern character sets.The ISO/IEC 8859 standard (derived from the DEC-MCS) finally provided a standard that most systems copied (at least as accurately as they copied ASCII, but with many substitutions). A popular further extension designed by Microsoft, Windows-1252 (often mislabeled as ISO-8859-1), added the typographic punctuation marks needed for traditional text printing. ISO-8859-1, Windows-1252, and the original 7-bit ASCII were the most common character encodings until 2008 when UTF-8 became more common.ISO/IEC 4873 introduced 32 additional control codes defined in the 80–9F hexadecimal range, as part of extending the 7-bit ASCII encoding to become an 8-bit system.UnicodeUnicode and the ISO/IEC 10646 Universal Character Set (UCS) have a much wider array of characters and their various encoding forms have begun to supplant ISO/IEC 8859 and ASCII rapidly in many environments. While ASCII is limited to 128 characters, Unicode and the UCS support more characters by separating the concepts of unique identification (using natural numbers called code points) and encoding (to 8-, 16-, or 32-bit binary formats, called UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32, respectively).ASCII was incorporated into the Unicode (1991) character set as the first 128 symbols, so the 7-bit ASCII characters have the same numeric codes in both sets. This allows UTF-8 to be backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII, as a UTF-8 file containing only ASCII characters is identical to an ASCII file containing the same sequence of characters. Even more importantly, forward compatibility is ensured as software that recognizes only 7-bit ASCII characters as special and does not alter bytes with the highest bit set (as is often done to support 8-bit ASCII extensions such as ISO-8859-1) will preserve UTF-8 data unchanged.See also 3568 ASCII, an asteroid named after the character encoding Alt codes Ascii85 ASCII art ASCII Ribbon Campaign Basic Latin (Unicode block) (ASCII as a subset of Unicode) Extended ASCII HTML decimal character rendering Jargon File, a glossary of computer programmer slang which includes a list of common slang names for ASCII characters List of computer character sets List of Unicode charactersNotesReferencesFurther reading from:External links Computer-related introductions in 1963Character setsCharacter encodingLatin-script representationsPresentation layer protocols"}
+{"text": "Austin is the capital of Texas in the United States.Austin may also refer to:Geographical locationsAustralia Austin, Western AustraliaCanada Austin, Manitoba Austin, Ontario Austin, Quebec Austin Island, NunavutFrance Saint-Austin, hamlet at la Neuville-Chant-d'Oisel, NormandyHong Kong Austin station (MTR), KowloonUnited States Austin, Arkansas Austin, Colorado Austin Township, Macon County, Illinois Austin, Chicago, Cook County, Illinois Austin, Indiana Austin, Kentucky Austin, Minnesota Austin, Missouri Austin, Nevada Austin, Ohio Austin, Oregon Austin, Pennsylvania Austin, Texas Austin County, Texas (note that the city of Austin, Texas is located in Travis County)Schools Austin College, Sherman, Texas University of Texas at Austin, flagship institution of the University of Texas System Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TennesseeReligion Augustine of Hippo An adjective for the AugustiniansBusiness American Austin Car Company, short-lived American automobile maker Austin Automobile Company, short-lived American automobile company Austin Motor Company, British car manufacturer Austin cookies and crackers, Keebler Company brandEntertainment \"Austin\" (song), a single by Blake Shelton Austin, a kangaroo Beanie Baby produced by Ty, Inc. Austin the kangaroo from the children's television series The BackyardigansOther uses Austin (building), a building designed by artist Ellsworth Kelly under construction in Austin, Texas Austin (given name), a short form of Augustin, or Augustine, including fictional characters Austin (surname) USS Austin, three shipsSee also All pages beginning with Austin August (disambiguation) Augustin (disambiguation) Augustine (disambiguation) Austin station (disambiguation) Austins (disambiguation) Austen (disambiguation) Justice Austin (disambiguation) Austinburg (disambiguation)"}
+{"text": "Animation is a method in which figures are manipulated to appear as moving images. In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film. Today, most animations are made with computer-generated imagery (CGI). Computer animation can be very detailed 3D animation, while 2D computer animation (which may have the look of traditional animation) can be used for stylistic reasons, low bandwidth, or faster real-time renderings. Other common animation methods apply a stop motion technique to two- and three-dimensional objects like paper cutouts, puppets, or clay figures.An animated cartoon is an animated film, usually a short film aimed at children and featuring an exaggerated visual style. The style takes inspiration from comic strips, often featuring anthropomorphic animals, superheroes, or the adventures of child protagonists. Especially with animals that form a natural predator/prey relationship (e.g. cats and mice, coyotes and birds) the action often centers around violent pratfalls such as falls, collisions and explosions that would be lethal in real life. Commonly, animators achieved the effect by a rapid succession of images that minimally differ from each other. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon and beta movement, but the exact causes are still uncertain. Analog mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the phénakisticope, zoetrope, flip book, praxinoscope, and film. Television and video are popular electronic animation media that originally were analog and now operate digitally. For display on computers, technology such as the animated GIF and Flash animation were developed.In addition to short films, feature films, television series, animated GIFs, and other media dedicated to the display of moving images, animation is also prevalent in video games, motion graphics, user interfaces, and visual effects.The physical movement of image parts through simple mechanics—for instance moving images in magic lantern shows—can also be considered animation. The mechanical manipulation of three-dimensional puppets and objects to emulate living beings has a very long history in automata. Electronic automata were popularized by Disney as animatronics.EtymologyThe word \"animation\" stems from the Latin \"animātiōn\", stem of \"animātiō\", meaning \"a bestowing of life\". The primary meaning of the English word is \"liveliness\" and has been in use much longer than the meaning of \"moving image medium\".HistoryBefore cinematographyHundreds of years before the introduction of true animation, people all over the world enjoyed shows with moving figures that were created and manipulated manually in puppetry, automata, shadow play, and the magic lantern. The multi-media phantasmagoria shows that were very popular in European theatres from the late 18th century through the first half of the 19th century, featured lifelike projections of moving ghosts and other frightful imagery in motion.In 1833, the stroboscopic disc (better known as the phénakisticope) introduced the principle of modern animation with sequential images that were shown one by one in quick succession to form an optical illusion of motion pictures. Series of sequential images had occasionally been made over thousands of years, but the stroboscopic disc provided the first method to represent such images in fluent motion and for the first time had artists creating series with a proper systematic breakdown of movements. The stroboscopic animation principle was also applied in the zoetrope (1866), the flip book (1868) and the praxinoscope (1877). A typical 19th-century animation contained about 12 images that were displayed as a continuous loop by spinning a device manually. The flip book often contained more pictures and had a beginning and end, but its animation would not last longer than a few seconds. The first to create much longer sequences seems to have been Charles-Émile Reynaud, who between 1892 and 1900 had much success with his 10- to 15-minute-long Pantomimes Lumineuses.Silent eraWhen cinematography eventually broke through in 1895 after animated pictures had been known for decades, the wonder of the realistic details in the new medium was seen as its biggest accomplishment. Animation on film was not commercialized until a few years later by manufacturers of optical toys, with chromolithography film loops (often traced from live-action footage) for adapted toy magic lanterns intended for kids to use at home. It would take some more years before animation reached movie theaters.After earlier experiments by movie pioneers J. Stuart Blackton, Arthur Melbourne-Cooper, Segundo de Chomón, and Edwin S. Porter (among others), Blackton's The Haunted Hotel (1907) was the first huge stop motion success, baffling audiences by showing objects that apparently moved by themselves in full photographic detail, without signs of any known stage trick.Émile Cohl's Fantasmagorie (1908) is the oldest known example of what became known as traditional (hand-drawn) animation. Other great artistic and very influential short films were created by Ladislas Starevich with his puppet animations since 1910 and by Winsor McCay with detailed drawn animation in films such as Little Nemo (1911) and Gertie the Dinosaur (1914).During the 1910s, the production of animated \"cartoons\" became an industry in the US. Successful producer John Randolph Bray and animator Earl Hurd, patented the cel animation process that dominated the animation industry for the rest of the century. Felix the Cat, who debuted in 1919, became the first animated superstar.American golden ageIn 1928, Steamboat Willie, featuring Mickey Mouse and Minnie Mouse, popularized film with synchronized sound and put Walt Disney's studio at the forefront of the animation industry.The enormous success of Mickey Mouse is seen as the start of the golden age of American animation that would last until the 1960s. The United States dominated the world market of animation with a plethora of cel-animated theatrical shorts. Several studios would introduce characters that would become very popular and would have long-lasting careers, including Maria Butinova Studios' Mapmo (1924), The Leo King Knott (1931), Walt Disney Productions' Goofy (1932) and Donald Duck (1934), Warner Bros. Cartoons' Looney Tunes characters like Porky Pig (1935), Daffy Duck (1937), Bugs Bunny (1938–1940), Tweety (1941–1942), Sylvester the Cat (1945), Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner (1949), Fleischer Studios/Paramount Cartoon Studios' Betty Boop (1930), Popeye (1933), Superman (1941) and Casper (1945), MGM cartoon studio's Tom and Jerry (1940) and Droopy, Walter Lantz Productions/Universal Studio Cartoons' Woody Woodpecker (1940), Terrytoons/20th Century Fox's Dinky Duck (1939), Mighty Mouse (1942) and Heckle and Jeckle (1946) and United Artists' Pink Panther (1963).Features before CGIIn 1917, Italian-Argentine director Quirino Cristiani made the first feature-length film El Apóstol (now lost), which became a critical and commercial success. It was followed by Cristiani's Sin dejar rastros in 1918, but one day after its premiere, the film was confiscated by the government.After working on it for three years, Lotte Reiniger released the German feature-length silhouette animation Die Abenteuer des Prinzen Achmed in 1926, the oldest extant animated feature.In 1937, Walt Disney Studios premiered their first animated feature, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, still one of the highest-grossing traditional animation features . The Fleischer studios followed this example in 1939 with Gulliver's Travels with some success. Partly due to foreign markets being cut off by the Second World War, Disney's next features Pinocchio, Fantasia (both 1940) and Fleischer Studios' second animated feature Mr. Bug Goes to Town (1941–1942) failed at the box office. For decades afterward, Disney would be the only American studio to regularly produce animated features, until Ralph Bakshi became the first to also release more than a handful features. Sullivan-Bluth Studios began to regularly produce animated features starting with An American Tail in 1986.Although relatively few titles became as successful as Disney's features, other countries developed their own animation industries that produced both short and feature theatrical animations in a wide variety of styles, relatively often including stop motion and cutout animation techniques. Russia's Soyuzmultfilm animation studio, founded in 1936, produced 20 films (including shorts) per year on average and reached 1,582 titles in 2018. China, Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic, Italy, France, and Belgium were other countries that more than occasionally released feature films, while Japan became a true powerhouse of animation production, with its own recognizable and influential anime style of effective limited animation.TelevisionAnimation became very popular on television since the 1950s, when television sets started to become common in most developed countries. Cartoons were mainly programmed for children, on convenient time slots, and especially US youth spent many hours watching Saturday-morning cartoons. Many classic cartoons found a new life on the small screen and by the end of the 1950s, the production of new animated cartoons started to shift from theatrical releases to TV series. Hanna-Barbera Productions was especially prolific and had huge hit series, such as The Flintstones (1960–1966) (the first prime time animated series), Scooby-Doo (since 1969) and Belgian co-production The Smurfs (1981–1989). The constraints of American television programming and the demand for an enormous quantity resulted in cheaper and quicker limited animation methods and much more formulaic scripts. Quality dwindled until more daring animation surfaced in the late 1980s and in the early 1990s with hit series such as The Simpsons (since 1989) as part of a \"renaissance\" of American animation.While US animated series also spawned successes internationally, many other countries produced their own child-oriented programming, relatively often preferring stop motion and puppetry over cel animation. Japanese anime TV series became very successful internationally since the 1960s, and European producers looking for affordable cel animators relatively often started co-productions with Japanese studios, resulting in hit series such as Barbapapa (The Netherlands/Japan/France 1973–1977), Wickie und die starken Männer/小さなバイキング ビッケ (Vicky the Viking) (Austria/Germany/Japan 1974), and The Jungle Book (Italy/Japan 1989).Switch from cels to computersComputer animation was gradually developed since the 1940s. 3D wireframe animation started popping up in the mainstream in the 1970s, with an early (short) appearance in the sci-fi thriller Futureworld (1976).The Rescuers Down Under was the first feature film to be completely created digitally without a camera. It was produced in a style that's very similar to traditional cel animation on the Computer Animation Production System (CAPS), developed by The Walt Disney Company in collaboration with Pixar in the late 1980s.The so-called 3D style, more often associated with computer animation, has become extremely popular since Pixar's Toy Story (1995), the first computer-animated feature in this style.Most of the cel animation studios switched to producing mostly computer animated films around the 1990s, as it proved cheaper and more profitable. Not only the very popular 3D animation style was generated with computers, but also most of the films and series with a more traditional hand-crafted appearance, in which the charming characteristics of cel animation could be emulated with software, while new digital tools helped developing new styles and effects.Economic statusIn 2008, the animation market was worth US$68.4 billion. Animated feature-length films returned the highest gross margins (around 52%) of all film genres between 2004 and 2013. Animation as an art and industry continues to thrive as of the early 2020s.Education, propaganda and commercialsThe clarity of animation makes it a powerful tool for instruction, while its total malleability also allows exaggeration that can be employed to convey strong emotions and to thwart reality. It has therefore been widely used for other purposes than mere entertainment.During World War II, animation was widely exploited for propaganda. Many American studios, including Warner Bros. and Disney, lent their talents and their cartoon characters to convey to the public certain war values. Some countries, including China, Japan and the United Kingdom, produced their first feature-length animation for their war efforts.Animation has been very popular in television commercials, both due to its graphic appeal, and the humour it can provide. Some animated characters in commercials have survived for decades, such as Snap, Crackle and Pop in advertisements for Kellogg's cereals. The legendary animation director Tex Avery was the producer of the first Raid \"Kills Bugs Dead\" commercials in 1966, which were very successful for the company.Other media, merchandise and theme parksApart from their success in movie theaters and television series, many cartoon characters would also prove extremely lucrative when licensed for all kinds of merchandise and for other media.Animation has traditionally been very closely related to comic books. While many comic book characters found their way to the screen (which is often the case in Japan, where many manga are adapted into anime), original animated characters also commonly appear in comic books and magazines. Somewhat similarly, characters and plots for video games (an interactive animation medium) have been derived from films and vice versa.Some of the original content produced for the screen can be used and marketed in other media. Stories and images can easily be adapted into children's books and other printed media. Songs and music have appeared on records and as streaming media.While very many animation companies commercially exploit their creations outside moving image media, The Walt Disney Company is the best known and most extreme example. Since first being licensed for a children's writing tablet in 1929, their Mickey Mouse mascot has been depicted on an enormous amount of products, as have many other Disney characters. This may have influenced some pejorative use of Mickey's name, but licensed Disney products sell well, and the so-called Disneyana has many avid collectors, and even a dedicated Disneyana fanclub (since 1984).Disneyland opened in 1955 and features many attractions that were based on Disney's cartoon characters. Its enormous success spawned several other Disney theme parks and resorts. Disney's earnings from the theme parks have relatively often been higher than those from their movies.CriticismCriticism of animation has been common in media and cinema since its inception. With its popularity, a large amount of criticism has arisen, especially animated feature-length films. Many concerns of cultural representation, psychological effects on children have been brought up around the animation industry, which has remained rather politically unchanged and stagnant since its inception into mainstream culture.AwardsAs with any other form of media, animation has instituted awards for excellence in the field. The original awards for animation were presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for animated shorts from the year 1932, during the 5th Academy Awards function. The first winner of the Academy Award was the short Flowers and Trees, a production by Walt Disney Productions. The Academy Award for a feature-length animated motion picture was only instituted for the year 2001, and awarded during the 74th Academy Awards in 2002. It was won by the film Shrek, produced by DreamWorks and Pacific Data Images. Disney Animation and Pixar has produced the most films either to win or be nominated for the award. Beauty and the Beast was the first animated film nominated for Best Picture. Up and Toy Story 3 also received Best Picture nominations after the Academy expanded the number of nominees from five to ten. Academy Award for Best Animated Feature Academy Award for Best Animated Short FilmSeveral other countries have instituted an award for the best-animated feature film as part of their national film awards: Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Animation (since 2008), BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film (since 2006), César Award for Best Animated Film (since 2011), Golden Rooster Award for Best Animation (since 1981), Goya Award for Best Animated Film (since 1989), Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year (since 2007), National Film Award for Best Animated Film (since 2006). Also since 2007, the Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Animated Feature Film has been awarded at the Asia Pacific Screen Awards. Since 2009, the European Film Awards have awarded the European Film Award for Best Animated Film.The Annie Award is another award presented for excellence in the field of animation. Unlike the Academy Awards, the Annie Awards are only received for achievements in the field of animation and not for any other field of technical and artistic endeavour. They were re-organized in 1992 to create a new field for Best Animated Feature. The 1990s winners were dominated by Walt Disney; however, newer studios, led by Pixar & DreamWorks, have now begun to consistently vie for this award. The list of awardees is as follows: Annie Award for Best Animated Feature Annie Award for Best Animated Short Subject Annie Award for Best Animated Television ProductionProductionThe creation of non-trivial animation works (i.e., longer than a few seconds) has developed as a form of filmmaking, with certain unique aspects. Traits common to both live-action and animated feature-length films are labor intensity and high production costs.The most important difference is that once a film is in the production phase, the marginal cost of one more shot is higher for animated films than live-action films. It is relatively easy for a director to ask for one more take during principal photography of a live-action film, but every take on an animated film must be manually rendered by animators (although the task of rendering slightly different takes has been made less tedious by modern computer animation). It is pointless for a studio to pay the salaries of dozens of animators to spend weeks creating a visually dazzling five-minute scene if that scene fails to effectively advance the plot of the film. Thus, animation studios starting with Disney began the practice in the 1930s of maintaining story departments where storyboard artists develop every single scene through storyboards, then handing the film over to the animators only after the production team is satisfied that all the scenes make sense as a whole. While live-action films are now also storyboarded, they enjoy more latitude to depart from storyboards (i.e., real-time improvisation).Another problem unique to animation is the requirement to maintain a film's consistency from start to finish, even as films have grown longer and teams have grown larger. Animators, like all artists, necessarily have individual styles, but must subordinate their individuality in a consistent way to whatever style is employed on a particular film. Since the early 1980s, teams of about 500 to 600 people, of whom 50 to 70 are animators, typically have created feature-length animated films. It is relatively easy for two or three artists to match their styles; synchronizing those of dozens of artists is more difficult.This problem is usually solved by having a separate group of visual development artists develop an overall look and palette for each film before the animation begins. Character designers on the visual development team draw model sheets to show how each character should look like with different facial expressions, posed in different positions, and viewed from different angles. On traditionally animated projects, maquettes were often sculpted to further help the animators see how characters would look from different angles.Unlike live-action films, animated films were traditionally developed beyond the synopsis stage through the storyboard format; the storyboard artists would then receive credit for writing the film. In the early 1960s, animation studios began hiring professional screenwriters to write screenplays (while also continuing to use story departments) and screenplays had become commonplace for animated films by the late 1980s.TechniquesTraditionalTraditional animation (also called cel animation or hand-drawn animation) was the process used for most animated films of the 20th century. The individual frames of a traditionally animated film are photographs of drawings, first drawn on paper. To create the illusion of movement, each drawing differs slightly from the one before it. The animators' drawings are traced or photocopied onto transparent acetate sheets called cels, which are filled in with paints in assigned colors or tones on the side opposite the line drawings. The completed character cels are photographed one-by-one against a painted background by a rostrum camera onto motion picture film.The traditional cel animation process became obsolete by the beginning of the 21st century. Today, animators' drawings and the backgrounds are either scanned into or drawn directly into a computer system. Various software programs are used to color the drawings and simulate camera movement and effects. The final animated piece is output to one of several delivery media, including traditional 35 mm film and newer media with digital video. The \"look\" of traditional cel animation is still preserved, and the character animators' work has remained essentially the same over the past 70 years. Some animation producers have used the term \"tradigital\" (a play on the words \"traditional\" and \"digital\") to describe cel animation that uses significant computer technology.Examples of traditionally animated feature films include Pinocchio (United States, 1940), Animal Farm (United Kingdom, 1954), Lucky and Zorba (Italy, 1998), and The Illusionist (British-French, 2010). Traditionally animated films produced with the aid of computer technology include The Lion King (US, 1994), The Prince of Egypt (US, 1998), Akira (Japan, 1988), Spirited Away (Japan, 2001), The Triplets of Belleville (France, 2003), and The Secret of Kells (Irish-French-Belgian, 2009).FullFull animation refers to the process of producing high-quality traditionally animated films that regularly use detailed drawings and plausible movement, having a smooth animation. Fully animated films can be made in a variety of styles, from more realistically animated works like those produced by the Walt Disney studio (The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, The Lion King) to the more 'cartoon' styles of the Warner Bros. animation studio. Many of the Disney animated features are examples of full animation, as are non-Disney works, The Secret of NIMH (US, 1982), The Iron Giant (US, 1999), and Nocturna (Spain, 2007). Fully animated films are animated at 24 frames per second, with a combination of animation on ones and twos, meaning that drawings can be held for one frame out of 24 or two frames out of 24.LimitedLimited animation involves the use of less detailed or more stylized drawings and methods of movement usually a choppy or \"skippy\" movement animation. Limited animation uses fewer drawings per second, thereby limiting the fluidity of the animation. This is a more economic technique. Pioneered by the artists at the American studio United Productions of America, limited animation can be used as a method of stylized artistic expression, as in Gerald McBoing-Boing (US, 1951), Yellow Submarine (UK, 1968), and certain anime produced in Japan. Its primary use, however, has been in producing cost-effective animated content for media for television (the work of Hanna-Barbera, Filmation, and other TV animation studios) and later the Internet (web cartoons).RotoscopingRotoscoping is a technique patented by Max Fleischer in 1917 where animators trace live-action movement, frame by frame. The source film can be directly copied from actors' outlines into animated drawings, as in The Lord of the Rings (US, 1978), or used in a stylized and expressive manner, as in Waking Life (US, 2001) and A Scanner Darkly (US, 2006). Some other examples are Fire and Ice (US, 1983), Heavy Metal (1981), and Aku no Hana (Japan, 2013).Live-action blendingLive-action/animation is a technique combining hand-drawn characters into live action shots or live-action actors into animated shots. One of the earlier uses was in Koko the Clown when Koko was drawn over live-action footage. Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks created a series of Alice Comedies (1923–1927), in which a live-action girl enters an animated world. Other examples include Allegro Non Troppo (Italy, 1976), Who Framed Roger Rabbit (US, 1988), Volere volare (Italy 1991), Space Jam (US, 1996) and Osmosis Jones (US, 2001).Stop motionStop-motion animation is used to describe animation created by physically manipulating real-world objects and photographing them one frame of film at a time to create the illusion of movement. There are many different types of stop-motion animation, usually named after the medium used to create the animation. Computer software is widely available to create this type of animation; traditional stop-motion animation is usually less expensive but more time-consuming to produce than current computer animation. Puppet animation Typically involves stop-motion puppet figures interacting in a constructed environment, in contrast to real-world interaction in model animation. The puppets generally have an armature inside of them to keep them still and steady to constrain their motion to particular joints. Examples include The Tale of the Fox (France, 1937), The Nightmare Before Christmas (US, 1993), Corpse Bride (US, 2005), Coraline (US, 2009), the films of Jiří Trnka and the adult animated sketch-comedy television series Robot Chicken (US, 2005–present). Puppetoon Created using techniques developed by George Pal, are puppet-animated films that typically use a different version of a puppet for different frames, rather than simply manipulating one existing puppet. Clay animation or Plasticine animation (Often called claymation, which, however, is a trademarked name). It uses figures made of clay or a similar malleable material to create stop-motion animation. The figures may have an armature or wire frame inside, similar to the related puppet animation (below), that can be manipulated to pose the figures. Alternatively, the figures may be made entirely of clay, in the films of Bruce Bickford, where clay creatures morph into a variety of different shapes. Examples of clay-animated works include The Gumby Show (US, 1957–1967), Mio Mao (Italy, 1974–2005), Morph shorts (UK, 1977–2000), Wallace and Gromit shorts (UK, as of 1989), Jan Švankmajer's Dimensions of Dialogue (Czechoslovakia, 1982), The Trap Door (UK, 1984). Films include Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit, Chicken Run and The Adventures of Mark Twain. Strata-cut animation Most commonly a form of clay animation in which a long bread-like \"loaf\" of clay, internally packed tight and loaded with varying imagery, is sliced into thin sheets, with the animation camera taking a frame of the end of the loaf for each cut, eventually revealing the movement of the internal images within. Cutout animation A type of stop-motion animation produced by moving two-dimensional pieces of material paper or cloth. Examples include Terry Gilliam's animated sequences from Monty Python's Flying Circus (UK, 1969–1974); Fantastic Planet (France/Czechoslovakia, 1973); Tale of Tales (Russia, 1979), The pilot episode of the adult television sitcom series (and sometimes in episodes) of South Park (US, 1997) and the music video Live for the moment, from Verona Riots band (produced by Alberto Serrano and Nívola Uyá, Spain 2014). Silhouette animation A variant of cutout animation in which the characters are backlit and only visible as silhouettes. Examples include The Adventures of Prince Achmed (Weimar Republic, 1926) and Princes et Princesses (France, 2000). Model animation Refers to stop-motion animation created to interact with and exist as a part of a live-action world. Intercutting, matte effects and split screens are often employed to blend stop-motion characters or objects with live actors and settings. Examples include the work of Ray Harryhausen, as seen in films, Jason and the Argonauts (1963), and the work of Willis H. O'Brien on films, King Kong (1933).Go motion A variant of model animation that uses various techniques to create motion blur between frames of film, which is not present in traditional stop motion. The technique was invented by Industrial Light & Magic and Phil Tippett to create special effect scenes for the film The Empire Strikes Back (1980). Another example is the dragon named \"Vermithrax\" from the 1981 film Dragonslayer. Object animation Refers to the use of regular inanimate objects in stop-motion animation, as opposed to specially created items. Graphic animation Uses non-drawn flat visual graphic material (photographs, newspaper clippings, magazines, etc.), which are sometimes manipulated frame by frame to create movement. At other times, the graphics remain stationary, while the stop-motion camera is moved to create on-screen action. Brickfilm A subgenre of object animation involving using Lego or other similar brick toys to make an animation. These have had a recent boost in popularity with the advent of video sharing sites, YouTube and the availability of cheap cameras and animation software. Pixilation Involves the use of live humans as stop-motion characters. This allows for a number of surreal effects, including disappearances and reappearances, allowing people to appear to slide across the ground, and other effects. Examples of pixilation include The Secret Adventures of Tom Thumb and Angry Kid shorts, and the Academy Award-winning Neighbours by Norman McLaren.ComputerComputer animation encompasses a variety of techniques, the unifying factor being that the animation is created digitally on a computer. 2D animation techniques tend to focus on image manipulation while 3D techniques usually build virtual worlds in which characters and objects move and interact. 3D animation can create images that seem real to the viewer.2D2D animation figures are created or edited on the computer using 2D bitmap graphics and 2D vector graphics. This includes automated computerized versions of traditional animation techniques, interpolated morphing, onion skinning and interpolated rotoscoping.2D animation has many applications, including analog computer animation, Flash animation, and PowerPoint animation. Cinemagraphs are still photographs in the form of an animated GIF file of which part is animated.Final line advection animation is a technique used in 2D animation, to give artists and animators more influence and control over the final product as everything is done within the same department. Speaking about using this approach in Paperman, John Kahrs said that \"Our animators can change things, actually erase away the CG underlayer if they want, and change the profile of the arm.\"3D3D animation is digitally modeled and manipulated by an animator. The 3D model maker usually starts by creating a 3D polygon mesh for the animator to manipulate. A mesh typically includes many vertices that are connected by edges and faces, which give the visual appearance of form to a 3D object or 3D environment. Sometimes, the mesh is given an internal digital skeletal structure called an armature that can be used to control the mesh by weighting the vertices. This process is called rigging and can be used in conjunction with key frames to create movement.Other techniques can be applied, mathematical functions (e.g., gravity, particle simulations), simulated fur or hair, and effects, fire and water simulations. These techniques fall under the category of 3D dynamics.Terms Cel-shaded animation is used to mimic traditional animation using computer software. The shading looks stark, with less blending of colors. Examples include Skyland (2007, France), The Iron Giant (1999, United States), Futurama (1999, United States) Appleseed Ex Machina (2007, Japan), The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker (2002, Japan), The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild (2017, Japan) Machinima – Films created by screen capturing in video games and virtual worlds. The term originated from the software introduction in the 1980s demoscene, as well as the 1990s recordings of the first-person shooter video game Quake. Motion capture is used when live-action actors wear special suits that allow computers to copy their movements into CG characters. Examples include Polar Express (2004, US), Beowulf (2007, US), A Christmas Carol (2009, US), The Adventures of Tintin (2011, US) kochadiiyan (2014, India) Computer animation is used primarily for animation that attempts to resemble real life, using advanced rendering that mimics in detail skin, plants, water, fire, clouds, etc. Examples include Up (2009, US), How to Train Your Dragon (2010, US) Physically based animation is animation using computer simulations.Mechanical Animatronics is the use of mechatronics to create machines that seem animate rather than robotic. Audio-Animatronics and Autonomatronics is a form of robotics animation, combined with 3-D animation, created by Walt Disney Imagineering for shows and attractions at Disney theme parks move and make noise (generally a recorded speech or song). They are fixed to whatever supports them. They can sit and stand, and they cannot walk. An Audio-Animatron is different from an android-type robot in that it uses prerecorded movements and sounds, rather than responding to external stimuli. In 2009, Disney created an interactive version of the technology called Autonomatronics. Linear Animation Generator is a form of animation by using static picture frames installed in a tunnel or a shaft. The animation illusion is created by putting the viewer in a linear motion, parallel to the installed picture frames. The concept and the technical solution were invented in 2007 by Mihai Girlovan in Romania. Chuckimation is a type of animation created by the makers of the television series Action League Now! in which characters/props are thrown, or chucked from off camera or wiggled around to simulate talking by unseen hands. The magic lantern used mechanical slides to project moving images, probably since Christiaan Huygens invented this early image projector in 1659.Other Hydrotechnics: a technique that includes lights, water, fire, fog, and lasers, with high-definition projections on mist screens. Drawn on film animation: a technique where footage is produced by creating the images directly on film stock; for example, by Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage. Paint-on-glass animation: a technique for making animated films by manipulating slow drying oil paints on sheets of glass, for example by Aleksandr Petrov. Erasure animation: a technique using traditional 2D media, photographed over time as the artist manipulates the image. For example, William Kentridge is famous for his charcoal erasure films, and Piotr Dumała for his auteur technique of animating scratches on plaster. Pinscreen animation: makes use of a screen filled with movable pins that can be moved in or out by pressing an object onto the screen. The screen is lit from the side so that the pins cast shadows. The technique has been used to create animated films with a range of textural effects difficult to achieve with traditional cel animation. Sand animation: sand is moved around on a back- or front-lighted piece of glass to create each frame for an animated film. This creates an interesting effect when animated because of the light contrast. Flip book: a flip book (sometimes, especially in British English, called a flick book) is a book with a series of pictures that vary gradually from one page to the next, so that when the pages are turned rapidly, the pictures appear to animate by simulating motion or some other change. Flip books are often illustrated books for children, they also are geared towards adults and employ a series of photographs rather than drawings. Flip books are not always separate books, they appear as an added feature in ordinary books or magazines, often in the page corners. Software packages and websites are also available that convert digital video files into custom-made flip books. Character animation Multi-sketching Special effects animationSee also Twelve basic principles of animation Animated war film Animation department Animated series Architectural animation Avar Independent animation International Animation Day International Animated Film Association International Tournée of Animation List of film-related topics Motion graphic design Society for Animation Studies Wire-frame modelReferencesCitationsSourcesJournal articlesBooksOnline sourcesExternal links The making of an 8-minute cartoon short \"Animando\", a 12-minute film demonstrating 10 different animation techniques (and teaching how to use them). Bibliography on animation – Websiite \"Histoire de la télévision\" CartooningArticles containing video clipsFilm and video technology"}
+{"text": "Apollo is one of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. The national divinity of the Greeks, Apollo has been recognized as a god of archery, music and dance, truth and prophecy, healing and diseases, the Sun and light, poetry, and more. One of the most important and complex of the Greek gods, he is the son of Zeus and Leto, and the twin brother of Artemis, goddess of the hunt. Seen as the most beautiful god and the ideal of the kouros (ephebe, or a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo is considered to be the most Greek of all the gods. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu.As the patron deity of Delphi (Apollo Pythios), Apollo is an oracular god—the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle. Apollo is the god who affords help and wards off evil; various epithets call him the \"averter of evil\". Delphic Apollo is the patron of seafarers, foreigners and the protector of fugitives and refugees.Medicine and healing are associated with Apollo, whether through the god himself or mediated through his son Asclepius. Apollo delivered people from epidemics, yet he is also a god who could bring ill-health and deadly plague with his arrows. The invention of archery itself is credited to Apollo and his sister Artemis. Apollo is usually described as carrying a golden bow and a quiver of silver arrows. Apollo's capacity to make youths grow is one of the best attested facets of his panhellenic cult persona. As the protector of young (kourotrophos), Apollo is concerned with the health and education of children. He presided over their passage into adulthood. Long hair, which was the prerogative of boys, was cut at the coming of age (ephebeia) and dedicated to Apollo.Apollo is an important pastoral deity, and was the patron of herdsmen and shepherds. Protection of herds, flocks and crops from diseases, pests and predators were his primary duties. On the other hand, Apollo also encouraged founding new towns and establishment of civil constitution. He is associated with dominion over colonists. He was the giver of laws, and his oracles were consulted before setting laws in a city.As the god of mousike, Apollo presides over all music, songs, dance and poetry. He is the inventor of string-music, and the frequent companion of the Muses, functioning as their chorus leader in celebrations. The lyre is a common attribute of Apollo. In Hellenistic times, especially during the 5th century BCE, as Apollo Helios he became identified among Greeks with Helios, the personification of the sun. In Latin texts, however, there was no conflation of Apollo with Sol among the classical Latin poets until 1st century CE. Apollo and Helios/Sol remained separate beings in literary and mythological texts until the 5th century CE.EtymologyApollo (Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek: , Apollōn ( ); Doric: , Apellōn; Arcadocypriot: , Apeilōn; Aeolic: , Aploun; )The name Apollo—unlike the related older name Paean—is generally not found in the Linear B (Mycenean Greek) texts, although there is a possible attestation in the lacunose form ]pe-rjo-[ (Linear B: ]-[) on the KN E 842 tablet, though it has also been suggested that the name might actually read \"Hyperion\" ([u]-pe-rjo-[ne]).The etymology of the name is uncertain. The spelling ( in Classical Attic) had almost superseded all other forms by the beginning of the common era, but the Doric form, Apellon (), is more archaic, as it is derived from an earlier . It probably is a cognate to the Doric month Apellaios (), and the offerings apellaia () at the initiation of the young men during the family-festival apellai (). According to some scholars, the words are derived from the Doric word apella (), which originally meant \"wall,\" \"fence for animals\" and later \"assembly within the limits of the square.\" Apella () is the name of the popular assembly in Sparta, corresponding to the ecclesia (). R. S. P. Beekes rejected the connection of the theonym with the noun apellai and suggested a Pre-Greek proto-form *Apalyun.Several instances of popular etymology are attested from ancient authors. Thus, the Greeks most often associated Apollo's name with the Greek verb (apollymi), \"to destroy\". Plato in Cratylus connects the name with (apolysis), \"redemption\", with (apolousis), \"purification\", and with ([h]aploun), \"simple\", in particular in reference to the Thessalian form of the name, , and finally with (aeiballon), \"ever-shooting\". Hesychius connects the name Apollo with the Doric (apella), which means \"assembly\", so that Apollo would be the god of political life, and he also gives the explanation (sekos), \"fold\", in which case Apollo would be the god of flocks and herds. In the ancient Macedonian language (pella) means \"stone,\" and some toponyms may be derived from this word: (Pella, the capital of ancient Macedonia) and (Pellēnē/Pellene).A number of non-Greek etymologies have been suggested for the name, The Hittite form Apaliunas (d) is attested in the Manapa-Tarhunta letter. The Hittite testimony reflects an early form , which may also be surmised from comparison of Cypriot with Doric . The name of the Lydian god Qλdãns /kʷʎðãns/ may reflect an earlier /kʷalyán-/ before palatalization, syncope, and the pre-Lydian sound change *y > d. Note the labiovelar in place of the labial /p/ found in pre-Doric Ἀπέλjων and Hittite Apaliunas.A Luwian etymology suggested for Apaliunas makes Apollo \"The One of Entrapment\", perhaps in the sense of \"Hunter\".Greco-Roman epithetsApollo's chief epithet was Phoebus ( ; , Phoibos ), literally \"bright\". It was very commonly used by both the Greeks and Romans for Apollo's role as the god of light. Like other Greek deities, he had a number of others applied to him, reflecting the variety of roles, duties, and aspects ascribed to the god. However, while Apollo has a great number of appellations in Greek myth, only a few occur in Latin literature.SunAegletes ( ; Αἰγλήτης, Aiglētēs), from , \"light of the sun\" Helius ( ; , Helios), literally \"sun\" Lyceus ( ; , Lykeios, from Proto-Greek *), \"light\". The meaning of the epithet \"Lyceus\" later became associated with Apollo's mother Leto, who was the patron goddess of Lycia () and who was identified with the wolf ().Phanaeus ( ; , Phanaios), literally \"giving or bringing light\"Phoebus ( ; , Phoibos), literally \"bright\", his most commonly used epithet by both the Greeks and RomansSol (Roman) (), \"sun\" in LatinWolfLycegenes ( ; , Lukēgenēs), literally \"born of a wolf\" or \"born of Lycia\"Lycoctonus ( ; , Lykoktonos), from , \"wolf\", and , \"to kill\"Origin and birthApollo's birthplace was Mount Cynthus on the island of Delos.Cynthius ( ; , Kunthios), literally \"Cynthian\"Cynthogenes ( ; , Kynthogenēs), literally \"born of Cynthus\"Delius ( ; Δήλιος, Delios), literally \"Delian\"Didymaeus ( ; , Didymaios) from δίδυμος, \"twin\", as the twin of ArtemisPlace of worshipDelphi and Actium were his primary places of worship.Acraephius ( ; , Akraiphios, literally \"Acraephian\") or Acraephiaeus ( ; , Akraiphiaios), \"Acraephian\", from the Boeotian town of Acraephia (), reputedly founded by his son Acraepheus.Actiacus ( ; , Aktiakos), literally \"Actian\", after Actium ()Delphinius ( ; , Delphinios), literally \"Delphic\", after Delphi (Δελφοί). An etiology in the Homeric Hymns associated this with dolphins.Epactaeus, meaning \"god worshipped on the coast\", in Samos.Pythius ( ; , Puthios, from Πυθώ, Pythō), from the region around Delphi Smintheus ( ; , Smintheus), \"Sminthian\"—that is, \"of the town of Sminthos or Sminthe\" near the Troad town of HamaxitusNapaian Apollo (Ἀπόλλων Ναπαῖος), from the city of Nape at the island of LesbosHealing and diseaseAcesius ( ; , Akesios), from , \"healing\". Acesius was the epithet of Apollo worshipped in Elis, where he had a temple in the agora.Acestor ( ; , Akestōr), literally \"healer\"Culicarius (Roman) ( ), from Latin culicārius, \"of midges\"Iatrus ( ; , Iātros), literally \"physician\"Medicus (Roman) ( ), \"physician\" in Latin. A temple was dedicated to Apollo Medicus at Rome, probably next to the temple of Bellona.Paean ( ; , Paiān), physician, healerParnopius ( ; , Parnopios), from , \"locust\"Founder and protectorAgyieus ( ; , Aguīeus), from , \"street\", for his role in protecting roads and homesAlexicacus ( ; , Alexikakos), literally \"warding off evil\"Apotropaeus ( ; , Apotropaios), from , \"to avert\"Archegetes ( ; , Arkhēgetēs), literally \"founder\"Averruncus (Roman) ( ; from Latin āverruncare), \"to avert\"Clarius ( ; , Klārios), from Doric , \"allotted lot\"Epicurius ( ; , Epikourios), from , \"to aid\"Genetor ( ; , Genetōr), literally \"ancestor\"Nomius ( ; , Nomios), literally \"pastoral\"Nymphegetes ( ; , Numphēgetēs), from , \"Nymph\", and , \"leader\", for his role as a protector of shepherds and pastoral lifePatroos from , \"related to one's father,\" for his role as father of Ion and founder of the Ionians, as worshipped at the Temple of Apollo Patroos in AthensSauroctunos, “lizard killer”, possibly a reference to his killing of PythonProphecy and truthCoelispex (Roman) ( ), from Latin coelum, \"sky\", and specere \"to look at\" Iatromantis ( ; , Iātromantis,) from , \"physician\", and , \"prophet\", referring to his role as a god both of healing and of prophecyLeschenorius ( ; , Leskhēnorios), from , \"converser\"Loxias ( ; , Loxias), from , \"to say\", historically associated with , \"ambiguous\"Manticus ( ; , Mantikos), literally \"prophetic\"Proopsios (), meaning \"foreseer\" or \"first seen\"Music and artsMusagetes ( ; Doric , Mousāgetās), from , \"Muse\", and \"leader\" Musegetes ( ; , Mousēgetēs), as the precedingArcheryAphetor ( ; , Aphētōr), from , \"to let loose\"Aphetorus ( ; , Aphētoros), as the precedingArcitenens (Roman) ( ), literally \"bow-carrying\"Argyrotoxus ( ; , Argyrotoxos), literally \"with silver bow\"Clytotoxus ( ; , Klytótoxos), \"he who is famous for his bow\", the renowned archer.Hecaërgus ( ; , Hekaergos), literally \"far-shooting\"Hecebolus ( ; , Hekēbolos), \"far-shooting\"Ismenius ( ; , Ismēnios), literally \"of Ismenus\", after Ismenus, the son of Amphion and Niobe, whom he struck with an arrowAmazonsAmazonius (), Pausanias at the Description of Greece writes that near Pyrrhichus there was a sanctuary of Apollo, called Amazonius () with image of the god said to have been dedicated by the Amazons.Celtic epithets and cult titlesApollo was worshipped throughout the Roman Empire. In the traditionally Celtic lands, he was most often seen as a healing and sun god. He was often equated with Celtic gods of similar character. Apollo Atepomarus (\"the great horseman\" or \"possessing a great horse\"). Apollo was worshipped at Mauvières (Indre). Horses were, in the Celtic world, closely linked to the sun. Apollo Belenus (\"bright\" or \"brilliant\"). This epithet was given to Apollo in parts of Gaul, Northern Italy and Noricum (part of modern Austria). Apollo Belenus was a healing and sun god. Apollo Cunomaglus (\"hound lord\"). A title given to Apollo at a shrine at Nettleton Shrub, Wiltshire. May have been a god of healing. Cunomaglus himself may originally have been an independent healing god. Apollo Grannus. Grannus was a healing spring god, later equated with Apollo. Apollo Maponus. A god known from inscriptions in Britain. This may be a local fusion of Apollo and Maponus. Apollo Moritasgus (\"masses of sea water\"). An epithet for Apollo at Alesia, where he was worshipped as god of healing and, possibly, of physicians. Apollo Vindonnus (\"clear light\"). Apollo Vindonnus had a temple at Essarois, near Châtillon-sur-Seine in present-day Burgundy. He was a god of healing, especially of the eyes. Apollo Virotutis (\"benefactor of mankind\"). Apollo Virotutis was worshipped, among other places, at Fins d'Annecy (Haute-Savoie) and at Jublains (Maine-et-Loire).OriginsThe cult centers of Apollo in Greece, Delphi and Delos, date from the 8th century BCE. The Delos sanctuary was primarily dedicated to Artemis, Apollo's twin sister. At Delphi, Apollo was venerated as the slayer of the monstrous serpent Python. For the Greeks, Apollo was the most Greek of all the gods, and through the centuries he acquired different functions. In Archaic Greece he was the prophet, the oracular god who in older times was connected with \"healing\". In Classical Greece he was the god of light and of music, but in popular religion he had a strong function to keep away evil. Walter Burkert discerned three components in the prehistory of Apollo worship, which he termed \"a Dorian-northwest Greek component, a Cretan-Minoan component, and a Syro-Hittite component.\"Healer and god-protector from evilIn classical times, his major function in popular religion was to keep away evil, and he was therefore called \"apotropaios\" (, \"averting evil\") and \"alexikakos\" ( \"keeping off ill\"; from v. + n. ). Apollo also had many epithets relating to his function as a healer. Some commonly-used examples are \"paion\" ( literally \"healer\" or \"helper\") \"epikourios\" (, \"succouring\"), \"oulios\" (, \"healer, baleful\") and \"loimios\" (, \"of the plague\"). In later writers, the word, \"paion\", usually spelled \"Paean\", becomes a mere epithet of Apollo in his capacity as a god of healing.Apollo in his aspect of \"healer\" has a connection to the primitive god Paean (), who did not have a cult of his own. Paean serves as the healer of the gods in the Iliad, and seems to have originated in a pre-Greek religion. It is suggested, though unconfirmed, that he is connected to the Mycenaean figure pa-ja-wo-ne (Linear B: ). Paean was the personification of holy songs sung by \"seer-doctors\" (), which were supposed to cure disease.Homer illustrated Paeon the god and the song both of apotropaic thanksgiving or triumph. Such songs were originally addressed to Apollo and afterwards to other gods: to Dionysus, to Apollo Helios, to Apollo's son Asclepius the healer. About the 4th century BCE, the paean became merely a formula of adulation; its object was either to implore protection against disease and misfortune or to offer thanks after such protection had been rendered. It was in this way that Apollo had become recognized as the god of music. Apollo's role as the slayer of the Python led to his association with battle and victory; hence it became the Roman custom for a paean to be sung by an army on the march and before entering into battle, when a fleet left the harbour, and also after a victory had been won.In the Iliad, Apollo is the healer under the gods, but he is also the bringer of disease and death with his arrows, similar to the function of the Vedic god of disease Rudra. He sends a plague () to the Achaeans. Knowing that Apollo can prevent a recurrence of the plague he sent, they purify themselves in a ritual and offer him a large sacrifice of cows, called a hecatomb.Dorian originThe Homeric Hymn to Apollo depicts Apollo as an intruder from the north. The connection with the northern-dwelling Dorians and their initiation festival apellai is reinforced by the month Apellaios in northwest Greek calendars. The family-festival was dedicated to Apollo (Doric: ). Apellaios is the month of these rites, and Apellon is the \"megistos kouros\" (the great Kouros). However it can explain only the Doric type of the name, which is connected with the Ancient Macedonian word \"pella\" (Pella), stone. Stones played an important part in the cult of the god, especially in the oracular shrine of Delphi (Omphalos).Minoan originGeorge Huxley regarded the identification of Apollo with the Minoan deity Paiawon, worshipped in Crete, to have originated at Delphi. In the Homeric Hymn, Apollo appeared as a dolphin and carried Cretan priests to Delphi, where they evidently transferred their religious practices. Apollo Delphinios or Delphidios was a sea-god especially worshipped in Crete and in the islands. Apollo's sister Artemis, who was the Greek goddess of hunting, is identified with Britomartis (Diktynna), the Minoan \"Mistress of the animals\". In her earliest depictions she was accompanied by the \"Master of the animals\", a bow-wielding god of hunting whose name has been lost; aspects of this figure may have been absorbed into the more popular Apollo.Anatolian originA non-Greek origin of Apollo has long been assumed in scholarship. The name of Apollo's mother Leto has Lydian origin, and she was worshipped on the coasts of Asia Minor. The inspiration oracular cult was probably introduced into Greece from Anatolia, which is the origin of Sibyl, and where some of the oldest oracular shrines originated. Omens, symbols, purifications, and exorcisms appear in old Assyro-Babylonian texts. These rituals were spread into the empire of the Hittites, and from there into Greece.Homer pictures Apollo on the side of the Trojans, fighting against the Achaeans, during the Trojan War. He is pictured as a terrible god, less trusted by the Greeks than other gods. The god seems to be related to Appaliunas, a tutelary god of Wilusa (Troy) in Asia Minor, but the word is not complete. The stones found in front of the gates of Homeric Troy were the symbols of Apollo. A western Anatolian origin may also be bolstered by references to the parallel worship of Artimus (Artemis) and Qλdãns, whose name may be cognate with the Hittite and Doric forms, in surviving Lydian texts. However, recent scholars have cast doubt on the identification of Qλdãns with Apollo.The Greeks gave to him the name agyieus as the protector god of public places and houses who wards off evil and his symbol was a tapered stone or column. However, while usually Greek festivals were celebrated at the full moon, all the feasts of Apollo were celebrated at the seventh day of the month, and the emphasis given to that day (sibutu) indicates a Babylonian origin.The Late Bronze Age (from 1700 to 1200 BCE) Hittite and Hurrian Aplu was a god of plague, invoked during plague years. Here we have an apotropaic situation, where a god originally bringing the plague was invoked to end it. Aplu, meaning the son of, was a title given to the god Nergal, who was linked to the Babylonian god of the sun Shamash. Homer interprets Apollo as a terrible god () who brings death and disease with his arrows, but who can also heal, possessing a magic art that separates him from the other Greek gods. In Iliad, his priest prays to Apollo Smintheus, the mouse god who retains an older agricultural function as the protector from field rats. All these functions, including the function of the healer-god Paean, who seems to have Mycenean origin, are fused in the cult of Apollo.Proto-Indo-European The Vedic Rudra has some similar functions with Apollo. The terrible god is called \"the archer\" and the bow is also an attribute of Shiva. Rudra could bring diseases with his arrows, but he was able to free people of them and his alternative Shiva is a healer physician god. However the Indo-European component of Apollo does not explain his strong relation with omens, exorcisms, and with the oracular cult.Oracular cult Unusually among the Olympic deities, Apollo had two cult sites that had widespread influence: Delos and Delphi. In cult practice, Delian Apollo and Pythian Apollo (the Apollo of Delphi) were so distinct that they might both have shrines in the same locality. Lycia was sacred to the god, for this Apollo was also called Lycian. Apollo's cult was already fully established when written sources commenced, about 650 BCE. Apollo became extremely important to the Greek world as an oracular deity in the archaic period, and the frequency of theophoric names such as Apollodorus or Apollonios and cities named Apollonia testify to his popularity. Oracular sanctuaries to Apollo were established in other sites. In the 2nd and 3rd century CE, those at Didyma and Claros pronounced the so-called \"theological oracles\", in which Apollo confirms that all deities are aspects or servants of an all-encompassing, highest deity. \"In the 3rd century, Apollo fell silent. Julian the Apostate (359–361) tried to revive the Delphic oracle, but failed.\"Oracular shrinesApollo had a famous oracle in Delphi, and other notable ones in Claros and Didyma. His oracular shrine in Abae in Phocis, where he bore the toponymic epithet Abaeus (, Apollon Abaios), was important enough to be consulted by Croesus.His oracular shrines include: Abae in Phocis. Bassae in the Peloponnese. At Clarus, on the west coast of Asia Minor; as at Delphi a holy spring which gave off a pneuma, from which the priests drank. In Corinth, the Oracle of Corinth came from the town of Tenea, from prisoners supposedly taken in the Trojan War. At Khyrse, in Troad, the temple was built for Apollo Smintheus. In Delos, there was an oracle to the Delian Apollo, during summer. The Hieron (Sanctuary) of Apollo adjacent to the Sacred Lake, was the place where the god was said to have been born. In Delphi, the Pythia became filled with the pneuma of Apollo, said to come from a spring inside the Adyton. In Didyma, an oracle on the coast of Anatolia, south west of Lydian (Luwian) Sardis, in which priests from the lineage of the Branchidae received inspiration by drinking from a healing spring located in the temple. Was believed to have been founded by Branchus, son or lover of Apollo. In Hierapolis Bambyce, Syria (modern Manbij), according to the treatise De Dea Syria, the sanctuary of the Syrian Goddess contained a robed and bearded image of Apollo. Divination was based on spontaneous movements of this image. At Patara, in Lycia, there was a seasonal winter oracle of Apollo, said to have been the place where the god went from Delos. As at Delphi the oracle at Patara was a woman. In Segesta in Sicily.Oracles were also given by sons of Apollo. In Oropus, north of Athens, the oracle Amphiaraus, was said to be the son of Apollo; Oropus also had a sacred spring. in Labadea, east of Delphi, Trophonius, another son of Apollo, killed his brother and fled to the cave where he was also afterwards consulted as an oracle.Temples of ApolloMany temples were dedicated to Apollo in Greece and the Greek colonies. They show the spread of the cult of Apollo and the evolution of the Greek architecture, which was mostly based on the rightness of form and on mathematical relations. Some of the earliest temples, especially in Crete, do not belong to any Greek order. It seems that the first peripteral temples were rectangular wooden structures. The different wooden elements were considered divine, and their forms were preserved in the marble or stone elements of the temples of Doric order. The Greeks used standard types because they believed that the world of objects was a series of typical forms which could be represented in several instances. The temples should be canonic, and the architects were trying to achieve this esthetic perfection. From the earliest times there were certain rules strictly observed in rectangular peripteral and prostyle buildings. The first buildings were built narrowly in order to hold the roof, and when the dimensions changed some mathematical relations became necessary in order to keep the original forms. This probably influenced the theory of numbers of Pythagoras, who believed that behind the appearance of things there was the permanent principle of mathematics.The Doric order dominated during the 6th and the 5th century BC but there was a mathematical problem regarding the position of the triglyphs, which couldn't be solved without changing the original forms. The order was almost abandoned for the Ionic order, but the Ionic capital also posed an insoluble problem at the corner of a temple. Both orders were abandoned for the Corinthian order gradually during the Hellenistic age and under Rome.The most important temples are:Greek templesThebes, Greece: The oldest temple probably dedicated to Apollo Ismenius was built in the 9th century B.C. It seems that it was a curvilinear building. The Doric temple was built in the early 7th century B.C., but only some small parts have been found A festival called Daphnephoria was celebrated every ninth year in honour of Apollo Ismenius (or Galaxius). The people held laurel branches (daphnai), and at the head of the procession walked a youth (chosen priest of Apollo), who was called \"daphnephoros\".Eretria: According to the Homeric hymn to Apollo, the god arrived to the plain, seeking for a location to establish its oracle. The first temple of Apollo Daphnephoros, \"Apollo, laurel-bearer\", or \"carrying off Daphne\", is dated to 800 B.C. The temple was curvilinear hecatombedon (a hundred feet). In a smaller building were kept the bases of the laurel branches which were used for the first building. Another temple probably peripteral was built in the 7th century B.C., with an inner row of wooden columns over its Geometric predecessor. It was rebuilt peripteral around 510 B.C., with the stylobate measuring 21,00 x 43,00 m. The number of pteron column was 6 x 14. Dreros (Crete). The temple of Apollo Delphinios dates from the 7th century B.C., or probably from the middle of the 8th century B.C. According to the legend, Apollo appeared as a dolphin, and carried Cretan priests to the port of Delphi. The dimensions of the plan are 10,70 x 24,00 m and the building was not peripteral. It contains column-bases of the Minoan type, which may be considered as the predecessors of the Doric columns.Gortyn (Crete). A temple of Pythian Apollo, was built in the 7th century B.C. The plan measured 19,00 x 16,70 m and it was not peripteral. The walls were solid, made from limestone, and there was single door on the east side.Thermon (West Greece): The Doric temple of Apollo Thermios, was built in the middle of the 7th century B.C. It was built on an older curvilinear building dating perhaps from the 10th century B.C., on which a peristyle was added. The temple was narrow, and the number of pteron columns (probably wooden) was 5 x 15. There was a single row of inner columns. It measures 12.13 x 38.23 m at the stylobate, which was made from stones. Corinth: A Doric temple was built in the 6th century B.C. The temple's stylobate measures 21.36 x 53.30 m, and the number of pteron columns was 6 x 15. There was a double row of inner columns. The style is similar with the Temple of Alcmeonidae at Delphi. The Corinthians were considered to be the inventors of the Doric order. Napes (Lesbos): An Aeolic temple probably of Apollo Napaios was built in the 7th century B.C. Some special capitals with floral ornament have been found, which are called Aeolic, and it seems that they were borrowed from the East. Cyrene, Libya: The oldest Doric temple of Apollo was built in c. 600 B.C. The number of pteron columns was 6 x 11, and it measures 16.75 x 30.05 m at the stylobate. There was a double row of sixteen inner columns on stylobates. The capitals were made from stone. Naukratis: An Ionic temple was built in the early 6th century B.C. Only some fragments have been found and the earlier, made from limestone, are identified among the oldest of the Ionic order.Syracuse, Sicily: A Doric temple was built at the beginning of the 6th century B.C. The temple's stylobate measures 21.47 x 55.36 m and the number of pteron columns was 6 x 17. It was the first temple in Greek west built completely out of stone. A second row of columns were added, obtaining the effect of an inner porch. Selinus (Sicily):The Doric Temple C dates from 550 B.C., and it was probably dedicated to Apollo. The temple's stylobate measures 10.48 x 41.63 m and the number of pteron columns was 6 x 17. There was portico with a second row of columns, which is also attested for the temple at Syracuse.Delphi: The first temple dedicated to Apollo, was built in the 7th century B.C. According to the legend, it was wooden made of laurel branches. The \"Temple of Alcmeonidae\" was built in c. 513 B.C. and it is the oldest Doric temple with significant marble elements. The temple's stylobate measures 21.65 x 58.00 m, and the number of pteron columns as 6 x 15. A fest similar with Apollo's fest at Thebes, Greece was celebrated every nine years. A boy was sent to the temple, who walked on the sacred road and returned carrying a laurel branch (dopnephoros). The maidens participated with joyful songs. Chios: An Ionic temple of Apollo Phanaios was built at the end of the 6th century B.C. Only some small parts have been found and the capitals had floral ornament. Abae (Phocis). The temple was destroyed by the Persians in the invasion of Xerxes in 480 B.C., and later by the Boeotians. It was rebuilt by Hadrian. The oracle was in use from early Mycenaean times to the Roman period, and shows the continuity of Mycenaean and Classical Greek religion. Bassae (Peloponnesus):A temple dedicated to Apollo Epikourios (\"Apollo the helper\"), was built in 430 B.C. and it was designed by Iktinos.It combined Doric and Ionic elements, and the earliest use of column with a Corinthian capital in the middle. The temple is of a relatively modest size, with the stylobate measuring 14.5 x 38.3 metres containing a Doric peristyle of 6 x 15 columns. The roof left a central space open to admit light and air.Delos: A temple probably dedicated to Apollo and not peripteral, was built in the late 7th century B.C., with a plan measuring 10,00 x 15,60 m. The Doric Great temple of Apollo, was built in c. 475 B.C. The temple's stylobate measures 13.72 x 29.78 m, and the number of pteron columns as 6 x 13. Marble was extensively used.Ambracia: A Doric peripteral temple dedicated to Apollo Pythios Sotir was built in 500 B.C., and It is lying at the centre of the Greek city Arta. Only some parts have been found, and it seems that the temple was built on earlier sanctuaries dedicated to Apollo. The temple measures 20,75 x 44,00 m at the stylobate. The foundation which supported the statue of the god, still exists.Didyma (near Miletus): The gigantic Ionic temple of Apollo Didymaios started around 540 B.C. The construction ceased and then it was restarted in 330 B.C. The temple is dipteral, with an outer row of 10 x 21 columns, and it measures 28.90 x 80.75 m at the stylobate.Clarus (near ancient Colophon): According to the legend, the famous seer Calchas, on his return from Troy, came to Clarus. He challenged the seer Mopsus, and died when he lost. The Doric temple of Apollo Clarius was probably built in the 3rd century B.C., and it was peripteral with 6 x 11 columns. It was reconstructed at the end of the Hellenistic period, and later from the emperor Hadrian but Pausanias claims that it was still incomplete in the 2nd century B.C.Hamaxitus (Troad): In Iliad, Chryses the priest of Apollo, addresses the god with the epithet Smintheus (Lord of Mice), related with the god's ancient role as bringer of the disease (plague). Recent excavations indicate that the Hellenistic temple of Apollo Smintheus was constructed at 150–125 B.C., but the symbol of the mouse god was used on coinage probably from the 4th century B.C. The temple measures 40,00 x 23,00 m at the stylobate, and the number of pteron columns was 8 x 14.Pythion (), this was the name of a shrine of Apollo at Athens near the Ilisos river. It was created by Peisistratos, and tripods placed there by those who had won in the cyclic chorus at the Thargelia.Setae (Lydia): The temple of Apollo Aksyros located in the city.Apollonia Pontica: There were two temples of Apollo Healer in the city. One from the Late Archaic period and the other from the Early Classical period.Ikaros island in the Persian Gulf (modern Failaka Island): There was a temple of Apollo on the island.Etruscan and Roman templesVeii (Etruria): The temple of Apollo was built in the late 6th century B.C. and it indicates the spread of Apollo's culture (Aplu) in Etruria. There was a prostyle porch, which is called Tuscan, and a triple cella 18,50 m wide.Falerii Veteres (Etruria): A temple of Apollo was built probably in the 4th-3rd century B.C. Parts of a teraccotta capital, and a teraccotta base have been found. It seems that the Etruscan columns were derived from the archaic Doric. A cult of Apollo Soranus is attested by one inscription found near Falerii.Pompeii (Italy): The cult of Apollo was widespread in the region of Campania since the 6th century B.C. The temple was built in 120 B.V, but its beginnings lie in the 6th century B.C. It was reconstructed after an earthquake in A.D. 63. It demonstrates a mixing of styles which formed the basis of Roman architecture. The columns in front of the cella formed a Tuscan prostyle porch, and the cella is situated unusually far back. The peripteral colonnade of 48 Ionic columns was placed in such a way that the emphasis was given to the front side. Rome: The temple of Apollo Sosianus and the temple of Apollo Medicus. The first temple building dates to 431 B.C., and was dedicated to Apollo Medicus (the doctor), after a plague of 433 B.C. It was rebuilt by Gaius Sosius, probably in 34 B.C. Only three columns with Corinthian capitals exist today. It seems that the cult of Apollo had existed in this area since at least to the mid-5th century B.C.Rome:The temple of Apollo Palatinus was located on the Palatine hill within the sacred boundary of the city. It was dedicated by Augustus on 28 B.C. The façade of the original temple was Ionic and it was constructed from solid blocks of marble. Many famous statues by Greek masters were on display in and around the temple, including a marble statue of the god at the entrance and a statue of Apollo in the cella.Melite (modern Mdina, Malta): A Temple of Apollo was built in the city in the 2nd century A.D. Its remains were discovered in the 18th century, and many of its architectural fragments were dispersed among private collections or reworked into new sculptures. Parts of the temple's podium were rediscovered in 2002.MythologyApollo appears often in the myths, plays and hymns. As Zeus' favorite son, Apollo had direct access to the mind of Zeus and was willing to reveal this knowledge to humans. A divinity beyond human comprehension, he appears both as a beneficial and a wrathful god.BirthApollo was the son of Zeus, the king of the gods, and Leto, his previous wife or one of his mistresses. Growing up, Apollo was nursed by the nymphs Korythalia and Aletheia, the personification of truth.When Zeus' wife Hera discovered that Leto was pregnant, she banned Leto from giving birth on terra firma. Leto sought shelter in many lands, only to be rejected by them. Finally, the voice of unborn Apollo informed his mother about a floating island named Delos that had once been Asteria, Leto's own sister. Since it was neither a mainland nor an island, Leto was readily welcomed there and gave birth to her children under a palm tree. All the goddesses except Hera were present to witness the event. It is also stated that Hera kidnapped Eileithyia, the goddess of childbirth, to prevent Leto from going into labor. The other gods tricked Hera into letting her go by offering her a necklace of amber 9 yards (8.2 m) long.When Apollo was born, clutching a golden sword, everything on Delos turned into gold and the island was filled with ambrosial fragrance. Swans circled the island seven times and the nymphs sang in delight. He was washed clean by the goddesses who then covered him in white garment and fastened golden bands around him. Since Leto was unable to feed him, Themis, the goddess of divine law, fed him with nectar, or ambrosia. Upon tasting the divine food, Apollo broke free of the bands fastened onto him and declared that he would be the master of lyre and archery, and interpret the will of Zeus to humankind. Zeus, who had calmed Hera by then, came and adorned his son with a golden headband.Apollo's birth fixed the floating Delos to the earth. Leto promised that her son would be always favorable towards the Delians. According to some, Apollo secured Delos to the bottom of the ocean after some time. This island became sacred to Apollo and was one of the major cult centres of the god.Apollo was born on the seventh day (, hebdomagenes) of the month Thargelion—according to Delian tradition—or of the month Bysios—according to Delphian tradition. The seventh and twentieth, the days of the new and full moon, were ever afterwards held sacred to him. Mythographers agree that Artemis was born first and subsequently assisted with the birth of Apollo or was born on the island of Ortygia then helped Leto cross the sea to Delos the next day to give birth to Apollo.HyperboreaHyperborea, the mystical land of eternal spring, venerated Apollo above all the gods. The Hyperboreans always sang and danced in his honor and hosted Pythian games. There, a vast forest of beautiful trees was called \"the garden of Apollo\". Apollo spent the winter months among the Hyperboreans. His absence from the world caused coldness and this was marked as his annual death. No prophecies were issued during this time. He returned to the world during the beginning of the spring. The Theophania festival was held in Delphi to celebrate his return.It is said that Leto came to Delos from Hyperborea accompanied by a pack of wolves. Henceforth, Hyperborea became Apollo's winter home and wolves became sacred to him. His intimate connection to wolves is evident from his epithet Lyceus, meaning wolf-like. But Apollo was also the wolf-slayer in his role as the god who protected flocks from predators. The Hyperborean worship of Apollo bears the strongest marks of Apollo being worshipped as the sun god. Shamanistic elements in Apollo's cult are often liked to his Hyperborean origin, and he is likewise speculated to have originated as a solar shaman. Shamans like Abaris and Aristeas were also the followers of Apollo, who hailed from Hyperborea.In myths, the tears of amber Apollo shed when his son Asclepius died became the waters of the river Eridanos, which surrounded Hyperborea. Apollo also buried in Hyperborea the arrow which he had used to kill the Cyclopes. He later gave this arrow to Abaris.Childhood and youthAs a child, Apollo is said to have built a foundation and an altar on Delos using the horns of the goats that his sister Artemis hunted. Since he learnt the art of building when young, he later came to be known as Archegetes, the founder (of towns) and god who guided men to build new cities. From his father Zeus, Apollo had also received a golden chariot drawn by swans.In his early years when Apollo spent his time herding cows, he was reared by Thriae, the bee nymphs, who trained him and enhanced his prophetic skills. Apollo is also said to have invented the lyre, and along with Artemis, the art of archery. He then taught to the humans the art of healing and archery. Phoebe, his grandmother, gave the oracular shrine of Delphi to Apollo as a birthday gift. Themis inspired him to be the oracular voice of Delphi thereon.PythonPython, a chthonic serpent-dragon, was a child of Gaia and the guardian of the Delphic Oracle, whose death was foretold by Apollo when he was still in Leto's womb. Python was the nurse of the giant Typhon. In most of the traditions, Apollo was still a child when he killed Python.Python was sent by Hera to hunt the pregnant Leto to death, and had assaulted her. To avenge the trouble given to his mother, Apollo went in search of Python and killed it in the sacred cave at Delphi with the bow and arrows that he had received from Hephaestus. The Delphian nymphs who were present encouraged Apollo during the battle with the cry \"Hie Paean\". After Apollo was victorious, they also brought him gifts and gave the Corycian cave to him. According to Homer, Apollo had encountered and killed the Python when he was looking for a place to establish his shrine.According to another version, when Leto was in Delphi, Python had attacked her. Apollo defended his mother and killed Python. Euripides in his Iphigenia in Aulis gives an account of his fight with Python and the event's aftermath. You killed him, o Phoebus, while still a baby, still leaping in the arms of your dear mother, and you entered the holy shrine, and sat on the golden tripod, on your truthful throne distributing prophecies from the gods to mortals.A detailed account of Apollo's conflict with Gaia and Zeus' intervention on behalf of his young son is also given. But when Apollo came and sent Themis, the child of Earth, away from the holy oracle of Pytho, Earth gave birth to dream visions of the night; and they told to the cities of men the present, and what will happen in the future, through dark beds of sleep on the ground; and so Earth took the office of prophecy away from Phoebus, in envy, because of her daughter. The lord made his swift way to Olympus and wound his baby hands around Zeus, asking him to take the wrath of the earth goddess from the Pythian home. Zeus smiled, that the child so quickly came to ask for worship that pays in gold. He shook his locks of hair, put an end to the night voices, and took away from mortals the truth that appears in darkness, and gave the privilege back again to Loxias.Apollo also demanded that all other methods of divination be made inferior to his, a wish that Zeus granted him readily. Because of this, Athena, who had been practicing divination by throwing pebbles, cast her pebbles away in displeasure.However, Apollo had committed a blood murder and had to be purified. Because Python was a child of Gaia, Gaia wanted Apollo to be banished to Tartarus as a punishment. Zeus didn't agree and instead exiled his son from Olympus, and instructed him to get purified. Apollo had to serve as a slave for nine years. After the servitude was over, as per his father's order, he travelled to the Vale of Tempe to bath in waters of Peneus. There Zeus himself performed purificatory rites on Apollo. Purified, Apollo was escorted by his half sister Athena to Delphi where the oracular shrine was finally handed over to him by Gaia. According to a variation, Apollo had also travelled to Crete, where Carmanor purified him. Apollo later established the Pythian games to appropriate Gaia. Henceforth, Apollo became the god who cleansed himself from the sin of murder and, made men aware of their guilt and purified them.Soon after, Zeus instructed Apollo to go to Delphi and establish his law. But Apollo, disobeying his father, went to the land of Hyperborea and stayed there for a year. He returned only after the Delphians sang hymns to him and pleaded him to come back. Zeus, pleased with his son's integrity, gave Apollo the seat next to him on his right side. He also gave to Apollo various gifts, like a golden tripod, a golden bow and arrows, a golden chariot and the city of Delphi.Soon after his return, Apollo needed to recruit people to Delphi. So, when he spotted a ship sailing from Crete, he sprang aboard in the form of a dolphin. The crew was awed into submission and followed a course that led the ship to Delphi. There Apollo revealed himself as a god. Initiating them to his service, he instructed them to keep righteousness in their hearts. The Pythia was Apollo's high priestess and his mouthpiece through whom he gave prophecies. Pythia is arguably the constant favorite of Apollo among the mortals.TityosHera once again sent another giant, Tityos to rape Leto. This time Apollo shot him with his arrows and attacked him with his golden sword. According to other version, Artemis also aided him in protecting their mother by attacking Tityos with her arrows. After the battle Zeus finally relented his aid and hurled Tityos down to Tartarus. There, he was pegged to the rock floor, covering an area of , where a pair of vultures feasted daily on his liver.AdmetusAdmetus was the king of Pherae, who was known for his hospitality. When Apollo was exiled from Olympus for killing Python, he served as a herdsman under Admetus, who was then young and unmarried. Apollo is said to have shared a romantic relationship with Admetus during his stay. After completing his years of servitude, Apollo went back to Olympus as a god.Because Admetus had treated Apollo well, the god conferred great benefits on him in return. Apollo's mere presence is said to have made the cattle give birth to twins. Apollo helped Admetus win the hand of Alcestis, the daughter of King Pelias, by taming a lion and a boar to draw Admetus' chariot. He was present during their wedding to give his blessings. When Admetus angered the goddess Artemis by forgetting to give her the due offerings, Apollo came to the rescue and calmed his sister. When Apollo learnt of Admetus' untimely death, he convinced or tricked the Fates into letting Admetus live past his time.According to another version, or perhaps some years later, when Zeus struck down Apollo's son Asclepius with a lightning bolt for resurrecting the dead, Apollo in revenge killed the Cyclopes, who had fashioned the bolt for Zeus. Apollo would have been banished to Tartarus for this, but his mother Leto intervened, and reminding Zeus of their old love, pleaded him not to kill their son. Zeus obliged and sentenced Apollo to one year of hard labor once again under Admetus.The love between Apollo and Admetus was a favored topic of Roman poets like Ovid and Servius.NiobeThe fate of Niobe was prophesied by Apollo while he was still in Leto's womb. Niobe was the queen of Thebes and wife of Amphion. She displayed hubris when she boasted that she was superior to Leto because she had fourteen children (Niobids), seven male and seven female, while Leto had only two. She further mocked Apollo's effeminate appearance and Artemis' manly appearance. Leto, insulted by this, told her children to punish Niobe. Accordingly, Apollo killed Niobe's sons, and Artemis her daughters. According to some versions of the myth, among the Niobids, Chloris and her brother Amyclas were not killed because they prayed to Leto. Amphion, at the sight of his dead sons, either killed himself or was killed by Apollo after swearing revenge.A devastated Niobe fled to Mount Sipylos in Asia Minor and turned into stone as she wept. Her tears formed the river Achelous. Zeus had turned all the people of Thebes to stone and so no one buried the Niobids until the ninth day after their death, when the gods themselves entombed them.When Chloris married and had children, Apollo granted her son Nestor the years he had taken away from the Niobids. Hence, Nestor was able to live for 3 generations.Building the walls of Troy Once Apollo and Poseidon served under the Trojan king Laomedon in accordance to Zeus' words. Apollodorus states that the gods willingly went to the king disguised as humans in order to check his hubris. Apollo guarded the cattle of Laomedon in the valleys of mount Ida, while Poseidon built the walls of Troy. Other versions make both Apollo and Poseidon the builders of the wall. In Ovid's account, Apollo completes his task by playing his tunes on his lyre.In Pindar's odes, the gods took a mortal named Aeacus as their assistant. When the work was completed, three snakes rushed against the wall, and though the two that attacked the sections of the wall built by the gods fell down dead, the third forced its way into the city through the portion of the wall built by Aeacus. Apollo immediately prophesied that Troy would fall at the hands of Aeacus's descendants, the Aeacidae (i.e. his son Telamon joined Heracles when he sieged the city during Laomedon's rule. Later, his great grandson Neoptolemus was present in the wooden horse that lead to the downfall of Troy).However, the king not only refused to give the gods the wages he had promised, but also threatened to bind their feet and hands, and sell them as slaves. Angered by the unpaid labour and the insults, Apollo infected the city with a pestilence and Posedion sent the sea monster Cetus. To deliver the city from it, Laomedon had to sacrifice his daughter Hesione (who would later be saved by Heracles).During his stay in Troy, Apollo had a lover named Ourea, who was a nymph and daughter of Poseidon. Together they had a son named Ileus, whom Apollo loved dearly.Trojan WarApollo sided with the Trojans during the Trojan War waged by the Greeks against the Trojans.During the war, the Greek king Agamemnon captured Chryseis, the daughter of Apollo's priest Chryses, and refused to return her. Angered by this, Apollo shot arrows infected with the plague into the Greek encampment. He demanded that they return the girl, and the Achaeans (Greeks) complied, indirectly causing the anger of Achilles, which is the theme of the Iliad.Receiving the aegis from Zeus, Apollo entered the battlefield as per his father's command, causing great terror to the enemy with his war cry. He pushed the Greeks back and destroyed many of the soldiers. He is described as \"the rouser of armies\" because he rallied the Trojan army when they were falling apart.When Zeus allowed the other gods to get involved in the war, Apollo was provoked by Poseidon to a duel. However, Apollo declined to fight him, saying that he wouldn't fight his uncle for the sake of mortals.When the Greek hero Diomedes injured the Trojan hero Aeneas, Aphrodite tried to rescue him, but Diomedes injured her as well. Apollo then enveloped Aeneas in a cloud to protect him. He repelled the attacks Diomedes made on him and gave the hero a stern warning to abstain himself from attacking a god. Aeneas was then taken to Pergamos, a sacred spot in Troy, where he was healed.After the death of Sarpedon, a son of Zeus, Apollo rescued the corpse from the battlefield as per his father's wish and cleaned it. He then gave it to Sleep (Hypnos) and Death (Thanatos). Apollo had also once convinced Athena to stop the war for that day, so that the warriors can relieve themselves for a while.The Trojan hero Hector (who, according to some, was the god's own son by Hecuba) was favored by Apollo. When he got severely injured, Apollo healed him and encouraged him to take up his arms. During a duel with Achilles, when Hector was about to lose, Apollo hid Hector in a cloud of mist to save him. When the Greek warrior Patroclus tried to get into the fort of Troy, he was stopped by Apollo. Encouraging Hector to attack Patroclus, Apollo stripped the armour of the Greek warrior and broke his weapons. Patroclus was eventually killed by Hector. At last, after Hector's fated death, Apollo protected his corpse from Achilles' attempt to mutilate it by creating a magical cloud over the corpse.Apollo held a grudge against Achilles throughout the war because Achilles had murdered his son Tenes before the war began and brutally assassinated his son Troilus in his own temple. Not only did Apollo save Hector from Achilles, he also tricked Achilles by disguising himself as a Trojan warrior and driving him away from the gates. He foiled Achilles' attempt to mutilate Hector's dead body.Finally, Apollo caused Achilles' death by guiding an arrow shot by Paris into Achilles' heel. In some versions, Apollo himself killed Achilles by taking the disguise of Paris.Apollo helped many Trojan warriors, including Agenor, Polydamas, Glaucus in the battlefield. Though he greatly favored the Trojans, Apollo was bound to follow the orders of Zeus and served his father loyally during the war.HeraclesAfter Heracles (then named Alcides) was struck with madness and killed his family, he sought to purify himself and consulted the oracle of Apollo. Apollo, through the Pythia, commanded him to serve king Eurystheus for twelve years and complete the ten tasks the king would give him. Only then would Alcides be absolved of his sin. Apollo also renamed him as Heracles.To complete his third task, Heracles had to capture the Ceryneian Hind, a hind sacred to Artemis, and bring back it alive. After chasing the hind for one year, the animal eventually got tired, and when it tried crossing the river Ladon, Heracles captured it. While he was taking it back, he was confronted by Apollo and Artemis, who were angered at Heracles for this act. However, Heracles soothed the goddess and explained his situation to her. After much pleading, Artemis permitted him to take the hind and told him to return it later.After he was freed from his servitude to Eurystheus, Heracles fell in conflict with Iphytus, a prince of Oechalia, and murdered him. Soon after, he contracted a terrible disease. He consulted the oracle of Apollo once again, in hope of ridding himself of the disease. The Pythia, however, denied to give any prophesy. In anger, Heracles snatched the sacred tripod and started walking away, intending to start his own oracle. However, Apollo did not tolerate this and stopped Heracles; a duel ensued between them. Artemis rushed to support Apollo, while Athena supported Heracles. Soon, Zeus threw his thunderbolt between the fighting brothers and separated them. He reprimanded Heracles for this act of violation and asked Apollo to give a solution to Heracles. Apollo then ordered the hero to serve under Omphale, queen of Lydia for one year in order to purify himself.PeriphasPeriphas was an Attican king and a priest of Apollo. He was noble, just and rich. He did all his duties justly. Because of this people were very fond of him and started honouring him to the same extent as Zeus. At one point, they worshipped Periphas in place of Zeus and set up shrines and temples for him. This annoyed Zeus, who decided to annihilate the entire family of Periphas. But because he was a just king and a good devotee, Apollo intervened and requested his father to spare Periphas. Zeus considered Apollo's words and agreed to let him live. But he metamorphosed Periphas into an eagle and made the eagle the king of birds. When Periphas' wife requested Zeus to let her stay with her husband, Zeus turned her into a vulture and fulfilled her wish.Plato's concept of soulmatesA long time ago, there were three kinds of human beings: male, descended from the sun; female, descended from the earth; and androgynous, descended from the moon. Each human being was completely round, with four arms and fours legs, two identical faces on opposite sides of a head with four ears, and all else to match. They were powerful and unruly. Otis and Ephialtes even dared to scale Mount Olympus.To check their insolence, Zeus devised a plan to humble them and improve their manners instead of completely destroying them. He cut them all in two and asked Apollo to make necessary repairs, giving humans the individual shape they still have now. Apollo turned their heads and necks around towards their wounds, he pulled together their skin at the abdomen, and sewed the skin together at the middle of it. This is what we call navel today. He smoothened the wrinkles and shaped the chest. But he made sure to leave a few wrinkles on the abdomen and around the navel so that they might be reminded of their punishment.\"As he [Zeus] cut them one after another, he bade Apollo give the face and the half of the neck a turn... Apollo was also bidden to heal their wounds and compose their forms. So Apollo gave a turn to the face and pulled the skin from the sides all over that which in our language is called the belly, like the purses which draw in, and he made one mouth at the centre [of the belly] which he fastened in a knot (the same which is called the navel); he also moulded the breast and took out most of the wrinkles, much as a shoemaker might smooth leather upon a last; he left a few wrinkles, however, in the region of the belly and navel, as a memorial of the primeval state.Nurturer of the youngApollo Kourotrophos is the god who nurtures and protects children and the young, especially boys. He oversees their education and their passage into adulthood. Education is said to have originated from Apollo and the Muses. Many myths have him train his children. It was a custom for boys to cut and dedicate their long hair to Apollo after reaching adulthood.Chiron, the abandoned centaur, was fostered by Apollo, who instructed him in medicine, prophecy, archery and more. Chiron would later become a great teacher himself.Asclepius in his childhood gained much knowledge pertaining to medicinal arts by his father. However, he was later entrusted to Chiron for further education.Anius, Apollo's son by Rhoeo, was abandoned by his mother soon after his birth. Apollo brought him up and educated him in mantic arts. Anius later became the priest of Apollo and the king of Delos.Iamus was the son of Apollo and Evadne. When Evadne went into labour, Apollo sent the Moirai to assist his lover. After the child was born, Apollo sent snakes to feed the child some honey. When Iamus reached the age of education, Apollo took him to Olympia and taught him many arts, including the ability to understand and explain the languages of birds.Idmon was educated by Apollo to be a seer. Even though he foresaw his death that would happen in his journey with the Argonauts, he embraced his destiny and died a brave death. To commemorate his son's bravery, Apollo commanded Boeotians to build a town around the tomb of the hero, and to honor him.Apollo adopted Carnus, the abandoned son of Zeus and Europa. He reared the child with the help of his mother Leto and educated him to be a seer.When his son Melaneus reached the age of marriage, Apollo asked the princess Stratonice to be his son's bride and carried her away from her home when she agreed.Apollo saved a shepherd boy (name unknown) from death in a large deep cave, by the means of vultures. To thank him, the shepherd built Apollo a temple under the name Vulturius.God of musicImmediately after his birth, Apollo demanded a lyre and invented the paean, thus becoming the god of music. As the divine singer, he is the patron of poets, singers and musicians. The invention of string music is attributed to him. Plato said that the innate ability of humans to take delight in music, rhythm and harmony is the gift of Apollo and the Muses. According to Socrates, ancient Greeks believed that Apollo is the god who directs the harmony and makes all things move together, both for the gods and the humans. For this reason, he was called Homopolon before the Homo was replaced by A. Apollo's harmonious music delivered people from their pain, and hence, like Dionysus, he is also called the liberator. The swans, which were considered to be the most musical among the birds, were believed to be the \"singers of Apollo\". They are Apollo's sacred birds and acted as his vehicle during his travel to Hyperborea. Aelian says that when the singers would sing hymns to Apollo, the swans would join the chant in unison.Among the Pythagoreans, the study of mathematics and music were connected to the worship of Apollo, their principal deity. Their belief was that the music purifies the soul, just as medicine purifies the body. They also believed that music was delegated to the same mathematical laws of harmony as the mechanics of the cosmos, evolving into an idea known as the music of the spheres.Apollo appears as the companion of the Muses, and as Musagetes (\"leader of Muses\") he leads them in dance. They spend their time on Parnassus, which is one of their sacred places. Apollo is also the lover of the Muses and by them he became the father of famous musicians like Orpheus and Linus.Apollo is often found delighting the immortal gods with his songs and music on the lyre. In his role as the god of banquets, he was always present to play music in weddings of the gods, like the marriage of Eros and Psyche, Peleus and Thetis. He is a frequent guest of the Bacchanalia, and many ancient ceramics depict him being at ease amidst the maenads and satyrs. Apollo also participated in musical contests when challenged by others. He was the victor in all those contests, but he tended to punish his opponents severely for their hubris.Apollo's lyreThe invention of lyre is attributed either to Hermes or to Apollo himself. Distinctions have been made that Hermes invented lyre made of tortoise shell, whereas the lyre Apollo invented was a regular lyre.Myths tell that the infant Hermes stole a number of Apollo's cows and took them to a cave in the woods near Pylos, covering their tracks. In the cave, he found a tortoise and killed it, then removed the insides. He used one of the cow's intestines and the tortoise shell and made his lyre.Upon discovering the theft, Apollo confronted Hermes and asked him to return his cattle. When Hermes acted innocent, Apollo took the matter to Zeus. Zeus, having seen the events, sided with Apollo, and ordered Hermes to return the cattle. Hermes then began to play music on the lyre he had invented. Apollo fell in love with the instrument and offered to exchange the cattle for the lyre. Hence, Apollo then became the master of the lyre.According to other versions, Apollo had invented the lyre himself, whose strings he tore in repenting of the excess punishment he had given to Marsyas. Hermes' lyre, therefore, would be a reinvention.Contest with PanOnce Pan had the audacity to compare his music with that of Apollo and to challenge the god of music to a contest. The mountain-god Tmolus was chosen to umpire. Pan blew on his pipes, and with his rustic melody gave great satisfaction to himself and his faithful follower, Midas, who happened to be present. Then, Apollo struck the strings of his lyre. It was so beautiful that Tmolus at once awarded the victory to Apollo, and everyone was pleased with the judgement. Only Midas dissented and questioned the justice of the award. Apollo did not want to suffer such a depraved pair of ears any longer, and caused them to become the ears of a donkey.Contest with MarsyasMarsyas was a satyr who was punished by Apollo for his hubris. He had found an aulos on the ground, tossed away after being invented by Athena because it made her cheeks puffy. Athena had also placed a curse upon the instrument, that whoever would pick it up would be severely punished. When Marsyas played the flute, everyone became frenzied with joy. This led Marsyas to think that he was better than Apollo, and he challenged the god to a musical contest. The contest was judged by the Muses, or the nymphs of Nysa. Athena was also present to witness the contest.Marsyas taunted Apollo for \"wearing his hair long, for having a fair face and smooth body, for his skill in so many arts\". He also further said,'His [Apollo] hair is smooth and made into tufts and curls that fall about his brow and hang before his face. His body is fair from head to foot, his limbs shine bright, his tongue gives oracles, and he is equally eloquent in prose or verse, propose which you will. What of his robes so fine in texture, so soft to the touch, aglow with purple? What of his lyre that flashes gold, gleams white with ivory, and shimmers with rainbow gems? What of his song, so cunning and so sweet? Nay, all these allurements suit with naught save luxury. To virtue they bring shame alone!'The Muses and Athena sniggered at this comment. The contestants agreed to take turns displaying their skills and the rule was that the victor could \"do whatever he wanted\" to the loser.According to one account, after the first round, they both were deemed equal by the Nysiads. But in the next round, Apollo decided to play on his lyre and add his melodious voice to his performance. Marsyas argued against this, saying that Apollo would have an advantage and accused Apollo of cheating. But Apollo replied that since Marsyas played the flute, which needed air blown from the throat, it was similar to singing, and that either they both should get an equal chance to combine their skills or none of them should use their mouths at all. The nymphs decided that Apollo's argument was just. Apollo then played his lyre and sang at the same time, mesmerising the audience. Marsyas could not do this. Apollo was declared the winner and, angered with Marsyas' haughtiness and his accusations, decided to flay the satyr.According to another account, Marsyas played his flute out of tune at one point and accepted his defeat. Out of shame, he assigned to himself the punishment of being skinned for a wine sack. Another variation is that Apollo played his instrument upside down. Marsyas could not do this with his instrument. So the Muses who were the judges declared Apollo the winner. Apollo hung Marsyas from a tree to flay him.Apollo flayed the limbs of Marsyas alive in a cave near Celaenae in Phrygia for his hubris to challenge a god. He then gave the rest of his body for proper burial and nailed Marsyas' flayed skin to a nearby pine-tree as a lesson to the others. Marsyas' blood turned into the river Marsyas. But Apollo soon repented and being distressed at what he had done, he tore the strings of his lyre and threw it away. The lyre was later discovered by the Muses and Apollo's sons Linus and Orpheus. The Muses fixed the middle string, Linus the string struck with the forefinger, and Orpheus the lowest string and the one next to it. They took it back to Apollo, but the god, who had decided to stay away from music for a while, laid away both the lyre and the pipes at Delphi and joined Cybele in her wanderings to as far as Hyperborea.Contest with CinyrasCinyras was a ruler of Cyprus, who was a friend of Agamemnon. Cinyras promised to assist Agamemnon in the Trojan war, but did not keep his promise. Agamemnon cursed Cinyras. He invoked Apollo and asked the god to avenge the broken promise. Apollo then had a lyre-playing contest with Cinyras, and defeated him. Either Cinyras committed suicide when he lost, or was killed by Apollo.Patron of sailorsApollo functions as the patron and protector of sailors, one of the duties he shares with Poseidon. In the myths, he is seen helping heroes who pray to him for safe journey.When Apollo spotted a ship of Cretan sailors that was caught in a storm, he quickly assumed the shape of a dolphin and guided their ship safely to Delphi.When the Argonauts faced a terrible storm, Jason prayed to his patron, Apollo, to help them. Apollo used his bow and golden arrow to shed light upon an island, where the Argonauts soon took shelter. This island was renamed \"Anaphe\", which means \"He revealed it\".Apollo helped the Greek hero Diomedes, to escape from a great tempest during his journey homeward. As a token of gratitude, Diomedes built a temple in honor of Apollo under the epithet Epibaterius (\"the embarker\").During the Trojan War, Odysseus came to the Trojan camp to return Chriseis, the daughter of Apollo's priest Chryses, and brought many offerings to Apollo. Pleased with this, Apollo sent gentle breezes that helped Odysseus return safely to the Greek camp.Arion was a poet who was kidnapped by some sailors for the rich prizes he possessed. Arion requested them to let him sing for the last time, to which the sailors consented. Arion began singing a song in praise of Apollo, seeking the god's help. Consequently, numerous dolphins surrounded the ship and when Arion jumped into the water, the dolphins carried him away safely.WarsTitanomachyOnce Hera, out of spite, aroused the Titans to war against Zeus and take away his throne. Accordingly, when the Titans tried to climb Mount Olympus, Zeus with the help of Apollo, Artemis and Athena, defeated them and cast them into tartarus.Trojan WarApollo played a pivotal role in the entire Trojan War. He sided with the Trojans, and sent a terrible plague to the Greek camp, which indirectly led to the conflict between Achilles and Agamemnon. He killed the Greek heroes Patroclus, Achilles, and numerous Greek soldiers. He also helped many Trojan heroes, the most important one being Hector. After the end of the war, Apollo and Poseidon together cleaned the remains of the city and the camps.Telegony warA war broke out between the Brygoi and the Thesprotians, who had the support of Odysseus. The gods Athena and Ares came to the battlefield and took sides. Athena helped the hero Odysseus while Ares fought alongside of the Brygoi. When Odysseus lost, Athena and Ares came into a direct duel. To stop the battling gods and the terror created by their battle, Apollo intervened and stopped the duel between them .Indian warWhen Zeus suggested that Dionysus defeat the Indians in order to earn a place among the gods, Dionysus declared war against the Indians and travelled to India along with his army of Bacchantes and satyrs. Among the warriors was Aristaeus, Apollo's son. Apollo armed his son with his own hands and gave him a bow and arrows and fitted a strong shield to his arm. After Zeus urged Apollo to join the war, he went to the battlefield. Seeing several of his nymphs and Aristaeus drowning in a river, he took them to safety and healed them. He taught Aristaeus more useful healing arts and sent him back to help the army of Dionysus.Theban warDuring the war between the sons of Oedipus, Apollo favored Amphiaraus, a seer and one of the leaders in the war. Though saddened that the seer was fated to be doomed in the war, Apollo made Amphiaraus' last hours glorious by \"lighting his shield and his helm with starry gleam\". When Hypseus tried to kill the hero by a spear, Apollo directed the spear towards the charioteer of Amphiaraus instead. Then Apollo himself replaced the charioteer and took the reins in his hands. He deflected many spears and arrows away them. He also killed many of the enemy warriors like Melaneus, Antiphus, Aetion, Polites and Lampus. At last when the moment of departure came, Apollo expressed his grief with tears in his eyes and bid farewell to Amphiaraus, who was soon engulfed by the Earth.Slaying of giantsApollo killed the giants Python and Tityos, who had assaulted his mother Leto.GigantomachyDuring the gigantomachy, Apollo and Heracles blinded the giant Ephialtes by shooting him in his eyes, Apollo shooting his left and Heracles his right. He also killed Porphyrion, the king of giants, using his bow and arrows.AloadaeThe Aloadae, namely Otis and Ephialtes, were twin giants who decided to wage war upon the gods. They attempted to storm Mt. Olympus by piling up mountains, and threatened to fill the sea with mountains and inundate dry land. They even dared to seek the hand of Hera and Artemis in marriage. Angered by this, Apollo killed them by shooting them with arrows. According to another tale, Apollo killed them by sending a deer between them; as they tried to kill it with their javelins, they accidentally stabbed each other and died.PhorbasPhorbas was a savage giant king of Phlegyas who was described as having swine like features. He wished to plunder Delphi for its wealth. He seized the roads to Delphi and started harassing the pilgrims. He captured the old people and children and sent them to his army to hold them for ransom. And he challenged the young and sturdy men to a match of boxing, only to cut their heads off when they would get defeated by him. He hung the chopped off heads to an oak tree. Finally, Apollo came to put an end to this cruelty. He entered a boxing contest with Phorbas and killed him with a single blow.Other storiesIn the first Olympic games, Apollo defeated Ares and became the victor in wrestling. He outran Hermes in the race and won first place.Apollo divides months into summer and winter. He rides on the back of a swan to the land of the Hyperboreans during the winter months, and the absence of warmth in winters is due to his departure. During his absence, Delphi was under the care of Dionysus, and no prophecies were given during winters.Molpadia and Parthenos Molpadia and Parthenos were the sisters of Rhoeo, a former lover of Apollo. One day, they were put in charge of watching their father's ancestral wine jar but they fell asleep while performing this duty. While they were asleep, the wine jar was broken by the swines their family kept. When the sisters woke up and saw what had happened, they threw themselves off a cliff in fear of their father's wrath. Apollo, who was passing by, caught them and carried them to two different cities in Chersonesus, Molpadia to Castabus and Parthenos to Bubastus. He turned them into goddesses and they both received divine honors. Molpadia's name was changed to Hemithea upon her deification.Prometheus Prometheus was the titan who was punished by Zeus for stealing fire. He was bound to a rock, where each day an eagle was sent to eat Prometheus' liver, which would then grow back overnight to be eaten again the next day. Seeing his plight, Apollo pleaded Zeus to release the kind Titan, while Artemis and Leto stood behind him with tears in their eyes. Zeus, moved by Apollo's words and the tears of the goddesses, finally sent Heracles to free Prometheus.The rock of Leukas Leukatas was believed to be a white colored rock jutting out from the island of Leukas into the sea. It was present in the sanctuary of Apollo Leukates. A leap from this rock was believed to have put an end to the longings of love.Once, Aphrodite fell deeply in love with Adonis, a young man of great beauty who was later accidentally killed by a boar. Heartbroken, Aphrodite wandered looking for the rock of Leukas. When she reached the sanctuary of Apollo in Argos, she confided in him her love and sorrow. Apollo then brought her to the rock of Leukas and asked her to throw herself from the top of the rock. She did so and was freed from her love. When she sought for the reason behind this, Apollo told her that Zeus, before taking another lover, would sit on this rock to free himself from his love to Hera.Another tale relates that a man named Nireus, who fell in love with the cult statue of Athena, came to the rock and jumped in order relieve himself. After jumping, he fell into the net of a fisherman in which, when he was pulled out, he found a box filled with gold. He fought with the fisherman and took the gold, but Apollo appeared to him in the night in a dream and warned him not to appropriate gold which belonged to others.It was an ancestral custom among the Leukadians to fling a criminal from this rock every year at the sacrifice performed in honor of Apollo for the sake of averting evil. However, a number of men would be stationed all around below rock to catch the criminal and take him out of the borders in order to exile him from the island. This was the same rock from which, according to a legend, Sappho took her suicidal leap.Female loversLove affairs ascribed to Apollo are a late development in Greek mythology. Their vivid anecdotal qualities have made some of them favorites of painters since the Renaissance, the result being that they stand out more prominently in the modern imagination.Daphne was a nymph who scorned Apollo's advances and ran away from him. When Apollo chased her in order to persuade her, she changed herself into a laurel tree. According to other versions, she cried for help during the chase, and Gaia helped her by taking her in and placing a laurel tree in her place. According to Roman poet Ovid, the chase was brought about by Cupid, who hit Apollo with golden arrow of love and Daphne with leaden arrow of hatred. The myth explains the origin of the laurel and connection of Apollo with the laurel and its leaves, which his priestess employed at Delphi. The leaves became the symbol of victory and laurel wreaths were given to the victors of the Pythian games.Apollo is said to have been the lover of all nine Muses, and not being able to choose one of them, decided to remain unwed. He fathered the Corybantes by the Muse Thalia, Orpheus by Calliope, Linus of Thrace by Calliope or Urania and Hymenaios (Hymen) by one of the Muses.Cyrene was a Thessalian princess whom Apollo loved. In her honor, he built the city Cyrene and made her its ruler. She was later granted longevity by Apollo who turned her into a nymph. The couple had two sons, Aristaeus, and Idmon.Evadne was a nymph daughter of Poseidon and a lover of Apollo. She bore him a son, Iamos. During the time of the childbirth, Apollo sent Eileithyia, the goddess of childbirth to assist her.Rhoeo, a princess of the island of Naxos was loved by Apollo. Out of affection for her, Apollo turned her sisters into goddesses. On the island Delos she bore Apollo a son named Anius. Not wanting to have the child, she entrusted the infant to Apollo and left. Apollo raised and educated the child on his own.Ourea, a daughter of Poseidon, fell in love with Apollo when he and Poseidon were serving the Trojan king Laomedon. They both united on the day the walls of Troy were built. She bore to Apollo a son, whom Apollo named Ileus, after the city of his birth, Ilion (Troy). Ileus was very dear to Apollo.Thero, daughter of Phylas, a maiden as beautiful as the moonbeams, was loved by the radiant Apollo, and she loved him in return. By their union, she became mother of Chaeron, who was famed as \"the tamer of horses\". He later built the city Chaeronea.Hyrie or Thyrie was the mother of Cycnus. Apollo turned both the mother and son into swans when they jumped into a lake and tried to kill themselves.Hecuba was the wife of King Priam of Troy, and Apollo had a son with her named Troilus. An oracle prophesied that Troy would not be defeated as long as Troilus reached the age of twenty alive. He was ambushed and killed by Achilleus, and Apollo avenged his death by killing Achilles. After the sack of Troy, Hecuba was taken to Lycia by Apollo.Coronis was daughter of Phlegyas, King of the Lapiths. While pregnant with Asclepius, Coronis fell in love with Ischys, son of Elatus and slept with him. When Apollo found out about her infidelity through his prophetic powers, he sent his sister, Artemis, to kill Coronis. Apollo rescued the baby by cutting open Koronis' belly and gave it to the centaur Chiron to raise.Dryope, the daughter of Dryops, was impregnated by Apollo in the form of a snake. She gave birth to a son named Amphissus.In Euripides' play Ion, Apollo fathered Ion by Creusa, wife of Xuthus. He used his powers to conceal her pregnancy from her father. Later, when Creusa left Ion to die in the wild, Apollo asked Hermes to save the child and bring him to the oracle at Delphi, where he was raised by a priestess.Male loversHyacinth (or Hyacinthus), a beautiful and athletic Spartan prince, was one of Apollo's favourite lovers. The pair was practicing throwing the discus when a discus thrown by Apollo was blown off course by the jealous Zephyrus and struck Hyacinthus in the head, killing him instantly. Apollo is said to be filled with grief. Out of Hyacinthus' blood, Apollo created a flower named after him as a memorial to his death, and his tears stained the flower petals with the interjection , meaning alas. He was later resurrected and taken to heaven. The festival Hyacinthia was a national celebration of Sparta, which commemorated the death and rebirth of Hyacinthus.Another male lover was Cyparissus, a descendant of Heracles. Apollo gave him a tame deer as a companion but Cyparissus accidentally killed it with a javelin as it lay asleep in the undergrowth. Cyparissus was so saddened by its death that he asked Apollo to let his tears fall forever. Apollo granted the request by turning him into the Cypress named after him, which was said to be a sad tree because the sap forms droplets like tears on the trunk.Admetus, the king of Pherae, was also Apollo's lover. During his exile, which lasted either for one year or nine years, Apollo served Admetus as a herdsman. The romantic nature of their relationship was first described by Callimachus of Alexandria, who wrote that Apollo was \"fired with love\" for Admetus. Plutarch lists Admetus as one of Apollo's lovers and says that Apollo served Admetus because he doted upon him. Latin poet Ovid in his Ars Amatoria said that even though he was a god, Apollo forsook his pride and stayed in as a servant for the sake of Admetus. Tibullus desrcibes Apollo's love to the king as servitium amoris (slavery of love) and asserts that Apollo became his servant not by force but by choice. He would also make cheese and serve it to Admetus. His domestic actions caused embarrassment to his family.When Admetus wanted to marry princess Alcestis, Apollo provided a chariot pulled by a lion and a boar he had tamed. This satisfied Alcestis' father and he let Admetus marry his daughter. Further, Apollo saved the king from Artemis' wrath and also convinced the Moirai to postpone Admetus' death once.Branchus, a shepherd, one day came across Apollo in the woods. Captivated by the god's beauty, he kissed Apollo. Apollo requited his affections and wanting to reward him, bestowed prophetic skills on him. His descendants, the Branchides, were an influential clan of prophets.Other male lovers of Apollo include:Adonis, who is said to have been the lover of both Apollo and Aphrodite. He behaved as a man with Aphrodite and as a woman with Apollo.Atymnius, otherwise known as a beloved of SarpedonBoreas, the god of North windsHelenus, the son of Priam and a Trojan Prince, was a lover of Apollo and received from him an ivory bow with which he later wounded Achilles in the hand.Hippolytus of Sicyon (not the same as Hippolytus, the son of Theseus)Hymenaios, the son of MagnesIapis, to whom Apollo taught the art of healingPhorbas, the dragon slayer (probably the son of Triopas)ChildrenApollo sired many children, from mortal women and nymphs as well as the goddesses. His children grew up to be physicians, musicians, poets, seers or archers. Many of his sons founded new cities and became kings. They were all usually very beautiful.Asclepius is the most famous son of Apollo. His skills as a physician surpassed that of Apollo's. Zeus killed him for bringing back the dead, but upon Apollo's request, he was resurrected as a god. Aristaeus was placed under the care of Chiron after his birth. He became the god of beekeeping, cheese making, animal husbandry and more. He was ultimately given immortality for the benefits he bestowed upon the humanity. The Corybantes were spear-clashing, dancing demigods.The sons of Apollo who participated in the Trojan War include the Trojan princes Hector and Troilus, as well as Tenes, the king of Tenedos, all three of whom were killed by Achilles over the course of the war.Apollo's children who became musicians and bards include Orpheus, Linus, Ialemus, Hymenaeus, Philammon, Eumolpus and Eleuther. Apollo fathered 3 daughters, Apollonis, Borysthenis and Cephisso, who formed a group of minor Muses, the \"Musa Apollonides\". They were nicknamed Nete, Mese and Hypate after the highest, middle and lowest strings of his lyre. Phemonoe was a seer and a poetess who was the inventor of Hexameter.Apis, Idmon, Iamus, Tenerus, Mopsus, Galeus, Telmessus and others were gifted seers. Anius, Pythaeus and Ismenus lived as high priests. Most of them were trained by Apollo himself.Arabus, Delphos, Dryops, Miletos, Tenes, Epidaurus, Ceos, Lycoras, Syrus, Pisus, Marathus, Megarus, Patarus, Acraepheus, Cicon, Chaeron and many other sons of Apollo, under the guidance of his words, founded eponymous cities.He also had a son named Chrysorrhoas who was a mechanic artist. His other daughters include Eurynome, Chariclo wife of Chiron, Eurydice the wife of Orpheus, Eriopis, famous for her beautiful hair, Melite the heroine, Pamphile the silk weaver, Parthenos, and by some accounts, Phoebe, Hilyra and Scylla. Apollo turned Parthenos into a constellation after her early death.Additionally, Apollo fostered and educated Chiron, the centaur who later became the greatest teacher and educated many demigods, including Apollo's sons. Apollo also fostered Carnus, the son of Zeus and Europa.Failed love attemptsMarpessa was kidnapped by Idas but was loved by Apollo as well. Zeus made her choose between them, and she chose Idas on the grounds that Apollo, being immortal, would tire of her when she grew old.Sinope, a nymph, was approached by the amorous Apollo. She made him promise that he would grant to her whatever she would ask for, and then cleverly asked him to let her stay a virgin. Apollo kept his promise and went back.Bolina was admired by Apollo but she refused him and jumped into the sea. To avoid her death, Apollo turned her into a nymph and let her go.Castalia was a nymph whom Apollo loved. She fled from him and dove into the spring at Delphi, at the base of Mt. Parnassos, which was then named after her. Water from this spring was sacred; it was used to clean the Delphian temples and inspire the priestesses.Cassandra, was a daughter of Hecuba and Priam. Apollo wished to court her. Cassandra promised to return his love on one condition - he should give her the power to see the future. Apollo fulfilled her wish, but she went back on her word and rejected him soon after. Angered that she broke her promise, Apollo cursed her that even though she would see the future, no one would ever believe her prophecies.Hestia, the goddess of the hearth, rejected both Apollo's and Poseidon's marriage proposals and swore that she would always stay unmarried.Female counterpartsArtemisArtemis as the sister of Apollo, is thea apollousa, that is, she as a female divinity represented the same idea that Apollo did as a male divinity. In the pre-Hellenic period, their relationship was described as the one between husband and wife, and there seems to have been a tradition which actually described Artemis as the wife of Apollo. However, this relationship was never sexual but spiritual, which is why they both are seen being unmarried in the Hellenic period.Artemis, like her brother, is armed with a bow and arrows. She is the cause of sudden deaths of women. She also is the protector of the young, especially girls. Though she has nothing to do with oracles, music or poetry, she sometimes led the female chorus on Olympus while Apollo sang. The laurel (daphne) was sacred to both. Artemis Daphnaia had her temple among the Lacedemonians, at a place called Hypsoi. Apollo Daphnephoros had a temple in Eretria, a \"place where the citizens are to take the oaths\". In later times when Apollo was regarded as identical with the sun or Helios, Artemis was naturally regarded as Selene or the moon.HecateHecate, the goddess of witchcraft and magic, is the chthonic counterpart of Apollo. They both are cousins, since their mothers - Leto and Asteria - are sisters. One of Apollo's epithets, Hecatos, is the masculine form of Hecate, and both the names mean \"working from afar\". While Apollo presided over the prophetic powers and magic of light and heaven, Hecate presided over the prophetic powers and magic of night and chthonian darkness. If Hecate is the \"gate-keeper\", Apollo Agyieus is the \"door-keeper\". Hecate is the goddess of crossroads and Apollo is the god and protector of streets.The oldest evidence found for Hecate's worship is at Apollo's temple in Miletos. There, Hecate was taken to be Apollo's sister counterpart in the absence of Artemis. Hecate's lunar nature makes her the goddess of the waning moon and contrasts and complements, at the same time, Apollo's solar nature.AthenaAs a deity of knowledge and great power, Apollo was seen being the male counterpart of Athena. Being Zeus' favorite children, they were given more powers and duties. Apollo and Athena often took up the role as protectors of cities, and were patrons of some of the important cities. Athena was the principle goddess of Athens, Apollo was the principle god of Sparta.As patrons of arts, Apollo and Athena were companions of the Muses, the former a much more frequent companion than the latter. Apollo was sometimes called the son of Athena and Hephaestus.In the Trojan war, as Zeus' executive, Apollo is seen holding the aegis like Athena usually does. Apollo's decisions were usually approved by his sister Athena, and they both worked to establish the law and order set forth by Zeus.Apollo in the OresteiaIn Aeschylus' Oresteia trilogy, Clytemnestra kills her husband, King Agamemnon because he had sacrificed their daughter Iphigenia to proceed forward with the Trojan war. Apollo gives an order through the Oracle at Delphi that Agamemnon's son, Orestes, is to kill Clytemnestra and Aegisthus, her lover. Orestes and Pylades carry out the revenge, and consequently Orestes is pursued by the Erinyes or Furies (female personifications of vengeance).Apollo and the Furies argue about whether the matricide was justified; Apollo holds that the bond of marriage is sacred and Orestes was avenging his father, whereas the Erinyes say that the bond of blood between mother and son is more meaningful than the bond of marriage. They invade his temple, and he drives them away. He says that the matter should be brought before Athena. Apollo promises to protect Orestes, as Orestes has become Apollo's supplicant. Apollo advocates Orestes at the trial, and ultimately Athena rules in favor of Apollo.Roman ApolloThe Roman worship of Apollo was adopted from the Greeks. As a quintessentially Greek god, Apollo had no direct Roman equivalent, although later Roman poets often referred to him as Phoebus. There was a tradition that the Delphic oracle was consulted as early as the period of the kings of Rome during the reign of Tarquinius Superbus.On the occasion of a pestilence in the 430s BCE, Apollo's first temple at Rome was established in the Flaminian fields, replacing an older cult site there known as the \"Apollinare\". During the Second Punic War in 212 BCE, the Ludi Apollinares (\"Apollonian Games\") were instituted in his honor, on the instructions of a prophecy attributed to one Marcius. In the time of Augustus, who considered himself under the special protection of Apollo and was even said to be his son, his worship developed and he became one of the chief gods of Rome.After the battle of Actium, which was fought near a sanctuary of Apollo, Augustus enlarged Apollo's temple, dedicated a portion of the spoils to him, and instituted quinquennial games in his honour. He also erected a new temple to the god on the Palatine hill. Sacrifices and prayers on the Palatine to Apollo and Diana formed the culmination of the Secular Games, held in 17 BCE to celebrate the dawn of a new era.FestivalsThe chief Apollonian festival was the Pythian Games held every four years at Delphi and was one of the four great Panhellenic Games. Also of major importance was the Delia held every four years on Delos.Athenian annual festivals included the Boedromia, Metageitnia, Pyanepsia, and Thargelia.Spartan annual festivals were the Carneia and the Hyacinthia.Thebes every nine years held the Daphnephoria.Attributes and symbolsApollo's most common attributes were the bow and arrow. Other attributes of his included the kithara (an advanced version of the common lyre), the plectrum and the sword. Another common emblem was the sacrificial tripod, representing his prophetic powers. The Pythian Games were held in Apollo's honor every four years at Delphi. The bay laurel plant was used in expiatory sacrifices and in making the crown of victory at these games.The palm tree was also sacred to Apollo because he had been born under one in Delos. Animals sacred to Apollo included wolves, dolphins, roe deer, swans, cicadas (symbolizing music and song), ravens, hawks, crows (Apollo had hawks and crows as his messengers), snakes (referencing Apollo's function as the god of prophecy), mice and griffins, mythical eagle–lion hybrids of Eastern origin.Homer and Porphyry wrote that Apollo had a hawk as his messenger. In many myths Apollo is transformed into a hawk. In addition, Claudius Aelianus wrote that in Ancient Egypt people believed that hawks were sacred to the god and that according to the ministers of Apollo in Egypt there were certain men called \"hawk-keepers\" (ἱερακοβοσκοί) who fed and tended the hawks belonging to the god. Eusebius wrote that the second appearance of the moon is held sacred in the city of Apollo in Egypt and that the city's symbol is a man with a hawklike face (Horus). Claudius Aelianus wrote that Egyptians called Apollo Horus in their own language.As god of colonization, Apollo gave oracular guidance on colonies, especially during the height of colonization, 750–550 BCE. According to Greek tradition, he helped Cretan or Arcadian colonists found the city of Troy. However, this story may reflect a cultural influence which had the reverse direction: Hittite cuneiform texts mention an Asia Minor god called Appaliunas or Apalunas in connection with the city of Wilusa attested in Hittite inscriptions, which is now generally regarded as being identical with the Greek Ilion by most scholars. In this interpretation, Apollo's title of Lykegenes can simply be read as \"born in Lycia\", which effectively severs the god's supposed link with wolves (possibly a folk etymology).In literary contexts, Apollo represents harmony, order, and reason—characteristics contrasted with those of Dionysus, god of wine, who represents ecstasy and disorder. The contrast between the roles of these gods is reflected in the adjectives Apollonian and Dionysian. However, the Greeks thought of the two qualities as complementary: the two gods are brothers, and when Apollo at winter left for Hyperborea, he would leave the Delphic oracle to Dionysus. This contrast appears to be shown on the two sides of the Borghese Vase.Apollo is often associated with the Golden Mean. This is the Greek ideal of moderation and a virtue that opposes gluttony.Apollo in the artsApollo is a common theme in Greek and Roman art and also in the art of the Renaissance. The earliest Greek word for a statue is \"delight\" (, agalma), and the sculptors tried to create forms which would inspire such guiding vision. Greek art puts into Apollo the highest degree of power and beauty that can be imagined. The sculptors derived this from observations on human beings, but they also embodied in concrete form, issues beyond the reach of ordinary thought.The naked bodies of the statues are associated with the cult of the body that was essentially a religious activity. The muscular frames and limbs combined with slim waists indicate the Greek desire for health, and the physical capacity which was necessary in the hard Greek environment. The statues of Apollo embody beauty, balance and inspire awe before the beauty of the world.Archaic sculptureNumerous free-standing statues of male youths from Archaic Greece exist, and were once thought to be representations of Apollo, though later discoveries indicated that many represented mortals. In 1895, V. I. Leonardos proposed the term kouros (\"male youth\") to refer to those from Keratea; this usage was later expanded by Henri Lechat in 1904 to cover all statues of this format.The earliest examples of life-sized statues of Apollo may be two figures from the Ionic sanctuary on the island of Delos. Such statues were found across the Greek speaking world, the preponderance of these were found at the sanctuaries of Apollo with more than one hundred from the sanctuary of Apollo Ptoios, Boeotia alone. Significantly more rare are the life-sized bronze statues. One of the few originals which survived into the present day—so rare that its discovery in 1959 was described as \"a miracle\" by Ernst Homann-Wedeking—is the masterpiece bronze, Piraeus Apollo. It was found in Piraeus, a port city close to Athens, and is believed to have come from north-eastern Peloponnesus. It is the only surviving large-scale Peloponnesian statue.Classical sculptureThe famous Apollo of Mantua and its variants are early forms of the Apollo Citharoedus statue type, in which the god holds the cithara, a sophisticated seven-stringed variant of the lyre, in his left arm. While none of the Greek originals have survived, several Roman copies from approximately the late 1st or early 2nd century exist.Other notable forms are the Apollo Citharoedus and the Apollo Barberini.Hellenistic Greece-RomeApollo as a handsome beardless young man, is often depicted with a cithara (as Apollo Citharoedus) or bow in his hand, or reclining on a tree (the Apollo Lykeios and Apollo Sauroctonos types). The Apollo Belvedere is a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century; for centuries it epitomized the ideals of Classical Antiquity for Europeans, from the Renaissance through the 19th century. The marble is a Hellenistic or Roman copy of a bronze original by the Greek sculptor Leochares, made between 350 and 325 BCE.The life-size so-called \"Adonis\" found in 1780 on the site of a villa suburbana near the Via Labicana in the Roman suburb of Centocelle is identified as an Apollo by modern scholars. In the late 2nd century CE floor mosaic from El Djem, Roman Thysdrus, he is identifiable as Apollo Helios by his effulgent halo, though now even a god's divine nakedness is concealed by his cloak, a mark of increasing conventions of modesty in the later Empire.Another haloed Apollo in mosaic, from Hadrumentum, is in the museum at Sousse. The conventions of this representation, head tilted, lips slightly parted, large-eyed, curling hair cut in locks grazing the neck, were developed in the 3rd century BCE to depict Alexander the Great. Some time after this mosaic was executed, the earliest depictions of Christ would also be beardless and haloed.Modern receptionApollo often appears in modern and popular culture due to his status as the god of music, dance and poetry.Postclassical art and literatureDance and music Apollo has featured in dance and music in modern culture. Percy Bysshe Shelley composed a \"Hymn of Apollo\" (1820), and the god's instruction of the Muses formed the subject of Igor Stravinsky's Apollon musagète (1927–1928). In 1978, the Canadian band Rush released an album with songs \"Apollo: Bringer of Wisdom\"/\"Dionysus: Bringer of Love\".Books Apollo been portrayed in modern literature, such as when Charles Handy, in Gods of Management (1978) uses Greek gods as a metaphor to portray various types of organizational culture. Apollo represents a 'role' culture where order, reason, and bureaucracy prevail. In 2016, author Rick Riordan published the first book in the Trials of Apollo series, publishing four other books in the series in 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020.Film Apollo has been depicted in modern films—for instance, by Keith David in the 1997 animated feature film Hercules, by Luke Evans in the 2010 action film Clash of the Titans, and by Dimitri Lekkos in the 2010 film Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief.Video games Apollo has appeared in many modern video games. Apollo appears as a minor character in Santa Monica Studio's 2010 action-adventure game God of War III with his bow being used by Peirithous. He also appears in the 2014 Hi-Rez Studios Multiplayer Online Battle Arena game Smite as a playable character.Psychology and philosophy In philosophical discussion of the arts, a distinction is sometimes made between the Apollonian and Dionysian impulses where the former is concerned with imposing intellectual order and the latter with chaotic creativity. Friedrich Nietzsche argued that a fusion of the two was most desirable. Psychologist Carl Jung's Apollo archetype represents what he saw as the disposition in people to over-intellectualise and maintain emotional distance.Spaceflight In spaceflight, the 1960s and 1970s NASA program for orbiting and landing astronauts on the Moon was named after Apollo, by NASA manager Abe Silverstein: \"Apollo riding his chariot across the Sun was appropriate to the grand scale of the proposed program.\"GenealogySee alsoFamily tree of the Greek godsDryadEpirusPhoebus (disambiguation)Sibylline oraclesTegyraTemple of Apollo (disambiguation)NotesReferencesSourcesPrimary sources Aelian, On Animals, Volume II: Books 6-11. Translated by A. F. Scholfield. Loeb Classical Library 447. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958. Aeschylus, The Eumenides in Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes, Vol 2, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1926, Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Antoninus Liberalis, The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis translated by Francis Celoria (Routledge 1992). Online version at the Topos Text Project. Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Apollonius of Rhodes, Apollonius Rhodius: the Argonautica, translated by Robert Cooper Seaton, W. Heinemann, 1912. Internet Archive. Callimachus, Callimachus and Lycophron with an English Translation by A. W. Mair; Aratus, with an English Translation by G. R. Mair, London: W. Heinemann, New York: G. P. Putnam 1921. Online version at Harvard University Press. Internet Archive. Cicero, Marcus Tullius, De Natura Deorum in Cicero in Twenty-eight Volumes, XIX De Natura Deorum; Academica, with an english translation by H. Rackham, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd, 1967. Internet Archive. Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, Volume III: Books 4.59-8, translated by C. H. Oldfather, Loeb Classical Library No. 340. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1939. . Online version at Harvard University Press. Online version by Bill Thayer. Herodotus, Herodotus, with an English translation by A. D. Godley. Cambridge. Harvard University Press. 1920. Online version available at The Perseus Digital Library. Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Homeric Hymn 3 to Apollo in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Homeric Hymn 4 to Hermes, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PhD in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Homer; The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Hyginus, Gaius Julius, De Astronomica, in The Myths of Hyginus, edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960. Online version at ToposText. Hyginus, Gaius Julius, Fabulae, in The Myths of Hyginus, edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960. Online version at ToposText. Livy, The History of Rome, Books I and II With An English Translation. Cambridge. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. Nonnus, Dionysiaca; translated by Rouse, W H D, I Books I-XV. Loeb Classical Library No. 344, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940. Internet Archive Nonnus, Dionysiaca; translated by Rouse, W H D, II Books XVI-XXXV. Loeb Classical Library No. 345, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940. Internet Archive Statius, Thebaid. Translated by Mozley, J H. Loeb Classical Library Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1928. Strabo, The Geography of Strabo. Edition by H.L. Jones. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Sophocles, Oedipus Rex Palaephatus, On Unbelievable Tales 46. Hyacinthus (330 BCE) Ovid, Metamorphoses, Brookes More, Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. 10. 162–219 (1–8 CE) Pausanias, Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Philostratus the Elder, Imagines, in Philostratus the Elder, Imagines. Philostratus the Younger, Imagines. Callistratus, Descriptions. Translated by Arthur Fairbanks. Loeb Classical Library No. 256. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1931. . Online version at Harvard University Press. Internet Archive 1926 edition. i.24 Hyacinthus (170–245 CE) Philostratus the Younger, Imagines, in Philostratus the Elder, Imagines. Philostratus the Younger, Imagines. Callistratus, Descriptions. Translated by Arthur Fairbanks. Loeb Classical Library No. 256. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1931. . Online version at Harvard University Press. Internet Archive 1926 edition. 14. Hyacinthus (170–245 CE) Pindar, Odes, Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1990. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Plutarch. Lives, Volume I: Theseus and Romulus. Lycurgus and Numa. Solon and Publicola. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. Loeb Classical Library No. 46. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1914. . Online version at Harvard University Press. Numa at the Perseus Digital Library. Pseudo-Plutarch, De fluviis, in Plutarch's morals, Volume V, edited and translated by William Watson Goodwin, Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1874. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Lucian, Dialogues of the Dead. Dialogues of the Sea-Gods. Dialogues of the Gods. Dialogues of the Courtesans, translated by M. D. MacLeod, Loeb Classical Library No. 431, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1961. . Online version at Harvard University Press. Internet Archive. First Vatican Mythographer, 197. Thamyris et Musae Tzetzes, John, Chiliades, editor Gottlieb Kiessling, F.C.G. Vogel, 1826. Google Books. (English translation: Book I by Ana Untila; Books II–IV, by Gary Berkowitz; Books V–VI by Konstantino Ramiotis; Books VII–VIII by Vasiliki Dogani; Books IX–X by Jonathan Alexander; Books XII–XIII by Nikolaos Giallousis. Internet Archive). Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica, translated by J. H. Mozley, Loeb Classical Library No. 286. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1928. . Online version at Harvard University Press. Online translated text available at theoi.com. Vergil, Aeneid. Theodore C. Williams. trans. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.Secondary sources Athanassakis, Apostolos N., and Benjamin M. Wolkow, The Orphic Hymns, Johns Hopkins University Press; owlerirst Printing edition (May 29, 2013). . Google Books. M. Bieber, 1964. Alexander the Great in Greek and Roman Art. Chicago. Hugh Bowden, 2005. Classical Athens and the Delphic Oracle: Divination and Democracy. Cambridge University Press. Walter Burkert, 1985. Greek Religion (Harvard University Press) III.2.5 passim Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy, Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins, University of California Press, 1959. . Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: (Vol. 1), (Vol. 2). Miranda J. Green, 1997. Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend, Thames and Hudson. Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. . Hard, Robin, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's \"Handbook of Greek Mythology\", Psychology Press, 2004, . Google Books. Karl Kerenyi, 1953. Apollon: Studien über Antiken Religion und Humanität revised edition. Kerényi, Karl 1951, The Gods of the Greeks, Thames and Hudson, London. Mertens, Dieter; Schutzenberger, Margareta. Città e monumenti dei Greci d'Occidente: dalla colonizzazione alla crisi di fine V secolo a.C.. Roma L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2006. . Martin Nilsson, 1955. Die Geschichte der Griechische Religion, vol. I. C.H. Beck. Parada, Carlos, Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology, Jonsered, Paul Åströms Förlag, 1993. . Pauly–Wissowa, Realencyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft: II, \"Apollon\". The best repertory of cult sites (Burkert). Peck, Harry Thurston, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York. Harper and Brothers. 1898. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Pfeiff, K.A., 1943. Apollon: Wandlung seines Bildes in der griechischen Kunst. Traces the changing iconography of Apollo. D.S.Robertson (1945) A handbook of Greek and Roman Architecture Cambridge University Press Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). \"Apollo\" Smith, William, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. William Smith, LLD. William Wayte. G. E. Marindin. Albemarle Street, London. John Murray. 1890. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Spivey Nigel (1997) Greek art Phaedon Press Ltd.External links Apollo at the Greek Mythology Link, by Carlos Parada The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database: ca 1650 images of ApolloBeauty godsHealth godsKnowledge godsLight deitiesMaintenance deitiesMusic and singing godsOracular godsSolar godsGreek godsRoman godsDragonslayersMythological Greek archersMythological rapistsHomosexuality and bisexuality deitiesDivine twinsDeities in the IliadMetamorphoses charactersCharacters in Greek mythology LGBT themes in Greek mythologyChildren of ZeusCharacters in the OdysseyCharacters in the Argonautica"}
+{"text": "Andre Kirk Agassi ( ; born April 29, 1970) is an American former world No. 1 tennis player. He is an eight-time major champion and a 1996 Olympic gold medalist, as well as a runner-up in seven other Grand Slam tournaments.Agassi was the first man to win four Australian Open singles titles in the Open Era (though later surpassed by Novak Djokovic, who won his fifth title in 2015 and has since won the tournament nine times). Agassi is the second of five men to achieve the career Grand Slam in the Open Era and the fifth of eight overall to make the achievement. He is also the first of two men to achieve the career Golden Slam (career Grand Slam and Olympic gold medal), and the only man to win a career Super Slam (career Grand Slam, plus the Olympic gold medal and the year-end championships).Agassi was the first man to win all four singles majors on three different surfaces (hard, clay and grass), and remains the most recent American man to win the French Open (in 1999) and the Australian Open (in 2003). He also won 17 ATP Masters Series titles and was part of the winning Davis Cup teams in 1990, 1992 and 1995. Agassi reached the world No. 1 ranking for the first time in 1995 but was troubled by personal issues during the mid-to-late 1990s and sank to No. 141 in 1997, prompting many to believe that his career was over. Agassi returned to No. 1 in 1999 and enjoyed the most successful run of his career over the next four years. During his 20-plus year tour career, Agassi was known by the nickname \"The Punisher\".After suffering from sciatica caused by two bulging discs in his back, a spondylolisthesis (vertebral displacement) and a bone spur that interfered with the nerve, Agassi retired from professional tennis on September 3, 2006, after losing in the third round of the US Open. He is the founder of the Andre Agassi Charitable Foundation, which has raised over $60 million for at-risk children in Southern Nevada. In 2001, the Foundation opened the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy in Las Vegas, a K–12 public charter school for at-risk children. He has been married to fellow tennis player Steffi Graf since 2001.1970–1985: Early lifeAndre Agassi was born in Las Vegas, Nevada, to Emmanuel \"Mike\" Agassi, a former Olympic boxer from Iran and American Elizabeth \"Betty\" Agassi (née Dudley). His father is of Armenian and Assyrian heritage. Andre Agassi's mother, Betty, is a breast cancer survivor. He has three older siblings – Rita (last wife of former number one Pancho Gonzales), Philip and Tami. Andre was given the middle name Kirk after Kirk Kerkorian, an Armenian American billionaire. Emmanuel Agassi, then a waiter at Tropicana Las Vegas, had met Kerkorian in 1963.At the age of 12, Agassi and his good friend and doubles partner, Roddy Parks, won the 1982 National Indoor Boys 14s Doubles Championship in Chicago. Agassi describes memorable experiences and juvenile pranks with Roddy in his book Open.When he was 13, Agassi was sent to Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Academy in Florida. He was meant to stay for only three months, because that was all his father could afford. After thirty minutes of watching Agassi play, Bollettieri, deeply impressed by his talent, called Mike and said: \"Take your check back. He's here for free.\" Agassi then dropped out of school in the ninth grade to pursue a full-time tennis career.1986–2006: Professional career1986–1993: Breakthrough and the first major titleAgassi turned professional at the age of 16 and competed in his first tournament at La Quinta, California. He won his first match against John Austin, but then lost his second match to Mats Wilander. By the end of 1986, Agassi was ranked No. 91. He won his first top-level singles title in 1987 at the Sul American Open in Itaparica and ended the year ranked No. 25. He won six additional tournaments in 1988 (Memphis, U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships, Forest Hills WCT, Stuttgart Outdoor, Volvo International and Livingston Open), and, by December of that year, he had surpassed US$1 million in career prize money after playing in just 43 tournaments—the fastest anyone in history had reached that level. During 1988, he also set the open-era record for most consecutive victories by a male teenager (a record that stood for 17 years until Rafael Nadal broke it in 2005). His year-end ranking was No. 3, behind second-ranked Ivan Lendl and top-ranked Mats Wilander. Both the Association of Tennis Professionals and Tennis magazine named Agassi the Most Improved Player of the Year for 1988.In addition to not playing the Australian Open (which later became his best Grand Slam event) for the first eight years of his career, Agassi chose not to play at Wimbledon from 1988 through 1990 and publicly stated that he did not wish to play there because of the event's traditionalism, particularly its \"predominantly white\" dress code to which players at the event are required to conform.Strong performances on the tour meant that Agassi was quickly tipped as a future Grand Slam champion. While still a teenager, he reached the semi-finals of both the French Open and the US Open in 1988 and made the US Open semi-finals in 1989. He began the 1990s with a series of near-misses. He reached his first Grand Slam final in 1990 at the French Open, where he was favored before losing in four sets to Andrés Gómez, which he later attributed in his book to worrying about his wig falling off during the match. He reached his second Grand Slam final of the year at the US Open, defeating defending champion Boris Becker in the semi-finals. His opponent in the final was Pete Sampras; a year earlier, Agassi had crushed Sampras, after which time he told his coach that he felt bad for Sampras because he was never going to make it as a pro. Agassi lost the US Open final to Sampras in three sets. The rivalry between these two American players became the biggest one in tennis over the rest of the decade. Agassi ended 1990 on a high note as he helped the United States win its first Davis Cup in 8 years and won his only Tennis Masters Cup, beating reigning Wimbledon champion Stefan Edberg in the final.In 1991, Agassi reached his second consecutive French Open final, where he faced fellow Bollettieri Academy alumnus Jim Courier. Courier emerged the victor in a five-set final. Agassi decided to play at Wimbledon in 1991, leading to weeks of speculation in the media about the clothes he would wear. He eventually emerged for the first round in a completely white outfit. He reached the quarterfinals on that occasion, losing in five sets to David Wheaton.Agassi's Grand Slam tournament breakthrough came at Wimbledon, not at the French Open or the US Open, where he had previously enjoyed success. In 1992, he defeated Goran Ivanišević in a five-set final. Along the way, Agassi overcame two former Wimbledon champions: Boris Becker and John McEnroe. No other baseliner would triumph at Wimbledon until Lleyton Hewitt ten years later. Agassi was named the BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year in 1992. Agassi once again played on the United States' Davis Cup winning team in 1992. It was their second Davis cup title in three years. Agassi famously played the game wearing Oakley brand sunglasses, and a photo of him from the day appeared on the cover of Tennis magazine. In his memoir, he wrote that he was covering up bloodshot eyes from a hangover and claimed that the founder of Oakley, Jim Jannard, had sent him a Dodge Viper to thank him for the inadvertent publicity.In 1993, Agassi won the only doubles title of his career, at the Cincinnati Masters, partnered with Petr Korda. He missed much of the early part of that year due to injuries. Although he made the quarterfinals in his Wimbledon title defense, he lost to eventual champion and No. 1 Pete Sampras in five sets. Agassi lost in the first round at the US Open to Thomas Enqvist and required wrist surgery late in the year.1994–1997: Rise to the top, Olympic Gold and the fallWith new coach Brad Gilbert on board, Agassi began to employ more of a tactical, consistent approach, which fueled his resurgence. He started slowly in 1994, losing in the first week at the French Open and Wimbledon. Nevertheless, he emerged during the hard-court season, winning the Canadian Open. His comeback culminated at the 1994 US Open with a five-set fourth-round victory against Michael Chang. He then became the first man to capture the US Open as an unseeded player, beating Michael Stich in the final. Along the way, he beat 5 seeded players.In 1995, Agassi shaved his balding head, breaking with his old \"image is everything\" style. He competed in the 1995 Australian Open (his first appearance at the event) and won, beating Sampras in a four-set final. Agassi and Sampras met in five tournament finals in 1995, all on hardcourt, with Agassi winning three. Agassi won three Masters Series events in 1995 (Cincinnati, Key Biscayne, and the Canadian Open) and seven titles total. He compiled a career-best 26-match winning streak during the summer hard-court circuit, with the last victory being in an intense late-night four-set semi-final of the US Open against Boris Becker. The streak ended the next day when Agassi lost the final to Sampras.Agassi reached the world No. 1 ranking for the first time in April 1995. He held that ranking until November, for a total of 30 weeks. Agassi skipped most of the fall indoor season which allowed Sampras to surpass him and finish ranked No. 1 at the year-end ranking. In terms of win/loss record, 1995 was Agassi's best year. He won 73 and lost 9 matches, and was also once again a key player on the United States' Davis Cup winning team—the third and final Davis Cup title of his career.1996 was a less successful year for Agassi, as he failed to reach any Grand Slam final. He suffered two early-round losses to Chris Woodruff and Doug Flach at the French Open and Wimbledon, respectively, and lost to Chang in straight sets in the Australian and US Open semi-finals. At the time, Agassi blamed the Australian Open loss on the windy conditions, but later said in his biography that he had lost the match on purpose, as he did not want to play Boris Becker, whom he would have faced in that final. The high point for Agassi was winning the men's singles gold medal at the Olympic Games in Atlanta, beating Sergi Bruguera of Spain in the final. Agassi also successfully defended his singles titles in Cincinnati and Key Biscayne.1997 was the low point of Agassi's career. His wrist injury resurfaced, and he played only 24 matches during the year. He later confessed that he started using crystal methamphetamine at that time, allegedly on the urging of a friend. He failed an ATP drug test, but wrote a letter claiming the same friend had spiked a drink. The ATP dropped the failed drug test as a warning. In his autobiography, Agassi admitted that the letter was a lie. He quit the drug soon after. At this time Agassi was also in a failing marriage with actress, model, and socialite Brooke Shields and had lost interest in the game. He won no top-level titles, and his ranking sank to No. 141 on November 10, 1997, prompting many to believe that his run as one of the sport's premier competitors was over and he would never again win any significant championships.1998–2003: Return to glory and Career Super SlamIn 1998, Agassi began a rigorous conditioning program and worked his way back up the rankings by playing in Challenger Series tournaments, a circuit for pro players ranked outside the world's top 50. After returning to top physical and mental shape, Agassi recorded the most successful period of his tennis career and also played classic matches in that period against Pete Sampras and Patrick Rafter.In 1998, Agassi won five titles and leapt from No. 110 to No. 6, the highest jump into the top 10 made by any player during a calendar year. At Wimbledon, he had an early loss in the second round to Tommy Haas. He won five titles in ten finals and was runner-up at the Masters Series tournament in Key Biscayne, losing to Marcelo Ríos, who became No. 1 as a result. At the year end he was awarded the ATP Most Improved Player of the Year for the second time in his career (the first being 10 years earlier in 1988).Agassi entered the history books in 1999 when he came back from two sets to love down to beat Andrei Medvedev in a five-set French Open final, becoming, at the time, only the fifth male player (joining Rod Laver, Fred Perry, Roy Emerson and Don Budge—these have since been joined by Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal, and Novak Djokovic) to win all four Grand Slam singles titles during his career. Only Laver, Agassi, Federer, Nadal and Djokovic have achieved this feat during the Open Era. This win also made him the first (of only four, the next being Federer, Nadal and Djokovic respectively) male player in history to have won all four Grand Slam titles on three different surfaces (clay, grass and hard courts). Agassi also became the only male player to win the Career Super Slam, consisting of all four Grand Slam tournaments plus an Olympic gold medal in singles and a Year-end championship.Agassi followed his 1999 French Open victory by reaching the Wimbledon final, where he lost to Sampras in straight sets. He rebounded from his Wimbledon defeat by winning the US Open, beating Todd Martin in five sets (rallying from a two sets to one deficit) in the final. Overall during the year Agassi won 5 titles including two majors and the ATP Masters Series in Paris, where he beat Marat Safin. Agassi ended 1999 as the No. 1, ending Sampras's record of six consecutive year-ending top rankings (1993–98). This was the only time Agassi ended the year at No. 1. Agassi was runner-up to Sampras at the year-end Tennis Masters Cup losing 1–6, 5–7, 4-6 despite beating Sampras in the round-robin 6–2, 6–2.He began the next year 2000 by capturing his second Australian Open title, beating Sampras in a five-set semi-final and Yevgeny Kafelnikov in a four-set final. He was the first male player to have reached four consecutive Grand Slam finals since Rod Laver achieved the Grand Slam in 1969. At the time, Agassi was also only the fourth player since Laver to be the reigning champion of three of four Grand Slam events, missing only the Wimbledon title.. 2000 also saw Agassi reach the semi-finals at Wimbledon, where he lost in five sets to Rafter in a match considered by many to be one of the best ever at Wimbledon. At the inaugural Tennis Masters Cup in Lisbon, Agassi reached the final after defeating Marat Safin in the semi-finals to end the Russian's hopes to become the youngest No. 1 in the history of tennis. Agassi then lost to Gustavo Kuerten in the final, allowing Kuerten to be crowned year-end No. 1.Agassi opened 2001 by successfully defending his Australian Open title with a straight-sets final win over Arnaud Clément. En route, he beat a cramping Rafter in five sets in front of a sell-out crowd in what turned out to be the Aussie's last Australian Open. At Wimbledon, they met again in the semi-finals, where Agassi lost another close match to Rafter, 8–6 in the fifth set. In the quarterfinals at the US Open, Agassi lost a 3-hour, 33 minute epic match with Sampras, 7–6, 6–7, 6–7, 6–7, with no breaks of serve during the 52-game match. Despite the setback, Agassi finished 2001 ranked No. 3, becoming the only male tennis player to finish a year ranked in the top 3 in three different decades.2002 opened with disappointment for Agassi, as injury forced him to skip the Australian Open, where he was a two-time defending champion. Agassi recovered from the injury and later that year defended his Key Biscayne title beating then rising Roger Federer in a four-set final. The last duel between Agassi and Sampras came in the final of the US Open, which Sampras won in four sets and left Sampras with a 20–14 edge in their 34 career meetings. The match was the last of Sampras's career. Agassi's US Open finish, along with his Masters Series victories in Key Biscayne, Rome and Madrid, helped him finish 2002 as the oldest year-end No. 2 at 32 years and 8 months.In 2003, Agassi won the eighth (and final) Grand Slam title of his career at the Australian Open, where he beat Rainer Schüttler in straight sets in the final.On April 28, 2003, he recaptured the No. 1 ranking to become the oldest top-ranked male player since the ATP rankings began at 33 years and 13 days. The record was later surpassed by Roger Federer in 2018. He had held the No. 1 ranking for two weeks, when Lleyton Hewitt took it back on May 12, 2003. Agassi then recaptured the No. 1 ranking once again on June 16, 2003, which he held for 12 weeks until September 7, 2003. There he managed to reach the US Open semi-finals, where he lost to Juan Carlos Ferrero, surrendering his No. 1 ranking to him. During his career, Agassi held the ranking for a total of 101 weeks. Agassi's ranking slipped when injuries forced him to withdraw from a number of events. At the year-end Tennis Masters Cup, Agassi lost in the final to Federer, his third time to finish as runner-up in the event after losses in 1999 and 2000, and finished the year ranked No. 4. At age 33, he had been one of the oldest players to rank in the top 5 since Connors, at age 35, was No. 4 in 1987.2004–2006: Final yearsIn 2004, Agassi began the year with a five-set loss in the semi-finals of the Australian Open to Marat Safin; the loss ended Agassi's 26-match winning streak at the event. He won the Masters series event in Cincinnati to bring his career total to 59 top-level singles titles and a record 17 ATP Masters Series titles, having already won seven of the nine ATP Masters tournament—all except the tournaments in Monte Carlo and Hamburg. At 34, he became the second-oldest singles champion in Cincinnati tournament history (the tournament began in 1899), tied with Roger Federer and surpassed only by Ken Rosewall, who won the title in 1970 at age 35. He finished the year ranked No. 8, one of the oldest players to finish in the top 10 since the 36-year-old Connors was No. 7 in 1988. At the time, Agassi also became the sixth male player during the open era to reach 800 career wins with his first-round victory over Alex Bogomolov in Countrywide Classic in Los Angeles.Agassi's 2005 began with a quarterfinal loss to Federer at the Australian Open. Agassi had several other deep runs at tournaments, but had to withdraw from several events due to injury. He lost to Jarkko Nieminen in the first round of the French Open. He won his fourth title in Los Angeles and reached the final of the Rogers Cup, before falling to No. 2 Rafael Nadal.Agassi's 2005 was defined by an improbable run to the US Open final. After beating Răzvan Sabău and Ivo Karlović in straight sets and Tomáš Berdych in four sets, Agassi won three consecutive five-set matches to advance to the final. The most notable of these matches was his quarterfinal victory over James Blake, where he rallied from two sets down to win in the fifth set tie-breaker. His other five-set victories were on Xavier Malisse in the fourth round and Robby Ginepri in the semi-finals. In the final, Agassi faced Federer, who was seeking his second consecutive US Open title and his sixth Grand Slam title in two years. Federer defeated Agassi in four sets. Agassi finished 2005 ranked No. 7, his 16th time in the year-end top-10 rankings, which tied Connors for the most times ranked in the top 10 at year's end.Agassi had a poor start to 2006, as he was still recovering from an ankle injury and also suffering from back and leg pain and lack of match play. Agassi withdrew from the Australian Open because of the ankle injury, and his back injury and other pains forced him to withdraw from several other events, eventually skipping the entire clay-court season including the French Open. This caused his ranking to drop out of the top 10 for the last time. Agassi returned for the grass-court season, playing a tune-up, and then Wimbledon. He was defeated in the third round by world No. 2 (and eventual runner-up) Rafael Nadal. Against conventions, Agassi, the losing player, was interviewed on court after the match. At Wimbledon, Agassi announced his plans to retire following the US Open. Agassi played only two events during the summer hard-court season with his best result being a quarterfinal loss at the Countrywide Classic in Los Angeles to Fernando González of Chile, which resulted in him being unseeded at the US Open.Agassi had a short, but dramatic, run in his final US Open. Because of extreme back pain, Agassi was forced to receive anti-inflammatory injections after every match. After a tough four-set win against Andrei Pavel, Agassi faced eighth-seeded Marcos Baghdatis in the second round who had earlier advanced to the 2006 Australian Open final and Wimbledon semi-finals. Agassi won in five tough sets as the younger Baghdatis succumbed to muscle cramping in the final set. In his last match, Agassi fell to 112th-ranked big-serving Benjamin Becker of Germany in four sets. Agassi received a four-minute standing ovation from the crowd after the match and delivered a retirement speech.RivalriesAgassi vs. SamprasThe rivalry has been called the greatest of the generation of players competing in the 1990s, as Sampras and Agassi were the most successful players of that decade. They also had very contrasting playing styles, with Sampras being considered the greatest server and Agassi the greatest serve returner at the time. Agassi and Sampras met 34 times on the tour level with Agassi trailing 14–20.The 1990 US Open was their first meeting in a Grand Slam tournament final. Agassi was favored as he was ranked No. 4 at the time, compared to the No. 12 ranking of Sampras and because Agassi had defeated Sampras in their only previously completed match. Agassi, however, lost the final to Sampras in straight sets. Their next meeting in a Grand Slam was at the 1992 French Open, where they met in the quarterfinals. Although Sampras was ranked higher, Agassi came out winning in straight sets. They met again on a Grand Slam level at the quarterfinals of Wimbledon in 1993, where Agassi was the defending champion and Sampras was the newly minted world No. 1. Agassi dug himself out from a two-sets-to-love hole, levelling the match at two sets apiece; however, Sampras prevailed in five sets, and went on to win his first Wimbledon championship.With both Sampras and Agassi participating, the US won the Davis Cup in 1995. The year should be considered the peak of the rivalry as together they won three out of four major titles, meeting each other twice in the finals, and were occupying the top two spots in the rankings for the whole year. They met five times during the year, all in the title matches, including the Australian Open, the Newsweek Champions Cup (now Indian Wells), the Lipton International Players Championships (now Miami Open), the Canadian Open, and the US Open. Agassi won three of the finals, including the Australian Open; however, Sampras took the US Open title, ending Agassi's 26-match winning streak. After Agassi had taken most of the fall season off, Sampras took over the No. 1 ranking for the end of the season.In the following three years, while Sampras continued winning Grand Slam titles every season, Agassi slumped in the rankings and struggled in major competitions. The next time Sampras and Agassi met in a Grand Slam final was at Wimbledon in 1999, where Sampras won in straight sets. For both, it was considered a career rejuvenation, as Sampras had suffered a string of disappointments in the previous year while Agassi was regaining his status as a top-ranked player after winning the French Open. Sampras forfeited the No. 1 ranking to Agassi when injury forced him to withdraw from that year's US Open, which Agassi went on to win. They faced each other twice in the season-ending ATP Tour World Championships, with Sampras losing the round-robin match, but winning the final.In the 2000s, they met three more times on the Grand Slam level offering three memorable contests. In 2000, the top-ranked Agassi defeated No. 3 Sampras in the semi-finals of the Australian Open in five sets, which was an important win for Agassi who had lost 4 of the previous five matches against Sampras. In arguably their most memorable match ever, Sampras defeated Agassi in the 2001 US Open quarterfinals in four sets. There were no breaks of serve during the entire match. Reruns of the match are frequently featured on television, especially during US Open rain delays, and the match is considered one of the best in history because of the level of play presented by both players.Their last meeting was the final of the 2002 US Open, which was their third meeting in a US Open final, but the first since 1995. The match was also notable because they had defeated several up-and-coming players en route to the final. Sampras had defeated No. 3 Tommy Haas in the fourth round and future No. 1 Andy Roddick in the quarterfinals, while Agassi had defeated No. 1 and defending champion Lleyton Hewitt in the semi-finals. Sampras defeated Agassi in four sets. This was the final ATP tour singles match of Sampras's career.Agassi vs. ChangMichael Chang was the opponent Agassi faced most frequently from all the players other than Sampras. They met 22 times on the tour level with Agassi leading 15–7. Chang, unlike most of Agassi's big rivals, had a playing style similar to his. Both players preferred to stay at the baseline with Chang being more defensive-minded. The outcome was that most of their meetings were built on long and entertaining rallies. The rivalry began late in the 1980s with both players being considered the prodigies of the next great generation of American tennis players and both having foreign descent.Agassi won the first four matches including a straight-set victory in round 16 of the 1988 US Open and defeating Chang, the defending champion, in the 1990 French Open in a four-set quarterfinal. Arguably their best match took place in the round of 16 of the 1994 US Open. While both players presented high-quality shot-making, the momentum changed from set to set with Agassi eventually prevailing in a five-set victory. It turned out to be the toughest contest on his way to his first US Open title. Their next two Grand Slam meetings came in 1996, with Chang recording easy straight-set victories in the semi-finals of both the Australian Open and the US Open. Years after, Agassi shockingly admitted in his book that he had lost the first of the matches on purpose as he did not want to face Boris Becker, who was awaiting the winner in the final. Agassi won the last four of their matches, with the last being in 2003 at the Miami Open with Chang being clearly past his prime.Agassi vs. BeckerBoris Becker and Agassi played 14 times with Agassi leading 10–4. Becker won their first three matches in 1988 and 1989 before Agassi reversed the rivalry in 1990, and won 10 of their last 11 matches. They first played at Indian Wells in 1988, with Becker prevailing. Their most notable match was the 1989 Davis Cup semi-final match, which Becker won in five sets after losing the first two in tiebreaks. Agassi, considered a baseliner with a playing style not suiting grass, shocked Becker, a three-time champion, in a five-set quarterfinal at Wimbledon in 1992 on his way to his first Grand Slam title. The intensity of the rivalry peaked in 1995. Becker won that year's Wimbledon semi-final after being down a set and two breaks, to eventually win in four sets. In a highly anticipated rematch in the US Open semi-final, this time it was Agassi who came out victorious in four tight sets. Their final match was played at Hong Kong in 1999, which Agassi won in three sets.Agassi vs. RafterAgassi and Pat Rafter played fifteen times with Agassi leading 10–5. The rivalry has been considered special and delivered memorable encounters, because of the players' contrasting styles of play, with Rafter using traditional serve-&-volley methods against Agassi's variety of return of serves and passing shots as his main weapons. Agassi led 8–2 on hard courts, but Rafter surprisingly won their sole match on clay at the 1999 Rome Masters. They played four matches at Wimbledon with both winning two matches each. Agassi won the first two in 1993 and 1999, while Rafter took their 2000 and 2001 encounters, both of the gruelling 5-setters often being presented on the lists of best matches ever played. Agassi also won both their meetings at the Australian Open, in 1995 and 2001, on his way to the title on both occasions. Rafter, however, took their only US Open encounter in 1997 and went on to win the title.Agassi vs. FedererAgassi and Roger Federer played 11 times, and Federer led their head-to-head series 8–3. With the retirement of Sampras, the rivalry against the 11-years-younger Federer, who was another great server like Sampras, became Agassi's main rivalry for the final years of his career. Agassi won their first three matches, but then went on to lose eight consecutive ones. They first met in just the third tournament of Federer's career at the 1998 Swiss Indoors in Federer's hometown, with Agassi prevailing over the 17-year-old. Agassi also defeated Federer at the 2001 US Open and the finals of the Miami Open in 2002. Federer began to turn the tide at the Masters Cup in 2003, when he defeated Agassi in both the round-robin and the final. They played a memorable quarterfinal match at the 2004 US Open that spanned over two windy days, with Federer eventually prevailing in five sets. At the 2005 Dubai Championships, Federer and Agassi attracted worldwide headlines with a publicity stunt that saw the two tennis legends play on a helipad almost 220 meters above sea level at the hotel Burj al-Arab. Their final duel took place in the final of the 2005 US Open. In the historic clash of generations, Federer was victorious in four sets in front of a pro-Agassi crowd. The match was the last appearance by Agassi in any tournament final.Agassi vs. LendlAgassi and Ivan Lendl played eight times, and Lendl led their head-to-head series 6–2.Agassi vs. EdbergAgassi and Stefan Edberg played nine times, and Agassi led their head-to-head series 6–3.EarningsAgassi earned more than $30 million in prize-money during his career, sixth only to Djokovic, Federer, Nadal, Sampras and Murray to date (May 2018). He also earned more than $25 million a year through endorsements during his career, which was ranked fourth in all sports at the time.Post-retirementSince retiring after the 2006 US Open, Agassi has participated in a series of charity tournaments and continues his work with his own charity. On September 5, 2007, he was a surprise guest commentator for the Andy Roddick/Roger Federer US Open quarterfinal. He played an exhibition match at Wimbledon, teaming with his wife, Steffi Graf, to play with Tim Henman and Kim Clijsters. He played World Team Tennis for the Philadelphia Freedoms in the summer of 2009. At the 2009 French Open, Agassi was on hand to present Roger Federer, who completed his Career Grand Slam by winning the tournament and joined Agassi as one of six men to complete the Career Grand Slam, with the trophy.Also in 2009, Agassi played at the Outback Champions Series event for the first time. He played the Cancer Treatment Centers of America Tennis Championships at Surprise, Arizona, where he reached the final before bowing to eventual champion Todd Martin. Agassi returned to the tour renamed for the PowerShares Series in 2011 and participated in a total of seven events while winning two. Agassi beat Courier in the final of the Staples Champions Cup in Boston and later defeated Sampras at the CTCA Championships at his hometown Las Vegas.In 2012, Agassi took part in five tournaments, winning three of those. In November, at first he won BILT Champions Showdown in San Jose, beating John McEnroe in the final. The following day, he defended his title of the CTCA Championships, while defeating Courier in the decisive match. In the series season finale, he beat Michael Chang for the Acura Champions Cup. The series and Agassi came back to action in 2014. Agassi won both tournaments he participated in. At the Camden Wealth Advisors Cup's final in Houston, Agassi beat James Blake for a rematch of their 2005 US Open quarterfinal. He defeated Blake again in Portland to win the title of the Cancer Treatment Centers of America Championships. In 2015, Agassi took part in just one event of the PowerShares Series, losing to Mark Philippoussis in the final of the Champions Shootout. The following year he took part in two events, at first losing to Blake in Chicago, and the next day defeating Mardy Fish, but losing to Roddick in Charleston.In 2009, in Macau Agassi and Sampras met for the first time on court since the 2002 US Open final. Sampras won the exhibition in three sets. The rivalry between the former champions headlined sports media again in March 2010 after the two participated in the \"Hit for Haiti\" charity event organized to raise money for the victims of the earthquake. Partnered with Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal, the old rivals began making jokes at each other's expense, which ended up with Sampras intentionally striking a serve at Agassi's body. After the event, Agassi admitted that he had crossed the line with his jokes and publicly apologized to Sampras. Agassi and Sampras met again one year later for an exhibition match at Madison Square Garden in New York in front of 19 000 spectators as Sampras defeated Agassi in two sets. On March 3, 2014, Agassi and Sampras squared off for an exhibition in London for the annual World Tennis Day. This time, it was Agassi who came out on top in two straight sets.He returned to the tour in May 2017 in the position of coach to Novak Djokovic for the French Open. Agassi announced the end of the partnership on March 31, 2018, stating that there were too many disagreements in the relationship.Playing styleEarly in his career, Agassi would look to end points quickly by playing first-strike tennis, typically by inducing a weak return with a deep, hard shot, and then playing a winner at an extreme angle. On the rare occasion that he charged the net, Agassi liked to take the ball in the air and hit a swinging volley for a winner. His favored groundstroke was his flat, accurate two-handed backhand, hit well cross-court but especially down the line. His forehand was nearly as strong, especially his inside-out to the ad court.Agassi's strength was in dictating play from the baseline, and he was able to consistently take the ball on the rise. While he was growing up, his father and Nick Bollettieri trained him in this way. When in control of a point, Agassi would often pass up an opportunity to attempt a winner and hit a conservative shot to minimize his errors, and to make his opponent run more. This change to more methodical, less aggressive baseline play was largely initiated by his longtime coach, Brad Gilbert, in their first year together in 1994. Gilbert encouraged Agassi to wear out opponents with his deep, flat groundstrokes and to use his fitness to win attrition wars, and noted Agassi's two-handed backhand down the line as his very best shot. A signature play later in his career was a change-up drop shot to the deuce court after deep penetrating groundstrokes. This would often be followed by a passing shot or lob if the opponent was fast enough to retrieve it.Agassi was raised on hardcourts, but found much of his early major-tournament success on the red clay of Roland Garros, reaching two consecutive finals there early in his career. Despite grass being his worst surface, his first major win was at the slick grass of Wimbledon in 1992, a tournament that he professed to hating at the time. His strongest surface over the course of his career, was indeed hardcourt, where he won six of his eight majors.Business venturesAgassi established a limited liability company named Andre Agassi Ventures (formerly named Agassi Enterprises). Agassi, along with five athlete partners (including Wayne Gretzky, Joe Montana, Shaquille O'Neal, Ken Griffey, Jr., and Monica Seles) opened a chain of sports-themed restaurant named Official All Star Café in April 1996. The restaurant closed down in 2001.In 1999, he paid $1 million for a 10 percent stake in Nevada First Bank and made a $10 million profit when it was sold to Western Alliance Bancorp in 2006.In 2002, he joined the Tennis Channel to promote the channel to consumers and cable and satellite industry, and made an equity investment in the network. After meeting chef Michael Mina at one of his restaurants in San Francisco, Agassi partnered with him in 2002 to start Mina Group Inc. and opened 18 concept restaurants in San Francisco, San Jose, Dana Point, Atlantic City and Las Vegas. Agassi was an equity investor of a group that acquired Golden Nugget Las Vegas and Golden Nugget Laughlin from MGM Mirage for $215 million in 2004. One year later, the group sold the hotel-casino to Landry's, Inc. for $163 million in cash and $182 million in assumed debt. In 2007, he sat on the board of Meadows Bank, an independent bank in Nevada. He has invested in start-up companies backed by Allen & Company.Agassi and Graf formed a company called Agassi Graf Holdings. They invested in PURE, a nightclub at Caesars Palace, which opened in 2004, and sold it to Angel Management Group in 2010. In August 2006, Agassi and Graf developed a joint venture with high-end furniture maker Kreiss Enterprises. They launched a furniture line called Agassi Graf Collection. In September, Agassi and Graf, through their company Agassi Graf Development LLC, along with Bayview Financial LP, finalized an agreement to develop a condominium hotel, Fairmont Tamarack, at Tamarack Resort in Donnelly, Idaho. Owing to difficult market conditions and delays, they withdrew from the project in 2009. The group still owns three small chunks of land. In September, they collaborated with Steve Case's Exclusive Resorts to co-develop luxury resorts and design Agassi-Graf Tennis and Fitness Centers.They also invested in online ticket reseller viagogo in 2009 and both serve as board members and advisors of the company.In October 2012, Village Roadshow and investors including Agassi and Graf announced plans to build a new water park called Wet'n'Wild Las Vegas in Las Vegas. Village Roadshow has a 51% stake in the park while Agassi, Graf, and other private investors hold the remaining 49%. The park opened in May 2013.IMG managed Agassi from the time he turned pro in 1986 through January 2000 before switching to SFX Sports Group. His business manager, lawyer and agent was childhood friend Perry Rogers, but they have been estranged since 2008. In 2009, he and Graf signed with CAA.Equipment and endorsementsAgassi used Prince Graphite rackets early in his career. He signed a $7 million endorsement contract with Belgian tennis racquet makers Donnay. He later switched to Head Ti Radical racket and Head's LiquidMetal Radical racket, having signed a multimillion-dollar endorsement deal with Head in 1993. He renewed his contract in 1999, and in November 2003 he signed a lifetime agreement with Head. He also endorses Penn tennis balls. On July 25, 2005, Agassi left Nike after 17 years and signed an endorsement deal with Adidas. A major reason for Agassi leaving Nike was because Nike refused to donate to Agassi's charities, and Adidas was more than happy to do so. On May 13, 2013, Agassi rejoined Nike.Agassi was sponsored by DuPont, Ebel, Mountain Dew in 1993, Mazda in 1997, Kia Motors in 2002, American Express and Deutsche Bank in 2003. In 1990, he appeared in a television commercial for Canon Inc., promoting the Canon EOS Rebel camera. Between 1999 and 2000, he signed a multimillion-dollar, multiyear endorsement deal with Schick and became the worldwide spokesman for the company. Agassi signed a multiyear contract with Twinlab and promoted the company's nutritional supplements. In mid-2003, he was named the spokesman of Aramis Life, a fragrance by Aramis, and signed a five-year deal with the company. In March 2004, he signed a ten-year agreement worth $1.5 million a year with 24 Hour Fitness, which will open five Andre Agassi fitness centers by year-end. Prior to the 2012 Australian Open, Agassi and Australian winemaker Jacobs Creek announced a three-year partnership and created the Open Film Series to \"[share] personal stories about the life defining moments that shaped his character on and off the court.\" In 2007, watchmaker Longines named Agassi as their brand ambassador.Agassi and his mother appeared in a Got Milk? advertisement in 2002.Agassi has appeared in many advertisements and television commercials with Graf. They both endorsed Deutsche Telekom in 2002, Genworth Financial and Canon Inc. in 2004, LVMH in 2007, and Nintendo Wii and Wii Fit U and Longines in 2013.Personal lifeRelationships and familyIn the early 1990s, after dating Wendi Stewart, Agassi dated American singer and entertainer Barbra Streisand. He wrote about the relationship in his 2009 autobiography, \"We agree that we're good for each other, and so what if she's twenty-eight years older? We're sympatico, and the public outcry only adds spice to our connection. It makes our friendship feel forbidden, taboo – another piece of my overall rebellion. Dating Barbra Streisand is like wearing Hot Lava.\"He was married to Brooke Shields from 1997 to 1999.He married Steffi Graf on October 22, 2001, at their Las Vegas home; the only witnesses were their mothers. They have two children: son Jaden Gil (born 2001) and daughter Jaz Elle (born 2003). Agassi has said that he and Graf are not pushing their children toward becoming tennis players. The Graf-Agassi family resides in Summerlin, a community in the Las Vegas Valley. Graf's mother and brother, Michael, with his four children, also live there.Long-time trainer Gil Reyes has been called one of Agassi's closest friends; some have described him as being a \"father figure\" to Agassi. In 2012, Agassi and Reyes introduced their own line of fitness equipment, BILT By Agassi and Reyes. In December 2008, Agassi's childhood friend and former business manager, Perry Rogers, sued Graf for $50,000 in management fees he claimed that she owed him.AutobiographyAgassi's autobiography, Open: An Autobiography, (written with assistance from J. R. Moehringer), was published in November 2009. In it, Agassi talks about his childhood and his unconventional Armenian father, who came to the United States from Iran where he was a professional boxer. Overly demanding and emotionally abusive to the whole family, his father groomed young Agassi for tennis greatness by building a tennis court in their backyard and sending Agassi to tennis boarding school under the supervision of Nick Bollettieri, who later coached and managed part of Agassi's professional career.There is also mention in the book of using and testing positive for methamphetamine in 1997. In response to this revelation, Roger Federer declared himself shocked and disappointed, while Marat Safin argued that Agassi should return his prize money and be stripped of his titles. In an interview with CBS, Agassi justified himself and asked for understanding, saying that \"It was a period in my life where I needed help.\"Agassi said that he had always hated tennis during his career because of the constant pressure it exerted on him. He also said he wore a hairpiece earlier in his career and thought Pete Sampras was \"robotic\".The book reached No. 1 on the New York Times Best Seller list and received favorable reviews. It won the Autobiography category of the 2010 British Sports Book Awards. In 2018, the book was listed on Esquire as one of \"The 30 Best Sports Books Ever Written\", and was also recommended by self-help author Tim Ferriss who described it as \"very candid, very amusing, and very instructional\".In mediaIn 2017, Agassi appeared in the documentary film Love Means Zero, which highlighted the troubled relationship between his coach Nick Bollettieri and him.PoliticsAgassi has donated more than $100,000 to Democratic candidates, and $2,000 to Republicans. On September 1, 2010, when he appeared on daily WNYC public radio program The Brian Lehrer Show, he stated that he is registered as Independent.PhilanthropyAgassi founded the Andre Agassi Charitable Association in 1994, which assists Las Vegas' young people. He was awarded the ATP Arthur Ashe Humanitarian award in 1995 for his efforts to help disadvantaged youth. He has been cited as the most charitable and socially involved player in professional tennis. It has also been claimed that he may be the most charitable athlete of his generation.Agassi's charities help in assisting children reach their athletic potential. His Boys & Girls Club sees 2,000 children throughout the year and boasts a world-class junior tennis team. It also has a basketball program (the Agassi Stars) and a rigorous system that encourages a mix of academics and athletics.In 2001, Agassi opened the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy in Las Vegas, a tuition-free charter school for at-risk children in the area. He personally donated $35 million to the school. In 2009, the graduating class had a 100 percent graduation rate and expected a 100 percent college acceptance rate. Among other child-related programs that Agassi supports through his Andre Agassi Charitable Foundation is Clark County's only residential facility for abused and neglected children, Child Haven. In 1997, Agassi donated funding to Child Haven for a six-room classroom building now named the Agassi Center for Education. His foundation also provided $720,000 to assist in the building of the Andre Agassi Cottage for Medically Fragile Children. This 20-bed facility opened in December 2001, and accommodates developmentally delayed or handicapped children and children quarantined for infectious diseases.In 2007, along with several other athletes, Agassi founded the charity Athletes for Hope, which helps professional athletes get involved in charitable causes and aims to inspire all people to volunteer and support their communities. He created the Canyon-Agassi Charter School Facilities Fund, now known as the Turner-Agassi Charter School Facilities Fund. The Fund is an investment initiative for social change, focusing on the \"nationwide effort to move charters from stopgap buildings into permanent campuses.\"In September 2013, the Andre Agassi Foundation for Education formed a partnership with V20 Foods to launch Box Budd!es, a line of kids' healthy snacks. All proceeds go to the Foundation.In February 2014, Agassi remodeled the vacant University of Phoenix building in Las Vegas as a new school, called the Doral Academy West through the Canyon-Agassi Charter School Facilities Fund. Doral Academy opened in August 2014. The Fund purchased a 4.6-acre plot in Henderson, Nevada to house the Somerset Academy of Las Vegas, which will relocate from its campus inside a church.Career statisticsSingles performance timelineGrand Slam finals (8 titles, 7 runners-up)By winning the 1999 French Open, Agassi completed a men's singles Career Grand Slam. He is the 5th of 8 male players in history (after Budge, Perry, Laver and Emerson, and before Federer, Nadal and Djokovic) to achieve this.Open Era records These records were attained in the Open Era of tennis and in ATP World Tour Masters 1000 series since 1990. Records in bold indicate peer-less achievements.LegacyConsidered by numerous sources to be one of the greatest tennis players of all time, Agassi has also been called one of the greatest service returners ever to play the game, and was described by the BBC upon his retirement as \"perhaps the biggest worldwide star in the sport's history\". As a result, he is credited for helping to revive the popularity of tennis during the 1990s.Professional awards ITF World Champion: 1999. ATP Player of the Year: 1999. ATP Most Improved Player: 1988, 1998Recognition In 1992, Agassi was named the BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year. In 2010, Sports Illustrated named Agassi the 7th greatest male player of all time. On July 9, 2011, Agassi was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame at a ceremony in Newport, Rhode Island.Video Wimbledon 2000 Semi-final – Agassi vs. Rafter (2003) Starring: Andre Agassi, Patrick Rafter; Standing Room Only, DVD Release Date: August 16, 2005, Run Time: 213 minutes, . Charlie Rose with Andre Agassi (May 7, 2001) Charlie Rose, Inc., DVD Release Date: August 15, 2006, Run Time: 57 minutes. Wimbledon: The Record Breakers (2005) Starring: Andre Agassi, Boris Becker; Standing Room Only, DVD Release Date: August 16, 2005, Run Time: 52 minutes, .Video games Andre Agassi Tennis for the SNES, Sega Genesis, Sega Game Gear, Master System, and Mobile phone Agassi Tennis Generation for PS2 and GBA Agassi Tennis Generation 2002 for Windows Smash Court Pro Tournament for PS2 Top Spin 4 (On cover of game) for Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and WiiSee also Agassi–Sampras rivalry All-time tennis records – men's singles List of Grand Slam Men's Singles champions Tennis male players statistics Tennis records of the Open Era – men's singlesExplanatory notesReferencesFurther readingExternal links Andre Agassi Ventures Farewell to Tennis Speech at the U.S. Open Agassi's Tennis Hall of Fame Induction for Steffi Graf 1970 birthsLiving people20th-century American businesspeople21st-century American businesspeopleAmerican autobiographersAmerican investorsAmerican male tennis playersAmerican people of Iranian descentAmerican people of Iranian-Assyrian descentAmerican sportspeople of Armenian descentAmerican real estate businesspeopleAmerican sportspeople in doping casesArmenian-American tennis playersAssyrian sportspeopleAustralian Open (tennis) championsDoping cases in tennisEthnic Armenian sportspeopleFrench Open championsGrand Slam (tennis) champions in men's singlesInternational Tennis Hall of Fame inducteesIranian Assyrian peopleIranian people of Armenian descentMedalists at the 1996 Summer OlympicsNevada DemocratsNovak Djokovic coachesOlympic gold medalists for the United States in tennisPhilanthropists from NevadaSportspeople from Las VegasSportspeople of Iranian descentSteffi GrafTennis people from NevadaTennis players at the 1996 Summer OlympicsUS Open (tennis) championsWimbledon championsWorld No. 1 tennis playersWriters from Las Vegas"}
diff --git a/examples/README.md b/examples/README.md
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+We provide diverse examples about fine-tuning LLMs.
+
+Make sure to execute these commands in the `LLaMA-Factory` directory.
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+- [LoRA Fine-Tuning](#lora-fine-tuning)
+- [QLoRA Fine-Tuning](#qlora-fine-tuning)
+- [Full-Parameter Fine-Tuning](#full-parameter-fine-tuning)
+- [Merging LoRA Adapters and Quantization](#merging-lora-adapters-and-quantization)
+- [Inferring LoRA Fine-Tuned Models](#inferring-lora-fine-tuned-models)
+- [Extras](#extras)
+
+Use `CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES` (GPU) or `ASCEND_RT_VISIBLE_DEVICES` (NPU) to choose computing devices.
+
+By default, LLaMA-Factory uses all visible computing devices.
+
+Basic usage:
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_sft.yaml
+```
+
+Advanced usage:
+
+```bash
+CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1 llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_sft.yaml \
+ learning_rate=1e-5 \
+ logging_steps=1
+```
+
+```bash
+bash examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_sft.sh
+```
+
+## Examples
+
+### LoRA Fine-Tuning
+
+#### (Continuous) Pre-Training
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_pretrain.yaml
+```
+
+#### Supervised Fine-Tuning
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### Multimodal Supervised Fine-Tuning
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/qwen2_5vl_lora_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### DPO/ORPO/SimPO Training
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_dpo.yaml
+```
+
+#### Multimodal DPO/ORPO/SimPO Training
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/qwen2_5vl_lora_dpo.yaml
+```
+
+#### Reward Modeling
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_reward.yaml
+```
+
+#### PPO Training
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_ppo.yaml
+```
+
+#### KTO Training
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_kto.yaml
+```
+
+#### Preprocess Dataset
+
+It is useful for large dataset, use `tokenized_path` in config to load the preprocessed dataset.
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_preprocess.yaml
+```
+
+#### Evaluating on MMLU/CMMLU/C-Eval Benchmarks
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli eval examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_eval.yaml
+```
+
+#### Supervised Fine-Tuning on Multiple Nodes
+
+```bash
+FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 NNODES=2 NODE_RANK=0 MASTER_ADDR=192.168.0.1 MASTER_PORT=29500 llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_sft.yaml
+FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 NNODES=2 NODE_RANK=1 MASTER_ADDR=192.168.0.1 MASTER_PORT=29500 llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### Supervised Fine-Tuning with DeepSpeed ZeRO-3 (Weight Sharding)
+
+```bash
+FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_sft_ds3.yaml
+```
+
+#### Supervised Fine-Tuning with Ray on 4 GPUs
+
+```bash
+USE_RAY=1 llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_sft_ray.yaml
+```
+
+### QLoRA Fine-Tuning
+
+#### Supervised Fine-Tuning with 4/8-bit Bitsandbytes/HQQ/EETQ Quantization (Recommended)
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_qlora/llama3_lora_sft_otfq.yaml
+```
+
+#### Supervised Fine-Tuning with 4-bit Bitsandbytes Quantization on Ascend NPU
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_qlora/llama3_lora_sft_bnb_npu.yaml
+```
+
+#### Supervised Fine-Tuning with 4/8-bit GPTQ Quantization
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_qlora/llama3_lora_sft_gptq.yaml
+```
+
+#### Supervised Fine-Tuning with 4-bit AWQ Quantization
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_qlora/llama3_lora_sft_awq.yaml
+```
+
+#### Supervised Fine-Tuning with 2-bit AQLM Quantization
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_qlora/llama3_lora_sft_aqlm.yaml
+```
+
+### Full-Parameter Fine-Tuning
+
+#### Supervised Fine-Tuning on Single Node
+
+```bash
+FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 llamafactory-cli train examples/train_full/llama3_full_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### Supervised Fine-Tuning on Multiple Nodes
+
+```bash
+FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 NNODES=2 NODE_RANK=0 MASTER_ADDR=192.168.0.1 MASTER_PORT=29500 llamafactory-cli train examples/train_full/llama3_full_sft.yaml
+FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 NNODES=2 NODE_RANK=1 MASTER_ADDR=192.168.0.1 MASTER_PORT=29500 llamafactory-cli train examples/train_full/llama3_full_sft.yaml
+```
+
+### Elastic and Fault-Tolerant Supervised Fine-Tuning on Multiple Nodes
+
+To launch an elastic job with `MAX_RESTARTS` failures retries, run the following on at least `MIN_NNODES` nodes and at most `MAX_NNODES` nodes. `RDZV_ID` should be set as a unique job id (shared by all nodes participating in the job). See also [torchrun](https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/stable/elastic/run.html).
+
+```bash
+FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 MIN_NNODES=1 MAX_NNODES=3 MAX_RESTARTS=3 RDZV_ID=llamafactory MASTER_ADDR=192.168.0.1 MASTER_PORT=29500 llamafactory-cli train examples/train_full/llama3_full_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### Multimodal Supervised Fine-Tuning
+
+```bash
+FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 llamafactory-cli train examples/train_full/qwen2_5vl_full_sft.yaml
+```
+
+### Merging LoRA Adapters and Quantization
+
+#### Merge LoRA Adapters
+
+Note: DO NOT use quantized model or `quantization_bit` when merging LoRA adapters.
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli export examples/merge_lora/llama3_lora_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### Quantizing Model using AutoGPTQ
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli export examples/merge_lora/llama3_gptq.yaml
+```
+
+### Save Ollama modelfile
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli export examples/merge_lora/llama3_full_sft.yaml
+```
+
+### Inferring LoRA Fine-Tuned Models
+
+#### Evaluation using vLLM's Multi-GPU Inference
+
+```
+python scripts/vllm_infer.py --model_name_or_path meta-llama/Meta-Llama-3-8B-Instruct --template llama3 --dataset alpaca_en_demo
+python scripts/eval_bleu_rouge.py generated_predictions.jsonl
+```
+
+#### Use CLI ChatBox
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli chat examples/inference/llama3_lora_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### Use Web UI ChatBox
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli webchat examples/inference/llama3_lora_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### Launch OpenAI-style API
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli api examples/inference/llama3_lora_sft.yaml
+```
+
+### Extras
+
+#### Full-Parameter Fine-Tuning using GaLore
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/extras/galore/llama3_full_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### Full-Parameter Fine-Tuning using APOLLO
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/extras/apollo/llama3_full_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### Full-Parameter Fine-Tuning using BAdam
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/extras/badam/llama3_full_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### Full-Parameter Fine-Tuning using Adam-mini
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/extras/adam_mini/qwen2_full_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### Full-Parameter Fine-Tuning using Muon
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/extras/muon/qwen2_full_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### LoRA+ Fine-Tuning
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/extras/loraplus/llama3_lora_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### PiSSA Fine-Tuning
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/extras/pissa/llama3_lora_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### Mixture-of-Depths Fine-Tuning
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/extras/mod/llama3_full_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### LLaMA-Pro Fine-Tuning
+
+```bash
+bash examples/extras/llama_pro/expand.sh
+llamafactory-cli train examples/extras/llama_pro/llama3_freeze_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### FSDP+QLoRA Fine-Tuning
+
+```bash
+bash examples/extras/fsdp_qlora/train.sh
+```
diff --git a/examples/README_zh.md b/examples/README_zh.md
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+我们提供了多样化的大模型微调示例脚本。
+
+请确保在 `LLaMA-Factory` 目录下执行下述命令。
+
+## 目录
+
+- [LoRA 微调](#lora-微调)
+- [QLoRA 微调](#qlora-微调)
+- [全参数微调](#全参数微调)
+- [合并 LoRA 适配器与模型量化](#合并-lora-适配器与模型量化)
+- [推理 LoRA 模型](#推理-lora-模型)
+- [杂项](#杂项)
+
+使用 `CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES`（GPU）或 `ASCEND_RT_VISIBLE_DEVICES`（NPU）选择计算设备。
+
+LLaMA-Factory 默认使用所有可见的计算设备。
+
+基础用法：
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_sft.yaml
+```
+
+高级用法：
+
+```bash
+CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1 llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_sft.yaml \
+ learning_rate=1e-5 \
+ logging_steps=1
+```
+
+```bash
+bash examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_sft.sh
+```
+
+## 示例
+
+### LoRA 微调
+
+#### （增量）预训练
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_pretrain.yaml
+```
+
+#### 指令监督微调
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### 多模态指令监督微调
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/qwen2_5vl_lora_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### DPO/ORPO/SimPO 训练
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_dpo.yaml
+```
+
+#### 多模态 DPO/ORPO/SimPO 训练
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/qwen2_5vl_lora_dpo.yaml
+```
+
+#### 奖励模型训练
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_reward.yaml
+```
+
+#### PPO 训练
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_ppo.yaml
+```
+
+#### KTO 训练
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_kto.yaml
+```
+
+#### 预处理数据集
+
+对于大数据集有帮助，在配置中使用 `tokenized_path` 以加载预处理后的数据集。
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_preprocess.yaml
+```
+
+#### 在 MMLU/CMMLU/C-Eval 上评估
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli eval examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_eval.yaml
+```
+
+#### 多机指令监督微调
+
+```bash
+FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 NNODES=2 NODE_RANK=0 MASTER_ADDR=192.168.0.1 MASTER_PORT=29500 llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_sft.yaml
+FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 NNODES=2 NODE_RANK=1 MASTER_ADDR=192.168.0.1 MASTER_PORT=29500 llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_sft.yaml
+```
+
+### 支持弹性和容错的多机指令监督微调
+
+要启动一个支持弹性节点和容错的多机指令微调，在每个节点上执行以下命令。弹性节点数量范围为 `MIN_NNODES:MAX_NNODES`，每个节点最多允许因为错误重启 `MAX_RESTARTS` 次。`RDZV_ID` 应设置为一个唯一的作业 ID（由参与该作业的所有节点共享）。更多新可以参考官方文档 [torchrun](https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/stable/elastic/run.html)。
+
+```bash
+FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 MIN_NNODES=1 MAX_NNODES=3 MAX_RESTARTS=3 RDZV_ID=llamafactory MASTER_ADDR=192.168.0.1 MASTER_PORT=29500 llamafactory-cli train examples/train_full/llama3_full_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### 使用 DeepSpeed ZeRO-3 平均分配显存
+
+```bash
+FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_sft_ds3.yaml
+```
+
+#### 使用 Ray 在 4 张 GPU 上微调
+
+```bash
+USE_RAY=1 llamafactory-cli train examples/train_lora/llama3_lora_sft_ray.yaml
+```
+
+### QLoRA 微调
+
+#### 基于 4/8 比特 Bitsandbytes/HQQ/EETQ 量化进行指令监督微调（推荐）
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_qlora/llama3_lora_sft_otfq.yaml
+```
+
+#### 在 NPU 上基于 4 比特 Bitsandbytes 量化进行指令监督微调
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_qlora/llama3_lora_sft_bnb_npu.yaml
+```
+
+#### 基于 4/8 比特 GPTQ 量化进行指令监督微调
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_qlora/llama3_lora_sft_gptq.yaml
+```
+
+#### 基于 4 比特 AWQ 量化进行指令监督微调
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_qlora/llama3_lora_sft_awq.yaml
+```
+
+#### 基于 2 比特 AQLM 量化进行指令监督微调
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/train_qlora/llama3_lora_sft_aqlm.yaml
+```
+
+### 全参数微调
+
+#### 在单机上进行指令监督微调
+
+```bash
+FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 llamafactory-cli train examples/train_full/llama3_full_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### 在多机上进行指令监督微调
+
+```bash
+FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 NNODES=2 NODE_RANK=0 MASTER_ADDR=192.168.0.1 MASTER_PORT=29500 llamafactory-cli train examples/train_full/llama3_full_sft.yaml
+FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 NNODES=2 NODE_RANK=1 MASTER_ADDR=192.168.0.1 MASTER_PORT=29500 llamafactory-cli train examples/train_full/llama3_full_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### 多模态指令监督微调
+
+```bash
+FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 llamafactory-cli train examples/train_full/qwen2_5vl_full_sft.yaml
+```
+
+### 合并 LoRA 适配器与模型量化
+
+#### 合并 LoRA 适配器
+
+注：请勿使用量化后的模型或 `quantization_bit` 参数来合并 LoRA 适配器。
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli export examples/merge_lora/llama3_lora_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### 使用 AutoGPTQ 量化模型
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli export examples/merge_lora/llama3_gptq.yaml
+```
+
+### 保存 Ollama 配置文件
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli export examples/merge_lora/llama3_full_sft.yaml
+```
+
+### 推理 LoRA 模型
+
+#### 使用 vLLM 多卡推理评估
+
+```
+python scripts/vllm_infer.py --model_name_or_path meta-llama/Meta-Llama-3-8B-Instruct --template llama3 --dataset alpaca_en_demo
+python scripts/eval_bleu_rouge.py generated_predictions.jsonl
+```
+
+#### 使用命令行对话框
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli chat examples/inference/llama3_lora_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### 使用浏览器对话框
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli webchat examples/inference/llama3_lora_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### 启动 OpenAI 风格 API
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli api examples/inference/llama3_lora_sft.yaml
+```
+
+### 杂项
+
+#### 使用 GaLore 进行全参数训练
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/extras/galore/llama3_full_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### 使用 APOLLO 进行全参数训练
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/extras/apollo/llama3_full_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### 使用 BAdam 进行全参数训练
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/extras/badam/llama3_full_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### 使用 Adam-mini 进行全参数训练
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/extras/adam_mini/qwen2_full_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### 使用 Muon 进行全参数训练
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/extras/muon/qwen2_full_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### LoRA+ 微调
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/extras/loraplus/llama3_lora_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### PiSSA 微调
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/extras/pissa/llama3_lora_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### 深度混合微调
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli train examples/extras/mod/llama3_full_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### LLaMA-Pro 微调
+
+```bash
+bash examples/extras/llama_pro/expand.sh
+llamafactory-cli train examples/extras/llama_pro/llama3_freeze_sft.yaml
+```
+
+#### FSDP+QLoRA 微调
+
+```bash
+bash examples/extras/fsdp_qlora/train.sh
+```
diff --git a/examples/accelerate/fsdp_config.yaml b/examples/accelerate/fsdp_config.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09d2f5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/accelerate/fsdp_config.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+compute_environment: LOCAL_MACHINE
+debug: false
+distributed_type: FSDP
+downcast_bf16: 'no'
+fsdp_config:
+ fsdp_auto_wrap_policy: TRANSFORMER_BASED_WRAP
+ fsdp_backward_prefetch: BACKWARD_PRE
+ fsdp_forward_prefetch: false
+ fsdp_cpu_ram_efficient_loading: true
+ fsdp_offload_params: false
+ fsdp_sharding_strategy: FULL_SHARD
+ fsdp_state_dict_type: FULL_STATE_DICT
+ fsdp_sync_module_states: true
+ fsdp_use_orig_params: true
+machine_rank: 0
+main_training_function: main
+mixed_precision: bf16 # or fp16
+num_machines: 1 # the number of nodes
+num_processes: 2 # the number of GPUs in all nodes
+rdzv_backend: static
+same_network: true
+tpu_env: []
+tpu_use_cluster: false
+tpu_use_sudo: false
+use_cpu: false
diff --git a/examples/accelerate/fsdp_config_offload.yaml b/examples/accelerate/fsdp_config_offload.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a55e652
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/accelerate/fsdp_config_offload.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+compute_environment: LOCAL_MACHINE
+debug: false
+distributed_type: FSDP
+downcast_bf16: 'no'
+fsdp_config:
+ fsdp_auto_wrap_policy: TRANSFORMER_BASED_WRAP
+ fsdp_backward_prefetch: BACKWARD_PRE
+ fsdp_forward_prefetch: false
+ fsdp_cpu_ram_efficient_loading: true
+ fsdp_offload_params: true # offload may affect training speed
+ fsdp_sharding_strategy: FULL_SHARD
+ fsdp_state_dict_type: FULL_STATE_DICT
+ fsdp_sync_module_states: true
+ fsdp_use_orig_params: true
+machine_rank: 0
+main_training_function: main
+mixed_precision: bf16 # or fp16
+num_machines: 1 # the number of nodes
+num_processes: 2 # the number of GPUs in all nodes
+rdzv_backend: static
+same_network: true
+tpu_env: []
+tpu_use_cluster: false
+tpu_use_sudo: false
+use_cpu: false
diff --git a/examples/deepspeed/ds_z0_config.json b/examples/deepspeed/ds_z0_config.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ac9918
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/deepspeed/ds_z0_config.json
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+{
+ "train_batch_size": "auto",
+ "train_micro_batch_size_per_gpu": "auto",
+ "gradient_accumulation_steps": "auto",
+ "gradient_clipping": "auto",
+ "zero_allow_untested_optimizer": true,
+ "fp16": {
+ "enabled": "auto",
+ "loss_scale": 0,
+ "loss_scale_window": 1000,
+ "initial_scale_power": 16,
+ "hysteresis": 2,
+ "min_loss_scale": 1
+ },
+ "bf16": {
+ "enabled": "auto"
+ },
+ "zero_optimization": {
+ "stage": 0,
+ "allgather_partitions": true,
+ "allgather_bucket_size": 5e8,
+ "overlap_comm": false,
+ "reduce_scatter": true,
+ "reduce_bucket_size": 5e8,
+ "contiguous_gradients": true,
+ "round_robin_gradients": true
+ }
+}
diff --git a/examples/deepspeed/ds_z2_config.json b/examples/deepspeed/ds_z2_config.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4177e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/deepspeed/ds_z2_config.json
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+{
+ "train_batch_size": "auto",
+ "train_micro_batch_size_per_gpu": "auto",
+ "gradient_accumulation_steps": "auto",
+ "gradient_clipping": "auto",
+ "zero_allow_untested_optimizer": true,
+ "fp16": {
+ "enabled": "auto",
+ "loss_scale": 0,
+ "loss_scale_window": 1000,
+ "initial_scale_power": 16,
+ "hysteresis": 2,
+ "min_loss_scale": 1
+ },
+ "bf16": {
+ "enabled": "auto"
+ },
+ "zero_optimization": {
+ "stage": 2,
+ "allgather_partitions": true,
+ "allgather_bucket_size": 5e8,
+ "overlap_comm": false,
+ "reduce_scatter": true,
+ "reduce_bucket_size": 5e8,
+ "contiguous_gradients": true,
+ "round_robin_gradients": true
+ }
+}
diff --git a/examples/deepspeed/ds_z2_offload_config.json b/examples/deepspeed/ds_z2_offload_config.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7550472
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/deepspeed/ds_z2_offload_config.json
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+{
+ "train_batch_size": "auto",
+ "train_micro_batch_size_per_gpu": "auto",
+ "gradient_accumulation_steps": "auto",
+ "gradient_clipping": "auto",
+ "zero_allow_untested_optimizer": true,
+ "fp16": {
+ "enabled": "auto",
+ "loss_scale": 0,
+ "loss_scale_window": 1000,
+ "initial_scale_power": 16,
+ "hysteresis": 2,
+ "min_loss_scale": 1
+ },
+ "bf16": {
+ "enabled": "auto"
+ },
+ "zero_optimization": {
+ "stage": 2,
+ "offload_optimizer": {
+ "device": "cpu",
+ "pin_memory": true
+ },
+ "allgather_partitions": true,
+ "allgather_bucket_size": 5e8,
+ "overlap_comm": false,
+ "reduce_scatter": true,
+ "reduce_bucket_size": 5e8,
+ "contiguous_gradients": true,
+ "round_robin_gradients": true
+ }
+}
diff --git a/examples/deepspeed/ds_z3_config.json b/examples/deepspeed/ds_z3_config.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..46584a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/deepspeed/ds_z3_config.json
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+{
+ "train_batch_size": "auto",
+ "train_micro_batch_size_per_gpu": "auto",
+ "gradient_accumulation_steps": "auto",
+ "gradient_clipping": "auto",
+ "zero_allow_untested_optimizer": true,
+ "fp16": {
+ "enabled": "auto",
+ "loss_scale": 0,
+ "loss_scale_window": 1000,
+ "initial_scale_power": 16,
+ "hysteresis": 2,
+ "min_loss_scale": 1
+ },
+ "bf16": {
+ "enabled": "auto"
+ },
+ "zero_optimization": {
+ "stage": 3,
+ "overlap_comm": false,
+ "contiguous_gradients": true,
+ "sub_group_size": 1e9,
+ "reduce_bucket_size": "auto",
+ "stage3_prefetch_bucket_size": "auto",
+ "stage3_param_persistence_threshold": "auto",
+ "stage3_max_live_parameters": 1e9,
+ "stage3_max_reuse_distance": 1e9,
+ "stage3_gather_16bit_weights_on_model_save": true
+ }
+}
diff --git a/examples/deepspeed/ds_z3_offload_config.json b/examples/deepspeed/ds_z3_offload_config.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0fabebb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/deepspeed/ds_z3_offload_config.json
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+{
+ "train_batch_size": "auto",
+ "train_micro_batch_size_per_gpu": "auto",
+ "gradient_accumulation_steps": "auto",
+ "gradient_clipping": "auto",
+ "zero_allow_untested_optimizer": true,
+ "fp16": {
+ "enabled": "auto",
+ "loss_scale": 0,
+ "loss_scale_window": 1000,
+ "initial_scale_power": 16,
+ "hysteresis": 2,
+ "min_loss_scale": 1
+ },
+ "bf16": {
+ "enabled": "auto"
+ },
+ "zero_optimization": {
+ "stage": 3,
+ "offload_optimizer": {
+ "device": "cpu",
+ "pin_memory": true
+ },
+ "offload_param": {
+ "device": "cpu",
+ "pin_memory": true
+ },
+ "overlap_comm": false,
+ "contiguous_gradients": true,
+ "sub_group_size": 1e9,
+ "reduce_bucket_size": "auto",
+ "stage3_prefetch_bucket_size": "auto",
+ "stage3_param_persistence_threshold": "auto",
+ "stage3_max_live_parameters": 1e9,
+ "stage3_max_reuse_distance": 1e9,
+ "stage3_gather_16bit_weights_on_model_save": true
+ }
+}
diff --git a/examples/merge_lora/llama3_lora_sft.yaml b/examples/merge_lora/llama3_lora_sft.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb22ba4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/merge_lora/llama3_lora_sft.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+### Note: DO NOT use quantized model or quantization_bit when merging lora adapters
+
+### model
+model_name_or_path: meta-llama/Meta-Llama-3-8B-Instruct
+adapter_name_or_path: ../dataflex_saves/Llama-3.1-8B/less
+template: llama3
+trust_remote_code: true
+
+### export
+export_dir: ../dataflex_saves/Llama-3.1-8B_lora_sft
+export_size: 5
+export_device: cpu # choices: [cpu, auto]
+export_legacy_format: false
+
+# llamafactory-cli export examples/merge_lora/llama3_lora_sft.yaml
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/merge_lora/qwen2_5_lora_sft.yaml b/examples/merge_lora/qwen2_5_lora_sft.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed6ccc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/merge_lora/qwen2_5_lora_sft.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+### Note: DO NOT use quantized model or quantization_bit when merging lora adapters
+
+### model
+model_name_or_path: Qwen/Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct
+adapter_name_or_path: ../dataflex_saves/Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct/less
+template: qwen
+trust_remote_code: true
+
+### export
+export_dir: ../dataflex_saves/Qwen2.5-7B-Instruct_lora_sft
+export_size: 5
+export_device: cpu # choices: [cpu, auto]
+export_legacy_format: false
+
+# llamafactory-cli export examples/merge_lora/qwen2_5_lora_sft.yaml
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/test/test_mix.yaml b/examples/test/test_mix.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..acbbee3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/test/test_mix.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+### model
+model_name_or_path: meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B
+trust_remote_code: true
+
+### method
+stage: sft
+do_train: true
+finetuning_type: lora
+lora_target: all
+lora_rank: 16
+lora_alpha: 8
+# deepspeed: examples/deepspeed/ds_z3_config.json
+
+### dataset
+dataset: alpaca_en_demo,alpaca_zh_demo # 多数据集逗号分隔
+template: llama3
+cutoff_len: 4096
+overwrite_cache: true
+preprocessing_num_workers: 16
+dataloader_num_workers: 0
+seed: 42
+
+### output
+output_dir: ../dataflex_saves/Llama-3.1-8B/test_mixture
+logging_steps: 10
+save_steps: 100
+plot_loss: true
+save_only_model: false
+overwrite_output_dir: true
+
+### swanlab
+report_to: none # choices: [none, wandb, tensorboard, swanlab, mlflow]
+
+### train
+per_device_train_batch_size: 2
+gradient_accumulation_steps: 16
+learning_rate: 1.0e-4
+num_train_epochs: 1.0
+lr_scheduler_type: cosine
+warmup_ratio: 0.1
+bf16: true
+ddp_timeout: 180000000
+
+### dynamic_train
+train_type: dynamic_mix # 选择训练器类型。可选值包括：
+ # "dynamic_select" - 动态选择训练器
+ # "dynamic_mix" - 动态混合训练器
+ # "dynamic_weight" - 动态加权训练器
+ # "static_full" - 默认静态全量数据训练器
+components_cfg_file: src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
+component_name: random
+mixture_sample_rule: mixture # 初始采样规则，mixture为根据init_mixture_proportions比例混合（可动态调整），stratified为固定按源数据集大小比例分层，uniform为固定均匀分布
+init_mixture_proportions: [0.7, 0.3] # 对应初始的比例
+warmup_step: 4
+update_step: 3
+update_times: 2
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/test/test_select.yaml b/examples/test/test_select.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2fdf4c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/test/test_select.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+### model
+model_name_or_path: meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B
+trust_remote_code: true
+
+### method
+stage: sft
+do_train: true
+finetuning_type: lora
+lora_target: all
+lora_rank: 16
+lora_alpha: 8
+# deepspeed: examples/deepspeed/ds_z3_config.json # choices: [ds_z0_config.json, ds_z2_config.json, ds_z3_config.json]
+
+### dataset
+dataset: alpaca_en_demo
+template: llama3
+cutoff_len: 4096
+# max_samples: 100000000
+overwrite_cache: true
+preprocessing_num_workers: 16
+dataloader_num_workers: 0
+# disable_shuffling: true
+seed: 42
+
+### output
+output_dir: ../dataflex_saves/Llama-3.1-8B/test
+logging_steps: 10
+save_steps: 100
+plot_loss: true
+save_only_model: false
+overwrite_output_dir: true
+
+### swanlab
+report_to: none # choices: [none, wandb, tensorboard, swanlab, mlflow]
+# use_swanlab: true
+# swanlab_project: medical_dynamic_sft
+# swanlab_run_name: qwen2_5_3b_lora_medical_50k_baseline
+# swanlab_workspace: word2li
+# swanlab_api_key: AnLWTMijcbd4cyEfundi3
+# swanlab_lark_webhook_url: https://open.feishu.cn/open-apis/bot/v2/hook/ff10a391-4e51-4481-97ff-965760cae2a1
+# swanlab_lark_secret: cySzwTbCJh08349FGAhBSf
+
+### train
+per_device_train_batch_size: 2
+gradient_accumulation_steps: 16
+learning_rate: 1.0e-4
+num_train_epochs: 1.0
+lr_scheduler_type: cosine
+warmup_ratio: 0.1
+bf16: true
+ddp_timeout: 180000000
+
+### Dataflex args
+train_type: dynamic_select # 选择训练器类型。可选值包括：
+ # "dynamic_select" - 动态选择训练器
+ # "dynamic_mix" - 动态混合训练器
+ # "dynamic_weight" - 动态加权训练器
+ # "static_full" - 默认静态全量数据训练器
+components_cfg_file: src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
+component_name: delta_loss # 选择组件名称，对应 components_cfg_file 中定义的组件
+warmup_step: 4
+update_step: 3
+update_times: 4
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/test/test_static_mix.yaml b/examples/test/test_static_mix.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a59301
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/test/test_static_mix.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+### model
+model_name_or_path: meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B
+trust_remote_code: true
+
+### method
+stage: sft
+do_train: true
+finetuning_type: lora
+lora_target: all
+lora_rank: 16
+lora_alpha: 8
+# deepspeed: examples/deepspeed/ds_z3_config.json
+
+### dataset
+dataset: alpaca_en_demo,alpaca_zh_demo # 多数据集逗号分隔
+template: llama3
+cutoff_len: 4096
+overwrite_cache: true
+preprocessing_num_workers: 16
+dataloader_num_workers: 0
+seed: 42
+
+### output
+output_dir: ../dataflex_saves/Llama-3.1-8B/test_mixture
+logging_steps: 10
+save_steps: 100
+plot_loss: true
+save_only_model: false
+overwrite_output_dir: true
+
+### swanlab
+report_to: none # choices: [none, wandb, tensorboard, swanlab, mlflow]
+
+### train
+per_device_train_batch_size: 2
+gradient_accumulation_steps: 16
+learning_rate: 1.0e-4
+num_train_epochs: 1.0
+lr_scheduler_type: cosine
+warmup_ratio: 0.1
+bf16: true
+ddp_timeout: 180000000
+
+### dynamic_train
+train_type: dynamic_mix # 选择训练器类型。可选值包括：
+ # "dynamic_select" - 动态选择训练器
+ # "dynamic_mix" - 动态混合训练器
+ # "dynamic_weight" - 动态加权训练器
+ # "static_full" - 默认静态全量数据训练器
+static_mix: true # 是否固定初始静态混合比例（仅在dynamic_mix训练器中生效）
+mixture_sample_rule: mixture # 初始采样规则，mixture为根据init_mixture_proportions比例混合（可动态调整），stratified为固定按源数据集大小比例分层，uniform为固定均匀分布
+init_mixture_proportions: [0.7, 0.3] # 对应初始的比例，可通过额外算法自行调整
+train_step: 3 # 总训练步数（仅在dynamic_mix训练器中生效），不考虑warmup和update steps
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/test/test_weight.yaml b/examples/test/test_weight.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49c28bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/test/test_weight.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+### model
+model_name_or_path: meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B
+trust_remote_code: true
+
+### method
+stage: sft
+do_train: true
+finetuning_type: lora
+lora_target: all
+lora_rank: 16
+lora_alpha: 8
+# deepspeed: examples/deepspeed/ds_z3_config.json # choices: [ds_z0_config.json, ds_z2_config.json, ds_z3_config.json]
+
+### dataset
+dataset: alpaca_en_demo
+template: llama3
+cutoff_len: 4096
+# max_samples: 100000000
+overwrite_cache: true
+preprocessing_num_workers: 16
+dataloader_num_workers: 0
+# disable_shuffling: true
+seed: 42
+
+### output
+output_dir: ../dataflex_saves/Llama-3.1-8B/test
+logging_steps: 10
+save_steps: 100
+plot_loss: true
+save_only_model: false
+overwrite_output_dir: true
+
+### swanlab
+report_to: none # choices: [none, wandb, tensorboard, swanlab, mlflow]
+# use_swanlab: true
+# swanlab_project: medical_dynamic_sft
+# swanlab_run_name: qwen2_5_3b_lora_medical_50k_baseline
+# swanlab_workspace: word2li
+# swanlab_api_key: AnLWTMijcbd4cyEfundi3
+# swanlab_lark_webhook_url: https://open.feishu.cn/open-apis/bot/v2/hook/ff10a391-4e51-4481-97ff-965760cae2a1
+# swanlab_lark_secret: cySzwTbCJh08349FGAhBSf
+
+### train
+per_device_train_batch_size: 2
+gradient_accumulation_steps: 16
+learning_rate: 1.0e-4
+num_train_epochs: 1.0
+lr_scheduler_type: cosine
+warmup_ratio: 0.1
+bf16: true
+ddp_timeout: 180000000
+
+### Dataflex args
+train_type: dynamic_weight # 选择训练器类型。可选值包括：
+ # "dynamic_select" - 动态选择训练器
+ # "dynamic_mix" - 动态混合训练器
+ # "dynamic_weight" - 动态加权训练器
+ # "static_full" - 默认静态全量数据训练器
+components_cfg_file: src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
+component_name: custom # 选择组件名称，对应 components_cfg_file 中定义的组件
+warmup_step: 1
+train_step: 3 # 总训练步数（包括warm_up）
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/train_full/mixers/doremi_step1_static_qwen_pt_full.yaml b/examples/train_full/mixers/doremi_step1_static_qwen_pt_full.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2783999
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/train_full/mixers/doremi_step1_static_qwen_pt_full.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+### model
+model_name_or_path: /path/to/ckpt/Qwen2.5-0.5B
+trust_remote_code: true
+
+### method
+stage: pt
+do_train: true
+train_from_scratch: true
+finetuning_type: full
+deepspeed: examples/deepspeed/ds_z3_config.json
+flash_attn: fa2
+#deepspeed: examples/deepspeed/ds_z3_config.json # choices: [ds_z0_config.json, ds_z2_config.json, ds_z3_config.json]
+
+### dataset
+dataset: wiki_demo,c4_demo # for debugging
+template: qwen
+cutoff_len: 2048
+# max_samples: 100000000
+overwrite_cache: true
+preprocessing_num_workers: 128
+dataloader_num_workers: 0
+# disable_shuffling: true
+seed: 42
+
+### output
+output_dir: ../dataflex_saves/Qwen2.5-0.5B/doremi_step1_static_qwen_pt_full_result
+logging_steps: 10
+save_steps: 100
+plot_loss: true
+save_only_model: true
+overwrite_output_dir: true
+
+### swanlab
+report_to: none # choices: [none, wandb, tensorboard, swanlab, mlflow]
+# use_swanlab: true
+# swanlab_project: medical_dynamic_sft
+# swanlab_run_name: qwen2_5_3b_lora_medical_50k_baseline
+# swanlab_workspace: word2li
+# swanlab_api_key: AnLWTMijcbd4cyEfundi3
+# swanlab_lark_webhook_url: https://open.feishu.cn/open-apis/bot/v2/hook/ff10a391-4e51-4481-97ff-965760cae2a1
+# swanlab_lark_secret: cySzwTbCJh08349FGAhBSf
+
+### train
+per_device_train_batch_size: 8
+gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
+learning_rate: 5.0e-5
+num_train_epochs: 1.0
+lr_scheduler_type: linear
+warmup_ratio: 0.05
+bf16: true
+ddp_timeout: 180000000
+
+### dynamic_train - DoReMi Step 1: Reference Model Training
+train_type: dynamic_mix
+components_cfg_file: src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
+component_name: static # use static mixer
+mixture_sample_rule: mixture # initial sampling rule, mixture is according to the init_mixture_proportions ratio
+init_mixture_proportions: [0.5, 0.5] # corresponding initial proportions, here use uniform distribution as reference weight
+static_mix: true
+warmup_step: 100
+update_step: 200
+update_times: 3
+
+# eval_dataset: mmlu_eval # TODO: Undefined dataset mmlu_eval in dataset_info.json.
+# eval_dataset: alpaca_zh_demo # SFT format, not suitable for PT
+eval_dataset: c4_demo # Use PT-compatible dataset for evaluation
+
+
+## eval
+# val_size: 0.001
+# per_device_eval_batch_size: 1
+# eval_strategy: steps
+# eval_steps: 1000
+
+# Cannot specify `val_size` if `eval_dataset` is not None
+# val_size: 0.1 # Use 10% of data for validation
+# per_device_eval_batch_size: 1
+# eval_strategy: steps
+# eval_steps: 100
diff --git a/examples/train_full/mixers/doremi_step2_dynamic_qwen_pt_full.yaml b/examples/train_full/mixers/doremi_step2_dynamic_qwen_pt_full.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a7e836
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/train_full/mixers/doremi_step2_dynamic_qwen_pt_full.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+### model
+model_name_or_path: /path/to/ckpt/Qwen2.5-0.5B
+trust_remote_code: true
+
+### method
+stage: pt
+do_train: true
+train_from_scratch: true
+finetuning_type: full
+deepspeed: examples/deepspeed/ds_z3_config.json
+flash_attn: fa2
+#deepspeed: examples/deepspeed/ds_z3_config.json # choices: [ds_z0_config.json, ds_z2_config.json, ds_z3_config.json]
+
+### dataset
+dataset: wiki_demo,c4_demo # for debugging
+template: qwen
+cutoff_len: 2048
+# max_samples: 100000000
+overwrite_cache: true
+preprocessing_num_workers: 128
+dataloader_num_workers: 0
+# disable_shuffling: true
+seed: 42
+
+### output
+output_dir: ../dataflex_saves/Qwen2.5-0.5B/doremi_step2_dynamic_qwen_pt_full_result
+logging_steps: 10
+save_steps: 100
+plot_loss: true
+save_only_model: true
+overwrite_output_dir: true
+
+### swanlab
+report_to: none # choices: [none, wandb, tensorboard, swanlab, mlflow]
+# use_swanlab: true
+# swanlab_project: medical_dynamic_sft
+# swanlab_run_name: qwen2_5_3b_lora_medical_50k_baseline
+# swanlab_workspace: word2li
+# swanlab_api_key: AnLWTMijcbd4cyEfundi3
+# swanlab_lark_webhook_url: https://open.feishu.cn/open-apis/bot/v2/hook/ff10a391-4e51-4481-97ff-965760cae2a1
+# swanlab_lark_secret: cySzwTbCJh08349FGAhBSf
+
+### train
+per_device_train_batch_size: 8
+gradient_accumulation_steps: 8
+learning_rate: 5.0e-5
+num_train_epochs: 1.0
+lr_scheduler_type: linear
+warmup_ratio: 0.05
+bf16: true
+ddp_timeout: 180000000
+
+### dynamic_train - DoReMi Step 2: Proxy Model Training
+train_type: dynamic_mix
+components_cfg_file: src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
+component_name: doremi
+mixture_sample_rule: mixture # initial sampling rule, mixture is according to the init_mixture_proportions ratio (can be dynamically adjusted), stratified is fixed according to the source dataset size ratio, uniform is fixed uniform distribution
+init_mixture_proportions: [0.5, 0.5] # reference weight
+warmup_step: 100
+update_step: 200
+update_times: 3
+
+# eval_dataset: mmlu_eval # TODO: Undefined dataset mmlu_eval in dataset_info.json.
+# eval_dataset: alpaca_zh_demo # SFT format, not suitable for PT
+eval_dataset: c4_demo # Use PT-compatible dataset for evaluation
+
+
+## eval
+# val_size: 0.001
+# per_device_eval_batch_size: 1
+# eval_strategy: steps
+# eval_steps: 1000
+
+# Cannot specify `val_size` if `eval_dataset` is not None
+# val_size: 0.1 # Use 10% of data for validation
+# per_device_eval_batch_size: 1
+# eval_strategy: steps
+# eval_steps: 100
diff --git a/examples/train_full/mixers/doremi_step3_static_qwen_pt_full.yaml b/examples/train_full/mixers/doremi_step3_static_qwen_pt_full.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af3b517
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/train_full/mixers/doremi_step3_static_qwen_pt_full.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+### model
+model_name_or_path: /path/to/ckpt/Qwen2.5-1.5B
+trust_remote_code: true
+
+### method
+stage: pt
+do_train: true
+train_from_scratch: true
+finetuning_type: full
+deepspeed: examples/deepspeed/ds_z3_config.json
+flash_attn: fa2
+#deepspeed: examples/deepspeed/ds_z3_config.json # choices: [ds_z0_config.json, ds_z2_config.json, ds_z3_config.json]
+
+### dataset
+dataset: wiki_demo,c4_demo # for debugging
+template: qwen
+cutoff_len: 2048
+# max_samples: 100000000
+overwrite_cache: true
+preprocessing_num_workers: 128
+dataloader_num_workers: 0
+# disable_shuffling: true
+seed: 42
+
+### output
+output_dir: ../dataflex_saves/Qwen2.5-1.5B/doremi_step3_static_qwen_pt_full_result
+logging_steps: 10
+save_steps: 100
+plot_loss: true
+save_only_model: true
+overwrite_output_dir: true
+
+### swanlab
+report_to: none # choices: [none, wandb, tensorboard, swanlab, mlflow]
+# use_swanlab: true
+# swanlab_project: medical_dynamic_sft
+# swanlab_run_name: qwen2_5_3b_lora_medical_50k_baseline
+# swanlab_workspace: word2li
+# swanlab_api_key: AnLWTMijcbd4cyEfundi3
+# swanlab_lark_webhook_url: https://open.feishu.cn/open-apis/bot/v2/hook/ff10a391-4e51-4481-97ff-965760cae2a1
+# swanlab_lark_secret: cySzwTbCJh08349FGAhBSf
+
+### train
+per_device_train_batch_size: 8
+gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
+learning_rate: 5.0e-5
+num_train_epochs: 1.0
+lr_scheduler_type: linear
+warmup_ratio: 0.05
+bf16: true
+ddp_timeout: 180000000
+
+### dynamic_train - DoReMi Step 3: Large Model Training with Optimized Weights
+train_type: dynamic_mix
+components_cfg_file: src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
+component_name: static # use static mixer
+mixture_sample_rule: mixture # initial sampling rule
+init_mixture_proportions: [0.3, 0.7] # using the weights optimized from DoReMi Step 2, e.g. [0.3, 0.7]
+static_mix: true
+warmup_step: 100
+update_step: 200
+update_times: 3
+
+# eval_dataset: mmlu_eval # TODO: Undefined dataset mmlu_eval in dataset_info.json.
+# eval_dataset: alpaca_zh_demo # SFT format, not suitable for PT
+eval_dataset: c4_demo # Use PT-compatible dataset for evaluation
+
+
+## eval
+# val_size: 0.001
+# per_device_eval_batch_size: 1
+# eval_strategy: steps
+# eval_steps: 1000
+
+# Cannot specify `val_size` if `eval_dataset` is not None
+# val_size: 0.1 # Use 10% of data for validation
+# per_device_eval_batch_size: 1
+# eval_strategy: steps
+# eval_steps: 100
diff --git a/examples/train_full/mixers/odm_dynamic_qwen_pt_full.yaml b/examples/train_full/mixers/odm_dynamic_qwen_pt_full.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ecea294
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/train_full/mixers/odm_dynamic_qwen_pt_full.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+### model
+# model_name_or_path: meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B
+model_name_or_path: /path/to/ckpt/Qwen2.5-1.5B
+trust_remote_code: true
+
+### method
+# stage: sft
+stage: pt
+do_train: true
+train_from_scratch: true
+finetuning_type: full
+deepspeed: examples/deepspeed/ds_z3_config.json
+flash_attn: fa2
+#deepspeed: examples/deepspeed/ds_z3_config.json # choices: [ds_z0_config.json, ds_z2_config.json, ds_z3_config.json]
+
+### dataset
+dataset: wiki_demo,c4_demo # for debugging
+template: qwen
+cutoff_len: 2048
+# max_samples: 100000000
+overwrite_cache: true
+preprocessing_num_workers: 128
+dataloader_num_workers: 0
+# disable_shuffling: true
+seed: 42
+
+### output
+# output_dir: ../dataflex_saves/Llama-3.1-8B/static_mixer_result
+output_dir: ../dataflex_saves/Qwen2.5-1.5B/odm_dynamic_qwen_pt_full_result
+logging_steps: 10
+save_steps: 5000
+plot_loss: true
+save_only_model: true
+overwrite_output_dir: true
+
+### swanlab
+report_to: none # choices: [none, wandb, tensorboard, swanlab, mlflow]
+# use_swanlab: true
+# swanlab_project: medical_dynamic_sft
+# swanlab_run_name: qwen2_5_3b_lora_medical_50k_baseline
+# swanlab_workspace: word2li
+# swanlab_api_key: AnLWTMijcbd4cyEfundi3
+# swanlab_lark_webhook_url: https://open.feishu.cn/open-apis/bot/v2/hook/ff10a391-4e51-4481-97ff-965760cae2a1
+# swanlab_lark_secret: cySzwTbCJh08349FGAhBSf
+
+### train
+per_device_train_batch_size: 8
+gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
+learning_rate: 5.0e-5
+num_train_epochs: 0.5
+lr_scheduler_type: linear
+warmup_ratio: 0.05
+bf16: true
+ddp_timeout: 180000000
+
+### dynamic_train - ODM: Online Data Mixing with Multi-Armed Bandits
+train_type: dynamic_mix
+components_cfg_file: src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
+component_name: odm # 使用ODM混合器 (Online Data Mixing with Exp3)
+mixture_sample_rule: mixture # 初始采样规则，mixture为根据init_mixture_proportions比例混合
+init_mixture_proportions: [0.5, 0.5] # initial weights
+warmup_step: 10
+update_step: 10
+update_times: -1 # -1 means to continuously update until the training ends (calculated based on num_train_epochs)
+# train_step: 1000 # optional: explicitly specify the total training steps (priority over num_train_epochs)
+
+# eval_dataset: mmlu_eval # TODO: Undefined dataset mmlu_eval in dataset_info.json.
+# eval_dataset: alpaca_zh_demo # SFT format, not suitable for PT
+eval_dataset: c4_demo # Use PT-compatible dataset for evaluation
+
+
+## eval
+# val_size: 0.001
+# per_device_eval_batch_size: 1
+# eval_strategy: steps
+# eval_steps: 1000
+
+# Cannot specify `val_size` if `eval_dataset` is not None
+# val_size: 0.1 # Use 10% of data for validation
+# per_device_eval_batch_size: 1
+# eval_strategy: steps
+# eval_steps: 100
diff --git a/examples/train_lora/mixers/doremi_step2_dynamic_qwen_pt_lora.yaml b/examples/train_lora/mixers/doremi_step2_dynamic_qwen_pt_lora.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b8e72d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/train_lora/mixers/doremi_step2_dynamic_qwen_pt_lora.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+### model
+# model_name_or_path: meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B
+model_name_or_path: /path/to/ckpt/Qwen2.5-0.5B
+trust_remote_code: true
+
+### method
+stage: pt
+do_train: true
+finetuning_type: lora
+lora_target: all
+lora_rank: 64
+lora_alpha: 32
+#deepspeed: examples/deepspeed/ds_z3_config.json # choices: [ds_z0_config.json, ds_z2_config.json, ds_z3_config.json]
+
+### dataset
+dataset: wiki_demo,c4_demo
+template: qwen
+# cutoff_len: 4096
+cutoff_len: 2048
+# max_samples: 100000000
+overwrite_cache: true
+preprocessing_num_workers: 16
+dataloader_num_workers: 0
+# disable_shuffling: true
+seed: 42
+
+### output
+# output_dir: ../dataflex_saves/Llama-3.1-8B/doremi_mixer_result
+output_dir: ../dataflex_saves/Qwen2.5-0.5B/doremi_step2_dynamic_qwen_pt_lora_result
+logging_steps: 10
+save_steps: 100
+plot_loss: true
+save_only_model: false
+overwrite_output_dir: true
+
+### swanlab
+report_to: none # choices: [none, wandb, tensorboard, swanlab, mlflow]
+# use_swanlab: true
+# swanlab_project: medical_dynamic_sft
+# swanlab_run_name: qwen2_5_3b_lora_medical_50k_baseline
+# swanlab_workspace: word2li
+# swanlab_api_key: AnLWTMijcbd4cyEfundi3
+# swanlab_lark_webhook_url: https://open.feishu.cn/open-apis/bot/v2/hook/ff10a391-4e51-4481-97ff-965760cae2a1
+# swanlab_lark_secret: cySzwTbCJh08349FGAhBSf
+
+### train
+per_device_train_batch_size: 1
+gradient_accumulation_steps: 8
+learning_rate: 5.0e-5
+num_train_epochs: 1.0
+lr_scheduler_type: linear
+warmup_ratio: 0.05
+bf16: true
+ddp_timeout: 180000000
+
+### dynamic_train
+train_type: dynamic_mix
+components_cfg_file: src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
+component_name: doremi
+mixture_sample_rule: mixture # 初始采样规则，mixture为根据init_mixture_proportions比例混合（可动态调整），stratified为固定按源数据集大小比例分层，uniform为固定均匀分布
+init_mixture_proportions: [0.5, 0.5] # 对应初始的比例，可通过额外算法自行调整
+warmup_step: 100
+update_step: 200
+update_times: 3
+
+# eval_dataset: mmlu_eval # TODO: Undefined dataset mmlu_eval in dataset_info.json.
+# eval_dataset: alpaca_zh_demo # SFT format, not suitable for PT
+eval_dataset: c4_demo # Use PT-compatible dataset for evaluation
+
+
+## eval
+# val_size: 0.001
+# per_device_eval_batch_size: 1
+# eval_strategy: steps
+# eval_steps: 1000
+
+# Cannot specify `val_size` if `eval_dataset` is not None
+# val_size: 0.1 # Use 10% of data for validation
+# per_device_eval_batch_size: 1
+# eval_strategy: steps
+# eval_steps: 100
diff --git a/examples/train_lora/mixers/random.yaml b/examples/train_lora/mixers/random.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30d068d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/train_lora/mixers/random.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+### model
+model_name_or_path: meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B
+trust_remote_code: true
+
+### method
+stage: sft
+do_train: true
+finetuning_type: lora
+lora_target: all
+lora_rank: 64
+lora_alpha: 32
+#deepspeed: examples/deepspeed/ds_z3_config.json # choices: [ds_z0_config.json, ds_z2_config.json, ds_z3_config.json]
+
+### dataset
+dataset: alpaca_en_demo,alpaca_zh_demo
+template: llama3
+cutoff_len: 4096
+# max_samples: 100000000
+overwrite_cache: true
+preprocessing_num_workers: 16
+dataloader_num_workers: 0
+# disable_shuffling: true
+seed: 42
+
+### output
+output_dir: ../dataflex_saves/Llama-3.1-8B/random_mixer_result
+logging_steps: 10
+save_steps: 100
+plot_loss: true
+save_only_model: false
+overwrite_output_dir: true
+
+### swanlab
+report_to: none # choices: [none, wandb, tensorboard, swanlab, mlflow]
+# use_swanlab: true
+# swanlab_project: medical_dynamic_sft
+# swanlab_run_name: qwen2_5_3b_lora_medical_50k_baseline
+# swanlab_workspace: word2li
+# swanlab_api_key: AnLWTMijcbd4cyEfundi3
+# swanlab_lark_webhook_url: https://open.feishu.cn/open-apis/bot/v2/hook/ff10a391-4e51-4481-97ff-965760cae2a1
+# swanlab_lark_secret: cySzwTbCJh08349FGAhBSf
+
+### train
+per_device_train_batch_size: 2
+gradient_accumulation_steps: 8
+learning_rate: 5.0e-5
+num_train_epochs: 1.0
+lr_scheduler_type: linear
+warmup_ratio: 0.05
+bf16: true
+ddp_timeout: 180000000
+
+### dynamic_train
+train_type: dynamic_mix
+components_cfg_file: src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
+component_name: random
+warmup_step: 100
+update_step: 200
+update_times: 3
+
+eval_dataset: mmlu_eval
+
+## eval
+# val_size: 0.001
+# per_device_eval_batch_size: 1
+# eval_strategy: steps
+# eval_steps: 1000
diff --git a/examples/train_lora/selectors/custom.yaml b/examples/train_lora/selectors/custom.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01d4e07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/train_lora/selectors/custom.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+### model
+model_name_or_path: meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B
+trust_remote_code: true
+
+### method
+stage: sft
+do_train: true
+finetuning_type: lora
+lora_target: all
+lora_rank: 16
+lora_alpha: 8
+
+### dataset
+dataset: alpaca_en_demo
+template: llama3
+cutoff_len: 4096
+# max_samples: 100000000
+overwrite_cache: true
+preprocessing_num_workers: 16
+dataloader_num_workers: 0
+# disable_shuffling: true
+seed: 42
+
+### output
+output_dir: ../dataflex_saves/Llama-3.1-8B/custom
+logging_steps: 10
+save_steps: 100
+plot_loss: true
+save_only_model: false
+overwrite_output_dir: true
+
+### swanlab
+report_to: none # choices: [none, wandb, tensorboard, swanlab, mlflow]
+# use_swanlab: true
+# swanlab_project: dynamic_sft
+# swanlab_run_name: your_run_name
+# swanlab_workspace: your_workspace
+# swanlab_api_key: AnLWTMijcbd4cyEfundi3
+
+### train
+per_device_train_batch_size: 1
+gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
+learning_rate: 1.0e-4
+num_train_epochs: 1.0
+lr_scheduler_type: cosine
+warmup_ratio: 0.1
+bf16: true
+ddp_timeout: 180000000
+
+### Dataflex args
+train_type: dynamic_select # 选择训练器类型。可选值包括：
+ # "dynamic_select" - 动态选择训练器
+ # "dynamic_mix" - 动态混合训练器
+ # "dynamic_weight" - 动态加权训练器
+ # "static_full" - 默认静态全量数据训练器
+components_cfg_file: src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
+component_name: custom # 选择组件名称，对应 components_cfg_file 中定义的组件
+warmup_step: 10
+update_step: 10
+update_times: 2
+
+## eval
+# val_size: 0.001
+eval_dataset: alpaca_zh_demo
+per_device_eval_batch_size: 1
+metric_for_best_model: eval_loss
+greater_is_better: false
+load_best_model_at_end: false
+eval_strategy: steps # choices: [no, steps, epoch]
+eval_steps: 10
+# early_stopping_steps: 3
+# early_stopping_min_delta: 0.01
+
+# FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 DISABLE_VERSION_CHECK=1 dataflex-cli train examples/train_lora/selectors/custom.yaml
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/train_lora/selectors/delta_loss.yaml b/examples/train_lora/selectors/delta_loss.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f7e8a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/train_lora/selectors/delta_loss.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+### model
+model_name_or_path: meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B
+trust_remote_code: true
+
+### method
+stage: sft
+do_train: true
+finetuning_type: lora
+lora_target: all
+lora_rank: 16
+lora_alpha: 8
+
+### dataset
+dataset: alpaca_en_demo
+template: llama3
+cutoff_len: 4096
+# max_samples: 100000000
+overwrite_cache: true
+preprocessing_num_workers: 16
+dataloader_num_workers: 0
+# disable_shuffling: true
+seed: 42
+
+### output
+output_dir: ../dataflex_saves/Llama-3.1-8B/delta_loss
+logging_steps: 10
+save_steps: 100
+plot_loss: true
+save_only_model: false
+overwrite_output_dir: true
+
+### swanlab
+report_to: none # choices: [none, wandb, tensorboard, swanlab, mlflow]
+# use_swanlab: true
+# swanlab_project: dynamic_sft
+# swanlab_run_name: your_run_name
+# swanlab_workspace: your_workspace
+# swanlab_api_key: AnLWTMijcbd4cyEfundi3
+
+### train
+per_device_train_batch_size: 1
+gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
+learning_rate: 1.0e-4
+num_train_epochs: 1.0
+lr_scheduler_type: cosine
+warmup_ratio: 0.1
+bf16: true
+ddp_timeout: 180000000
+
+### Dataflex args
+train_type: dynamic_select # 选择训练器类型。可选值包括：
+ # "dynamic_select" - 动态选择训练器
+ # "dynamic_mix" - 动态混合训练器
+ # "dynamic_weight" - 动态加权训练器
+ # "static_full" - 默认静态全量数据训练器
+components_cfg_file: src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
+component_name: delta_loss # 选择组件名称，对应 components_cfg_file 中定义的组件
+warmup_step: 10
+update_step: 10
+update_times: 2
+
+## eval
+# val_size: 0.001
+eval_dataset: alpaca_zh_demo
+per_device_eval_batch_size: 1
+metric_for_best_model: eval_loss
+greater_is_better: false
+load_best_model_at_end: false
+eval_strategy: steps # choices: [no, steps, epoch]
+eval_steps: 10
+# early_stopping_steps: 3
+# early_stopping_min_delta: 0.01
+
+# FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 DISABLE_VERSION_CHECK=1 dataflex-cli train examples/train_lora/selectors/delta_loss.yaml
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/train_lora/selectors/less.yaml b/examples/train_lora/selectors/less.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4cbf06b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/train_lora/selectors/less.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+### model
+model_name_or_path: meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B
+trust_remote_code: true
+
+### method
+stage: sft
+do_train: true
+finetuning_type: lora
+lora_target: all
+lora_rank: 16
+lora_alpha: 8
+
+### dataset
+dataset: alpaca_en_demo
+template: llama3
+cutoff_len: 4096
+# max_samples: 100000000
+overwrite_cache: true
+preprocessing_num_workers: 16
+dataloader_num_workers: 0
+# disable_shuffling: true
+seed: 42
+
+### output
+output_dir: ../dataflex_saves/Llama-3.1-8B/less
+logging_steps: 10
+save_steps: 100
+plot_loss: true
+save_only_model: false
+overwrite_output_dir: true
+
+### swanlab
+report_to: none # choices: [none, wandb, tensorboard, swanlab, mlflow]
+# use_swanlab: true
+# swanlab_project: dynamic_sft
+# swanlab_run_name: your_run_name
+# swanlab_workspace: your_workspace
+# swanlab_api_key: AnLWTMijcbd4cyEfundi3
+
+### train
+per_device_train_batch_size: 1
+gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
+learning_rate: 1.0e-4
+num_train_epochs: 1.0
+lr_scheduler_type: cosine
+warmup_ratio: 0.1
+bf16: true
+ddp_timeout: 180000000
+
+### dynamic_train
+train_type: dynamic_select # 选择训练器类型。可选值包括：
+ # "dynamic_select" - 动态选择训练器
+ # "dynamic_mix" - 动态混合训练器
+ # "dynamic_weight" - 动态加权训练器
+ # "static_full" - 默认静态全量数据训练器
+components_cfg_file: src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
+component_name: less # 选择组件名称，对应 components_cfg_file 中定义的组件
+warmup_step: 10
+update_step: 10
+update_times: 2
+
+## eval
+# val_size: 0.001
+eval_dataset: alpaca_zh_demo
+per_device_eval_batch_size: 1
+metric_for_best_model: eval_loss
+greater_is_better: false
+load_best_model_at_end: false
+eval_strategy: steps # choices: [no, steps, epoch]
+eval_steps: 10
+# early_stopping_steps: 3
+# early_stopping_min_delta: 0.01
+
+# FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 DISABLE_VERSION_CHECK=1 dataflex-cli train examples/train_lora/selectors/less.yaml
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/train_lora/selectors/loss.yaml b/examples/train_lora/selectors/loss.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2ab0b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/train_lora/selectors/loss.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+### model
+model_name_or_path: meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B
+trust_remote_code: true
+
+### method
+stage: sft
+do_train: true
+finetuning_type: lora
+lora_target: all
+lora_rank: 16
+lora_alpha: 8
+
+### dataset
+dataset: alpaca_en_demo
+template: llama3
+cutoff_len: 4096
+# max_samples: 100000000
+overwrite_cache: true
+preprocessing_num_workers: 16
+dataloader_num_workers: 0
+# disable_shuffling: true
+seed: 42
+
+### output
+output_dir: ../dataflex_saves/Llama-3.1-8B/loss
+logging_steps: 10
+save_steps: 100
+plot_loss: true
+save_only_model: false
+overwrite_output_dir: true
+
+### swanlab
+report_to: none # choices: [none, wandb, tensorboard, swanlab, mlflow]
+# use_swanlab: true
+# swanlab_project: dynamic_sft
+# swanlab_run_name: your_run_name
+# swanlab_workspace: your_workspace
+# swanlab_api_key: AnLWTMijcbd4cyEfundi3
+
+### train
+per_device_train_batch_size: 1
+gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
+learning_rate: 1.0e-4
+num_train_epochs: 1.0
+lr_scheduler_type: cosine
+warmup_ratio: 0.1
+bf16: true
+ddp_timeout: 180000000
+
+### Dataflex args
+train_type: dynamic_select # 选择训练器类型。可选值包括：
+ # "dynamic_select" - 动态选择训练器
+ # "dynamic_mix" - 动态混合训练器
+ # "dynamic_weight" - 动态加权训练器
+ # "static_full" - 默认静态全量数据训练器
+components_cfg_file: src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
+component_name: loss # 选择组件名称，对应 components_cfg_file 中定义的组件
+warmup_step: 10
+update_step: 10
+update_times: 2
+
+## eval
+# val_size: 0.001
+eval_dataset: alpaca_zh_demo
+per_device_eval_batch_size: 1
+metric_for_best_model: eval_loss
+greater_is_better: false
+load_best_model_at_end: false
+eval_strategy: steps # choices: [no, steps, epoch]
+eval_steps: 10
+# early_stopping_steps: 3
+# early_stopping_min_delta: 0.01
+
+# FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 DISABLE_VERSION_CHECK=1 dataflex-cli train examples/train_lora/selectors/loss.yaml
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/train_lora/selectors/near.yaml b/examples/train_lora/selectors/near.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f520eb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/train_lora/selectors/near.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+### model
+model_name_or_path: meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B
+trust_remote_code: true
+
+### method
+stage: sft
+do_train: true
+finetuning_type: lora
+lora_target: all
+lora_rank: 16
+lora_alpha: 8
+
+### dataset
+dataset: alpaca_en_demo
+template: llama3
+cutoff_len: 4096
+# max_samples: 100000000
+overwrite_cache: true
+preprocessing_num_workers: 16
+dataloader_num_workers: 0
+# disable_shuffling: true
+seed: 42
+
+### output
+output_dir: ../dataflex_saves/Llama-3.1-8B/near
+logging_steps: 10
+save_steps: 100
+plot_loss: true
+save_only_model: false
+overwrite_output_dir: true
+
+### swanlab
+report_to: none # choices: [none, wandb, tensorboard, swanlab, mlflow]
+# use_swanlab: true
+# swanlab_project: dynamic_sft
+# swanlab_run_name: your_run_name
+# swanlab_workspace: your_workspace
+# swanlab_api_key: AnLWTMijcbd4cyEfundi3
+
+### train
+per_device_train_batch_size: 1
+gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
+learning_rate: 1.0e-4
+num_train_epochs: 1.0
+lr_scheduler_type: cosine
+warmup_ratio: 0.1
+bf16: true
+ddp_timeout: 180000000
+
+### Dataflex args
+train_type: dynamic_select # 选择训练器类型。可选值包括：
+ # "dynamic_select" - 动态选择训练器
+ # "dynamic_mix" - 动态混合训练器
+ # "dynamic_weight" - 动态加权训练器
+ # "static" - 默认静态训练器
+components_cfg_file: src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
+component_name: near # 选择组件名称，对应 components_cfg_file 中定义的组件
+warmup_step: 10
+update_step: 10
+update_times: 2
+
+## eval
+# val_size: 0.001
+eval_dataset: alpaca_zh_demo
+per_device_eval_batch_size: 1
+metric_for_best_model: eval_loss
+greater_is_better: false
+load_best_model_at_end: false
+eval_strategy: steps # choices: [no, steps, epoch]
+eval_steps: 10
+# early_stopping_steps: 3
+# early_stopping_min_delta: 0.01
+
+# FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 DISABLE_VERSION_CHECK=1 dataflex-cli train examples/train_lora/selectors/near.yaml
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/train_lora/selectors/nice.yaml b/examples/train_lora/selectors/nice.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed9a5f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/train_lora/selectors/nice.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+### model
+model_name_or_path: meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B
+trust_remote_code: true
+
+### method
+stage: sft
+do_train: true
+finetuning_type: lora
+lora_target: all
+lora_rank: 16
+lora_alpha: 8
+
+### dataset
+dataset: alpaca_en_demo
+template: llama3 # choices: [qwen,llama3,...]
+cutoff_len: 4096
+# max_samples: 100000000
+overwrite_cache: true
+preprocessing_num_workers: 16
+dataloader_num_workers: 0
+# disable_shuffling: true
+seed: 42
+
+### output
+output_dir: ../dataflex_saves/nice_output
+logging_steps: 10
+save_steps: 100
+plot_loss: true
+save_only_model: false
+overwrite_output_dir: true
+
+### swanlab
+report_to: none # choices: [none, wandb, tensorboard, swanlab, mlflow]
+# use_swanlab: true
+# swanlab_project: dynamic_sft
+# swanlab_run_name: your_run_name
+# swanlab_workspace: your_workspace
+# swanlab_api_key: AnLWTMijcbd4cyEfundi3
+
+### train
+per_device_train_batch_size: 1
+gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
+learning_rate: 1.0e-4
+num_train_epochs: 1.0
+lr_scheduler_type: cosine
+warmup_ratio: 0.1
+bf16: true
+ddp_timeout: 180000000
+
+### dynamic_train
+train_type: dynamic_select # 选择训练器类型。可选值包括：
+ # "dynamic_select" - 动态选择训练器
+ # "dynamic_mix" - 动态混合训练器
+ # "dynamic_weight" - 动态加权训练器
+ # "static_full" - 默认静态全量数据训练器
+components_cfg_file: src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
+component_name: nice # 选择组件名称，对应 components_cfg_file 中定义的组件
+warmup_step: 10
+update_step: 10
+update_times: 2
+
+## eval
+# val_size: 0.001
+eval_dataset: alpaca_zh_demo
+per_device_eval_batch_size: 1
+metric_for_best_model: eval_loss
+greater_is_better: false
+load_best_model_at_end: false
+eval_strategy: steps # choices: [no, steps, epoch]
+eval_steps: 10
+# early_stopping_steps: 3
+# early_stopping_min_delta: 0.01
+
+# FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 DISABLE_VERSION_CHECK=1 dataflex-cli train examples/train_lora/selectors/nice.yaml
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/train_lora/selectors/random.yaml b/examples/train_lora/selectors/random.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b26c12b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/train_lora/selectors/random.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+### model
+model_name_or_path: meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B
+trust_remote_code: true
+
+### method
+stage: sft
+do_train: true
+finetuning_type: lora
+lora_target: all
+lora_rank: 16
+lora_alpha: 8
+
+### dataset
+dataset: alpaca_en_demo
+template: llama3
+cutoff_len: 4096
+# max_samples: 100000000
+overwrite_cache: true
+preprocessing_num_workers: 16
+dataloader_num_workers: 0
+# disable_shuffling: true
+seed: 42
+
+### output
+output_dir: ../dataflex_saves/Llama-3.1-8B/random
+logging_steps: 10
+save_steps: 100
+plot_loss: true
+save_only_model: false
+overwrite_output_dir: true
+
+### swanlab
+report_to: none # choices: [none, wandb, tensorboard, swanlab, mlflow]
+# use_swanlab: true
+# swanlab_project: dynamic_sft
+# swanlab_run_name: your_run_name
+# swanlab_workspace: your_workspace
+# swanlab_api_key: AnLWTMijcbd4cyEfundi3
+
+### train
+per_device_train_batch_size: 1
+gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
+learning_rate: 1.0e-4
+num_train_epochs: 1.0
+lr_scheduler_type: cosine
+warmup_ratio: 0.1
+bf16: true
+ddp_timeout: 180000000
+
+### Dataflex args
+train_type: dynamic_select # 选择训练器类型。可选值包括：
+ # "dynamic_select" - 动态选择训练器
+ # "dynamic_mix" - 动态混合训练器
+ # "dynamic_weight" - 动态加权训练器
+ # "static_full" - 默认静态训练器
+components_cfg_file: src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
+component_name: random # 选择组件名称，对应 components_cfg_file 中定义的组件
+warmup_step: 10
+update_step: 10
+update_times: 2
+
+## eval
+# val_size: 0.001
+eval_dataset: alpaca_zh_demo
+per_device_eval_batch_size: 1
+metric_for_best_model: eval_loss
+greater_is_better: false
+load_best_model_at_end: false
+eval_strategy: steps # choices: [no, steps, epoch]
+eval_steps: 10
+# early_stopping_steps: 3
+# early_stopping_min_delta: 0.01
+
+# FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 DISABLE_VERSION_CHECK=1 dataflex-cli train examples/train_lora/selectors/random.yaml
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/train_lora/selectors/tsds.yaml b/examples/train_lora/selectors/tsds.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c756c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/train_lora/selectors/tsds.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+### model
+model_name_or_path: meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B
+trust_remote_code: true
+
+### method
+stage: sft
+do_train: true
+finetuning_type: lora
+lora_target: all
+lora_rank: 16
+lora_alpha: 8
+
+### dataset
+dataset: alpaca_en_demo
+template: llama3
+cutoff_len: 4096
+# max_samples: 100000000
+overwrite_cache: true
+preprocessing_num_workers: 16
+dataloader_num_workers: 0
+# disable_shuffling: true
+seed: 42
+
+### output
+output_dir: ../dataflex_saves/Llama-3.1-8B/tsds
+logging_steps: 10
+save_steps: 100
+plot_loss: true
+save_only_model: false
+overwrite_output_dir: true
+
+### swanlab
+report_to: none # choices: [none, wandb, tensorboard, swanlab, mlflow]
+# use_swanlab: true
+# swanlab_project: dynamic_sft
+# swanlab_run_name: your_run_name
+# swanlab_workspace: your_workspace
+# swanlab_api_key: AnLWTMijcbd4cyEfundi3
+
+### train
+per_device_train_batch_size: 1
+gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
+learning_rate: 1.0e-4
+num_train_epochs: 1.0
+lr_scheduler_type: cosine
+warmup_ratio: 0.1
+bf16: true
+ddp_timeout: 180000000
+
+### Dataflex args
+train_type: dynamic_select # 选择训练器类型。可选值包括：
+ # "dynamic_select" - 动态选择训练器
+ # "dynamic_mix" - 动态混合训练器
+ # "dynamic_weight" - 动态加权训练器
+ # "static_full" - 默认静态全量数据训练器
+components_cfg_file: src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
+component_name: tsds # 选择组件名称，对应 components_cfg_file 中定义的组件
+warmup_step: 10
+update_step: 10
+update_times: 2
+
+## eval
+# val_size: 0.001
+eval_dataset: alpaca_zh_demo
+per_device_eval_batch_size: 1
+metric_for_best_model: eval_loss
+greater_is_better: false
+load_best_model_at_end: false
+eval_strategy: steps # choices: [no, steps, epoch]
+eval_steps: 10
+# early_stopping_steps: 3
+# early_stopping_min_delta: 0.01
+
+# FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 DISABLE_VERSION_CHECK=1 dataflex-cli train examples/train_lora/selectors/tsds.yaml
diff --git a/examples/train_lora/weighters/custom.yaml b/examples/train_lora/weighters/custom.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80c9d37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/train_lora/weighters/custom.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+### model
+model_name_or_path: meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B
+trust_remote_code: true
+
+### method
+stage: sft
+do_train: true
+finetuning_type: lora
+lora_target: all
+lora_rank: 16
+lora_alpha: 8
+# deepspeed: examples/deepspeed/ds_z3_config.json # choices: [ds_z0_config.json, ds_z2_config.json, ds_z3_config.json]
+
+### dataset
+dataset: alpaca_en_demo
+template: llama3
+cutoff_len: 4096
+# max_samples: 100000000
+overwrite_cache: true
+preprocessing_num_workers: 16
+dataloader_num_workers: 0
+# disable_shuffling: true
+seed: 42
+
+### output
+output_dir: ../dataflex_saves/Llama-3.1-8B/custom
+logging_steps: 10
+save_steps: 100
+plot_loss: true
+save_only_model: false
+overwrite_output_dir: true
+
+### swanlab
+report_to: none # choices: [none, wandb, tensorboard, swanlab, mlflow]
+# use_swanlab: true
+# swanlab_project: dynamic_sft
+# swanlab_run_name: your_run_name
+# swanlab_workspace: your_workspace
+# swanlab_api_key: AnLWTMijcbd4cyEfundi3
+
+### train
+per_device_train_batch_size: 2
+gradient_accumulation_steps: 16
+learning_rate: 1.0e-4
+num_train_epochs: 1.0
+lr_scheduler_type: cosine
+warmup_ratio: 0.1
+bf16: true
+ddp_timeout: 180000000
+
+### Dataflex args
+train_type: dynamic_weight # 选择训练器类型。可选值包括：
+ # "dynamic_select" - 动态选择训练器
+ # "dynamic_mix" - 动态混合训练器
+ # "dynamic_weight" - 动态加权训练器
+ # "static" - 默认静态训练器
+components_cfg_file: src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
+component_name: custom # 选择组件名称，对应 components_cfg_file 中定义的组件
+warmup_step: 100
+train_step: 500 # 总训练步数（包括warm_up）
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/train_lora/weighters/loss.yaml b/examples/train_lora/weighters/loss.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ead1f7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/train_lora/weighters/loss.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+### model
+model_name_or_path: meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B
+trust_remote_code: true
+
+### method
+stage: sft
+do_train: true
+finetuning_type: lora
+lora_target: all
+lora_rank: 16
+lora_alpha: 8
+# deepspeed: examples/deepspeed/ds_z3_config.json # choices: [ds_z0_config.json, ds_z2_config.json, ds_z3_config.json]
+
+### dataset
+dataset: alpaca_en_demo
+template: llama3
+cutoff_len: 4096
+# max_samples: 100000000
+overwrite_cache: true
+preprocessing_num_workers: 16
+dataloader_num_workers: 0
+# disable_shuffling: true
+seed: 42
+
+### output
+output_dir: ../dataflex_saves/Llama-3.1-8B/loss
+logging_steps: 10
+save_steps: 100
+plot_loss: true
+save_only_model: false
+overwrite_output_dir: true
+
+### swanlab
+report_to: none # choices: [none, wandb, tensorboard, swanlab, mlflow]
+# use_swanlab: true
+# swanlab_project: dynamic_sft
+# swanlab_run_name: your_run_name
+# swanlab_workspace: your_workspace
+# swanlab_api_key: AnLWTMijcbd4cyEfundi3
+
+### train
+per_device_train_batch_size: 2
+gradient_accumulation_steps: 16
+learning_rate: 1.0e-4
+num_train_epochs: 1.0
+lr_scheduler_type: cosine
+warmup_ratio: 0.1
+bf16: true
+ddp_timeout: 180000000
+
+### Dataflex args
+train_type: dynamic_weight # 选择训练器类型。可选值包括：
+ # "dynamic_select" - 动态选择训练器
+ # "dynamic_mix" - 动态混合训练器
+ # "dynamic_weight" - 动态加权训练器
+ # "static" - 默认静态训练器
+components_cfg_file: src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
+component_name: loss # 选择组件名称，对应 components_cfg_file 中定义的组件
+warmup_step: 100
+train_step: 500 # 总训练步数（包括warm_up）
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7860d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+[build-system]
+requires = ["setuptools>=61.0", "wheel"]
+build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
+
+[project]
+name = "dataflex"
+authors = [
+ {name = "Hao Liang", email = "hao.liang@stu.pku.edu.cn"},
+ {name = "Mingrui Chen", email = "charmier2003@gmail.com"},
+]
+description = "A data-centric training system for Large Language Models"
+readme = {file = "README.md", content-type = "text/markdown"}
+requires-python = ">=3.10"
+license = {text = "Apache-2.0"}
+classifiers = [
+ "Development Status :: 4 - Beta",
+ "Intended Audience :: Developers",
+ "Intended Audience :: Education",
+ "Intended Audience :: Science/Research",
+ "License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License",
+ "Operating System :: OS Independent",
+ "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
+ "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
+ "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
+ "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
+ "Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only",
+ "Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Artificial Intelligence",
+]
+keywords = ["AI", "data-centric", "LLM", "training", "data selection", "Data Mixture"]
+dynamic = ["version", "dependencies"]
+
+[project.urls]
+Github = "https://github.com/OpenDCAI/DataFlex"
+Documentation = "https://opendcai.github.io/DataFlow-Doc"
+"Bug Reports" = "https://github.com/OpenDCAI/DataFlex/issues"
+
+[project.scripts]
+dataflex-cli = "dataflex.cli:main"
+
+[project.optional-dependencies]
+torch = ["torch>=2.4.0,<=2.10.0", "torchvision>=0.19.0,<=0.21.0", "torchaudio>=2.4.0,<=2.6.0"]
+torch-npu = ["torch==2.4.0", "torch-npu==2.4.0.post2", "decorator"]
+metrics = ["nltk", "jieba", "rouge-chinese"]
+flash-attn = ["flash-attn>=2.5.0"]
+liger-kernel = ["liger-kernel>=0.5.5"]
+bitsandbytes = ["bitsandbytes>=0.39.0"]
+hqq = ["hqq"]
+eetq = ["eetq"]
+gptq = ["optimum>=1.24.0", "gptqmodel>=2.0.0"]
+aqlm = ["aqlm[gpu]>=1.1.0"]
+vllm = ["vllm>=0.4.3,<=0.9.1"]
+galore = ["galore-torch"]
+apollo = ["apollo-torch"]
+badam = ["badam>=1.2.1"]
+adam-mini = ["adam-mini"]
+modelscope = ["modelscope"]
+openmind = ["openmind"]
+swanlab = ["swanlab"]
+dev = ["pre-commit", "ruff", "pytest", "build"]
+
+[tool.setuptools]
+include-package-data = true
+
+[tool.setuptools.packages.find]
+where = ["src"]
+
+[tool.setuptools.dynamic]
+version = {attr = "dataflex.version.__version__"}
+dependencies = {file = "requirements.txt"}
+
+[tool.ruff]
+target-version = "py310"
+line-length = 119
+indent-width = 4
+
+[tool.ruff.lint]
+ignore = ["C408", "C901", "E501", "E731", "E741", "W605"]
+select = ["C", "E", "F", "I", "W"]
+
+[tool.ruff.lint.isort]
+lines-after-imports = 2
+known-first-party = ["dataflex"]
+known-third-party = [
+ "accelerate",
+ "datasets",
+ "gradio",
+ "numpy",
+ "peft",
+ "torch",
+ "transformers",
+ "trl"
+]
+
+[tool.ruff.format]
+quote-style = "double"
+indent-style = "space"
+docstring-code-format = true
+skip-magic-trailing-comma = false
+line-ending = "auto"
+
+[tool.uv]
+conflicts = [
+ [
+ { extra = "torch-npu" },
+ { extra = "aqlm" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { extra = "torch-npu" },
+ { extra = "liger-kernel" },
+ ],
+ [
+ { extra = "torch-npu" },
+ { extra = "vllm" },
+ ]
+]
diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1386599
--- /dev/null
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+torch>=2.4.0,<=2.10.0
+torchvision>=0.19.0,<=0.21.0
+torchaudio>=2.4.0,<=2.6.0
+transformers>=4.51.0,<4.55.0; python_version >= '3.11'
+transformers>=4.41.2,<=4.50.0; python_version < '3.11'
+accelerate>=1.3.0,<1.12.0
+trl>=0.18.0,<0.25.0
+tyro==0.8.14
+numpy>=1.24.0,<2.0.0
+peft>=0.15.2
+datasets>=2.16.0,<=3.2.0
+tokenizers>=0.21.0
+gradio>=4.38.0,<=5.12.0
+pandas>=2.0.0,<3.0.0
+scipy
+einops
+sentencepiece
+tiktoken
+protobuf
+uvicorn
+pydantic
+fastapi
+sse-starlette
+matplotlib>=3.7.0
+fire
+packaging
+pyyaml
+av
+librosa
+omegaconf
+traker
+llamafactory>=0.9.4; python_version >= '3.11'
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/skills/how_to_add_algorithm.md b/skills/how_to_add_algorithm.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..251796b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/skills/how_to_add_algorithm.md
@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+# How to Add a New Algorithm to DataFlex
+
+This guide explains the DataFlex architecture and walks you through adding a new **Selector**, **Mixer**, or **Weighter**.
+
+## Architecture Overview
+
+DataFlex extends [LLaMA-Factory](https://github.com/hiyouga/LLaMA-Factory) via runtime monkey-patching. When you run `dataflex-cli train config.yaml`, the CLI (`cli.py`) does the following:
+
+1. **Patches hparams** — replaces LlamaFactory's `FinetuningArguments` and `DataArguments` with DataFlex versions that add fields like `train_type`, `component_name`, `warmup_step`, etc.
+2. **Patches trainer** — based on `train_type`, replaces LlamaFactory's `CustomSeq2SeqTrainer` / `CustomTrainer` with one of `SelectTrainer`, `MixTrainer`, or `WeightTrainer`.
+3. **Patches dataset loader** (only for `dynamic_mix`) — replaces `get_dataset` to support multi-source mixture sampling.
+4. **Runs training** — calls `llamafactory.train.tuner.run_exp()` which now uses the patched classes.
+
+```
+dataflex-cli train config.yaml
+ │
+ ▼
+ cli.main()
+ │
+ ├── patch_finetune_params() # inject DynamicFinetuningArguments
+ ├── patch_trainer(train_type) # inject SelectTrainer / MixTrainer / WeightTrainer
+ ├── patch_get_dataset() # (dynamic_mix only)
+ │
+ ▼
+ llamafactory.train.tuner.run_exp() # standard LlamaFactory flow with patched classes
+```
+
+## Directory Structure
+
+```
+src/dataflex/
+├── __init__.py # exports __version__
+├── version.py # single source of truth for version
+├── cli.py # CLI entry point, monkey-patching logic
+├── launcher.py # torchrun distributed launcher
+│
+├── core/
+│ └── registry.py # Registry, register_selector/mixer/weighter
+│
+├── configs/
+│ └── components.yaml # default component parameter presets
+│
+├── train/
+│ ├── data/
+│ │ └── loader.py # patched get_dataset for multi-source mixing
+│ ├── dataset/
+│ │ └── mixed_proportion_manager.py # multi-source dataset mixing
+│ ├── hparams/
+│ │ ├── dynamic_params.py # DynamicFinetuningArguments
+│ │ └── dynamic_data_params.py # extended DataArguments
+│ ├── selector/
+│ │ ├── base_selector.py # Selector ABC
+│ │ ├── random_selector.py # example: RandomSelector
+│ │ ├── loss_selector.py # LossSelector
+│ │ ├── less_selector.py # LESSSelector
+│ │ └── ... # other selectors
+│ ├── mixer/
+│ │ ├── base_mixer.py # Mixer ABC
+│ │ ├── random_mixer.py # RandomMixer
+│ │ ├── doremi_mixer.py # DoremiMixer
+│ │ └── ... # other mixers
+│ ├── weighter/
+│ │ ├── base_weighter.py # Weighter ABC
+│ │ ├── loss_weighter.py # LossWeighter
+│ │ └── ... # other weighters
+│ └── trainer/
+│ ├── select_trainer.py # SelectTrainer
+│ ├── mix_trainer.py # MixTrainer
+│ └── weight_trainer.py # WeightTrainer
+│
+├── offline_selector/ # standalone offline preprocessing scripts
+│ ├── offline_tsds_selector.py
+│ └── offline_near_selector.py
+│
+└── utils/
+ ├── load_component.py # loads component params from YAML
+ ├── logging.py
+ └── selector_io.py
+```
+
+## Registry System
+
+All components are managed through a central `Registry` in `core/registry.py`:
+
+```python
+REGISTRY = Registry()
+
+def register_selector(name): return REGISTRY.register("selector", name)
+def register_mixer(name): return REGISTRY.register("mixer", name)
+def register_weighter(name): return REGISTRY.register("weighter", name)
+```
+
+When a trainer instantiates a component, it calls:
+
+```python
+self.selector = REGISTRY.build("selector", name, runtime=runtime, cfg=sel_params)
+```
+
+The `build` method:
+1. Merges `cfg` (from `components.yaml`) and `runtime` (from trainer), with **runtime values taking priority**.
+2. Inspects the class `__init__` signature to filter out unknown kwargs.
+3. Instantiates the class with only the accepted parameters.
+
+This means your component's `__init__` only receives parameters it declares — you don't need to handle unknown kwargs.
+
+## Base Classes
+
+### Selector
+
+```python
+# train/selector/base_selector.py
+class Selector(ABC):
+ def __init__(self, dataset, accelerator, data_collator, cache_dir):
+ ...
+
+ def warmup(self, num_samples, replacement) -> List[int]:
+ """Default warmup: random sample indices (distributed-aware)."""
+ ...
+
+ @abstractmethod
+ def select(self, model, step_id: int, num_samples: int, **kwargs) -> List[int]:
+ """Return indices of selected samples for this update step."""
+ ...
+```
+
+The `**kwargs` in `select` may include: `optimizer_state`, `scheduler_state`, `current_update_times`, `update_times`, `tokenizer`.
+
+### Mixer
+
+```python
+# train/mixer/base_mixer.py
+class Mixer(ABC):
+ def __init__(self, mixture_manager):
+ ...
+
+ @abstractmethod
+ def mix(self, model, step_id: int, **kwargs) -> np.ndarray:
+ """Return updated domain proportions as a numpy array."""
+ ...
+```
+
+The `**kwargs` in `mix` may include: `batch`, `domain_ids`, `data_collator`, `dataset`.
+
+### Weighter
+
+```python
+# train/weighter/base_weighter.py
+class Weighter(ABC):
+ def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+ ...
+
+ @abstractmethod
+ def get_weighted_loss(self, losses, *, ctx, model, inputs) -> torch.Tensor:
+ """Given per-sample losses (B,), return a weighted scalar loss."""
+ ...
+
+ def training_step(self, ctx, model, inputs, num_items_in_batch, use_weighter):
+ """Full training step with forward, loss computation, weighting, and backward."""
+ ...
+```
+
+The base `Weighter` provides a `training_step` that handles the full forward-backward loop. Override `get_weighted_loss` to define your weighting strategy; the `training_step` will call it automatically when `use_weighter=True` (i.e., after warmup).
+
+## Step-by-Step: Adding a New Selector
+
+We use **Selector** as the example; the process is identical for Mixer and Weighter.
+
+### Step 1: Create the implementation file
+
+Create `src/dataflex/train/selector/my_selector.py`:
+
+```python
+import torch
+import torch.distributed as dist
+from dataflex.core.registry import register_selector
+from dataflex.utils.logging import logger
+from .base_selector import Selector
+
+
+@register_selector("my_method")
+class MySelector(Selector):
+ def __init__(self, dataset, accelerator, data_collator, cache_dir, my_param: float = 0.5):
+ super().__init__(dataset, accelerator, data_collator, cache_dir)
+ self.my_param = my_param
+
+ def select(self, model, step_id: int, num_samples: int, **kwargs) -> list[int]:
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ # Your selection logic here
+ selected = list(range(min(num_samples, len(self.dataset))))
+ logger.info(f"[MySelector] Selected {len(selected)} samples at step {step_id}")
+ else:
+ selected = None
+
+ # Broadcast to all ranks
+ obj = [selected]
+ if dist.is_available() and dist.is_initialized():
+ dist.broadcast_object_list(obj, src=0)
+ selected = obj[0]
+ else:
+ selected = selected or []
+
+ return selected
+```
+
+Key points:
+- Use `@register_selector("my_method")` to register with the registry.
+- Accept `dataset`, `accelerator`, `data_collator`, `cache_dir` from runtime. Additional params (like `my_param`) come from `components.yaml`.
+- Perform selection on `is_main_process` only, then broadcast to all ranks for distributed training.
+
+### Step 2: Register the import
+
+Add an import in `src/dataflex/train/selector/__init__.py`:
+
+```python
+from .my_selector import *
+```
+
+### Step 3: Add configuration
+
+Add a block in `src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml`:
+
+```yaml
+selectors:
+ my_method:
+ name: my_method
+ params:
+ cache_dir: ../dataflex_saves/my_method_output
+ my_param: 0.8
+```
+
+### Step 4: Create a training config
+
+Create a YAML config (e.g., `examples/train_lora/selectors/my_method.yaml`):
+
+```yaml
+### model
+model_name_or_path: meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B
+trust_remote_code: true
+
+### method
+stage: sft
+do_train: true
+finetuning_type: lora
+lora_target: all
+
+### dataset
+dataset: alpaca_en_demo
+template: llama3
+
+### output
+output_dir: ../dataflex_saves/Llama-3.1-8B/my_method
+
+### train
+per_device_train_batch_size: 1
+gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
+learning_rate: 1.0e-4
+num_train_epochs: 1.0
+bf16: true
+
+### DataFlex
+train_type: dynamic_select
+components_cfg_file: src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
+component_name: my_method
+warmup_step: 10
+update_step: 10
+update_times: 2
+```
+
+### Step 5: Run it
+
+```bash
+dataflex-cli train examples/train_lora/selectors/my_method.yaml
+```
+
+## Adding a Mixer or Weighter
+
+The process is the same pattern:
+
+**Mixer:**
+- Subclass `Mixer`, implement `mix()`, use `@register_mixer("name")`
+- Add import in `train/mixer/__init__.py`
+- Add config under `mixers:` in `components.yaml`
+- Set `train_type: dynamic_mix` in training YAML
+
+**Weighter:**
+- Subclass `Weighter`, implement `get_weighted_loss()`, use `@register_weighter("name")`
+- Add import in `train/weighter/__init__.py`
+- Add config under `weighters:` in `components.yaml`
+- Set `train_type: dynamic_weight` in training YAML
+
+## Training Pipeline Details
+
+### SelectTrainer
+
+```
+_inner_training_loop:
+ 1. warmup: selector.warmup(warmup_samples) → random indices → build dataloader
+ 2. train for warmup_step steps
+ 3. at warmup_step and every update_step thereafter:
+ - selector.select(model, step_id, num_samples) → new indices
+ - rebuild dataloader with Subset(train_dataset, new_indices)
+ 4. repeat for update_times updates
+ total_steps = warmup_step + update_step * update_times
+```
+
+### MixTrainer
+
+```
+_inner_training_loop:
+ if static_mix:
+ - mixture_manager.rebuild(total_samples) → fixed mixed dataset
+ - train for train_step steps (no updates)
+ else:
+ 1. warmup: mixture_manager.rebuild(warmup_samples) → initial mixed dataset
+ 2. train for warmup_step steps
+ 3. at warmup_step and every update_step thereafter:
+ - mixer.mix(model, step_id) → new proportions
+ - mixture_manager.set_proportions(probs)
+ - mixture_manager.rebuild(update_samples) → new mixed dataset
+ - rebuild dataloader
+ 4. repeat for update_times updates (or until training ends if update_times=-1)
+```
+
+### WeightTrainer
+
+```
+_inner_training_loop:
+ 1. use standard dataloader (no subset)
+ 2. each step: weighter.training_step(ctx, model, inputs, ..., use_weighter)
+ - use_weighter = False during warmup (step < warmup_step)
+ - use_weighter = True after warmup → applies get_weighted_loss to per-sample losses
+ total_steps = train_step
+```
diff --git a/skills/how_to_use.md b/skills/how_to_use.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92275c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/skills/how_to_use.md
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+# How to Use DataFlex
+
+DataFlex is a data-centric training system built on top of [LLaMA-Factory](https://github.com/hiyouga/LLaMA-Factory). It supports **dynamic data selection**, **dynamic data mixture**, and **dynamic data reweighting** during LLM training.
+
+## Installation
+
+```bash
+git clone https://github.com/OpenDCAI/DataFlex.git
+cd DataFlex
+pip install -e .
+pip install llamafactory==0.9.3
+```
+
+## CLI Commands
+
+DataFlex provides a single CLI entry point:
+
+```bash
+# Check version
+dataflex-cli version
+
+# Run training
+dataflex-cli train [key=value overrides ...]
+```
+
+OmegaConf-style overrides can be appended after the YAML path:
+
+```bash
+dataflex-cli train examples/train_lora/selectors/less.yaml learning_rate=5e-5 warmup_step=20
+```
+
+For multi-GPU training, use `FORCE_TORCHRUN`:
+
+```bash
+FORCE_TORCHRUN=1 dataflex-cli train examples/train_lora/selectors/less.yaml
+```
+
+## YAML Configuration
+
+A DataFlex training config is a standard LlamaFactory YAML with additional DataFlex-specific fields.
+
+### Standard LlamaFactory Fields
+
+| Section | Key Fields |
+|---------|------------|
+| Model | `model_name_or_path`, `trust_remote_code` |
+| Method | `stage` (pt/sft), `do_train`, `finetuning_type` (lora/freeze/full), `lora_rank`, `lora_alpha`, `lora_target` |
+| Dataset | `dataset`, `template`, `cutoff_len`, `overwrite_cache`, `preprocessing_num_workers` |
+| Output | `output_dir`, `logging_steps`, `save_steps`, `overwrite_output_dir` |
+| Training | `per_device_train_batch_size`, `gradient_accumulation_steps`, `learning_rate`, `num_train_epochs`, `lr_scheduler_type`, `bf16` |
+| DeepSpeed | `deepspeed` (path to ds config JSON) |
+
+### DataFlex-Specific Fields
+
+| Field | Type | Description |
+|-------|------|-------------|
+| `train_type` | str | Training mode. One of: `dynamic_select`, `dynamic_mix`, `dynamic_weight`, `static` |
+| `components_cfg_file` | str | Path to the components config YAML (default: `src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml`) |
+| `component_name` | str | Which algorithm to use, matching a key in `components_cfg_file` |
+| `warmup_step` | int | Number of warmup steps before dynamic behavior kicks in |
+| `update_step` | int | Interval (in steps) between dynamic updates |
+| `update_times` | int | Total number of dynamic updates. Use `-1` for continuous updates until training ends |
+| `static_mix` | bool | If `true` with `dynamic_mix`, use fixed proportions (no dynamic updates). Used in DoReMi Step 1 & 3 |
+| `train_step` | int | Total training steps. Required for `dynamic_weight` and `dynamic_mix` with `static_mix: true` |
+
+### Data Mixture Fields (for `dynamic_mix` only)
+
+| Field | Type | Description |
+|-------|------|-------------|
+| `mixture_sample_rule` | str | Sampling rule: `mixture` (proportional), `stratified` (by dataset size), `uniform` |
+| `init_mixture_proportions` | list[float] | Initial proportions for each source dataset, e.g. `[0.5, 0.5]` |
+
+## Training Modes
+
+### 1. Dynamic Data Selection (`dynamic_select`)
+
+Dynamically selects a subset of training samples at regular intervals based on model state.
+
+```yaml
+train_type: dynamic_select
+components_cfg_file: src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
+component_name: less # choices: less, nice, loss, delta_loss, tsds, near, random, custom
+warmup_step: 10
+update_step: 10
+update_times: 2
+```
+
+**How it works:**
+1. Warmup phase: train on randomly sampled data for `warmup_step` steps.
+2. At `warmup_step` and every `update_step` steps: pause training, run the selector to pick new samples, rebuild the dataloader.
+3. Total steps = `warmup_step + update_step * update_times`.
+
+**Example:**
+```bash
+dataflex-cli train examples/train_lora/selectors/less.yaml
+```
+
+### 2. Dynamic Data Mixture (`dynamic_mix`)
+
+Dynamically adjusts the proportions of data from multiple source datasets. Your `dataset` field should list multiple datasets separated by commas (e.g., `dataset: wiki_demo,c4_demo`).
+
+#### Dynamic mixture (DoReMi Step 2, ODM):
+
+```yaml
+train_type: dynamic_mix
+components_cfg_file: src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
+component_name: doremi # choices: doremi, odm, random, static
+mixture_sample_rule: mixture
+init_mixture_proportions: [0.5, 0.5]
+warmup_step: 100
+update_step: 200
+update_times: 3
+```
+
+#### Static mixture (DoReMi Step 1 & 3):
+
+```yaml
+train_type: dynamic_mix
+components_cfg_file: src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
+component_name: static
+static_mix: true
+mixture_sample_rule: mixture
+init_mixture_proportions: [0.5, 0.5]
+train_step: 1000
+```
+
+**Example:**
+```bash
+dataflex-cli train examples/train_lora/mixers/doremi_step2_dynamic_qwen_pt_lora.yaml
+```
+
+### 3. Dynamic Data Reweighting (`dynamic_weight`)
+
+Dynamically adjusts per-sample loss weights during backpropagation based on sample characteristics.
+
+```yaml
+train_type: dynamic_weight
+components_cfg_file: src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
+component_name: loss # choices: loss, custom
+warmup_step: 100
+train_step: 500
+```
+
+**How it works:**
+1. Standard training for `warmup_step` steps (no reweighting).
+2. After warmup: each training step computes per-sample losses and applies the weighting strategy.
+3. Total steps = `train_step`.
+
+**Example:**
+```bash
+dataflex-cli train examples/train_lora/weighters/loss.yaml
+```
+
+## Component Configuration (`components.yaml`)
+
+The `components.yaml` file defines algorithm-specific parameters. It has three top-level sections:
+
+```yaml
+selectors:
+ algorithm_name:
+ name: algorithm_name
+ params:
+ param1: value1
+ param2: value2
+
+mixers:
+ algorithm_name:
+ name: algorithm_name
+ params:
+ ...
+
+weighters:
+ algorithm_name:
+ name: algorithm_name
+ params:
+ ...
+```
+
+You select which algorithm to use via `component_name` in your training YAML.
+
+## Supported Algorithms
+
+### Data Selection
+
+| Algorithm | `component_name` | Category | Description |
+|-----------|-----------------|----------|-------------|
+| LESS | `less` | Gradient-based | Selects samples based on gradient similarity to validation set |
+| NICE | `nice` | Gradient-based | Neural network-based importance sampling with reward model |
+| Loss | `loss` | Loss-based | Selects samples based on current training loss |
+| Delta Loss | `delta_loss` | Loss-based | Selects based on loss change over a sliding window |
+| TSDS | `tsds` | Distribution-based | Task-specific data selection using pre-computed probabilities |
+| NEAR | `near` | Distribution-based | Nearest-neighbor based selection using pre-computed indices |
+| Random | `random` | Random | Uniform random sampling |
+| Custom | `custom` | Custom | Template for user-defined selection logic |
+
+### Data Mixture
+
+| Algorithm | `component_name` | Category | Description |
+|-----------|-----------------|----------|-------------|
+| DoReMi | `doremi` | Offline | Domain reweighting with minimax optimization (3-step pipeline) |
+| ODM | `odm` | Online | Online data mixing using Exp3 multi-armed bandit |
+| Static | `static` | Fixed | Fixed proportions throughout training |
+| Random | `random` | Random | Random domain proportions |
+
+### Data Reweighting
+
+| Algorithm | `component_name` | Category | Description |
+|-----------|-----------------|----------|-------------|
+| Loss Reweighting | `loss` | Loss-based | Strategies: `linupper`, `uniform`, `quadratic`, `extremes` |
+| Custom | `custom` | Custom | Template for user-defined weighting logic |
+
+## Offline Preprocessing
+
+Some selectors require offline preprocessing before training:
+
+### TSDS (Task-Specific Data Selection)
+
+Generates sampling probabilities based on embedding similarity between candidate and target data.
+
+```bash
+python src/dataflex/offline_selector/offline_tsds_selector.py
+```
+
+Produces `tsds_probs.npy` — set the path in `components.yaml` under `selectors.tsds.params.probs_path`.
+
+### NEAR (Nearest-Neighbor Selection)
+
+Computes nearest-neighbor indices between candidate and query datasets.
+
+```bash
+python src/dataflex/offline_selector/offline_near_selector.py
+```
+
+Produces `top_indices.npy` — set the path in `components.yaml` under `selectors.near.params.indices_path`.
+
+## DoReMi Multi-Step Workflow
+
+DoReMi requires a 3-step pipeline:
+
+1. **Step 1** — Train a reference model with static uniform/given proportions:
+ ```bash
+ dataflex-cli train examples/train_full/mixers/doremi_step1_static_qwen_pt_full.yaml
+ ```
+
+2. **Step 2** — Train a proxy model with dynamic DoReMi mixing, using the Step 1 checkpoint as reference:
+ ```bash
+ dataflex-cli train examples/train_full/mixers/doremi_step2_dynamic_qwen_pt_full.yaml
+ ```
+ This outputs optimized domain weights.
+
+3. **Step 3** — Train the final model with static proportions set to the optimized weights from Step 2:
+ ```bash
+ dataflex-cli train examples/train_full/mixers/doremi_step3_static_qwen_pt_full.yaml
+ ```
+
+## Example Configurations
+
+All example configs are in the `examples/` directory:
+
+```
+examples/
+├── train_lora/
+│ ├── selectors/ # LESS, NICE, Loss, Delta Loss, TSDS, NEAR, Random, Custom
+│ ├── mixers/ # DoReMi Step 2 (LoRA), Random
+│ └── weighters/ # Loss, Custom
+├── train_full/
+│ └── mixers/ # DoReMi Steps 1-3 (full), ODM (full)
+├── test/ # minimal smoke-test configs
+├── merge_lora/ # LoRA merge configs (use llamafactory-cli export)
+├── deepspeed/ # DeepSpeed ZeRO configs
+└── accelerate/ # FSDP configs
+```
+
+## Compatibility with LlamaFactory
+
+DataFlex is fully compatible with LlamaFactory. Any standard LlamaFactory YAML works with `dataflex-cli train` — if `train_type` is not specified or set to `static`, DataFlex uses the default LlamaFactory trainer with no modifications.
+
+For operations like model export/merge, continue using `llamafactory-cli`:
+
+```bash
+llamafactory-cli export examples/merge_lora/llama3_lora_sft.yaml
+```
diff --git a/src/dataflex/__init__.py b/src/dataflex/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..feb22ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+from .version import __version__, version_info
+
+
+__all__ = ["__version__", "version_info"]
diff --git a/src/dataflex/cli.py b/src/dataflex/cli.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32d1bcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/cli.py
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+import os
+import sys
+import random
+import importlib
+import subprocess
+from omegaconf import OmegaConf
+from pathlib import Path
+
+def uncache(exclude):
+ """Remove package modules from cache except excluded ones.
+ On next import they will be reloaded.
+
+ Args:
+ exclude (iter): Sequence of module paths.
+ """
+ pkgs = []
+ for mod in exclude:
+ pkg = mod.split('.', 1)[0]
+ pkgs.append(pkg)
+
+ print(f'{pkgs=}')
+ to_uncache = []
+ for mod in sys.modules:
+ if mod in exclude:
+ continue
+
+ if mod in pkgs:
+ to_uncache.append(mod)
+ continue
+
+ for pkg in pkgs:
+ if mod.startswith(pkg + '.'):
+ to_uncache.append(mod)
+ break
+
+ print(f'{to_uncache=}')
+ for mod in to_uncache:
+ del sys.modules[mod]
+
+
+def patch_finetune_params():
+ from dataflex.train.hparams.dynamic_params import DynamicFinetuningArguments
+ from dataflex.train.hparams.dynamic_data_params import DataArguments
+ import llamafactory.hparams
+ llamafactory.hparams.finetuning_args.FinetuningArguments = DynamicFinetuningArguments
+ llamafactory.hparams.data_args.DataArguments = DataArguments
+
+ uncache(["llamafactory.hparams.finetuning_args", "llamafactory.hparams.data_args"])
+
+def patch_trainer(train_type: str):
+ """
+ Monkey-patch LlamaFactory's CustomSeq2SeqTrainer based on train_type.
+
+ Args:
+ train_type (str): Must be one of ["static", "dynamic_select", "dynamic_mix", "dynamic_weight"].
+ Determines which trainer class to inject.
+ """
+ valid_types = ["static", "dynamic_select", "dynamic_mix", "dynamic_weight"]
+ if train_type not in valid_types:
+ raise ValueError(f"Invalid train_type '{train_type}'. Must be one of {valid_types}.")
+
+ if train_type == "dynamic_select":
+ from dataflex.train.trainer.select_trainer import SelectTrainer
+ TrainerCls = SelectTrainer
+ elif train_type == "dynamic_mix":
+ from dataflex.train.trainer.mix_trainer import MixTrainer
+ TrainerCls = MixTrainer
+ elif train_type == "dynamic_weight":
+ from dataflex.train.trainer.weight_trainer import WeightTrainer
+ TrainerCls = WeightTrainer
+ else: # static
+ TrainerCls = None
+
+ if TrainerCls is not None:
+ # 1) 替换源头模块
+ tmod = importlib.import_module("llamafactory.train.sft.trainer")
+ tmod.CustomSeq2SeqTrainer = TrainerCls
+
+ # 2) 替换包层 re-export
+ sft_pkg = importlib.import_module("llamafactory.train.sft")
+ setattr(sft_pkg, "CustomSeq2SeqTrainer", TrainerCls)
+
+ # 3) 替换 workflow 内部引用
+ wflow = importlib.import_module("llamafactory.train.sft.workflow")
+ setattr(wflow, "CustomSeq2SeqTrainer", TrainerCls)
+
+ # 4) 替换 PT 训练器
+ pt_tmod = importlib.import_module("llamafactory.train.pt.trainer")
+ pt_tmod.CustomTrainer = TrainerCls
+
+ # 5) 替换 PT workflow 内部引用
+ pt_wflow = importlib.import_module("llamafactory.train.pt.workflow")
+ setattr(pt_wflow, "CustomTrainer", TrainerCls)
+
+ print(f"[PatchTrainer] Using trainer type: '{train_type}'")
+
+
+def patch_get_dataset(do_uncache_reload: bool = False):
+ """
+ 将 LlamaFactory 的 get_dataset 替换为 dataflex 版本。
+ - 源头: llamafactory.data.loader.get_dataset -> dataflex.train.data.loader.get_dataset
+ - 包层 re-export: 覆盖 llamafactory.data.get_dataset（如有）
+ - 就地覆盖: 对已 from-import 的使用方（包含 workflow）直接改其全局符号
+
+ Args:
+ do_uncache_reload: 为 True 时，会清理下游依赖缓存并预热导入，以确保后续 import 也拿到新函数。
+ 默认为 False（与“就地打补丁”策略一致）。
+ """
+ # 1) 引入新实现
+ from dataflex.train.data.loader import get_dataset as _new_get_dataset
+ # 2) 覆盖源头模块
+ data_loader_mod = importlib.import_module("llamafactory.data.loader")
+ setattr(data_loader_mod, "get_dataset", _new_get_dataset)
+ # 3) 覆盖包层 re-export（若其它代码从包层 import）
+ data_pkg = importlib.import_module("llamafactory.data")
+ setattr(data_pkg, "get_dataset", _new_get_dataset)
+ # 4) 就地覆盖已 from-import 的使用方（包含 workflow）
+ wflow = importlib.import_module("llamafactory.train.sft.workflow")
+ setattr(wflow, "get_dataset", _new_get_dataset)
+
+ # 5) 也要patch PT workflow
+ pt_wflow = importlib.import_module("llamafactory.train.pt.workflow")
+ setattr(pt_wflow, "get_dataset", _new_get_dataset)
+
+def read_args():
+ file_path = sys.argv[1]
+ override_config = OmegaConf.from_cli(sys.argv[2:])
+
+ if file_path.endswith((".yaml", ".yml", ".json")):
+ dict_config = OmegaConf.load(Path(file_path).absolute())
+ cfg = OmegaConf.merge(dict_config, override_config)
+ else:
+ cfg = OmegaConf.create({}) # CLI 直接传参时
+
+ return OmegaConf.to_container(cfg)
+
+def print_welcome():
+ try:
+ import importlib.metadata as importlib_metadata # py3.8+
+ except ImportError:
+ import importlib_metadata
+
+ try:
+ version = importlib_metadata.version("dataflex")
+ except importlib_metadata.PackageNotFoundError:
+ version = "unknown"
+
+ print("=" * 60)
+ try:
+ print(" 🎉 Welcome to DataFlex, a data-centric training system.")
+ print(f" 🚀 Installed version: {version}")
+ except UnicodeEncodeError:
+ print(" Welcome to DataFlex, a data-centric training system.")
+ print(f" Installed version: {version}")
+ print("=" * 60)
+
+def main():
+ command = sys.argv.pop(1)
+ if command == "version":
+ # 只打印版本和欢迎
+ print_welcome()
+ return
+ elif command != 'train':
+ raise ValueError(f'Unknown command: {command}')
+ cfg = read_args()
+ patch_finetune_params()
+ patch_trainer(cfg['train_type'] if 'train_type' in cfg else 'static')
+ if cfg['train_type'] == 'dynamic_mix':
+ patch_get_dataset()
+
+ from llamafactory.train.tuner import run_exp
+ from llamafactory.extras.misc import is_env_enabled, get_device_count, use_ray
+ from llamafactory.extras import logging
+ from dataflex import launcher
+
+
+ logger = logging.get_logger(__name__)
+
+ force_torchrun = is_env_enabled("FORCE_TORCHRUN")
+ if force_torchrun or (get_device_count() > 1 and not use_ray()):
+ master_addr = os.getenv("MASTER_ADDR", "127.0.0.1")
+ master_port = os.getenv("MASTER_PORT", str(random.randint(20001, 29999)))
+ logger.info_rank0(f"Initializing distributed tasks at: {master_addr}:{master_port}")
+ process = subprocess.run(
+ (
+ "torchrun --nnodes {nnodes} --node_rank {node_rank} --nproc_per_node {nproc_per_node} "
+ "--master_addr {master_addr} --master_port {master_port} {file_name} {args}"
+ )
+ .format(
+ nnodes=os.getenv("NNODES", "1"),
+ node_rank=os.getenv("NODE_RANK", "0"),
+ nproc_per_node=os.getenv("NPROC_PER_NODE", str(get_device_count())),
+ master_addr=master_addr,
+ master_port=master_port,
+ file_name=launcher.__file__,
+ args=" ".join(sys.argv[1:]),
+ )
+ .split()
+ )
+ sys.exit(process.returncode)
+ else:
+ run_exp()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml b/src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d6316d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/configs/components.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+# configs/components.yaml
+selectors:
+ # Dynamic selectors
+ nice:
+ name: nice
+ params:
+ cache_dir: ../dataflex_saves/nice_output
+ gradient_type: adam
+ proj_dim: 4096
+ seed: 123
+ save_interval: 16
+ reward_model_backend: local_vllm # choices: [local_vllm, api]
+ reward_backend_params:
+ local_vllm:
+ hf_model_name_or_path: meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B
+ vllm_tensor_parallel_size: 1
+ vllm_temperature: 0.0
+ vllm_top_p: 0.9
+ vllm_max_tokens: 512
+ vllm_top_k: 40
+ vllm_seed: 42
+ vllm_max_model_len: null
+ vllm_gpu_memory_utilization: 0.9
+ api:
+ api_url: https://api.openai.com/v1/chat/completions
+ api_key: DF_API_KEY
+ model_name: gpt-4o
+ temperature: 0.0
+ mc_samples: 4
+ max_new_tokens: 512
+ generation_temperature: 0.7
+ max_prompt_length: 4096
+
+ less:
+ name: less
+ params:
+ cache_dir: ../dataflex_saves/less_output
+ gradient_type: adam
+ proj_dim: 4096
+ seed: 123
+ save_interval: 16
+
+ cluster_less:
+ name: cluster_less
+ params:
+ cache_dir: ../dataflex_saves/cluster_less_output
+ gradient_type: adam
+ proj_dim: 4096
+ seed: 123
+ save_interval: 16
+ cluster_size: 64
+ samples_per_cluster: 3
+ clustering_batch_size: 8
+ clustering_max_iter: 10
+ assignment_chunk_size: 4096
+ clustering_method: kmeans
+ representative_strategy: random
+ cluster_update_interval: 1
+ embedding_model_name_or_path: null
+ embedding_model_cache_dir: null
+ embedding_model_dtype: auto
+ embedding_model_local_files_only: false
+
+ loss:
+ name: loss
+ params:
+ cache_dir: ../dataflex_saves/loss_output
+ focus: "medium"
+
+ delta_loss:
+ name: delta_loss
+ params:
+ cache_dir: ../dataflex_saves/delta_loss_output
+ window_size: 0.2
+
+ tsds:
+ name: tsds
+ params:
+ probs_path: ./src/dataflex/offline_selector/tsds_probs.npy
+ cache_dir: ../dataflex_saves/tsds_output
+ near:
+ name: near
+ params:
+ indices_path: ./src/dataflex/offline_selector/top_indices.npy
+ cache_dir: ../dataflex_saves/near_output
+
+ random:
+ name: random
+ params:
+ cache_dir: ../dataflex_saves/random_output
+ seed: 42
+ replacement: false
+
+ custom:
+ name: custom
+ params:
+ cache_dir: ../dataflex_saves/custom_output
+
+mixers:
+ # Dynamic mixers
+ random:
+ name: random
+ params:
+ seed: 42
+
+ doremi:
+ name: doremi
+ params:
+ # Path to the reference model checkpoint (Step 1 of DoReMi)
+ # reference_model_path: /path/to/ckpt/Qwen2.5-0.5B
+ reference_model_path: /path/to/dataflex_saves/Qwen2.5-0.5B/doremi_step1_static_qwen_pt_full_result/checkpoint-xxx
+ # # Set to null if no reference model available
+ # reference_model_path: null
+ # Learning rate for domain weight updates (eta in the paper)
+ reweight_eta: 0.1
+ reweight_eps: 0.01 # Smoothing parameter for domain weights (epsilon in the paper)
+
+
+ # Static mixer - for DoReMi's Step 1 and Step 3
+ static:
+ name: static
+ params:
+ # fixed proportions
+ proportions: [0.5, 0.5] # corresponding proportions for each domain
+ # proportions: null # use uniform distribution
+ # proportions: [0.541, 0.287, 0.042, 0.037, 0.034, 0.031, 0.028] # For SlimePajama-6B dataset
+ odm:
+ name: odm
+ params:
+ # Online Data Mixing (ODM) uses Multi-Armed Bandits (Exp3) for dynamic mixing
+
+ # Alpha (smoothing_factor): smoothing parameter for exponential moving average (0 to 1)
+ # Higher alpha = more weight on historical rewards, more stable but slower to adapt
+ # Lower alpha = more responsive to recent rewards, faster adaptation but more volatile
+ alpha: 0.9
+
+ # Warmup steps: number of steps to use initial proportions before starting ODM
+ # Typically 1% of total training steps
+ warmup_steps: 2000
+ # warmup_steps: 10 # debug
+ # reward_scale: Amplify loss signal for better domain differentiation
+ reward_scale: 15.0
+
+ # min_exploration_rate: Minimum exploration rate (annealing floor)
+ min_exploration_rate: 0.03
+ # Initial proportions for warmup period and ODM initialization
+ # If not specified, uses uniform distribution
+ initial_proportions: [0.5, 0.5] # debug
+ # initial_proportions: null # Use uniform distribution if null
+ # initial_proportions: [0.541, 0.287, 0.042, 0.037, 0.034, 0.031, 0.028] # for odm on SlimePajam-6B dataset
+
+ dynamic_moe:
+ name: dynamic_moe
+ params:
+ eta: 10.0 # Update step size
+ c: 0.05 # Smoothing parameter
+ collect_steps: 5 # Number of batches to sample per domain to estimate gate loads
+ eval_samples: 1000
+ eval_batch_size: 32
+
+weighters:
+ # Dynamic data weights
+ loss:
+ name: loss
+ params:
+ strategy: linupper # choices: [linupper, uniform, quadratic, extremes]
+ delta: 1.0
+
+ custom:
+ name: custom
+ params:
+ strategy: uniform
diff --git a/src/dataflex/core/__init__.py b/src/dataflex/core/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/src/dataflex/core/registry.py b/src/dataflex/core/registry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7d70cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/core/registry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import inspect
+from typing import Dict, Type, Any, Optional
+
+class Registry:
+ def __init__(self):
+ self._store: Dict[str, Dict[str, Type]] = {}
+
+ def register(self, kind: str, name: str):
+ def deco(cls: Type):
+ self._store.setdefault(kind, {})
+ if name in self._store[kind]:
+ raise ValueError(f"{kind}.{name} already registered")
+ self._store[kind][name] = cls
+ return cls
+ return deco
+
+ def get(self, kind: str, name: str) -> Type:
+ return self._store[kind][name]
+
+ def build(self, kind: str, name: str, *, runtime: Dict[str, Any], cfg: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None):
+ cls = self.get(kind, name)
+ cfg = cfg or {}
+ merged = {**cfg, **runtime} # 运行期依赖优先
+ sig = inspect.signature(cls.__init__)
+ accepted = {p.name for p in list(sig.parameters.values())[1:]} # 跳过 self
+ filtered = {k: v for k, v in merged.items() if k in accepted} # 只喂需要的
+ return cls(**filtered)
+
+REGISTRY = Registry()
+def register_selector(name: str): return REGISTRY.register("selector", name)
+def register_mixer(name: str): return REGISTRY.register("mixer", name)
+def register_weighter(name: str): return REGISTRY.register("weighter", name)
diff --git a/src/dataflex/launcher.py b/src/dataflex/launcher.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab91101
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/launcher.py
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+import sys
+import importlib
+from omegaconf import OmegaConf
+from pathlib import Path
+from llamafactory.train.tuner import run_exp # use absolute import
+
+def uncache(exclude):
+ """Remove package modules from cache except excluded ones.
+ On next import they will be reloaded.
+
+ Args:
+ exclude (iter): Sequence of module paths.
+ """
+ pkgs = []
+ for mod in exclude:
+ pkg = mod.split('.', 1)[0]
+ pkgs.append(pkg)
+
+ print(f'{pkgs=}')
+ to_uncache = []
+ for mod in sys.modules:
+ if mod in exclude:
+ continue
+
+ if mod in pkgs:
+ to_uncache.append(mod)
+ continue
+
+ for pkg in pkgs:
+ if mod.startswith(pkg + '.'):
+ to_uncache.append(mod)
+ break
+
+ print(f'{to_uncache=}')
+ for mod in to_uncache:
+ del sys.modules[mod]
+
+def patch_finetune_params():
+ from dataflex.train.hparams.dynamic_params import DynamicFinetuningArguments
+ from dataflex.train.hparams.dynamic_data_params import DataArguments
+ import llamafactory.hparams
+ llamafactory.hparams.finetuning_args.FinetuningArguments = DynamicFinetuningArguments
+ llamafactory.hparams.data_args.DataArguments = DataArguments
+
+ uncache(["llamafactory.hparams.finetuning_args", "llamafactory.hparams.data_args"])
+
+def patch_trainer(train_type: str):
+ """
+ Monkey-patch LlamaFactory's CustomSeq2SeqTrainer based on train_type.
+
+ Args:
+ train_type (str): Must be one of ["static", "dynamic_select", "dynamic_mix", "dynamic_weight"].
+ Determines which trainer class to inject.
+ """
+ valid_types = ["static", "dynamic_select", "dynamic_mix", "dynamic_weight"]
+ if train_type not in valid_types:
+ raise ValueError(f"Invalid train_type '{train_type}'. Must be one of {valid_types}.")
+
+ if train_type == "dynamic_select":
+ from dataflex.train.trainer.select_trainer import SelectTrainer
+ TrainerCls = SelectTrainer
+ elif train_type == "dynamic_mix":
+ from dataflex.train.trainer.mix_trainer import MixTrainer
+ TrainerCls = MixTrainer
+ elif train_type == "dynamic_weight":
+ from dataflex.train.trainer.weight_trainer import WeightTrainer
+ TrainerCls = WeightTrainer
+ else: # static
+ TrainerCls = None
+
+ if TrainerCls is not None:
+ # 1) 替换源头模块
+ tmod = importlib.import_module("llamafactory.train.sft.trainer")
+ tmod.CustomSeq2SeqTrainer = TrainerCls
+
+ # 2) 替换包层 re-export
+ sft_pkg = importlib.import_module("llamafactory.train.sft")
+ setattr(sft_pkg, "CustomSeq2SeqTrainer", TrainerCls)
+
+ # 3) 替换 workflow 内部引用
+ wflow = importlib.import_module("llamafactory.train.sft.workflow")
+ setattr(wflow, "CustomSeq2SeqTrainer", TrainerCls)
+
+ # 4) 替换 PT 训练器
+ pt_tmod = importlib.import_module("llamafactory.train.pt.trainer")
+ pt_tmod.CustomTrainer = TrainerCls
+
+ # 5) 替换 PT workflow 内部引用
+ pt_wflow = importlib.import_module("llamafactory.train.pt.workflow")
+ setattr(pt_wflow, "CustomTrainer", TrainerCls)
+
+ print(f"[PatchTrainer] Using trainer type: '{train_type}'")
+
+def patch_get_dataset(do_uncache_reload: bool = False):
+ """
+ 将 LlamaFactory 的 get_dataset 替换为 dataflex 版本。
+ - 源头: llamafactory.data.loader.get_dataset -> dataflex.train.data.loader.get_dataset
+ - 包层 re-export: 覆盖 llamafactory.data.get_dataset（如有）
+ - 就地覆盖: 对已 from-import 的使用方（包含 workflow）直接改其全局符号
+
+ Args:
+ do_uncache_reload: 为 True 时，会清理下游依赖缓存并预热导入，以确保后续 import 也拿到新函数。
+ 默认为 False（与“就地打补丁”策略一致）。
+ """
+ # 1) 引入新实现
+ from dataflex.train.data.loader import get_dataset as _new_get_dataset
+ # 2) 覆盖源头模块
+ data_loader_mod = importlib.import_module("llamafactory.data.loader")
+ setattr(data_loader_mod, "get_dataset", _new_get_dataset)
+ # 3) 覆盖包层 re-export（若其它代码从包层 import）
+ data_pkg = importlib.import_module("llamafactory.data")
+ setattr(data_pkg, "get_dataset", _new_get_dataset)
+ # 4) 就地覆盖已 from-import 的使用方（包含 workflow）
+ wflow = importlib.import_module("llamafactory.train.sft.workflow")
+ setattr(wflow, "get_dataset", _new_get_dataset)
+
+ # 5) 也要patch PT workflow
+ pt_wflow = importlib.import_module("llamafactory.train.pt.workflow")
+ setattr(pt_wflow, "get_dataset", _new_get_dataset)
+
+def read_args():
+ file_path = sys.argv[1]
+ override_config = OmegaConf.from_cli(sys.argv[2:])
+
+ if file_path.endswith((".yaml", ".yml", ".json")):
+ dict_config = OmegaConf.load(Path(file_path).absolute())
+ cfg = OmegaConf.merge(dict_config, override_config)
+ else:
+ cfg = OmegaConf.create({}) # CLI 直接传参时
+
+ return OmegaConf.to_container(cfg)
+
+
+def launch():
+ print("Launching DataFlex")
+ cfg = read_args()
+ patch_finetune_params()
+ patch_trainer(cfg['train_type'] if 'train_type' in cfg else 'static')
+ if cfg['train_type'] == 'dynamic_mix':
+ patch_get_dataset()
+
+ from llamafactory.train.tuner import run_exp
+ run_exp()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+ launch()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/dataflex/offline_selector/offline_near_selector.py b/src/dataflex/offline_selector/offline_near_selector.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4842cc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/offline_selector/offline_near_selector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+import os
+import json
+import numpy as np
+import faiss
+import heapq
+# ===== auto optional embedding backends =====
+try:
+ from vllm import LLM, SamplingParams
+ VLLM_AVAILABLE = True
+except Exception:
+ VLLM_AVAILABLE = False
+
+try:
+ from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
+ ST_AVAILABLE = True
+except Exception:
+ ST_AVAILABLE = False
+from dataflex.utils.logging import logger
+
+# ========== FAISS IVFFlat 索引封装类 ==========
+class FaissIndexIVFFlat:
+ def __init__(self, data: np.ndarray, nprobe: int = 10):
+ self.build(data, nprobe)
+
+ def build(self, data: np.ndarray, nprobe: int):
+ data = np.ascontiguousarray(data.astype(np.float32))
+ N, D = data.shape
+ nlist = max(1, int(np.sqrt(N)) // 2)
+ quantizer = faiss.IndexFlatL2(D)
+ index = faiss.IndexIVFFlat(quantizer, D, nlist)
+ index.train(data)
+ index.add(data)
+ index.nprobe = nprobe
+ self.index = index
+
+ def search(self, query: np.ndarray, K: int):
+ query = np.ascontiguousarray(query.astype(np.float32))
+ return self.index.search(query, K)
+
+class offline_near_Selector:
+ def __init__(self,
+ candidate_path = None,
+ query_path: str = None,
+ embed_model: str = "Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-0.6B",
+ embed_method: str ="auto",
+ batch_size: int = 32,
+ save_indices_path: str = "top_indices.npy",
+ max_K: int = 1000):
+
+ self.candidate_path = candidate_path
+ self.query_path = query_path
+ self.embed_model = embed_model
+ self.embed_method = embed_method
+ self.batch_size = batch_size
+ self.save_indices_path = save_indices_path
+ self.max_K = max_K
+
+ # ---------- 数据加载方法 ----------
+ def _load_alpaca_json(self, path):
+ with open(path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+ data = json.load(f)
+ texts = [
+ "\n".join([
+ f"Instruction: {item.get('instruction', '')}",
+ f"Input: {item.get('input', '')}",
+ f"Output: {item.get('output', '')}",
+ f"Prediction:{item.get('prediction','')}"
+ ])
+ for item in data
+ ]
+ return texts
+
+ # ---------- Embedding 方法 ----------
+ def _embed_texts(self, texts):
+ '''
+ auto模式自动尝试 embedding 后端：
+ 1) 优先 vLLM
+ 2) 否则 sentence-transformers
+ 3) 都不可用则报错
+ '''
+
+ # -------- 1. 优先 vLLM --------
+ if (VLLM_AVAILABLE and self.embed_method == "auto") or self.embed_method == "vllm":
+ try:
+ logger.info(f"[EMBED] Using vLLM model: {self.embed_model}")
+ llm = LLM(model=self.embed_model, trust_remote_code=True, task="embed")
+
+ outputs = llm.embed(texts) # [N, D]
+ embs = [o.outputs.embedding for o in outputs]
+ embs = np.array(embs, dtype=np.float32)
+
+ # normalize
+ norms = np.linalg.norm(embs, axis=1, keepdims=True)
+ norms = np.maximum(norms, 1e-12)
+ embs = embs / norms
+
+ return np.ascontiguousarray(embs)
+
+ except Exception as e:
+ logger.warning(f"[EMBED] vLLM available but embedding failed {e}")
+
+ # -------- 2. fallback: sentence-transformers --------
+ if (ST_AVAILABLE and self.embed_method == "auto") or self.embed_method == "sentence-transformer":
+ try:
+ logger.info(f"[EMBED] Using SentenceTransformer: {self.embed_model}")
+ model = SentenceTransformer(self.embed_model)
+ embs = model.encode(
+ texts,
+ batch_size=self.batch_size,
+ show_progress_bar=True
+ ).astype(np.float32)
+
+ norms = np.linalg.norm(embs, axis=1, keepdims=True)
+ norms = np.maximum(norms, 1e-12)
+ embs = embs / norms
+
+ return np.ascontiguousarray(embs)
+
+ except Exception as e:
+ raise RuntimeError(
+ f"SentenceTransformer available but embedding failed: {e}"
+ )
+
+ # -------- 3. 两个都不可用 --------
+ raise RuntimeError(
+ "No available embedding backend!\n"
+ "Please install at least one of the following:\n"
+ " - vLLM: pip install vllm\n"
+ " - sentence-transformers: pip install sentence-transformers"
+ )
+
+ # ---------- 调用接口 ----------
+ def candidate_sentence_embedding(self):
+ texts = self._load_alpaca_json(self.candidate_path)
+ logger.info(f"Loaded {len(texts)} candidates")
+ return self._embed_texts(texts)
+
+ def query_sentence_embedding(self):
+ if self.query_path and os.path.exists(self.query_path):
+ texts = self._load_alpaca_json(self.query_path)
+ logger.info(f"Loaded {len(texts)} queries from query json")
+ else:
+ logger.info("No query set provided — using first 100 candidates as queries")
+ texts = self._load_alpaca_json(self.candidate_path)[:100]
+ return self._embed_texts(texts)
+
+ # ---------- 主程序 ----------
+ def selector(self):
+
+ logger.info("Start loading embeddings for nearest_selector...")
+ xb = self.candidate_sentence_embedding()
+ xq = self.query_sentence_embedding()
+
+ M, N = xq.shape[0], xb.shape[0]
+ MAX_K = self.max_K
+
+ logger.info("Building FAISS index...")
+ index = FaissIndexIVFFlat(xb)
+
+ logger.info(f"Searching top-{MAX_K} neighbors for each query...")
+ top_dists2, top_indices = index.search(xq, MAX_K)
+ sorted_indices = np.argsort(top_dists2, axis=-1)
+ static_idx = np.indices(top_dists2.shape)[0]
+ # top_dists = np.sqrt(top_dists2[static_idx, sorted_indices])
+ top_indices = top_indices[static_idx, sorted_indices].astype(int)
+
+ #保存每个query最近的前MAX_K个索引
+ assert isinstance(top_indices, np.ndarray), \
+ "top_indices must be a numpy array"
+ assert top_indices.shape == (M, MAX_K), \
+ f"Expected shape {(M, MAX_K)}, got {top_indices.shape}"
+ assert np.issubdtype(top_indices.dtype, np.integer), \
+ f"Expected integer dtype, got {top_indices.dtype}"
+
+ np.save(self.save_indices_path, top_indices)
+ logger.info(f"Saved to {self.save_indices_path}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+ near = offline_near_Selector(
+ candidate_path="OpenDCAI/DataFlex-selector-openhermes-10w", # split = train
+ query_path="OpenDCAI/DataFlex-selector-openhermes-10w", # split = validation
+ # It automatically try vllm first, then sentence-transformers
+ embed_model="Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-0.6B",
+ # support method:
+ #auto(It automatically try vllm first, then sentence-transformers),
+ #vllm,
+ #sentence-transformer
+ embed_method= "auto",
+ batch_size=32,
+ save_indices_path="top_indices.npy",
+ max_K=1000,
+
+ )
+ near.selector()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/dataflex/offline_selector/offline_tsds_selector.py b/src/dataflex/offline_selector/offline_tsds_selector.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51a44f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/offline_selector/offline_tsds_selector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+import os
+import json
+import numpy as np
+import faiss
+import heapq
+# ===== auto optional embedding backends =====
+try:
+ from vllm import LLM, SamplingParams
+ VLLM_AVAILABLE = True
+except Exception:
+ VLLM_AVAILABLE = False
+
+try:
+ from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
+ ST_AVAILABLE = True
+except Exception:
+ ST_AVAILABLE = False
+from dataflex.utils.logging import logger
+
+# ========== FAISS IVFFlat 索引封装类 ==========
+class FaissIndexIVFFlat:
+ def __init__(self, data: np.ndarray, nprobe: int = 10):
+ self.build(data, nprobe)
+
+ def build(self, data: np.ndarray, nprobe: int):
+ data = np.ascontiguousarray(data.astype(np.float32))
+ N, D = data.shape
+ nlist = max(1, int(np.sqrt(N)) // 2)
+ quantizer = faiss.IndexFlatL2(D)
+ index = faiss.IndexIVFFlat(quantizer, D, nlist)
+ index.train(data)
+ index.add(data)
+ index.nprobe = nprobe
+ self.index = index
+
+ def search(self, query: np.ndarray, K: int):
+ query = np.ascontiguousarray(query.astype(np.float32))
+ return self.index.search(query, K)
+
+class offline_tsds_Selector:
+ def __init__(self,
+ candidate_path = None,
+ query_path: str = None,
+ embed_model: str = "Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-0.6B",
+ embed_method: str ="auto",
+ batch_size: int = 32,
+ save_probs_path: str = "tsds_probs.npy",
+ max_K: int = 5000,
+ kde_K: int = 1000,
+ sigma: float = 0.75,
+ alpha: float = 0.6,
+ C: float = 5.0):
+
+ self.candidate_path = candidate_path
+ self.query_path = query_path
+ self.embed_model = embed_model
+ self.embed_method = embed_method
+ self.batch_size = batch_size
+ self.save_probs_path = save_probs_path
+ self.max_K = max_K
+ self.kde_K = kde_K
+ self.sigma = sigma
+ self.alpha = alpha
+ self.C = C
+
+ # ---------- 数据加载方法 ----------
+ def _load_alpaca_json(self, path):
+ with open(path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+ data = json.load(f)
+ texts = [
+ "\n".join([
+ f"Instruction: {item.get('instruction', '')}",
+ f"Input: {item.get('input', '')}",
+ f"Output: {item.get('output', '')}",
+ f"Prediction:{item.get('prediction','')}"
+ ])
+ for item in data
+ ]
+ return texts
+
+ # ---------- Embedding 方法 ----------
+ def _embed_texts(self, texts):
+ '''
+ auto模式自动尝试 embedding 后端：
+ 1) 优先 vLLM
+ 2) 否则 sentence-transformers
+ 3) 都不可用则报错
+ '''
+
+ # -------- 1. 优先 vLLM --------
+ if (VLLM_AVAILABLE and self.embed_method == "auto") or self.embed_method == "vllm":
+ try:
+ logger.info(f"[EMBED] Using vLLM model: {self.embed_model}")
+ llm = LLM(model=self.embed_model, trust_remote_code=True, task="embed")
+
+ outputs = llm.embed(texts) # [N, D]
+ embs = [o.outputs.embedding for o in outputs]
+ embs = np.array(embs, dtype=np.float32)
+
+ # normalize
+ norms = np.linalg.norm(embs, axis=1, keepdims=True)
+ norms = np.maximum(norms, 1e-12)
+ embs = embs / norms
+
+ return np.ascontiguousarray(embs)
+
+ except Exception as e:
+ logger.warning(f"[EMBED] vLLM available but embedding failed {e}")
+
+ # -------- 2. fallback: sentence-transformers --------
+ if (ST_AVAILABLE and self.embed_method == "auto") or self.embed_method == "sentence-transformer":
+ try:
+ logger.info(f"[EMBED] Using SentenceTransformer: {self.embed_model}")
+ model = SentenceTransformer(self.embed_model)
+ embs = model.encode(
+ texts,
+ batch_size=self.batch_size,
+ show_progress_bar=True
+ ).astype(np.float32)
+
+ norms = np.linalg.norm(embs, axis=1, keepdims=True)
+ norms = np.maximum(norms, 1e-12)
+ embs = embs / norms
+
+ return np.ascontiguousarray(embs)
+
+ except Exception as e:
+ raise RuntimeError(
+ f"SentenceTransformer available but embedding failed: {e}"
+ )
+
+ # -------- 3. 两个都不可用 --------
+ raise RuntimeError(
+ "No available embedding backend!\n"
+ "Please install at least one of the following:\n"
+ " - vLLM: pip install vllm\n"
+ " - sentence-transformers: pip install sentence-transformers"
+ )
+
+ # ---------- TSDS 调用接口 ----------
+ def candidate_sentence_embedding(self):
+ texts = self._load_alpaca_json(self.candidate_path)
+ logger.info(f"Loaded {len(texts)} candidates")
+ return self._embed_texts(texts)
+
+ def query_sentence_embedding(self):
+ if self.query_path and os.path.exists(self.query_path):
+ texts = self._load_alpaca_json(self.query_path)
+ logger.info(f"Loaded {len(texts)} queries from query json")
+ else:
+ logger.info("No query set provided — using first 100 candidates as queries")
+ texts = self._load_alpaca_json(self.candidate_path)[:100]
+ return self._embed_texts(texts)
+
+ # ---------- tsds 主程序 ----------
+ def selector(self):
+
+ logger.info("Start loading embeddings for TSDS...")
+ xb = self.candidate_sentence_embedding()
+ xq = self.query_sentence_embedding()
+
+ M, N = xq.shape[0], xb.shape[0]
+ MAX_K = self.max_K
+ KDE_K = self.kde_K
+
+ logger.info("Building FAISS index...")
+ index = FaissIndexIVFFlat(xb)
+
+ logger.info(f"Searching top-{MAX_K} neighbors for each query...")
+ top_dists2, top_indices = index.search(xq, MAX_K)
+ sorted_indices = np.argsort(top_dists2, axis=-1)
+ static_idx = np.indices(top_dists2.shape)[0]
+ top_dists = np.sqrt(top_dists2[static_idx, sorted_indices])
+ top_indices = top_indices[static_idx, sorted_indices].astype(int)
+
+ if self.sigma == 0:
+ logger.info("Sigma=0, using unity KDE")
+ top_kdes = np.ones_like(top_indices)
+ else:
+ logger.info("Computing KDE...")
+ uniq_ids = list(set(top_indices.reshape(-1)))
+ sub_xb = xb[uniq_ids]
+ index_kde = FaissIndexIVFFlat(sub_xb)
+ D2, _ = index_kde.search(sub_xb, KDE_K)
+ kernel = np.maximum(0.0, 1 - D2 / (self.sigma ** 2))
+ kde = kernel.sum(axis=1)
+ kde_map = {uniq_ids[i]: kde[i] for i in range(len(uniq_ids))}
+ top_kdes = np.vectorize(lambda t: kde_map[t])(top_indices)
+
+ logger.info("Running heap optimization for TSDS...")
+ lastK = [0] * M
+ heap = [(1.0 / top_kdes[j][0], 0, j) for j in range(M)]
+ heapq.heapify(heap)
+ cost = np.zeros(M)
+ dist_wsum = [top_dists[j][0] / top_kdes[j][0] for j in range(M)]
+ total_cost, s = 0.0, 0.0
+
+ while heap:
+ count, k, j = heapq.heappop(heap)
+ s = count
+ total_cost -= cost[j]
+ cost[j] = top_dists[j][k + 1] * count - dist_wsum[j]
+ total_cost += cost[j]
+ if self.alpha / self.C * total_cost >= (1 - self.alpha) * M:
+ break
+ lastK[j] = k
+ if k < MAX_K - 2:
+ count += 1.0 / top_kdes[j][k + 1]
+ heapq.heappush(heap, (count, k + 1, j))
+ dist_wsum[j] += top_dists[j][k + 1] / top_kdes[j][k + 1]
+
+ logger.info("Calculating global sampling probability...")
+ global_probs = np.zeros(N, dtype=np.float64)
+ inv_M = 1.0 / M
+ for j in range(M):
+ psum = 0.0
+ for k in range(lastK[j] + 1):
+ w = inv_M / s / top_kdes[j][k]
+ global_probs[top_indices[j][k]] += w
+ psum += w
+ global_probs[top_indices[j][lastK[j] + 1]] += max(inv_M - psum, 0)
+
+ global_probs = np.maximum(global_probs, 0)
+ global_probs /= global_probs.sum()
+
+ # 保存为 npy 文件
+ np.save(self.save_probs_path, global_probs)
+ logger.info(f"TSDS probs saved to {self.save_probs_path}")
+
+ return global_probs
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+ tsds = offline_tsds_Selector(
+ candidate_path="OpenDCAI/DataFlex-selector-openhermes-10w",
+ query_path="OpenDCAI/DataFlex-selector-openhermes-10w",
+ embed_model="Qwen/Qwen3-Embedding-0.6B",
+ # support method:
+ #auto(It automatically try vllm first, then sentence-transformers),
+ #vllm,
+ #sentence-transformer
+ embed_method="auto",
+ batch_size=32,
+ save_probs_path="tsds_probs.npy",
+ max_K=5000,
+ kde_K=1000,
+ sigma=0.75,
+ alpha=0.6,
+ C=5.0
+ )
+ tsds.selector()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/__init__.py b/src/dataflex/train/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/data/__init__.py b/src/dataflex/train/data/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/data/loader.py b/src/dataflex/train/data/loader.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30de68f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/data/loader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+
+import os
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Literal, Optional, Union
+
+import numpy as np
+from datasets import Dataset, load_dataset, load_from_disk
+
+from llamafactory.extras.constants import FILEEXT2TYPE
+from llamafactory.extras.misc import check_version, has_tokenized_data
+from llamafactory.data.converter import align_dataset
+from llamafactory.data.data_utils import get_dataset_module, merge_dataset, read_cloud_json, split_dataset
+from llamafactory.data.parser import get_dataset_list
+from llamafactory.data.processor import (
+ FeedbackDatasetProcessor,
+ PackedSupervisedDatasetProcessor,
+ PairwiseDatasetProcessor,
+ PretrainDatasetProcessor,
+ SupervisedDatasetProcessor,
+ UnsupervisedDatasetProcessor,
+)
+from llamafactory.data.loader import _get_merged_dataset, _get_preprocessed_dataset
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+ from datasets import Dataset, IterableDataset
+ from transformers import PreTrainedTokenizer, ProcessorMixin, Seq2SeqTrainingArguments
+
+ from llamafactory.hparams import DataArguments, ModelArguments
+ from llamafactory.data.data_utils import DatasetModule
+ from llamafactory.data.parser import DatasetAttr
+ from llamafactory.data.processor import DatasetProcessor
+ from llamafactory.data.template import Template
+
+import logging
+import sys
+logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
+handler = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout)
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+logger.addHandler(handler)
+
+from ..dataset.mixed_proportion_manager import MixedProportionManager
+
+def get_dataset(
+ template: "Template",
+ model_args: "ModelArguments",
+ data_args: "DataArguments",
+ training_args: "Seq2SeqTrainingArguments",
+ stage: Literal["pt", "sft", "rm", "ppo", "kto"],
+ tokenizer: "PreTrainedTokenizer",
+ processor: Optional["ProcessorMixin"] = None,
+) -> "DatasetModule":
+ r"""Get the train dataset and optionally gets the evaluation dataset."""
+ logger.info_rank0(f"[DATAFLEX DEBUG] DataFlex get_dataset called with stage={stage}")
+ logger.info_rank0(f"[DATAFLEX DEBUG] data_args.dataset={data_args.dataset}")
+ logger.info_rank0(f"[DATAFLEX DEBUG] data_args.mixture_sample_rule={getattr(data_args, 'mixture_sample_rule', 'NOT_SET')}")
+ logger.info_rank0(f"[DATAFLEX DEBUG] data_args.init_mixture_proportions={getattr(data_args, 'init_mixture_proportions', 'NOT_SET')}")
+ # Load tokenized dataset if path exists
+ if data_args.tokenized_path is not None:
+ if has_tokenized_data(data_args.tokenized_path):
+ logger.warning_rank0("Loading dataset from disk will ignore other data arguments.")
+ tokenized_data = load_from_disk(data_args.tokenized_path)
+ dataset_module = get_dataset_module(tokenized_data)
+ if data_args.streaming:
+ dataset_module["train_dataset"] = dataset_module["train_dataset"].to_iterable_dataset()
+
+ logger.info_rank0(f"Loaded tokenized dataset from {data_args.tokenized_path}.")
+ return dataset_module
+
+ if data_args.streaming:
+ raise ValueError("Turn off `streaming` when saving dataset to disk.")
+
+ # Load and preprocess dataset
+ with training_args.main_process_first(desc="load dataset", local=(not data_args.data_shared_file_system)):
+ dataset = _get_merged_dataset(data_args.dataset, model_args, data_args, training_args, stage)
+ eval_dataset = _get_merged_dataset(
+ data_args.eval_dataset,
+ model_args,
+ data_args,
+ training_args,
+ stage,
+ return_dict=data_args.eval_on_each_dataset,
+ )
+ per_source_raw = None
+ logger.info_rank0("[Dataflex] Mixture enabled: building per-source raw datasets for dynamic mixing.")
+ per_source_raw = _get_merged_dataset(
+ data_args.dataset, model_args, data_args, training_args, stage, return_dict=True
+ )
+ logger.info_rank0(f"[Dataflex] Loaded per-source raw datasets: {list(per_source_raw.keys())} "
+ f"(num_sources={len(per_source_raw)})")
+
+ with training_args.main_process_first(desc="pre-process dataset", local=(not data_args.data_shared_file_system)):
+ dataset = _get_preprocessed_dataset(
+ dataset, data_args, training_args, stage, template, tokenizer, processor, is_eval=False
+ )
+ if isinstance(eval_dataset, dict):
+ for eval_name, eval_data in eval_dataset.items():
+ eval_dataset[eval_name] = _get_preprocessed_dataset(
+ eval_data, data_args, training_args, stage, template, tokenizer, processor, is_eval=True
+ )
+ else:
+ eval_dataset = _get_preprocessed_dataset(
+ eval_dataset, data_args, training_args, stage, template, tokenizer, processor, is_eval=True
+ )
+
+ dataset_dict = split_dataset(dataset, eval_dataset, data_args, seed=training_args.seed)
+ if data_args.tokenized_path is not None: # save tokenized dataset to disk
+ if training_args.should_save:
+ dataset_dict.save_to_disk(data_args.tokenized_path)
+ logger.info_rank0(f"Tokenized dataset is saved at {data_args.tokenized_path}.")
+ logger.info_rank0(f"Please launch the training with `tokenized_path: {data_args.tokenized_path}`.")
+
+ dataset_module = get_dataset_module(dataset_dict)
+
+ logger.info_rank0("[Dataflex] Preprocessing per-source datasets for dynamic mixing...")
+ per_source_pp = {
+ name: _get_preprocessed_dataset(
+ ds, data_args, training_args, stage, template, tokenizer, processor, is_eval=False
+ )
+ for name, ds in per_source_raw.items()
+ }
+ sizes_str = {name: len(ds) for name, ds in per_source_pp.items()}
+ logger.info_rank0(f"[Dataflex] Per-source preprocessed sizes: {sizes_str}")
+
+ # 打印初始比例配置
+ logger.info_rank0(f"[Dataflex] sample_rule={data_args.mixture_sample_rule} | "
+ f"proportions={data_args.init_mixture_proportions} | "
+ f"seed={training_args.seed}")
+
+ manager = MixedProportionManager(
+ per_source=per_source_pp,
+ sample_rule=data_args.mixture_sample_rule,
+ proportions=data_args.init_mixture_proportions,
+ seed=training_args.seed,
+ logger=logger,
+ )
+
+ # ── Load independent eval datasets for mixer (e.g. gate load evaluation) ──
+ mixer_eval_names = getattr(data_args, 'mixer_eval_dataset', None)
+ if mixer_eval_names:
+ logger.info_rank0(f"[Dataflex] Loading mixer eval datasets: {mixer_eval_names}")
+ with training_args.main_process_first(desc="load mixer eval dataset", local=(not data_args.data_shared_file_system)):
+ mixer_eval_raw = _get_merged_dataset(
+ mixer_eval_names, model_args, data_args, training_args, stage, return_dict=True
+ )
+ mixer_eval_pp = {}
+ for name, ds in mixer_eval_raw.items():
+ mixer_eval_pp[name] = _get_preprocessed_dataset(
+ ds, data_args, training_args, stage, template, tokenizer, processor, is_eval=True
+ )
+ # Map eval dataset names back to training domain names:
+ # e.g. "code_eval" -> "code", so dynamic_moe_mixer can look up by domain name
+ mixer_eval_by_domain = {}
+ for eval_name, eval_ds in mixer_eval_pp.items():
+ domain = eval_name.replace("_eval", "")
+ mixer_eval_by_domain[domain] = eval_ds
+ logger.info_rank0(f"[Dataflex] Mixer eval: '{eval_name}' -> domain '{domain}' ({len(eval_ds)} samples)")
+ manager.mixer_eval_datasets = mixer_eval_by_domain
+
+ # 可选：把 manager 留给外部（方便在 callback 里重建）
+ # 例如附在 dataset_module 上（Trainer 不会用到这个字段）
+ dataset_module["train_dataset"] = None # 先占位，trainer里会rebuild
+ dataset_module["mixture_manager"] = manager
+ logger.info_rank0("[Dataflex] Exposed mixture_manager for runtime re-mixing.")
+
+ return dataset_module
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/dataset/__init__.py b/src/dataflex/train/dataset/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9759c82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/dataset/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from .mixed_proportion_manager import MixedProportionManager
+
+__all__ = ["MixedProportionManager"]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/dataset/mixed_proportion_manager.py b/src/dataflex/train/dataset/mixed_proportion_manager.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ddf1637
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/dataset/mixed_proportion_manager.py
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+# 文件：llamafactory/data/mixture_dataset_runtime.py
+import numpy as np
+from typing import Dict, List, Any, Optional, Tuple
+from torch.utils.data import Dataset as TorchDataset
+from datasets import Dataset as HFDataset
+
+class _MixedSnapshot(TorchDataset):
+ """一次 rebuild 结果的只读快照，可直接喂给 DataLoader。"""
+ def __init__(self, names: List[str], sources: Dict[str, HFDataset], index_table: List[Tuple[int, int]]):
+ self.names = names
+ self.sources = sources
+ self.index_table = index_table
+ def __len__(self): return len(self.index_table)
+ def __getitem__(self, idx: int) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+ si, row = self.index_table[idx]
+ name = self.names[si]
+ item = self.sources[name][row]
+ # Add domain_id to track which domain this sample belongs to
+ # This is needed by DoReMi mixer to compute per-domain excess losses
+ if isinstance(item, dict):
+ item['domain_id'] = si
+ return item
+
+class MixedProportionManager:
+ """
+ 混合管理器：
+ - 传入：各来源的『已预处理』HF Dataset（字段已与 collator/模板对齐）
+ - set_proportions([...])：更新比例
+ - rebuild(num_samples=None, seed=None) -> Dataset：返回新的快照 Dataset
+ """
+ def __init__(
+ self,
+ per_source: Dict[str, HFDataset],
+ sample_rule: str = "mixture",
+ proportions: Optional[List[float]] = None,
+ seed: int = 42,
+ slice_list: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+ logger=None,
+ ):
+ assert len(per_source) > 0
+ self.logger = logger
+ all_names = list(per_source.keys())
+ if slice_list:
+ names = [n for n in all_names if n in set(slice_list)]
+ else:
+ names = all_names
+ self.names = names
+ self.k = len(names)
+ self.sources = {k: per_source[k] for k in names}
+ self.sample_rule = sample_rule
+ self._seed = seed
+ self.rng = np.random.default_rng(seed)
+ self.sizes = {k: len(v) for k, v in self.sources.items()}
+
+ # Store initial proportions for mixers to access
+ self.initial_proportions = proportions.copy() if proportions is not None else None
+
+ self.set_proportions(proportions)
+
+ def set_proportions(self, proportions: Optional[List[float]]):
+ k = self.k
+ if self.sample_rule == "mixture":
+ # mixture: 用用户指定比例，否则均匀
+ if proportions is None:
+ probs = np.repeat(1.0 / k, k)
+ else:
+ assert len(proportions) == k, f"proportions 长度 {len(proportions)} != 源数 {k}"
+ probs = np.array(proportions, dtype=float)
+ probs = probs / probs.sum()
+
+ elif self.sample_rule == "stratified":
+ # stratified: 按源数据集大小比例分层
+ sizes = np.array([self.sizes[n] for n in self.names], dtype=float)
+ probs = sizes / sizes.sum()
+
+ elif self.sample_rule == "uniform":
+ # uniform: 强制均匀分布
+ probs = np.repeat(1.0 / k, k)
+
+ else:
+ raise ValueError(f"Unknown sample_rule={self.sample_rule}")
+
+ self.probs = probs
+
+ def _current_probs(self) -> np.ndarray:
+ """
+ 根据当前 sample_rule 计算“应当使用”的比例，不依赖 self.probs，
+ 确保在 stratified/uniform 下不会受到旧状态影响。
+ 仅用作信息打印
+ """
+ k = self.k
+ if self.sample_rule == "mixture":
+ # mixture 下仍然使用 set_proportions 设定的 self.probs
+ return np.array(self.probs, dtype=float)
+
+ elif self.sample_rule == "stratified":
+ sizes = np.array([self.sizes[n] for n in self.names], dtype=float)
+ return sizes / sizes.sum()
+
+ elif self.sample_rule == "uniform":
+ return np.repeat(1.0 / k, k)
+
+ else:
+ raise ValueError(f"Unknown sample_rule={self.sample_rule}")
+
+
+
+ def rebuild(self, num_samples: Optional[int] = None, seed: Optional[int] = None) -> TorchDataset:
+ if seed is not None:
+ self._seed = int(seed)
+ self.rng = np.random.default_rng(self._seed)
+
+ sizes = np.array([self.sizes[n] for n in self.names], dtype=int)
+
+ # Safety check: validate self.probs before using
+ probs = self.probs
+ if (not np.all(np.isfinite(probs))) or probs.sum() <= 0:
+ if self.logger:
+ self.logger.warning("[MixedProportionManager] probs invalid, reset to uniform")
+ probs = np.ones_like(probs, dtype=float) / len(probs)
+ self.probs = probs
+
+ # 按比例计算每个数据源的数量，使用更稳定的计算方式避免溢出
+ # 先计算每个比例对应的样本数，避免大数相乘
+ n_per = np.zeros(len(probs), dtype=np.int64) # 使用 int64 避免溢出
+ remaining = num_samples
+
+ for i in range(len(probs) - 1):
+ # 计算当前域的样本数，取整
+ n_i = int(np.floor(num_samples * probs[i]))
+ # 确保不超过剩余样本数
+ n_i = min(n_i, remaining)
+ n_per[i] = n_i
+ remaining -= n_i
+
+ # 最后一个域得到剩余的所有样本
+ n_per[-1] = remaining
+
+ # Additional safety check: ensure no negative values
+ if (n_per < 0).any() or not np.all(np.isfinite(n_per)):
+ if self.logger:
+ self.logger.warning("[MixedProportionManager] n_per invalid, reset to uniform allocation")
+ n_per = np.full_like(n_per, num_samples // len(n_per), dtype=int)
+ n_per[-1] += num_samples - n_per.sum()
+
+ # 确保没有负数（理论上不应该发生，但作为安全检查）
+ n_per = np.maximum(n_per, 0)
+
+ index_table: list[tuple[int, int]] = []
+
+ for si, (name, take) in enumerate(zip(self.names, n_per)):
+ cap = self.sizes[name]
+ # 无论 take 是否超过 cap，都直接从 0..cap-1 中抽样
+ # replace=True 可以保证数量足够
+ rows = self.rng.choice(cap, size=take, replace=True).tolist()
+ index_table.extend((si, r) for r in rows)
+
+ # 打乱最终索引表
+ perm = self.rng.permutation(len(index_table))
+ index_table = [index_table[i] for i in perm]
+
+ if self.logger:
+ plan = list(zip(self.names, self.probs.tolist(), n_per.tolist(), sizes.tolist()))
+ assert len(index_table) == num_samples
+ self.logger.info(f"[Mixture] plan (name, prob, take, cap): {plan}; total={len(index_table)}")
+
+ return _MixedSnapshot(self.names, self.sources, index_table)
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/hparams/__init__.py b/src/dataflex/train/hparams/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/hparams/dynamic_data_params.py b/src/dataflex/train/hparams/dynamic_data_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..549cdd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/hparams/dynamic_data_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+# Copyright 2025 HuggingFace Inc. and the LlamaFactory team.
+#
+# This code is inspired by the HuggingFace's transformers library.
+# https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/v4.40.0/examples/pytorch/language-modeling/run_clm.py
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from dataclasses import asdict, dataclass, field
+from typing import Any, Literal, Optional
+
+
+@dataclass
+class DataArguments:
+ r"""Arguments pertaining to what data we are going to input our model for training and evaluation."""
+
+ template: Optional[str] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "Which template to use for constructing prompts in training and inference."},
+ )
+ dataset: Optional[str] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "The name of dataset(s) to use for training. Use commas to separate multiple datasets."},
+ )
+ eval_dataset: Optional[str] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "The name of dataset(s) to use for evaluation. Use commas to separate multiple datasets."},
+ )
+ dataset_dir: str = field(
+ default="data",
+ metadata={"help": "Path to the folder containing the datasets."},
+ )
+ media_dir: Optional[str] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "Path to the folder containing the images, videos or audios. Defaults to `dataset_dir`."},
+ )
+ cutoff_len: int = field(
+ default=2048,
+ metadata={"help": "The cutoff length of the tokenized inputs in the dataset."},
+ )
+ train_on_prompt: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to disable the mask on the prompt."},
+ )
+ mask_history: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to mask the history and train on the last turn only."},
+ )
+ streaming: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Enable dataset streaming."},
+ )
+ buffer_size: int = field(
+ default=16384,
+ metadata={"help": "Size of the buffer to randomly sample examples from in dataset streaming."},
+ )
+ mix_strategy: Literal["concat", "interleave_under", "interleave_over"] = field(
+ default="concat",
+ metadata={"help": "Strategy to use in dataset mixing (concat/interleave) (undersampling/oversampling)."},
+ )
+ interleave_probs: Optional[str] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "Probabilities to sample data from datasets. Use commas to separate multiple datasets."},
+ )
+ overwrite_cache: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Overwrite the cached training and evaluation sets."},
+ )
+ preprocessing_batch_size: int = field(
+ default=1000,
+ metadata={"help": "The number of examples in one group in pre-processing."},
+ )
+ preprocessing_num_workers: Optional[int] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "The number of processes to use for the pre-processing."},
+ )
+ max_samples: Optional[int] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "For debugging purposes, truncate the number of examples for each dataset."},
+ )
+ eval_num_beams: Optional[int] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "Number of beams to use for evaluation. This argument will be passed to `model.generate`"},
+ )
+ ignore_pad_token_for_loss: bool = field(
+ default=True,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to ignore the tokens corresponding to the pad label in loss computation."},
+ )
+ val_size: float = field(
+ default=0.0,
+ metadata={"help": "Size of the validation set, should be an integer or a float in range `[0,1)`."},
+ )
+ eval_on_each_dataset: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to evaluate on each dataset separately."},
+ )
+ packing: Optional[bool] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "Enable sequences packing in training. Will automatically enable in pre-training."},
+ )
+ neat_packing: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Enable sequence packing without cross-attention."},
+ )
+ tool_format: Optional[str] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "Tool format to use for constructing function calling examples."},
+ )
+ default_system: Optional[str] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "Override the default system message in the template."},
+ )
+ enable_thinking: Optional[bool] = field(
+ default=True,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to enable thinking mode for reasoning models."},
+ )
+ tokenized_path: Optional[str] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={
+ "help": (
+ "Path to save or load the tokenized datasets. "
+ "If tokenized_path not exists, it will save the tokenized datasets. "
+ "If tokenized_path exists, it will load the tokenized datasets."
+ )
+ },
+ )
+ data_shared_file_system: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to use a shared file system for the datasets."},
+ )
+ # Dynamic data mixing params
+ mixture_sample_rule: Optional[str] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "Rule to sample from per-source datasets, e.g. 'proportional', 'fixed'."},
+ )
+ init_mixture_proportions: Optional[list[float]] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "Initial proportions for sampling from each dataset in mixture."},
+ )
+ mixer_eval_dataset: Optional[str] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "Independent eval dataset(s) for dynamic mixer (e.g. gate load evaluation). Use commas to separate multiple datasets."},
+ )
+
+ def __post_init__(self):
+ def split_arg(arg):
+ if isinstance(arg, str):
+ return [item.strip() for item in arg.split(",")]
+ return arg
+
+ self.dataset = split_arg(self.dataset)
+ self.eval_dataset = split_arg(self.eval_dataset)
+ self.mixer_eval_dataset = split_arg(self.mixer_eval_dataset)
+
+ if self.media_dir is None:
+ self.media_dir = self.dataset_dir
+
+ if self.dataset is None and self.val_size > 1e-6:
+ raise ValueError("Cannot specify `val_size` if `dataset` is None.")
+
+ if self.eval_dataset is not None and self.val_size > 1e-6:
+ raise ValueError("Cannot specify `val_size` if `eval_dataset` is not None.")
+
+ if self.interleave_probs is not None:
+ if self.mix_strategy == "concat":
+ raise ValueError("`interleave_probs` is only valid for interleaved mixing.")
+
+ self.interleave_probs = list(map(float, split_arg(self.interleave_probs)))
+ if self.dataset is not None and len(self.dataset) != len(self.interleave_probs):
+ raise ValueError("The length of dataset and interleave probs should be identical.")
+
+ if self.eval_dataset is not None and len(self.eval_dataset) != len(self.interleave_probs):
+ raise ValueError("The length of eval dataset and interleave probs should be identical.")
+
+ if self.streaming and self.val_size > 1e-6 and self.val_size < 1:
+ raise ValueError("Streaming mode should have an integer val size.")
+
+ if self.streaming and self.max_samples is not None:
+ raise ValueError("`max_samples` is incompatible with `streaming`.")
+
+ if self.mask_history and self.train_on_prompt:
+ raise ValueError("`mask_history` is incompatible with `train_on_prompt`.")
+
+ if self.neat_packing:
+ self.packing = True
+
+ if self.packing:
+ self.cutoff_len -= 1 # avoid pad_to_multiple_of, needs improve
+
+ def to_dict(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+ return asdict(self)
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/hparams/dynamic_params.py b/src/dataflex/train/hparams/dynamic_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a4b8722
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/hparams/dynamic_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,649 @@
+# Copyright 2025 the LlamaFactory team.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import importlib
+from dataclasses import asdict, dataclass, field
+from typing import Any, Literal, Optional
+
+
+@dataclass
+class FreezeArguments:
+ r"""Arguments pertaining to the freeze (partial-parameter) training."""
+
+ freeze_trainable_layers: int = field(
+ default=2,
+ metadata={
+ "help": (
+ "The number of trainable layers for freeze (partial-parameter) fine-tuning. "
+ "Positive numbers mean the last n layers are set as trainable, "
+ "negative numbers mean the first n layers are set as trainable."
+ )
+ },
+ )
+ freeze_trainable_modules: str = field(
+ default="all",
+ metadata={
+ "help": (
+ "Name(s) of trainable modules for freeze (partial-parameter) fine-tuning. "
+ "Use commas to separate multiple modules. "
+ "Use `all` to specify all the available modules."
+ )
+ },
+ )
+ freeze_extra_modules: Optional[str] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={
+ "help": (
+ "Name(s) of modules apart from hidden layers to be set as trainable "
+ "for freeze (partial-parameter) fine-tuning. "
+ "Use commas to separate multiple modules."
+ )
+ },
+ )
+
+
+@dataclass
+class LoraArguments:
+ r"""Arguments pertaining to the LoRA training."""
+
+ additional_target: Optional[str] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={
+ "help": (
+ "Name(s) of modules apart from LoRA layers to be set as trainable "
+ "and saved in the final checkpoint. "
+ "Use commas to separate multiple modules."
+ )
+ },
+ )
+ lora_alpha: Optional[int] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "The scale factor for LoRA fine-tuning (default: lora_rank * 2)."},
+ )
+ lora_dropout: float = field(
+ default=0.0,
+ metadata={"help": "Dropout rate for the LoRA fine-tuning."},
+ )
+ lora_rank: int = field(
+ default=8,
+ metadata={"help": "The intrinsic dimension for LoRA fine-tuning."},
+ )
+ lora_target: str = field(
+ default="all",
+ metadata={
+ "help": (
+ "Name(s) of target modules to apply LoRA. "
+ "Use commas to separate multiple modules. "
+ "Use `all` to specify all the linear modules."
+ )
+ },
+ )
+ loraplus_lr_ratio: Optional[float] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "LoRA plus learning rate ratio (lr_B / lr_A)."},
+ )
+ loraplus_lr_embedding: float = field(
+ default=1e-6,
+ metadata={"help": "LoRA plus learning rate for lora embedding layers."},
+ )
+ use_rslora: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to use the rank stabilization scaling factor for LoRA layer."},
+ )
+ use_dora: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to use the weight-decomposed lora method (DoRA)."},
+ )
+ pissa_init: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to initialize a PiSSA adapter."},
+ )
+ pissa_iter: int = field(
+ default=16,
+ metadata={"help": "The number of iteration steps performed by FSVD in PiSSA. Use -1 to disable it."},
+ )
+ pissa_convert: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to convert the PiSSA adapter to a normal LoRA adapter."},
+ )
+ create_new_adapter: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to create a new adapter with randomly initialized weight."},
+ )
+
+
+@dataclass
+class OFTArguments:
+ r"""Arguments pertaining to the OFT training."""
+
+ additional_target: Optional[str] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={
+ "help": (
+ "Name(s) of modules apart from LoRA layers to be set as trainable "
+ "and saved in the final checkpoint. "
+ "Use commas to separate multiple modules."
+ )
+ },
+ )
+ module_dropout: float = field(
+ default=0.0,
+ metadata={"help": "Dropout rate for the OFT fine-tuning."},
+ )
+ oft_rank: int = field(
+ default=0,
+ metadata={"help": "The intrinsic dimension for OFT fine-tuning."},
+ )
+ oft_block_size: int = field(
+ default=32,
+ metadata={"help": "The intrinsic dimension for OFT fine-tuning."},
+ )
+ oft_target: str = field(
+ default="all",
+ metadata={
+ "help": (
+ "Name(s) of target modules to apply OFT. "
+ "Use commas to separate multiple modules. "
+ "Use `all` to specify all the linear modules."
+ )
+ },
+ )
+ create_new_adapter: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to create a new adapter with randomly initialized weight."},
+ )
+
+
+@dataclass
+class RLHFArguments:
+ r"""Arguments pertaining to the PPO, DPO and KTO training."""
+
+ pref_beta: float = field(
+ default=0.1,
+ metadata={"help": "The beta parameter in the preference loss."},
+ )
+ pref_ftx: float = field(
+ default=0.0,
+ metadata={"help": "The supervised fine-tuning loss coefficient in DPO training."},
+ )
+ pref_bco_weight: float = field(
+ default=0.0,
+ metadata={"help": "The Binary Classifier Optimization coefficient in DPO training."},
+ )
+ pref_loss: Literal["sigmoid", "hinge", "ipo", "kto_pair", "orpo", "simpo"] = field(
+ default="sigmoid",
+ metadata={"help": "The type of DPO loss to use."},
+ )
+ dpo_label_smoothing: float = field(
+ default=0.0,
+ metadata={"help": "The robust DPO label smoothing parameter in cDPO that should be between 0 and 0.5."},
+ )
+ kto_chosen_weight: float = field(
+ default=1.0,
+ metadata={"help": "The weight factor of the desirable losses in KTO training."},
+ )
+ kto_rejected_weight: float = field(
+ default=1.0,
+ metadata={"help": "The weight factor of the undesirable losses in KTO training."},
+ )
+ simpo_gamma: float = field(
+ default=0.5,
+ metadata={"help": "The target reward margin term in SimPO loss."},
+ )
+ ppo_buffer_size: int = field(
+ default=1,
+ metadata={"help": "The number of mini-batches to make experience buffer in a PPO optimization step."},
+ )
+ ppo_epochs: int = field(
+ default=4,
+ metadata={"help": "The number of epochs to perform in a PPO optimization step."},
+ )
+ ppo_score_norm: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Use score normalization in PPO training."},
+ )
+ ppo_target: float = field(
+ default=6.0,
+ metadata={"help": "Target KL value for adaptive KL control in PPO training."},
+ )
+ ppo_whiten_rewards: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whiten the rewards before compute advantages in PPO training."},
+ )
+ ref_model: Optional[str] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "Path to the reference model used for the PPO or DPO training."},
+ )
+ ref_model_adapters: Optional[str] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "Path to the adapters of the reference model."},
+ )
+ ref_model_quantization_bit: Optional[int] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "The number of bits to quantize the reference model."},
+ )
+ reward_model: Optional[str] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "Path to the reward model used for the PPO training."},
+ )
+ reward_model_adapters: Optional[str] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "Path to the adapters of the reward model."},
+ )
+ reward_model_quantization_bit: Optional[int] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "The number of bits to quantize the reward model."},
+ )
+ reward_model_type: Literal["lora", "full", "api"] = field(
+ default="lora",
+ metadata={"help": "The type of the reward model in PPO training. Lora model only supports lora training."},
+ )
+ ld_alpha: Optional[float] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={
+ "help": (
+ "Alpha parameter from the LD-DPO paper, which controls the weighting of"
+ " the verbose token log-probabilities in responses."
+ )
+ },
+ )
+
+
+@dataclass
+class GaloreArguments:
+ r"""Arguments pertaining to the GaLore algorithm."""
+
+ use_galore: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to use the gradient low-Rank projection (GaLore)."},
+ )
+ galore_target: str = field(
+ default="all",
+ metadata={
+ "help": (
+ "Name(s) of modules to apply GaLore. Use commas to separate multiple modules. "
+ "Use `all` to specify all the linear modules."
+ )
+ },
+ )
+ galore_rank: int = field(
+ default=16,
+ metadata={"help": "The rank of GaLore gradients."},
+ )
+ galore_update_interval: int = field(
+ default=200,
+ metadata={"help": "Number of steps to update the GaLore projection."},
+ )
+ galore_scale: float = field(
+ default=2.0,
+ metadata={"help": "GaLore scaling coefficient."},
+ )
+ galore_proj_type: Literal["std", "reverse_std", "right", "left", "full"] = field(
+ default="std",
+ metadata={"help": "Type of GaLore projection."},
+ )
+ galore_layerwise: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to enable layer-wise update to further save memory."},
+ )
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ApolloArguments:
+ r"""Arguments pertaining to the APOLLO algorithm."""
+
+ use_apollo: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to use the APOLLO optimizer."},
+ )
+ apollo_target: str = field(
+ default="all",
+ metadata={
+ "help": (
+ "Name(s) of modules to apply APOLLO. Use commas to separate multiple modules. "
+ "Use `all` to specify all the linear modules."
+ )
+ },
+ )
+ apollo_rank: int = field(
+ default=16,
+ metadata={"help": "The rank of APOLLO gradients."},
+ )
+ apollo_update_interval: int = field(
+ default=200,
+ metadata={"help": "Number of steps to update the APOLLO projection."},
+ )
+ apollo_scale: float = field(
+ default=32.0,
+ metadata={"help": "APOLLO scaling coefficient."},
+ )
+ apollo_proj: Literal["svd", "random"] = field(
+ default="random",
+ metadata={"help": "Type of APOLLO low-rank projection algorithm (svd or random)."},
+ )
+ apollo_proj_type: Literal["std", "right", "left"] = field(
+ default="std",
+ metadata={"help": "Type of APOLLO projection."},
+ )
+ apollo_scale_type: Literal["channel", "tensor"] = field(
+ default="channel",
+ metadata={"help": "Type of APOLLO scaling (channel or tensor)."},
+ )
+ apollo_layerwise: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to enable layer-wise update to further save memory."},
+ )
+ apollo_scale_front: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to use the norm-growth limiter in front of gradient scaling."},
+ )
+
+
+@dataclass
+class BAdamArgument:
+ r"""Arguments pertaining to the BAdam optimizer."""
+
+ use_badam: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to use the BAdam optimizer."},
+ )
+ badam_mode: Literal["layer", "ratio"] = field(
+ default="layer",
+ metadata={"help": "Whether to use layer-wise or ratio-wise BAdam optimizer."},
+ )
+ badam_start_block: Optional[int] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "The starting block index for layer-wise BAdam."},
+ )
+ badam_switch_mode: Optional[Literal["ascending", "descending", "random", "fixed"]] = field(
+ default="ascending",
+ metadata={"help": "the strategy of picking block to update for layer-wise BAdam."},
+ )
+ badam_switch_interval: Optional[int] = field(
+ default=50,
+ metadata={
+ "help": "Number of steps to update the block for layer-wise BAdam. Use -1 to disable the block update."
+ },
+ )
+ badam_update_ratio: float = field(
+ default=0.05,
+ metadata={"help": "The ratio of the update for ratio-wise BAdam."},
+ )
+ badam_mask_mode: Literal["adjacent", "scatter"] = field(
+ default="adjacent",
+ metadata={
+ "help": (
+ "The mode of the mask for BAdam optimizer. "
+ "`adjacent` means that the trainable parameters are adjacent to each other, "
+ "`scatter` means that trainable parameters are randomly choosed from the weight."
+ )
+ },
+ )
+ badam_verbose: int = field(
+ default=0,
+ metadata={
+ "help": (
+ "The verbosity level of BAdam optimizer. "
+ "0 for no print, 1 for print the block prefix, 2 for print trainable parameters."
+ )
+ },
+ )
+
+
+@dataclass
+class SwanLabArguments:
+ use_swanlab: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to use the SwanLab (an experiment tracking and visualization tool)."},
+ )
+ swanlab_project: Optional[str] = field(
+ default="llamafactory",
+ metadata={"help": "The project name in SwanLab."},
+ )
+ swanlab_workspace: Optional[str] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "The workspace name in SwanLab."},
+ )
+ swanlab_run_name: Optional[str] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "The experiment name in SwanLab."},
+ )
+ swanlab_mode: Literal["cloud", "local"] = field(
+ default="cloud",
+ metadata={"help": "The mode of SwanLab."},
+ )
+ swanlab_api_key: Optional[str] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "The API key for SwanLab."},
+ )
+ swanlab_logdir: Optional[str] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "The log directory for SwanLab."},
+ )
+ swanlab_lark_webhook_url: Optional[str] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "The Lark(飞书) webhook URL for SwanLab."},
+ )
+ swanlab_lark_secret: Optional[str] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "The Lark(飞书) secret for SwanLab."},
+ )
+
+
+@dataclass
+class DynamicFinetuningArguments(
+ SwanLabArguments,
+ BAdamArgument,
+ ApolloArguments,
+ GaloreArguments,
+ RLHFArguments,
+ LoraArguments,
+ OFTArguments,
+ FreezeArguments,
+):
+ r"""Arguments pertaining to which techniques we are going to fine-tuning with."""
+
+ pure_bf16: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to train model in purely bf16 precision (without AMP)."},
+ )
+ stage: Literal["pt", "sft", "rm", "ppo", "dpo", "kto"] = field(
+ default="sft",
+ metadata={"help": "Which stage will be performed in training."},
+ )
+ finetuning_type: Literal["lora", "freeze", "full"] = field(
+ default="lora",
+ metadata={"help": "Which fine-tuning method to use."},
+ )
+ use_llama_pro: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to make only the parameters in the expanded blocks trainable."},
+ )
+ use_adam_mini: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to use the Adam-mini optimizer."},
+ )
+ use_muon: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to use the Muon optimizer."},
+ )
+ use_dft_loss: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether to use the DFT loss."},
+ )
+ freeze_vision_tower: bool = field(
+ default=True,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether ot not to freeze the vision tower in MLLM training."},
+ )
+ freeze_multi_modal_projector: bool = field(
+ default=True,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to freeze the multi modal projector in MLLM training."},
+ )
+ freeze_language_model: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to freeze the language model in MLLM training."},
+ )
+ compute_accuracy: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to compute the token-level accuracy at evaluation."},
+ )
+ disable_shuffling: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to disable the shuffling of the training set."},
+ )
+ early_stopping_steps: Optional[int] = field(
+ default=None,
+ metadata={"help": "Number of steps to stop training if the `metric_for_best_model` does not improve."},
+ )
+ early_stopping_min_delta: float = field(
+ default=0.0,
+ metadata={"help": "Minimum improvement (abs) on the monitored metric to reset early stopping patience."},
+ )
+ plot_loss: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to save the training loss curves."},
+ )
+ include_effective_tokens_per_second: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to compute effective tokens per second."},
+ )
+ # hyperparameter for dynamic training
+ train_type: str = field(
+ default="static",
+ metadata={
+ "help": (
+ "Specifies the type of training to use when `enable_dynamic_train` is True. "
+ "Choices: ['static', 'dynamic_select', 'dynamic_mix', 'dynamic_weighting']. "
+ "If static, uses default LlamaFactory trainer."
+ )
+ }
+ )
+ components_cfg_file: str = field(
+ default="configs/components.yaml",
+ metadata={"help": "Path to the components configuration file."},
+ )
+ component_name: str = field(
+ default="Loss",
+ metadata={"help": "The component name defined in the components configuration file."},
+ )
+ warmup_step: int = field(
+ default=0,
+ metadata={"help": "Warm up steps for dynamic training"},
+ )
+ update_step: int = field(
+ default=0,
+ metadata={"help": "Update steps for dynamic select or mix training"},
+ )
+ update_times: int = field(
+ default=1,
+ metadata={"help": "Total update times during the whole dynamic training progress for dynamic select or mix training"},
+ )
+ static_mix: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether or not to fix the static mix ratio in dynamic mix training."},
+ )
+ train_step: int = field(
+ default=0,
+ metadata={"help": "Only used in dynamic weight trainer and mix trainer (static_mix=True). Total training steps (including warmup)."},
+ )
+ freeze_gate: bool = field(
+ default=False,
+ metadata={"help": "Whether to freeze gate parameters in MoE models during SFT training."},
+ )
+
+ def __post_init__(self):
+ def split_arg(arg):
+ if isinstance(arg, str):
+ return [item.strip() for item in arg.split(",")]
+ return arg
+
+ self.freeze_trainable_modules: list[str] = split_arg(self.freeze_trainable_modules)
+ self.freeze_extra_modules: Optional[list[str]] = split_arg(self.freeze_extra_modules)
+ self.lora_alpha: int = self.lora_alpha or self.lora_rank * 2
+ self.lora_target: list[str] = split_arg(self.lora_target)
+ self.oft_target: list[str] = split_arg(self.oft_target)
+ self.additional_target: Optional[list[str]] = split_arg(self.additional_target)
+ self.galore_target: list[str] = split_arg(self.galore_target)
+ self.apollo_target: list[str] = split_arg(self.apollo_target)
+ self.use_ref_model = self.stage == "dpo" and self.pref_loss not in ["orpo", "simpo"]
+
+ assert self.finetuning_type in ["lora", "oft", "freeze", "full"], "Invalid fine-tuning method."
+ assert self.ref_model_quantization_bit in [None, 8, 4], "We only accept 4-bit or 8-bit quantization."
+ assert self.reward_model_quantization_bit in [None, 8, 4], "We only accept 4-bit or 8-bit quantization."
+
+ if self.stage == "ppo" and self.reward_model is None:
+ raise ValueError("`reward_model` is necessary for PPO training.")
+
+ if self.stage == "ppo" and self.reward_model_type == "lora" and self.finetuning_type != "lora":
+ raise ValueError("`reward_model_type` cannot be lora for Freeze/Full PPO training.")
+
+ if self.stage == "ppo" and self.reward_model_type == "oft" and self.finetuning_type != "oft":
+ raise ValueError("`reward_model_type` cannot be oft for Freeze/Full PPO training.")
+
+ if self.stage == "dpo" and self.pref_loss != "sigmoid" and self.dpo_label_smoothing > 1e-6:
+ raise ValueError("`dpo_label_smoothing` is only valid for sigmoid loss function.")
+
+ if self.use_llama_pro and self.finetuning_type == "full":
+ raise ValueError("`use_llama_pro` is only valid for Freeze or LoRA training.")
+
+ if self.finetuning_type == "lora" and (self.use_galore or self.use_apollo or self.use_badam):
+ raise ValueError("Cannot use LoRA with GaLore, APOLLO or BAdam together.")
+
+ if int(self.use_galore) + int(self.use_apollo) + (self.use_badam) > 1:
+ raise ValueError("Cannot use GaLore, APOLLO or BAdam together.")
+
+ if self.pissa_init and (self.stage in ["ppo", "kto"] or self.use_ref_model):
+ raise ValueError("Cannot use PiSSA for current training stage.")
+
+ if self.early_stopping_min_delta < 0:
+ raise ValueError("`early_stopping_min_delta` must be non-negative.")
+
+ if self.finetuning_type != "lora":
+ if self.loraplus_lr_ratio is not None:
+ raise ValueError("`loraplus_lr_ratio` is only valid for LoRA training.")
+
+ if self.use_rslora:
+ raise ValueError("`use_rslora` is only valid for LoRA training.")
+
+ if self.use_dora:
+ raise ValueError("`use_dora` is only valid for LoRA training.")
+
+ if self.pissa_init:
+ raise ValueError("`pissa_init` is only valid for LoRA training.")
+
+ if self.early_stopping_steps is not None:
+ _patch_early_stopping_callback(self.early_stopping_min_delta)
+
+ def to_dict(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+ args = asdict(self)
+ args = {k: f"<{k.upper()}>" if k.endswith("api_key") else v for k, v in args.items()}
+ return args
+
+
+def _patch_early_stopping_callback(min_delta: float) -> None:
+ from transformers import EarlyStoppingCallback as HFEarlyStoppingCallback
+
+ try:
+ tuner = importlib.import_module("llamafactory.train.tuner")
+ except ModuleNotFoundError:
+ return
+
+ class DataFlexEarlyStoppingCallback(HFEarlyStoppingCallback):
+ def __init__(self, early_stopping_patience: int):
+ super().__init__(
+ early_stopping_patience=early_stopping_patience,
+ early_stopping_threshold=min_delta,
+ )
+
+ tuner.EarlyStoppingCallback = DataFlexEarlyStoppingCallback
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/mixer/__init__.py b/src/dataflex/train/mixer/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4b601a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/mixer/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from .random_mixer import RandomMixer
+from .doremi_mixer import DoremiMixer
+from .static_mixer import StaticMixer
+from .odm_mixer import ODMMixer
+from .dynamic_moe_mixer import DynamicMoEMixer
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/mixer/base_mixer.py b/src/dataflex/train/mixer/base_mixer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..882b5bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/mixer/base_mixer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+import numpy as np
+
+class Mixer(ABC):
+ def __init__(self, mixture_manager):
+ self.mixture_manager = mixture_manager
+
+ @abstractmethod
+ def mix(self, model, step_id: int, **kwargs) -> np.ndarray:
+ """
+ Change the proportions of samples for the model in 'step_id'.
+
+ Args:
+ model: The model object used in the selection process.
+ step_id (int): The ID of the current training step or stage.
+ **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments, allowing for flexible expansion by subclasses.
+
+ Returns:
+ np.ndarray: The updated proportions of samples for the model in 'step_id'.
+ """
+ pass
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/mixer/doremi_mixer.py b/src/dataflex/train/mixer/doremi_mixer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c605ce5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/mixer/doremi_mixer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+from dataflex.core.registry import register_mixer
+from dataflex.utils.logging import logger
+from .base_mixer import Mixer
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+import os
+from contextlib import nullcontext
+
+@register_mixer("doremi")
+class DoremiMixer(Mixer):
+ def __init__(self, mixture_manager, reference_model_path=None, reweight_eta=1.0, reweight_eps=1e-3,
+ accelerator=None, output_dir=None, dataset=None, data_collator=None, **kwargs):
+ super().__init__(mixture_manager)
+ self.reference_model_path = reference_model_path
+ self.reweight_eta = float(reweight_eta)
+ self.reweight_eps = float(reweight_eps)
+ self.accelerator = accelerator
+ self.output_dir = output_dir
+ self.dataset = dataset
+ self.data_collator = data_collator
+
+ k = len(self.mixture_manager.names)
+ self.domain_weights = np.ones(k) / k # Algorithm 1 line 26
+ self.perdomain_scores = np.zeros(k)
+ self.weight_history = []
+ self.step_history = []
+
+ self.reference_model = None
+ self.reference_model_loaded = False
+
+ # Check for DeepSpeed ZeRO-3 which requires special handling
+ self.using_deepspeed_zero3 = False
+ if accelerator is not None and hasattr(accelerator, 'state'):
+ if hasattr(accelerator.state, 'deepspeed_plugin'):
+ ds_plugin = accelerator.state.deepspeed_plugin
+ if ds_plugin is not None and hasattr(ds_plugin, 'zero_stage'):
+ if ds_plugin.zero_stage == 3:
+ self.using_deepspeed_zero3 = True
+ logger.warning(
+ "[DoremiMixer] DeepSpeed ZeRO-3 detected! "
+ "For best results, consider using:\n"
+ " 1. ZeRO-2 instead of ZeRO-3 (change deepspeed config)\n"
+ " 2. LoRA instead of full finetuning (set finetuning_type: lora)\n"
+ "Proceeding with workaround but evaluation may be slow."
+ )
+
+ logger.info(f"[DoremiMixer] Init: k={k}, η={self.reweight_eta}, c={self.reweight_eps}")
+
+ def _load_reference_model(self, proxy_model):
+ if self.reference_model_loaded:
+ return
+
+ if self.reference_model_path is None or not os.path.exists(self.reference_model_path):
+ self.reference_model_loaded = True
+ return
+
+ try:
+ from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM
+ self.reference_model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
+ self.reference_model_path,
+ torch_dtype=proxy_model.dtype if hasattr(proxy_model, 'dtype') else torch.float32,
+ trust_remote_code=True
+ )
+ device = next(proxy_model.parameters()).device
+ self.reference_model = self.reference_model.to(device)
+ self.reference_model.eval()
+ for param in self.reference_model.parameters():
+ param.requires_grad = False
+
+ # Log model info
+ num_params = sum(p.numel() for p in self.reference_model.parameters())
+ logger.info(f"[DoremiMixer] Reference model loaded successfully with {num_params:,} parameters")
+ logger.info(f"[DoremiMixer] Reference model device: {device}, dtype: {self.reference_model.dtype}")
+
+ self.reference_model_loaded = True
+ except Exception as e:
+ logger.error(f"[DoremiMixer] Failed to load reference model: {e}")
+ self.reference_model = None
+ self.reference_model_loaded = True
+
+ def _prepare_model_for_eval(self, model, log_info=False):
+ # For ZeRO-3, we need to gather parameters before evaluation
+ if self.using_deepspeed_zero3:
+ try:
+ import deepspeed
+ # Get the unwrapped model
+ if hasattr(model, 'module'):
+ base_model = model.module
+ else:
+ base_model = model
+
+ # Create context manager for gathering all parameters
+ # modifier_rank=None means all ranks get full parameters
+ params_to_gather = [p for p in base_model.parameters() if hasattr(p, 'ds_id')]
+
+ if params_to_gather:
+ if log_info:
+ logger.info(f"[DoremiMixer] Using DeepSpeed parameter gathering for {len(params_to_gather)} parameters")
+ context = deepspeed.zero.GatheredParameters(params_to_gather, modifier_rank=None)
+ return base_model, context
+ else:
+ if log_info:
+ logger.warning(f"[DoremiMixer] No DeepSpeed parameters found, using model as-is")
+ return base_model, nullcontext()
+
+ except Exception as e:
+ logger.error(f"[DoremiMixer] Failed to setup DeepSpeed parameter gathering: {e}")
+ # Fallback to using model as-is
+ return model, nullcontext()
+
+ # For non-ZeRO-3, just unwrap the model
+ if hasattr(model, 'module'):
+ return model.module, nullcontext()
+
+ return model, nullcontext()
+
+ def _compute_per_token_loss(self, model, batch):
+ # Algorithm 1 line 31: compute ℓ_{θ,j}(x) for each token j
+ with torch.no_grad():
+ was_training = model.training
+ model.eval()
+
+ input_ids = batch['input_ids']
+ labels = batch.get('labels')
+ attention_mask = batch.get('attention_mask', torch.ones_like(input_ids))
+
+ try:
+ # Prepare model for evaluation (handles DeepSpeed ZeRO-3)
+ eval_model, param_context = self._prepare_model_for_eval(model, log_info=False)
+
+ # Prepare batch for model
+ model_batch = {
+ 'input_ids': input_ids,
+ 'attention_mask': attention_mask,
+ 'labels': labels,
+ 'return_dict': True
+ }
+
+ # Forward pass with parameter gathering context
+ with param_context:
+ outputs = eval_model(**model_batch)
+ logits = outputs.logits
+
+ shift_logits = logits[..., :-1, :].contiguous()
+ shift_labels = labels[..., 1:].contiguous()
+
+ vocab_size = shift_logits.size(-1)
+ loss_fct = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss(reduction='none', ignore_index=-100)
+ per_token_loss = loss_fct(shift_logits.view(-1, vocab_size), shift_labels.view(-1)).view(shift_labels.size())
+
+ valid_mask = (shift_labels != -100)
+
+ if was_training:
+ model.train()
+
+ return per_token_loss, valid_mask
+ except Exception as e:
+ if was_training:
+ model.train()
+ logger.error(f"[DoremiMixer] Error in _compute_per_token_loss: {e}")
+ raise
+
+ def compute_batch_excess_losses(self, proxy_model, batch, domain_ids):
+ # Algorithm 1 line 30-31: λ_t[i] ← (1/Σ|x|) · Σ Σ_j max{ℓ_θ,j - ℓ_ref,j, 0}
+ k = len(self.mixture_manager.names)
+ perdomain_scores = np.zeros(k)
+ domain_has_data = np.zeros(k, dtype=bool)
+
+ if not self.reference_model_loaded:
+ self._load_reference_model(proxy_model)
+
+ with torch.no_grad():
+ device = next(proxy_model.parameters()).device
+ batch = {key: val.to(device) if isinstance(val, torch.Tensor) else val for key, val in batch.items()}
+ domain_ids = domain_ids.to(device)
+
+ proxy_token_losses, valid_mask = self._compute_per_token_loss(proxy_model, batch)
+
+ if self.reference_model is not None:
+ ref_token_losses, _ = self._compute_per_token_loss(self.reference_model, batch)
+ # CRITICAL: clip at token level THEN average
+ excess_token_losses = torch.clamp(proxy_token_losses - ref_token_losses, min=0.0)
+ else:
+ excess_token_losses = proxy_token_losses
+
+ for domain_id in range(k):
+ domain_mask = (domain_ids == domain_id)
+ if domain_mask.sum() > 0:
+ domain_mask_expanded = domain_mask.unsqueeze(1).expand_as(excess_token_losses)
+ domain_valid_mask = valid_mask & domain_mask_expanded
+
+ domain_excess_sum = (excess_token_losses * domain_valid_mask.float()).sum().item()
+ domain_token_count = domain_valid_mask.sum().item()
+
+ if domain_token_count > 0:
+ domain_has_data[domain_id] = True
+ perdomain_scores[domain_id] = domain_excess_sum / domain_token_count
+
+ return perdomain_scores, domain_has_data
+
+
+ def _update_domain_weights(self, perdomain_scores, domain_has_data):
+ # Algorithm 1 lines 32-33
+ k = len(self.domain_weights)
+ # alpha_prime = self.domain_weights * np.exp(self.reweight_eta * perdomain_scores)
+ scores = perdomain_scores.copy()
+ valid = domain_has_data
+ if valid.any():
+ mu = scores[valid].mean()
+ scores[valid] = scores[valid] - mu
+ scores = np.clip(scores, -5.0, 5.0)
+ alpha_prime = self.domain_weights * np.exp(self.reweight_eta * scores)
+
+ u = 1.0 / k
+ new_weights = (1 - self.reweight_eps) * (alpha_prime / alpha_prime.sum()) + self.reweight_eps * u
+ return new_weights / new_weights.sum()
+
+ def mix(self, model, step_id: int, **kwargs) -> np.ndarray:
+ # Algorithm 1: Use current training batch to compute λ_t, update α_t, store for averaging
+ batch = kwargs.get('batch')
+ domain_ids = kwargs.get('domain_ids')
+ output_dir = kwargs.get('output_dir', self.output_dir)
+
+ if batch is None or domain_ids is None:
+ raise ValueError(
+ "[DoremiMixer] Algorithm 1 requires current training batch. "
+ "batch and domain_ids must be provided to mix() method."
+ )
+
+ if not self.reference_model_loaded:
+ self._load_reference_model(model)
+
+ # Algorithm 1 line 30-31: Compute λ_t
+ perdomain_scores, domain_has_data = self.compute_batch_excess_losses(model, batch, domain_ids)
+ self.perdomain_scores = perdomain_scores
+
+ # Algorithm 1 lines 32-33: Update α_t
+ self.domain_weights = self._update_domain_weights(perdomain_scores, domain_has_data)
+
+ # Algorithm 1 line 36: Store for averaging
+ self.weight_history.append(self.domain_weights.copy())
+ self.step_history.append(step_id)
+
+ logger.info(f"[DoremiMixer] Step {step_id} - α_t: {self.domain_weights}, λ_t: {perdomain_scores}")
+
+ if output_dir:
+ self.save_weights_to_jsonl(output_dir, step_id)
+
+ # Algorithm 1: Return uniform weights for sampling (u = 1/k)
+ # The domain_weights α_t will be used for loss reweighting in training_step
+ k = len(self.domain_weights)
+ uniform_weights = np.ones(k) / k
+ logger.info(f"[DoremiMixer] Returning uniform weights for sampling: {uniform_weights}")
+ return uniform_weights
+
+ def get_current_doremi_weights(self) -> np.ndarray:
+ return self.domain_weights.copy()
+
+ def save_weights_to_jsonl(self, output_dir, step_id):
+ if self.accelerator is not None and not self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ return
+
+ try:
+ import json, time
+ os.makedirs(output_dir, exist_ok=True)
+ weights_file = os.path.join(output_dir, "doremi_weights.jsonl")
+
+ log_entry = {
+ "step": step_id,
+ "timestamp": time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
+ "domain_names": self.mixture_manager.names,
+ "domain_weights": self.domain_weights.tolist(),
+ "perdomain_scores": self.perdomain_scores.tolist(),
+ }
+
+ with open(weights_file, 'a') as f:
+ f.write(json.dumps(log_entry) + '\n')
+ except Exception as e:
+ logger.warning(f"[DoremiMixer] Failed to log weights: {e}")
+
+ def get_average_weights(self):
+ # Algorithm 1 line 36: Return ̄α = 1/T·Σα_t
+ if len(self.weight_history) == 0:
+ return self.domain_weights.copy()
+ avg_weights = np.mean(self.weight_history, axis=0)
+ return avg_weights / avg_weights.sum()
+
+ def save_average_weights(self, output_dir):
+ try:
+ import json
+ avg_weights = self.get_average_weights()
+ os.makedirs(output_dir, exist_ok=True)
+
+ weights_data = {
+ "description": "DoReMi Step 2: average domain weights for Step 3",
+ "update_times": len(self.weight_history),
+ "domain_names": self.mixture_manager.names,
+ "average_weights": avg_weights.tolist(),
+ }
+
+ with open(os.path.join(output_dir, "doremi_average_weights.json"), 'w') as f:
+ json.dump(weights_data, f, indent=2)
+
+ with open(os.path.join(output_dir, "doremi_step3_proportions.txt"), 'w') as f:
+ f.write("# DoReMi Step 3 proportions\n")
+ f.write(f"# proportions: {avg_weights.tolist()}\n")
+ for name, weight in zip(self.mixture_manager.names, avg_weights):
+ f.write(f"{name}: {weight:.6f}\n")
+
+ logger.info(f"[DoremiMixer] Saved average weights for Step 3")
+ except Exception as e:
+ logger.error(f"[DoremiMixer] Failed to save average weights: {e}")
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/mixer/dynamic_moe_mixer.py b/src/dataflex/train/mixer/dynamic_moe_mixer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..734a3c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/mixer/dynamic_moe_mixer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+"""
+Optimized Dynamic MoE Mixer — drop-in replacement for DynamicMoEMixer.
+
+Key optimizations over the original:
+ 1. Pre-built eval batch cache (collate once, reuse every mix())
+ 2. Configurable eval_batch_size (default 32, up from hardcoded 4)
+ 3. torch.inference_mode() instead of torch.no_grad()
+ 4. Reduced CUDA synchronization (empty_cache only at boundaries)
+ 5. Algorithm is 100% identical — same math, same results
+
+Author: DataFlex Team
+"""
+
+import json
+import os
+import time
+import torch
+import torch.distributed as dist
+import numpy as np
+
+from dataflex.core.registry import register_mixer
+from dataflex.utils.logging import logger
+from .base_mixer import Mixer
+
+from transformers.trainer_pt_utils import nested_detach
+
+
+@register_mixer("dynamic_moe")
+class DynamicMoEMixer(Mixer):
+ def __init__(self, mixture_manager, eta: float = 10.0, c: float = 0.05,
+ collect_steps: int = 10, eval_samples: int = 1000,
+ eval_batch_size: int = 32,
+ output_dir: str = None, accelerator=None):
+ """
+ Optimized Dynamic MoE Mixer implementing Algorithm 1 from the paper.
+
+ Args:
+ mixture_manager: MixedProportionManager instance.
+ eta (float): Update step size (learning rate for weights).
+ c (float): Smoothing parameter to prevent extreme weights.
+ collect_steps (int): Number of batches to sample per domain to estimate gate loads.
+ eval_samples (int): Number of samples per domain reserved for gate load evaluation.
+ eval_batch_size (int): Batch size for gate load inference (default 32).
+ output_dir (str): Directory to save weight logs.
+ accelerator: Accelerator for distributed training.
+ """
+ super().__init__(mixture_manager)
+ self.eta = eta
+ self.c = c
+ self.collect_steps = collect_steps
+ self.eval_batch_size = eval_batch_size
+ self.output_dir = output_dir
+ self.accelerator = accelerator
+
+ # Initialize weights uniformly (Algorithm 1)
+ self.current_weights = np.ones(len(self.mixture_manager.names)) / len(self.mixture_manager.names)
+ self._gate_load_seed = 42
+
+ # Eval batch cache: populated on first mix() call
+ # Dict[str, List[Dict[str, Tensor]]] — domain -> list of collated CPU batches
+ self._eval_batch_cache = None
+
+ # ── Use independent eval datasets for gate load evaluation ──────────
+ self.eval_datasets = {}
+
+ pre_loaded = getattr(self.mixture_manager, 'mixer_eval_datasets', None)
+ if pre_loaded:
+ for name in self.mixture_manager.names:
+ if name in pre_loaded:
+ self.eval_datasets[name] = pre_loaded[name]
+ logger.info(
+ f"[DynamicMoEMixer] Domain '{name}': using independent eval dataset "
+ f"({len(pre_loaded[name])} samples)"
+ )
+ else:
+ dataset = self.mixture_manager.sources[name]
+ n = len(dataset)
+ n_eval = min(eval_samples, n // 2)
+ if n_eval <= 0:
+ logger.warning(f"[DynamicMoEMixer] Domain '{name}' has {n} samples, too few to split eval set.")
+ self.eval_datasets[name] = dataset
+ continue
+ eval_rng = np.random.RandomState(seed=0)
+ all_indices = eval_rng.permutation(n)
+ eval_indices = sorted(all_indices[:n_eval].tolist())
+ train_indices = sorted(all_indices[n_eval:].tolist())
+ self.eval_datasets[name] = dataset.select(eval_indices)
+ self.mixture_manager.sources[name] = dataset.select(train_indices)
+ logger.info(
+ f"[DynamicMoEMixer] Domain '{name}': no independent eval, "
+ f"split {n_eval} from training (train: {len(train_indices)})"
+ )
+ logger.info("[DynamicMoEMixer] Using independent eval datasets for gate load evaluation.")
+ else:
+ eval_rng = np.random.RandomState(seed=0)
+ for name in self.mixture_manager.names:
+ dataset = self.mixture_manager.sources[name]
+ n = len(dataset)
+ n_eval = min(eval_samples, n // 2)
+
+ if n_eval <= 0:
+ logger.warning(f"[DynamicMoEMixer] Domain '{name}' has {n} samples, too few to split eval set.")
+ self.eval_datasets[name] = dataset
+ continue
+
+ all_indices = eval_rng.permutation(n)
+ eval_indices = sorted(all_indices[:n_eval].tolist())
+ train_indices = sorted(all_indices[n_eval:].tolist())
+
+ self.eval_datasets[name] = dataset.select(eval_indices)
+ self.mixture_manager.sources[name] = dataset.select(train_indices)
+
+ logger.info(
+ f"[DynamicMoEMixer] Domain '{name}': split {n_eval} eval samples "
+ f"(train: {len(train_indices)}, eval: {n_eval})"
+ )
+ logger.info("[DynamicMoEMixer] No independent eval datasets found, split from training data.")
+
+ # ── Optimization 1: pre-build & cache eval batches ──────────────────────
+
+ def _build_eval_batch_cache(self, data_collator):
+ """
+ Pre-collate all eval batches once and cache as CPU tensors.
+
+ Uses the same fixed-seed sampling logic as the original so that
+ the first mix() produces identical batches. Subsequent mix() calls
+ reuse the cache (the paper uses the same eval data every time).
+ """
+ logger.info("[DynamicMoEMixer] Building eval batch cache (one-time cost) ...")
+ cache = {}
+ rng = np.random.RandomState(42) # same starting seed as original
+
+ batch_size = self.eval_batch_size
+ domain_names = self.mixture_manager.names
+
+ for name in domain_names:
+ dataset = self.eval_datasets[name]
+ if len(dataset) == 0:
+ cache[name] = []
+ continue
+
+ num_samples = min(len(dataset), self.collect_steps * batch_size)
+ if num_samples == 0:
+ cache[name] = []
+ continue
+
+ indices = rng.choice(len(dataset), num_samples, replace=False)
+
+ batches = []
+ for step in range(0, num_samples, batch_size):
+ batch_indices = indices[step: step + batch_size]
+ samples = [dataset[int(idx)] for idx in batch_indices]
+ batch = data_collator(samples)
+ # Keep only tensor values, store on CPU
+ cpu_batch = {k: v.cpu() for k, v in batch.items() if isinstance(v, torch.Tensor)}
+ batches.append(cpu_batch)
+
+ cache[name] = batches
+ logger.info(
+ f"[DynamicMoEMixer] Cached {len(batches)} batches "
+ f"({num_samples} samples, bs={batch_size}) for domain '{name}'"
+ )
+
+ self._eval_batch_cache = cache
+ logger.info("[DynamicMoEMixer] Eval batch cache ready.")
+
+ # ── Optimization 2-4: efficient gate load collection ────────────────────
+
+ def _collect_gate_loads(self, model, data_collator):
+ """
+ Collects aggregated gate loads per domain using cached batches,
+ larger batch size, inference_mode, and minimal CUDA sync.
+
+ Returns:
+ np.ndarray: [num_domains, num_experts] normalized gate loads.
+ """
+ # Build cache on first call (data_collator is now available)
+ if self._eval_batch_cache is None:
+ self._build_eval_batch_cache(data_collator)
+
+ # Single cache clear at start (Optimization 4)
+ torch.cuda.empty_cache()
+
+ # Unwrap model for DeepSpeed compatibility
+ if hasattr(model, "module"):
+ real_model = model.module
+ else:
+ real_model = model
+
+ real_model.eval()
+ device = next(real_model.parameters()).device
+
+ domain_names = self.mixture_manager.names
+ raw_loads_list = []
+ num_experts = getattr(real_model.config, "num_experts", None)
+
+ # Use no_grad (not inference_mode) to avoid creating inference tensors
+ # that corrupt model state under DeepSpeed ZeRO-3
+ with torch.no_grad():
+ for name in domain_names:
+ cached_batches = self._eval_batch_cache[name]
+
+ if len(cached_batches) == 0:
+ if num_experts is None:
+ num_experts = 8
+ raw_loads_list.append(np.ones(num_experts) / num_experts)
+ continue
+
+ domain_load_sum = None
+
+ for batch_cpu in cached_batches:
+ # Move cached CPU batch to device
+ batch = {k: v.to(device, non_blocking=True) for k, v in batch_cpu.items()}
+
+ outputs = real_model(**batch)
+
+ # Extract gate_load
+ gate_load = None
+ if hasattr(outputs, "gate_load") and outputs.gate_load is not None:
+ gate_load = outputs.gate_load
+ gate_load = gate_load[-1]
+ if gate_load is not None:
+ gate_load = nested_detach(gate_load)
+
+ if gate_load.dim() > 1:
+ gate_load = gate_load.sum(dim=0)
+
+ gate_load_cpu = gate_load.float().cpu()
+
+ if domain_load_sum is None:
+ domain_load_sum = torch.zeros_like(gate_load_cpu)
+ if num_experts is None:
+ num_experts = gate_load_cpu.shape[0]
+
+ domain_load_sum += gate_load_cpu
+ else:
+ if domain_load_sum is None:
+ logger.warning(f"[DynamicMoEMixer] Model output does not contain 'gate_load'. Using uniform load.")
+ if num_experts is None:
+ num_experts = 8
+ if domain_load_sum is None:
+ domain_load_sum = torch.ones(num_experts, dtype=torch.float32)
+ else:
+ domain_load_sum += torch.ones(num_experts, dtype=torch.float32)
+
+ # Delete intermediate tensors to free GPU memory
+ del outputs
+ del batch
+ del gate_load
+
+ # No per-domain empty_cache (Optimization 4)
+
+ # L1 normalization (identical to original)
+ if domain_load_sum is not None and domain_load_sum.sum() > 0:
+ load_np = domain_load_sum.numpy()
+ l1_sum = load_np.sum()
+ if l1_sum > 0:
+ normalized_load = load_np / l1_sum
+ else:
+ normalized_load = load_np
+ else:
+ if num_experts is None:
+ num_experts = 8
+ normalized_load = np.ones(num_experts) / num_experts
+
+ raw_loads_list.append(normalized_load)
+
+ real_model.train()
+
+ # Single cache clear at end (Optimization 4)
+ torch.cuda.empty_cache()
+
+ result = np.stack(raw_loads_list)
+
+ # Broadcast from rank 0 for consistency
+ if dist.is_initialized():
+ result_tensor = torch.from_numpy(result).float().to(device)
+ dist.broadcast(result_tensor, src=0)
+ result = result_tensor.cpu().numpy()
+
+ return result
+
+ # ── mix(): Algorithm 1 — 100% identical math ───────────────────────────
+
+ def mix(self, model, step_id: int, **kwargs) -> np.ndarray:
+ """
+ Implements Algorithm 1: DynamicSampling.
+ Math is identical to original; only I/O and inference are optimized.
+ """
+ data_collator = kwargs.get('data_collator')
+ if data_collator is None:
+ logger.warning("[DynamicMoEMixer] data_collator not found in kwargs, cannot collect gate loads. Returning current weights.")
+ return self.current_weights
+
+ domain_names = self.mixture_manager.names
+
+ # 2. Collect Normalized Gate Loads (O_hat)
+ O_hat = self._collect_gate_loads(model, data_collator)
+
+ # ── Detailed diagnostic logging ──────────────────────────────────────
+ np.set_printoptions(precision=6, suppress=True)
+ logger.info(f"[DynamicMoEMixer] ═══ Step {step_id} Diagnostic ═══")
+ logger.info(f"[DynamicMoEMixer] Domain order: {domain_names}")
+ for i, name in enumerate(domain_names):
+ logger.info(f"[DynamicMoEMixer] O_hat[{name}] (L1-normalized gate load): {O_hat[i]}")
+
+ # 3. L2 distance across datasets (identical to original)
+ l2_dist_matrix = np.linalg.norm(O_hat[:, np.newaxis] - O_hat, axis=2) # [|D|, |D|]
+
+ logger.info(f"[DynamicMoEMixer] L2 Distance Matrix:")
+ for i, name_i in enumerate(domain_names):
+ row_str = " ".join(f"{name_j}={l2_dist_matrix[i,j]:.6f}" for j, name_j in enumerate(domain_names))
+ logger.info(f"[DynamicMoEMixer] {name_i}: {row_str}")
+
+ # 4. Delta_i = mean_j(||load_i - load_j||_2) — includes self-distance=0
+ Delta = l2_dist_matrix.mean(axis=1) # [|D|]
+
+ delta_detail = ", ".join(f"{name}={Delta[i]:.6f}" for i, name in enumerate(domain_names))
+ logger.info(f"[DynamicMoEMixer] Delta (mean L2 dist): {delta_detail}")
+
+ # 5. Updated sampling weights (Algorithm 1 lines 6-9)
+ log_w_prev = np.log(self.current_weights + 1e-10)
+ logits = log_w_prev + self.eta * Delta
+
+ # Softmax
+ exp_logits = np.exp(logits - np.max(logits))
+ alpha = exp_logits / exp_logits.sum()
+
+ # Smoothing: w'_t <- (1 - c) * alpha + c / |D|
+ num_datasets = len(self.current_weights)
+ w_prime = (1 - self.c) * alpha + self.c / num_datasets
+
+ # Normalize: w_t <- w'_t / sum(w'_t)
+ new_weights = w_prime / w_prime.sum()
+
+ old_w_str = ", ".join(f"{name}={self.current_weights[i]:.6f}" for i, name in enumerate(domain_names))
+ new_w_str = ", ".join(f"{name}={new_weights[i]:.6f}" for i, name in enumerate(domain_names))
+ logger.info(f"[DynamicMoEMixer] Old weights: {old_w_str}")
+ logger.info(f"[DynamicMoEMixer] New weights: {new_w_str}")
+ logger.info(f"[DynamicMoEMixer] ═══ End Step {step_id} ═══")
+
+ self.current_weights = new_weights
+
+ self.save_weights_to_jsonl(step_id, O_hat, Delta, alpha, new_weights)
+
+ return new_weights
+
+ def save_weights_to_jsonl(self, step_id: int, O_hat: np.ndarray,
+ Delta: np.ndarray, alpha: np.ndarray,
+ new_weights: np.ndarray):
+ """Save weight update logs (only main process)."""
+ if self.accelerator is not None and not self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ return
+
+ if self.output_dir is None:
+ return
+
+ try:
+ os.makedirs(self.output_dir, exist_ok=True)
+ weights_file = os.path.join(self.output_dir, "dynamic_moe_weights.jsonl")
+
+ domain_names = self.mixture_manager.names
+ log_entry = {
+ "step": step_id,
+ "timestamp": time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
+ "domain_names": domain_names,
+ "gate_loads": {name: O_hat[i].tolist() for i, name in enumerate(domain_names)},
+ "delta": {name: float(Delta[i]) for i, name in enumerate(domain_names)},
+ "alpha": {name: float(alpha[i]) for i, name in enumerate(domain_names)},
+ "new_weights": {name: float(new_weights[i]) for i, name in enumerate(domain_names)},
+ "eta": self.eta,
+ "c": self.c,
+ }
+
+ with open(weights_file, "a") as f:
+ f.write(json.dumps(log_entry) + "\n")
+
+ logger.info(f"[DynamicMoEMixer] Saved weights to {weights_file} at step {step_id}")
+
+ except Exception as e:
+ logger.warning(f"[DynamicMoEMixer] Failed to save weights: {e}")
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/mixer/odm_mixer.py b/src/dataflex/train/mixer/odm_mixer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..274f81b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/mixer/odm_mixer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+from dataflex.core.registry import register_mixer
+from dataflex.utils.logging import logger
+from .base_mixer import Mixer
+
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+import os
+
+@register_mixer("odm")
+class ODMMixer(Mixer):
+ def __init__(self, mixture_manager, alpha=0.90, warmup_steps=2000, output_dir=None,
+ accelerator=None, initial_proportions=None, **kwargs):
+ """
+ Initialize Online Data Mixing (ODM) Mixer based on Multi-Armed Bandits (Exp3).
+
+ ODM uses Exp3 with Moving Average to dynamically adjust domain weights during training.
+ Key formula: R_hat_t = alpha * R_hat_{t-1} + (1-alpha) * (reward_t / pi_{t-1})
+
+ Args:
+ mixture_manager: The mixture manager object
+ alpha: Smoothing factor for moving average
+ warmup_steps: Number of warmup steps with initial proportions
+ output_dir: Output directory for saving weight logs
+ accelerator: Accelerator object for distributed training
+ initial_proportions: Initial domain proportions. If None, uses uniform distribution.
+ reward_scale: Scale factor for loss values to amplify signal
+ min_exploration_rate: Minimum exploration rate to maintain algorithm sensitivity
+ """
+ super().__init__(mixture_manager)
+ self.alpha = float(alpha)
+ self.warmup_steps = int(warmup_steps)
+ self.output_dir = output_dir
+ self.accelerator = accelerator
+
+ # Reward scaling to amplify loss signal for better differentiation
+ self.reward_scale = float(kwargs.get('reward_scale', 15.0))
+
+ # Minimum exploration rate to prevent algorithm from "freezing" in late stages
+ self.min_exploration_rate = float(kwargs.get('min_exploration_rate', 0.03))
+
+ # Number of domains
+ self.k = len(self.mixture_manager.names)
+
+ # Initialize proportions
+ if initial_proportions is not None:
+ initial_proportions = np.array(initial_proportions, dtype=float)
+ if len(initial_proportions) == self.k:
+ self.initial_proportions = initial_proportions / np.sum(initial_proportions)
+ logger.info(f"[ODMMixer] Using provided initial proportions: {self.initial_proportions}")
+ else:
+ logger.warning(f"[ODMMixer] Initial proportions mismatch. Using uniform distribution.")
+ self.initial_proportions = np.ones(self.k) / self.k
+ elif hasattr(self.mixture_manager, 'initial_proportions') and self.mixture_manager.initial_proportions is not None:
+ init_props = np.array(self.mixture_manager.initial_proportions, dtype=float)
+ if len(init_props) == self.k:
+ self.initial_proportions = init_props / np.sum(init_props)
+ logger.info(f"[ODMMixer] Using initial proportions from mixture_manager: {self.initial_proportions}")
+ else:
+ self.initial_proportions = np.ones(self.k) / self.k
+ else:
+ self.initial_proportions = np.ones(self.k) / self.k
+ logger.info(f"[ODMMixer] Using uniform initial distribution")
+
+ # Current domain sampling policy π_t
+ self.domain_weights = self.initial_proportions.copy()
+
+ # Estimated rewards (moving average, NOT cumulative sum)
+ self.estimated_rewards = np.zeros(self.k)
+
+ # Exploration rate ε_t
+ self.exploration_rate = 1.0 / self.k
+
+ # Track previous batch info for reward computation
+ self.prev_batch_info = None
+
+ logger.info(f"[ODMMixer] Initialized: K={self.k}, alpha={self.alpha}, warmup={self.warmup_steps}")
+ logger.info(f"[ODMMixer] Scaling: reward_scale={self.reward_scale}, min_eps={self.min_exploration_rate}")
+ logger.info(f"[ODMMixer] Domain names: {self.mixture_manager.names}")
+
+ def _compute_exploration_rate(self, t):
+ """
+ Compute exploration rate: ε_t = max{min_eps, min{1/K, sqrt(ln(K) / (K * t))}}
+ The min_eps floor ensures algorithm maintains sensitivity in late stages.
+ """
+ if t <= 0:
+ return 1.0 / self.k
+ decay_term = np.sqrt(np.log(self.k) / (self.k * t))
+ calculated_rate = min(1.0 / self.k, decay_term)
+ # Apply floor to maintain minimum exploration (annealing with lower bound)
+ return max(self.min_exploration_rate, calculated_rate)
+
+ def _update_policy(self, step_t):
+ """
+ Update sampling policy using Exp3 algorithm.
+ π_t(D_i) ∝ exp(ε_{t-1} * R̂_i) * (1 - K*ε_t) + ε_t
+ """
+ # Validate estimated_rewards
+ if not np.all(np.isfinite(self.estimated_rewards)):
+ logger.warning(f"[ODMMixer] Invalid estimated_rewards, resetting to 0")
+ self.estimated_rewards[:] = 0.0
+
+ # Store previous exploration rate
+ prev_eps = self.exploration_rate
+
+ # Compute new exploration rate
+ self.exploration_rate = self._compute_exploration_rate(step_t)
+
+ # Compute exp(prev_eps * R̂_i) for each domain
+ x = prev_eps * self.estimated_rewards
+ x = x - np.max(x)
+ x = np.clip(x, -5.0, 0.0) # Prevent overflow
+ exp_scaled_rewards = np.exp(x)
+ total_exp = np.sum(exp_scaled_rewards)
+
+ # Safety check
+ if not np.isfinite(total_exp) or total_exp <= 0:
+ logger.warning(f"[ODMMixer] Invalid exp sum, resetting to initial proportions")
+ self.domain_weights = self.initial_proportions.copy()
+ self.estimated_rewards[:] = 0.0
+ return
+
+ # scaling_factor = (1 - K*ε_t) / Σ exp(...)
+ numerator = max(0.0, 1.0 - self.k * self.exploration_rate)
+ scaling_factor = numerator / total_exp
+
+ # w_i = exp(...) * scaling_factor + ε_t
+ self.domain_weights = exp_scaled_rewards * scaling_factor + self.exploration_rate
+
+ # Normalize
+ if np.all(np.isfinite(self.domain_weights)) and np.sum(self.domain_weights) > 0:
+ self.domain_weights = self.domain_weights / np.sum(self.domain_weights)
+ self.domain_weights = np.maximum(self.domain_weights, 1e-8)
+ self.domain_weights = self.domain_weights / np.sum(self.domain_weights)
+ else:
+ logger.warning(f"[ODMMixer] Invalid weights after update, resetting")
+ self.domain_weights = self.initial_proportions.copy()
+ self.estimated_rewards[:] = 0.0
+
+ def _update_reward_from_batch(self, batch_loss, domain_id):
+ """
+ Update estimated reward using moving average (ODM core formula).
+ R̂_t = alpha * R̂_{t-1} + (1-alpha) * (reward / π_{t-1})
+
+ This is the KEY difference from standard Exp3: using moving average instead of cumulative sum.
+ """
+ if not np.isfinite(batch_loss):
+ logger.warning(f"[ODMMixer] Invalid batch_loss: {batch_loss}, skipping update")
+ return
+
+ # Scale loss to amplify signal for Exp3 algorithm
+ # Current loss range: ~3-12, scaled to ~150-600 for better differentiation
+ reward = batch_loss * self.reward_scale
+
+ # Get previous policy probability for importance weighting
+ prob = max(self.domain_weights[domain_id], 1e-8)
+
+ # Importance-weighted reward
+ importance_weighted_reward = reward / prob
+
+ if not np.isfinite(importance_weighted_reward):
+ logger.warning(f"[ODMMixer] Invalid importance_weighted_reward, skipping")
+ return
+
+ # CRITICAL: Moving average update (not cumulative sum!)
+ # This is the core innovation of ODM over standard Exp3
+ old_estimate = self.estimated_rewards[domain_id]
+ new_estimate = self.alpha * old_estimate + (1.0 - self.alpha) * importance_weighted_reward
+
+ # Validate and clip for numerical stability
+ if np.isfinite(new_estimate):
+ self.estimated_rewards[domain_id] = np.clip(new_estimate, -10000.0, 10000.0)
+ else:
+ logger.warning(f"[ODMMixer] Invalid new_estimate for domain {domain_id}, keeping old value")
+
+ def mix(self, model, step_id: int, **kwargs) -> np.ndarray:
+ """
+ Compute new domain weights using ODM algorithm.
+
+ Args:
+ model: Current model being trained
+ step_id: Current training step
+ **kwargs: Must contain training batch info for reward update
+
+ Returns:
+ np.ndarray: Updated domain proportions
+ """
+ output_dir = kwargs.get('output_dir', self.output_dir)
+
+ # Warmup phase: use initial proportions
+ if step_id <= self.warmup_steps:
+ logger.info(f"[ODMMixer] Step {step_id} (warmup): Using initial proportions")
+ return self.initial_proportions.copy()
+
+ logger.info(f"[ODMMixer] Step {step_id}: Updating domain weights with ODM")
+
+ # Update reward from previous training batch
+ if self.prev_batch_info is not None:
+ prev_loss = self.prev_batch_info.get('loss')
+ prev_domain_id = self.prev_batch_info.get('domain_id')
+
+ if prev_loss is not None and prev_domain_id is not None:
+ # Update reward using moving average (ODM's key innovation)
+ self._update_reward_from_batch(prev_loss, prev_domain_id)
+ domain_name = self.mixture_manager.names[prev_domain_id]
+ logger.info(f"[ODMMixer] Updated reward for '{domain_name}': "
+ f"loss={prev_loss:.4f}, R̂={self.estimated_rewards[prev_domain_id]:.4f}")
+
+ # Update policy using Exp3
+ self._update_policy(step_id - self.warmup_steps)
+
+ # Validate and normalize
+ if np.any(~np.isfinite(self.domain_weights)):
+ logger.error(f"[ODMMixer] Invalid domain weights, falling back to initial proportions")
+ return self.initial_proportions.copy()
+
+ self.domain_weights = np.maximum(self.domain_weights, 0)
+ self.domain_weights = self.domain_weights / np.sum(self.domain_weights)
+
+ # Log results
+ logger.info(f"[ODMMixer] ε_t={self.exploration_rate:.6f}")
+ logger.info(f"[ODMMixer] Updated domain weights:")
+ for i, name in enumerate(self.mixture_manager.names):
+ logger.info(f" {name}: {self.domain_weights[i]:.4f} (R̂={self.estimated_rewards[i]:.4f})")
+
+ # Save weights
+ if output_dir is not None:
+ self.save_weights_to_jsonl(output_dir, step_id)
+
+ return self.domain_weights.copy()
+
+ def update_batch_info(self, batch_loss, domain_id):
+ """
+ Store batch information for next reward update.
+ Should be called from trainer after each training step.
+
+ Args:
+ batch_loss: Training loss from the batch
+ domain_id: Domain ID of the sampled batch
+ """
+ self.prev_batch_info = {
+ 'loss': batch_loss,
+ 'domain_id': domain_id
+ }
+
+ def save_weights_to_jsonl(self, output_dir, step_id):
+ """Save domain weights to JSONL file (append mode, one line per update)."""
+ if self.accelerator is not None and not self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ return
+
+ try:
+ import json
+ import time
+
+ if output_dir is None:
+ return
+
+ os.makedirs(output_dir, exist_ok=True)
+ weights_file = os.path.join(output_dir, "odm_weights.jsonl")
+
+ log_entry = {
+ "step": step_id,
+ "timestamp": time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
+ "domain_names": self.mixture_manager.names,
+ "domain_weights": self.domain_weights.tolist(),
+ "estimated_rewards": self.estimated_rewards.tolist(),
+ "exploration_rate": float(self.exploration_rate),
+ "alpha": self.alpha,
+ }
+
+ with open(weights_file, 'a') as f:
+ f.write(json.dumps(log_entry) + '\n')
+
+ except Exception as e:
+ logger.warning(f"[ODMMixer] Failed to log weights: {e}")
+
+ def get_current_weights(self):
+ """Get current domain weights."""
+ return self.domain_weights.copy()
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/mixer/random_mixer.py b/src/dataflex/train/mixer/random_mixer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e4bebe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/mixer/random_mixer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from dataflex.core.registry import register_mixer
+from dataflex.utils.logging import logger
+from .base_mixer import Mixer
+
+import numpy as np
+
+@register_mixer("random")
+class RandomMixer(Mixer):
+ def __init__(self, mixture_manager, seed):
+ super().__init__(mixture_manager)
+ self.seed = seed
+
+ def mix(self, model, step_id: int, **kwargs) -> np.ndarray:
+ """
+ 随机生成一组比例向量。
+
+ Returns:
+ np.ndarray: 长度为源数量的归一化比例数组。
+ """
+ k = len(self.mixture_manager.names)
+ np.random.seed(self.seed)
+ raw = np.random.random(k)
+ probs = raw / raw.sum() # 归一化
+ logger.info(f"[RandomMixer] Step {step_id} Generated proportions: {probs}")
+
+ return probs
+
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/mixer/static_mixer.py b/src/dataflex/train/mixer/static_mixer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b26abb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/mixer/static_mixer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+from dataflex.core.registry import register_mixer
+from dataflex.utils.logging import logger
+from .base_mixer import Mixer
+
+import numpy as np
+
+@register_mixer("static")
+class StaticMixer(Mixer):
+ def __init__(self, mixture_manager, proportions=None, **kwargs):
+
+ super().__init__(mixture_manager)
+
+ k = len(self.mixture_manager.names)
+
+ if proportions is None:
+ # Use uniform distribution if no proportions specified
+ self.proportions = np.ones(k) / k
+ logger.info(f"[StaticMixer] No proportions specified, using uniform distribution: {self.proportions}")
+ else:
+ # Validate and normalize proportions
+ proportions = np.array(proportions, dtype=float)
+
+ if len(proportions) != k:
+ raise ValueError(f"[StaticMixer] Number of proportions ({len(proportions)}) "
+ f"must match number of domains ({k})")
+
+ if np.any(proportions < 0):
+ raise ValueError("[StaticMixer] All proportions must be non-negative")
+
+ if np.sum(proportions) == 0:
+ raise ValueError("[StaticMixer] Sum of proportions cannot be zero")
+
+ # Normalize to ensure they sum to 1
+ self.proportions = proportions / np.sum(proportions)
+
+ logger.info(f"[StaticMixer] Using fixed proportions: {self.proportions}")
+ logger.info(f"[StaticMixer] Domain names: {self.mixture_manager.names}")
+
+ def mix(self, model, step_id: int, **kwargs) -> np.ndarray:
+
+ logger.info(f"[StaticMixer] Step {step_id} Using fixed proportions: {self.proportions}")
+
+ # Log domain-wise proportions for clarity
+ for i, name in enumerate(self.mixture_manager.names):
+ logger.info(f" {name}: {self.proportions[i]:.4f}")
+
+ return self.proportions.copy()
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/selector/__init__.py b/src/dataflex/train/selector/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa1b9af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/selector/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+from .loss_selector import *
+from .less_selector import *
+from .cluster_less_selector import *
+from .delta_loss_selector import *
+from .custom_selector import *
+from .tsds_selector import *
+from .nice_selector import *
+from .random_selector import *
+from .near_selector import *
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/selector/base_selector.py b/src/dataflex/train/selector/base_selector.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f11805
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/selector/base_selector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import List
+import torch
+from torch import distributed as dist
+
+class Selector(ABC):
+ def __init__(self, dataset, accelerator, data_collator, cache_dir):
+ self.dataset = dataset
+ self.accelerator = accelerator
+ self.data_collator = data_collator
+ self.cache_dir = cache_dir
+ self.seed = 42
+
+ def warmup(self, num_samples: int, replacement: bool) -> List[List[int]]:
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ dataset_size = len(self.dataset)
+ gen = torch.Generator()
+ gen.manual_seed(self.seed)
+
+ if replacement:
+ full_indices = torch.randint(
+ low=0, high=dataset_size, size=(num_samples,), generator=gen
+ ).tolist()
+ else:
+ if num_samples > dataset_size:
+ raise ValueError(
+ f"Cannot sample {num_samples} without replacement from {dataset_size} samples"
+ )
+ full_indices = torch.randperm(dataset_size, generator=gen)[:num_samples].tolist()
+ else:
+ full_indices = None
+
+ obj = [full_indices]
+ if dist.is_available() and dist.is_initialized():
+ dist.broadcast_object_list(obj, src=0)
+ full_indices = obj[0]
+ else:
+ full_indices = full_indices or []
+
+ return full_indices
+
+ @abstractmethod
+ def select(self, model, step_id: int, num_samples: int, **kwargs):
+ """
+ Select samples from the dataset for the model in 'step_id'.
+
+ Args:
+ model: The model object used in the selection process.
+ step_id (int): The ID of the current training step or stage.
+ num_samples (int): The number of samples to select.
+ **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments, allowing for flexible expansion by subclasses.
+
+ Returns:
+ List[int]: A list of the selected sample indices.
+ """
+ pass
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/selector/cluster_less_selector.py b/src/dataflex/train/selector/cluster_less_selector.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9672271
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/selector/cluster_less_selector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,602 @@
+import math
+import os
+import time
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+import torch
+import torch.distributed as dist
+from torch.utils.data import DataLoader, Subset
+from tqdm import tqdm
+from transformers import AutoModel
+
+from dataflex.core.registry import register_selector
+from dataflex.utils.logging import logger
+from dataflex.utils.selector_io import load_cached_selection, save_selection
+
+from .less_selector import LessSelector
+
+
+def _move_to_device(batch, device):
+ if isinstance(batch, dict):
+ return {k: _move_to_device(v, device) for k, v in batch.items()}
+ if isinstance(batch, list):
+ return [_move_to_device(v, device) for v in batch]
+ if isinstance(batch, tuple):
+ return tuple(_move_to_device(v, device) for v in batch)
+ if hasattr(batch, "to"):
+ return batch.to(device)
+ return batch
+
+
+def _filter_model_inputs(batch):
+ if not isinstance(batch, dict):
+ return batch
+ ignored_keys = {"labels", "label", "label_ids"}
+ return {key: value for key, value in batch.items() if key not in ignored_keys}
+
+
+@register_selector("cluster_less")
+class ClusterLessSelector(LessSelector):
+ """
+ Cluster-accelerated LESS selector.
+
+ The original LESS selector computes one gradient per training example. This
+ variant first clusters the training set with no-gradient embedding features,
+ samples a few representatives from each cluster, averages their projected
+ gradients, and scores the whole cluster against validation gradients.
+ """
+
+ def __init__(
+ self,
+ dataset,
+ eval_dataset,
+ accelerator,
+ data_collator,
+ cache_dir,
+ gradient_type: str = "adam",
+ proj_dim: int = 4096,
+ save_interval: int = 16,
+ seed: int = 42,
+ cluster_size: int = 64,
+ num_clusters: Optional[int] = None,
+ samples_per_cluster: int = 3,
+ clustering_batch_size: int = 8,
+ clustering_max_iter: int = 20,
+ assignment_chunk_size: int = 4096,
+ clustering_method: str = "kmeans",
+ representative_strategy: str = "random",
+ lsh_num_bits: Optional[int] = None,
+ cluster_update_interval: int = 1,
+ embedding_model_name_or_path: Optional[str] = None,
+ embedding_model_cache_dir: Optional[str] = None,
+ embedding_model_dtype: str = "auto",
+ embedding_model_local_files_only: bool = False,
+ ):
+ super().__init__(
+ dataset=dataset,
+ eval_dataset=eval_dataset,
+ accelerator=accelerator,
+ data_collator=data_collator,
+ cache_dir=cache_dir,
+ gradient_type=gradient_type,
+ proj_dim=proj_dim,
+ save_interval=save_interval,
+ seed=seed,
+ )
+ self.cluster_size = cluster_size
+ self.num_clusters = num_clusters
+ self.samples_per_cluster = samples_per_cluster
+ self.clustering_batch_size = clustering_batch_size
+ self.clustering_max_iter = clustering_max_iter
+ self.assignment_chunk_size = assignment_chunk_size
+ self.clustering_method = clustering_method
+ self.representative_strategy = representative_strategy
+ self.lsh_num_bits = lsh_num_bits
+ self.cluster_update_interval = max(1, int(cluster_update_interval))
+ self.embedding_model_name_or_path = embedding_model_name_or_path
+ self.embedding_model_cache_dir = embedding_model_cache_dir
+ self.embedding_model_dtype = embedding_model_dtype
+ self.embedding_model_local_files_only = bool(embedding_model_local_files_only)
+
+ def _resolve_cluster_step(self, step_id: int, **kwargs) -> int:
+ """Return the cached clustering step to use for this dynamic update."""
+ if self.embedding_model_name_or_path:
+ return 0
+
+ if self.cluster_update_interval <= 1:
+ return int(step_id)
+
+ current_update = int(kwargs.get("current_update_times", 1) or 1)
+ update_step = int(kwargs.get("update_step", 0) or 0)
+ if current_update <= 1 or update_step <= 0:
+ return int(step_id)
+
+ offset_updates = (current_update - 1) % self.cluster_update_interval
+ return int(step_id) - offset_updates * update_step
+
+ def _pool_last_hidden_state(self, hidden: torch.Tensor, attention_mask: Optional[torch.Tensor]) -> torch.Tensor:
+ if attention_mask is None:
+ return hidden.mean(dim=1)
+
+ mask = attention_mask.to(hidden.device).unsqueeze(-1).float()
+ return (hidden * mask).sum(dim=1) / mask.sum(dim=1).clamp(min=1.0)
+
+ def _load_embedding_model(self):
+ if not self.embedding_model_name_or_path:
+ return None
+
+ cache_dir = self.embedding_model_cache_dir or os.path.join(self.cache_dir, "hf_cache")
+ dtype = None
+ if self.embedding_model_dtype and self.embedding_model_dtype != "auto":
+ dtype = getattr(torch, self.embedding_model_dtype, None)
+ if dtype is None:
+ raise ValueError(f"Unknown embedding_model_dtype: {self.embedding_model_dtype}")
+
+ kwargs = {
+ "trust_remote_code": True,
+ "cache_dir": cache_dir,
+ "local_files_only": self.embedding_model_local_files_only,
+ }
+ if dtype is not None:
+ kwargs["torch_dtype"] = dtype
+
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ logger.info(
+ "[ClusterLessSelector] Loading static embedding model "
+ f"from {self.embedding_model_name_or_path}; cache_dir={cache_dir}"
+ )
+ return AutoModel.from_pretrained(self.embedding_model_name_or_path, **kwargs)
+
+ def _extract_features_with_embedding_model(self, step_id: int) -> torch.Tensor:
+ feature_path = os.path.join(self.cache_dir, "cluster", str(step_id), "static_train_embeddings.pt")
+ if os.path.exists(feature_path):
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ logger.info(f"[ClusterLessSelector] Loading cached static train embeddings from {feature_path}")
+ return torch.load(feature_path, map_location="cpu")
+
+ os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(feature_path), exist_ok=True)
+ indexed_dataset = list(range(len(self.dataset)))
+
+ def collate_indices(indices):
+ examples = [self.dataset[int(i)] for i in indices]
+ return torch.tensor(indices, dtype=torch.long), self.data_collator(examples)
+
+ dataloader = DataLoader(
+ indexed_dataset,
+ batch_size=self.clustering_batch_size,
+ shuffle=False,
+ num_workers=0,
+ collate_fn=collate_indices,
+ )
+
+ embedding_model = self._load_embedding_model()
+ embedding_model.to(self.device)
+ embedding_model.eval()
+
+ features = []
+ indices_seen = []
+ with torch.no_grad():
+ for indices, batch in tqdm(
+ dataloader,
+ desc=f"[Process {self.accelerator.process_index}] Static cluster embeddings",
+ disable=not self.accelerator.is_local_main_process,
+ dynamic_ncols=True,
+ position=self.accelerator.process_index,
+ ):
+ batch = _move_to_device(batch, self.device)
+ outputs = embedding_model(**_filter_model_inputs(batch), return_dict=True)
+ hidden = getattr(outputs, "last_hidden_state", None)
+ if hidden is None and getattr(outputs, "hidden_states", None):
+ hidden = outputs.hidden_states[-1]
+ if hidden is None:
+ raise RuntimeError("Embedding model output does not contain hidden states.")
+
+ pooled = self._pool_last_hidden_state(hidden, batch.get("attention_mask"))
+ features.append(pooled.detach().float().cpu())
+ indices_seen.append(indices.cpu())
+
+ del embedding_model
+ if torch.cuda.is_available():
+ torch.cuda.empty_cache()
+
+ features = torch.cat(features, dim=0)
+ indices_seen = torch.cat(indices_seen, dim=0)
+ ordered = torch.empty_like(features)
+ ordered[indices_seen] = features
+ ordered = ordered / ordered.norm(dim=1, keepdim=True).clamp(min=1e-12)
+
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ torch.save(ordered, feature_path)
+ logger.info(f"[ClusterLessSelector] Saved static train embeddings to {feature_path}")
+ self.accelerator.wait_for_everyone()
+ return ordered
+
+ def _extract_embedding_features(self, model, step_id: int) -> torch.Tensor:
+ if self.embedding_model_name_or_path:
+ return self._extract_features_with_embedding_model(step_id)
+
+ feature_path = os.path.join(self.cache_dir, "cluster", str(step_id), "train_embeddings.pt")
+ if os.path.exists(feature_path):
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ logger.info(f"[ClusterLessSelector] Loading cached train embeddings from {feature_path}")
+ return torch.load(feature_path, map_location="cpu")
+
+ os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(feature_path), exist_ok=True)
+ indexed_dataset = list(range(len(self.dataset)))
+
+ def collate_indices(indices):
+ examples = [self.dataset[int(i)] for i in indices]
+ return torch.tensor(indices, dtype=torch.long), self.data_collator(examples)
+
+ dataloader = DataLoader(
+ indexed_dataset,
+ batch_size=self.clustering_batch_size,
+ shuffle=False,
+ num_workers=0,
+ collate_fn=collate_indices,
+ )
+
+ was_training = model.training
+ model.eval()
+ features = []
+ indices_seen = []
+ with torch.no_grad():
+ for indices, batch in tqdm(
+ dataloader,
+ desc=f"[Process {self.accelerator.process_index}] Cluster embeddings",
+ disable=not self.accelerator.is_local_main_process,
+ dynamic_ncols=True,
+ position=self.accelerator.process_index,
+ ):
+ batch = _move_to_device(batch, self.device)
+ outputs = model(**batch, output_hidden_states=True, return_dict=True)
+ hidden = outputs.hidden_states[-1]
+ pooled = self._pool_last_hidden_state(hidden, batch.get("attention_mask"))
+ features.append(pooled.detach().float().cpu())
+ indices_seen.append(indices.cpu())
+
+ if was_training:
+ model.train()
+
+ features = torch.cat(features, dim=0)
+ indices_seen = torch.cat(indices_seen, dim=0)
+ ordered = torch.empty_like(features)
+ ordered[indices_seen] = features
+ norms = ordered.norm(dim=1, keepdim=True).clamp(min=1e-12)
+ ordered = ordered / norms
+
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ torch.save(ordered, feature_path)
+ logger.info(f"[ClusterLessSelector] Saved train embeddings to {feature_path}")
+ self.accelerator.wait_for_everyone()
+ return ordered
+
+ def _resolve_num_clusters(self, n_samples: int) -> int:
+ if n_samples == 0:
+ raise ValueError("Cannot cluster an empty training dataset.")
+ if self.num_clusters is not None:
+ k = int(self.num_clusters)
+ else:
+ k = int(math.ceil(n_samples / max(1, self.cluster_size)))
+ return max(1, min(k, n_samples))
+
+ def _assign_to_centers(
+ self,
+ features: torch.Tensor,
+ centers: torch.Tensor,
+ spherical: bool = False,
+ ) -> torch.Tensor:
+ assignments = []
+ center_norms = None
+ if not spherical:
+ center_norms = centers.pow(2).sum(dim=1).unsqueeze(0)
+ for start in range(0, len(features), self.assignment_chunk_size):
+ chunk = features[start:start + self.assignment_chunk_size]
+ if spherical:
+ similarities = chunk @ centers.T
+ assignments.append(similarities.argmax(dim=1))
+ else:
+ scores = 2.0 * (chunk @ centers.T) - center_norms
+ assignments.append(scores.argmax(dim=1))
+ return torch.cat(assignments, dim=0)
+
+ def _run_lloyd_kmeans(self, features: torch.Tensor, step_id: int, spherical: bool) -> torch.Tensor:
+ n_samples = len(features)
+ k = self._resolve_num_clusters(n_samples)
+ generator = torch.Generator(device="cpu")
+ generator.manual_seed(self.seed + int(step_id))
+ init_indices = torch.randperm(n_samples, generator=generator)[:k]
+ centers = features[init_indices].clone()
+ if spherical:
+ centers = centers / centers.norm(dim=1, keepdim=True).clamp(min=1e-12)
+
+ for _ in range(max(1, self.clustering_max_iter)):
+ assignments = self._assign_to_centers(features, centers, spherical=spherical)
+ new_centers = torch.zeros_like(centers)
+ counts = torch.bincount(assignments, minlength=k).float().unsqueeze(1)
+ new_centers.index_add_(0, assignments, features)
+
+ empty = counts.squeeze(1) == 0
+ counts = counts.clamp(min=1.0)
+ new_centers = new_centers / counts
+ if empty.any():
+ replacement = torch.randperm(n_samples, generator=generator)[: int(empty.sum().item())]
+ new_centers[empty] = features[replacement]
+ if spherical:
+ new_centers = new_centers / new_centers.norm(dim=1, keepdim=True).clamp(min=1e-12)
+ centers = new_centers
+
+ return self._assign_to_centers(features, centers, spherical=spherical).to(torch.long)
+
+ def _run_farthest_first(self, features: torch.Tensor, step_id: int) -> torch.Tensor:
+ n_samples = len(features)
+ k = self._resolve_num_clusters(n_samples)
+ generator = torch.Generator(device="cpu")
+ generator.manual_seed(self.seed + int(step_id))
+
+ first = int(torch.randint(n_samples, (1,), generator=generator).item())
+ center_indices = [first]
+ min_distances = torch.cdist(features, features[first:first + 1]).squeeze(1)
+ for _ in range(1, k):
+ next_index = int(min_distances.argmax().item())
+ center_indices.append(next_index)
+ distances = torch.cdist(features, features[next_index:next_index + 1]).squeeze(1)
+ min_distances = torch.minimum(min_distances, distances)
+
+ centers = features[torch.tensor(center_indices, dtype=torch.long)]
+ return self._assign_to_centers(features, centers).to(torch.long)
+
+ def _run_random_projection_lsh(self, features: torch.Tensor, step_id: int) -> torch.Tensor:
+ n_samples = len(features)
+ k = self._resolve_num_clusters(n_samples)
+ bits = self.lsh_num_bits or max(1, int(math.ceil(math.log2(k))))
+ bits = min(bits, 30)
+
+ generator = torch.Generator(device="cpu")
+ generator.manual_seed(self.seed + int(step_id) + 31)
+ planes = torch.randn(features.shape[1], bits, generator=generator, dtype=features.dtype)
+ signatures = (features @ planes >= 0).to(torch.long)
+ weights = (2 ** torch.arange(bits, dtype=torch.long)).unsqueeze(0)
+ buckets = (signatures * weights).sum(dim=1)
+
+ unique_buckets, inverse = torch.unique(buckets, sorted=True, return_inverse=True)
+ if len(unique_buckets) <= k:
+ return inverse.to(torch.long)
+ return (inverse % k).to(torch.long)
+
+ def _run_random_partition(self, features: torch.Tensor, step_id: int) -> torch.Tensor:
+ n_samples = len(features)
+ k = self._resolve_num_clusters(n_samples)
+ generator = torch.Generator(device="cpu")
+ generator.manual_seed(self.seed + int(step_id) + 47)
+ order = torch.randperm(n_samples, generator=generator)
+ assignments = torch.empty(n_samples, dtype=torch.long)
+ assignments[order] = torch.arange(n_samples, dtype=torch.long) % k
+ return assignments
+
+ def _run_clustering(self, features: torch.Tensor, step_id: int) -> torch.Tensor:
+ method = self.clustering_method.lower()
+ if method in {"kmeans", "euclidean_kmeans"}:
+ return self._run_lloyd_kmeans(features, step_id, spherical=False)
+ if method in {"spherical_kmeans", "cosine_kmeans"}:
+ return self._run_lloyd_kmeans(features, step_id, spherical=True)
+ if method in {"farthest_first", "kcenter", "k_center"}:
+ return self._run_farthest_first(features, step_id)
+ if method in {"random_projection_lsh", "lsh", "rp_lsh"}:
+ return self._run_random_projection_lsh(features, step_id)
+ if method in {"random_partition", "random"}:
+ return self._run_random_partition(features, step_id)
+ raise ValueError(f"Unknown clustering_method: {self.clustering_method}")
+
+ def _get_or_create_clusters(self, model, step_id: int):
+ cluster_dir = os.path.join(self.cache_dir, "cluster", str(step_id))
+ cluster_path = os.path.join(cluster_dir, "train_cluster_ids.pt")
+ timing = {"embedding_time_sec": 0.0, "clustering_time_sec": 0.0, "cluster_cache_hit": bool(os.path.exists(cluster_path))}
+
+ clusters_cached = os.path.exists(cluster_path)
+ if dist.is_available() and dist.is_initialized():
+ obj = [clusters_cached]
+ dist.broadcast_object_list(obj, src=0)
+ clusters_cached = obj[0]
+
+ if not clusters_cached:
+ started = time.perf_counter()
+ features = self._extract_embedding_features(model, step_id)
+ timing["embedding_time_sec"] = time.perf_counter() - started
+ else:
+ features = None
+
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process and clusters_cached:
+ cluster_ids = torch.load(cluster_path, map_location="cpu")
+ logger.info(f"[ClusterLessSelector] Loading cached clusters from {cluster_path}")
+ elif self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ started = time.perf_counter()
+ cluster_ids = self._run_clustering(features, step_id)
+ timing["clustering_time_sec"] = time.perf_counter() - started
+ os.makedirs(cluster_dir, exist_ok=True)
+ torch.save(cluster_ids, cluster_path)
+ logger.info(
+ f"[ClusterLessSelector] Built {int(cluster_ids.max().item()) + 1} clusters "
+ f"for {len(cluster_ids)} train samples with method={self.clustering_method}."
+ )
+ else:
+ cluster_ids = None
+
+ obj = [cluster_ids.tolist() if cluster_ids is not None else None]
+ if dist.is_available() and dist.is_initialized():
+ dist.broadcast_object_list(obj, src=0)
+ cluster_ids = torch.tensor(obj[0], dtype=torch.long)
+ return cluster_ids, timing
+
+ def _rank_members_by_strategy(
+ self,
+ members: torch.Tensor,
+ features: Optional[torch.Tensor],
+ generator: torch.Generator,
+ ) -> torch.Tensor:
+ strategy = self.representative_strategy.lower()
+ if strategy in {"random", "rand"} or features is None:
+ return members[torch.randperm(len(members), generator=generator)]
+
+ member_features = features[members]
+ centroid = member_features.mean(dim=0, keepdim=True)
+ distances = (member_features - centroid).pow(2).sum(dim=1)
+
+ if strategy in {"nearest", "nearest_to_centroid", "center", "centroid"}:
+ order = torch.argsort(distances, descending=False)
+ return members[order]
+ if strategy in {"farthest", "farthest_from_centroid", "boundary"}:
+ order = torch.argsort(distances, descending=True)
+ return members[order]
+ if strategy in {"mixed", "mixed_center_boundary", "center_boundary"}:
+ near = torch.argsort(distances, descending=False).tolist()
+ far = torch.argsort(distances, descending=True).tolist()
+ merged = []
+ seen = set()
+ for left, right in zip(near, far):
+ for idx in (left, right):
+ if idx not in seen:
+ seen.add(idx)
+ merged.append(idx)
+ return members[torch.tensor(merged, dtype=torch.long)]
+ raise ValueError(f"Unknown representative_strategy: {self.representative_strategy}")
+
+ def _sample_representatives(
+ self,
+ cluster_ids: torch.Tensor,
+ step_id: int,
+ features: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
+ ) -> List[int]:
+ representatives = []
+ generator = torch.Generator(device="cpu")
+ generator.manual_seed(self.seed + int(step_id) + 17)
+
+ for cluster_id in range(int(cluster_ids.max().item()) + 1):
+ members = torch.where(cluster_ids == cluster_id)[0]
+ if len(members) == 0:
+ continue
+ take = min(self.samples_per_cluster, len(members))
+ ranked_members = self._rank_members_by_strategy(members, features, generator)
+ representatives.extend(ranked_members[:take].tolist())
+
+ return representatives
+
+ def select(self, model, step_id: int, num_samples: int, **kwargs) -> List[int]:
+ os.makedirs(self.cache_dir, exist_ok=True)
+ save_path = os.path.join(self.cache_dir, f"step_{step_id}.json")
+ if os.path.exists(save_path):
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ cached_indices, _ = load_cached_selection(save_path)
+ else:
+ cached_indices = None
+ obj = [cached_indices]
+ if dist.is_available() and dist.is_initialized():
+ dist.broadcast_object_list(obj, src=0)
+ return obj[0] or []
+
+ select_started = time.perf_counter()
+ cluster_step_id = self._resolve_cluster_step(step_id, **kwargs)
+ cluster_ids, timing = self._get_or_create_clusters(model, cluster_step_id)
+ timing["cluster_step_id"] = int(cluster_step_id)
+ timing["cluster_update_interval"] = int(self.cluster_update_interval)
+ features = None
+ if self.representative_strategy.lower() not in {"random", "rand"}:
+ started = time.perf_counter()
+ features = self._extract_embedding_features(model, cluster_step_id)
+ timing["representative_feature_load_time_sec"] = time.perf_counter() - started
+ else:
+ timing["representative_feature_load_time_sec"] = 0.0
+
+ started = time.perf_counter()
+ representatives = self._sample_representatives(cluster_ids, step_id, features)
+ timing["representative_sampling_time_sec"] = time.perf_counter() - started
+ rep_dataset = Subset(self.dataset, representatives)
+
+ now_train_save_dir = os.path.join(self.cache_dir, "train_representatives", str(step_id))
+ now_eval_save_dir = os.path.join(self.cache_dir, "eval", str(step_id))
+ rep_grads_path = os.path.join(now_train_save_dir, "all_projected_grads.pt")
+ eval_grads_path = os.path.join(now_eval_save_dir, "all_projected_grads.pt")
+
+ if not os.path.exists(rep_grads_path):
+ os.makedirs(now_train_save_dir, exist_ok=True)
+ optimizer_state = kwargs.get("optimizer_state", None)
+ started = time.perf_counter()
+ self._collect_and_save_projected_gradients(
+ model,
+ now_train_save_dir,
+ rep_dataset,
+ self.gradient_type,
+ optimizer_state,
+ )
+ self._merge_and_normalize_info(now_train_save_dir, len(rep_dataset))
+ timing["representative_gradient_time_sec"] = time.perf_counter() - started
+ else:
+ timing["representative_gradient_time_sec"] = 0.0
+
+ self.accelerator.wait_for_everyone()
+
+ if not os.path.exists(eval_grads_path):
+ os.makedirs(now_eval_save_dir, exist_ok=True)
+ started = time.perf_counter()
+ self._collect_and_save_projected_gradients(model, now_eval_save_dir, self.eval_dataset, "sgd", None)
+ self._merge_and_normalize_info(now_eval_save_dir, len(self.eval_dataset))
+ timing["eval_gradient_time_sec"] = time.perf_counter() - started
+ else:
+ timing["eval_gradient_time_sec"] = 0.0
+
+ self.accelerator.wait_for_everyone()
+
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ started = time.perf_counter()
+ rep_projected_grads = torch.load(rep_grads_path, map_location="cpu").float()
+ eval_projected_grads = torch.load(eval_grads_path, map_location="cpu").float()
+
+ num_clusters = int(cluster_ids.max().item()) + 1
+ cluster_grads = torch.zeros(num_clusters, self.proj_dim, dtype=torch.float32)
+ cluster_counts = torch.zeros(num_clusters, 1, dtype=torch.float32)
+ if rep_projected_grads.shape[0] != len(representatives):
+ aligned_count = min(rep_projected_grads.shape[0], len(representatives))
+ logger.warning(
+ "[ClusterLessSelector] Representative gradient count mismatch: "
+ f"got {rep_projected_grads.shape[0]} gradients for {len(representatives)} "
+ f"representatives. Aligning to first {aligned_count} rows."
+ )
+ rep_projected_grads = rep_projected_grads[:aligned_count]
+ representatives = representatives[:aligned_count]
+ rep_clusters = cluster_ids[torch.tensor(representatives, dtype=torch.long)]
+ cluster_grads.index_add_(0, rep_clusters, rep_projected_grads)
+ cluster_counts.index_add_(0, rep_clusters, torch.ones(len(representatives), 1))
+ cluster_grads = cluster_grads / cluster_counts.clamp(min=1.0)
+ cluster_grads = cluster_grads / cluster_grads.norm(dim=1, keepdim=True).clamp(min=1e-12)
+
+ cluster_scores = (cluster_grads @ eval_projected_grads.T).mean(dim=1)
+ sample_scores = cluster_scores[cluster_ids]
+ topk = torch.topk(sample_scores, k=min(num_samples, len(sample_scores)), largest=True)
+ selected_indices = topk.indices.tolist()
+ timing["scoring_time_sec"] = time.perf_counter() - started
+ timing["total_select_time_sec"] = time.perf_counter() - select_started
+
+ metric_payload = {
+ "cluster_less_score": [float(sample_scores[i].item()) for i in selected_indices],
+ "num_clusters": int(num_clusters),
+ "num_representatives": int(len(representatives)),
+ "samples_per_cluster": int(self.samples_per_cluster),
+ "clustering_method": self.clustering_method,
+ "representative_strategy": self.representative_strategy,
+ "cluster_update_interval": int(self.cluster_update_interval),
+ "embedding_model_name_or_path": self.embedding_model_name_or_path,
+ "cluster_step_id": int(cluster_step_id),
+ "timing": timing,
+ }
+ save_selection(save_path, selected_indices, metric_payload, self.accelerator)
+ logger.info(
+ f"[ClusterLessSelector] Selected {len(selected_indices)} samples from "
+ f"{num_clusters} clusters using {len(representatives)} representative gradients."
+ )
+ else:
+ selected_indices = None
+
+ obj = [selected_indices]
+ if dist.is_available() and dist.is_initialized():
+ dist.broadcast_object_list(obj, src=0)
+ return obj[0] or []
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/selector/custom_selector.py b/src/dataflex/train/selector/custom_selector.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cac30e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/selector/custom_selector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+from dataflex.core.registry import register_selector
+from dataflex.utils.logging import logger
+from .base_selector import Selector
+
+@register_selector('custom')
+class CustomSelector(Selector):
+ """
+ 一个自定义数据选择器的示例实现。
+ """
+ def __init__(
+ self,
+ dataset,
+ accelerator,
+ data_collator,
+ cache_dir,
+ ):
+ """
+ 构造函数，用于初始化选择器。
+ """
+ super().__init__(dataset, accelerator, data_collator, cache_dir)
+ logger.info(f"CustomSelector initialized.")
+
+ def select(self, model, step_id: int, num_samples: int, **kwargs):
+ """
+ 核心选择逻辑。
+ 此方法定义了如何从数据集中选择样本。
+
+ Args:
+ model: 当前的模型。
+ step_id (int): 当前的训练步数。
+ num_samples (int): 需要选择的样本数量。
+
+ Returns:
+ list: 包含被选中样本索引的列表。
+ """
+ # 示例逻辑：简单返回从 0 到 num_samples-1 的索引列表。
+ # 您可以在此实现更复杂的选择算法。
+ return list(range(num_samples))
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/selector/delta_loss_selector.py b/src/dataflex/train/selector/delta_loss_selector.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..285649f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/selector/delta_loss_selector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+import torch
+import os
+import json
+import numpy as np
+from tqdm import tqdm
+from torch.utils.data import Dataset, DataLoader
+import torch.distributed as dist
+from dataflex.core.registry import register_selector
+from .base_selector import Selector
+from dataflex.utils.logging import logger
+from dataflex.utils.selector_io import load_cached_selection, save_selection
+
+def sigmoid(x, k):
+ return 1 / (1 + np.exp(-k * (x - 0.5)))
+
+# 计算窗口位置
+def calculate_window_position(current_update_times, update_times, dataset_len, window_size=0.2, k=10):
+ scaled_iteration = current_update_times / update_times
+
+ delta = sigmoid(scaled_iteration, k) * (dataset_len - window_size * dataset_len)
+
+ # 计算窗口的起始和结束位置
+ window_start = delta
+ window_end = delta + window_size * dataset_len
+ return int(window_start), int(window_end)
+
+
+class IndexedDataset(Dataset):
+ def __init__(self, original_dataset):
+ self.dataset = original_dataset
+
+ def __len__(self):
+ return len(self.dataset)
+
+ def __getitem__(self, index):
+ data = self.dataset[index]
+ return {"idx": index, **data}
+
+@register_selector('delta_loss')
+class DeltaLossSelector(Selector):
+ def __init__(
+ self,
+ dataset,
+ accelerator,
+ data_collator,
+ cache_dir,
+ window_size: float = 0.2, # 窗口大小，默认20%
+ ):
+ super().__init__(dataset, accelerator, data_collator, cache_dir)
+ self.seed = 42
+ self.window_size = window_size
+ self.initial_losses = None
+ self.first_time = True
+ self.path_to_initial_losses = None
+
+ def compute_loss(self, dataloader, model, step_id):
+ dataloader = self.accelerator.prepare(dataloader)
+ n = len(self.dataset)
+ # 2) 本地收集 loss 与 idx
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Calculating loss using {self.accelerator.num_processes} GPUs")
+ local_losses, local_indices = [], []
+ for batch in tqdm(
+ dataloader,
+ desc=f"[Selector step {step_id}]",
+ disable=not self.accelerator.is_main_process,
+ dynamic_ncols=True,
+ ):
+ idx = batch["idx"]
+ if not torch.is_tensor(idx):
+ idx = torch.tensor(idx, dtype=torch.long, device=self.accelerator.device)
+ idx = idx.view(-1).to(dtype=torch.long)
+
+ with torch.no_grad():
+ # 注意从 batch 中移除 'idx' 再喂给模型
+ model_inputs = {k: v for k, v in batch.items() if k != "idx"}
+ loss = model(**model_inputs).loss.detach().view(-1) # [B]
+
+ local_losses.append(loss)
+ local_indices.append(idx)
+
+ local_losses = torch.cat(local_losses, dim=0) # [N_local_padded]
+ local_indices = torch.cat(local_indices, dim=0) # [N_local_padded]
+
+ # 3) 各进程 gather（按 rank 串联，可能含补齐/重复）
+ all_losses = self.accelerator.gather(local_losses)
+ all_indices = self.accelerator.gather(local_indices)
+
+ # 4) 主进程按 idx 去重并对齐到 len(dataset)
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ aligned = torch.full((n,), float("inf"), dtype=all_losses.dtype, device=all_losses.device)
+ seen = set()
+ # 采用“首次出现优先”保证确定性
+ for l, i in zip(all_losses.tolist(), all_indices.tolist()):
+ if 0 <= i < n and i not in seen:
+ aligned[i] = l
+ seen.add(i)
+ # 若极端情况下有没覆盖到的 idx，仍为 +inf；不会进 largest=True 的 topk
+ gathered_losses = aligned
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Loss calculation finished")
+ else:
+ gathered_losses = None
+ return gathered_losses
+
+ def select(self, model, step_id: int, num_samples: int, **kwargs):
+ model.eval()
+ os.makedirs(self.cache_dir, exist_ok=True)
+ save_path = os.path.join(self.cache_dir, f"step_{step_id}.json")
+
+ n = len(self.dataset)
+
+ # ========= 第一次调用select，计算并保存 initial_losses =========
+ if self.first_time == True:
+ self.first_time = False
+ self.path_to_initial_losses = save_path
+ # 读取并在main中广播
+ if os.path.exists(save_path):
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ cached_indices, _ = load_cached_selection(save_path)
+ else:
+ cached_indices = None
+ cached_indices_list = [cached_indices]
+ if dist.is_available() and dist.is_initialized():
+ dist.broadcast_object_list(cached_indices_list, src=0)
+ cached_indices = cached_indices_list[0]
+ else:
+ cached_indices = cached_indices or []
+ return cached_indices
+
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Calculating initial losses...")
+ dataloader = DataLoader(
+ IndexedDataset(self.dataset),
+ batch_size=1,
+ shuffle=False,
+ num_workers=2,
+ collate_fn=self.data_collator,
+ )
+ gathered_losses = self.compute_loss(dataloader, model, step_id)
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Got initial_losses. Return random warmup selection.")
+ gen = torch.Generator()
+ gen.manual_seed(self.seed)
+ if num_samples > n:
+ raise ValueError(
+ f"Cannot sample {num_samples} without replacement from {n} samples"
+ )
+ full_indices = torch.randperm(n, generator=gen)[:num_samples].tolist()
+ sel = full_indices
+ metric_payload = {
+ "loss": gathered_losses.tolist()
+ }
+ # 只有main中才会保存
+ save_selection(save_path, sel, metric_payload, self.accelerator)
+
+ else:
+ full_indices = None
+
+ obj = [full_indices]
+ if dist.is_available() and dist.is_initialized():
+ dist.broadcast_object_list(obj, src=0)
+ full_indices = obj[0]
+ else:
+ full_indices = full_indices or []
+
+ return full_indices
+
+ # ========= 后续调用 select，根据 delta_loss 选择样本 =========
+
+ if os.path.exists(save_path):
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ cached_indices, _ = load_cached_selection(save_path)
+ else:
+ cached_indices = None
+ cached_indices_list = [cached_indices]
+ if dist.is_available() and dist.is_initialized():
+ dist.broadcast_object_list(cached_indices_list, src=0)
+ cached_indices = cached_indices_list[0]
+ else:
+ cached_indices = cached_indices or []
+ return cached_indices
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Calculating current losses...")
+ dataloader = DataLoader(
+ IndexedDataset(self.dataset),
+ batch_size=1,
+ shuffle=False,
+ num_workers=2,
+ collate_fn=self.data_collator,
+ )
+
+ gathered_losses = self.compute_loss(dataloader, model, step_id)
+
+ # ========= 广播 current_losses（等长张量） =========
+ # losses_list = [gathered_losses if self.accelerator.is_main_process else None]
+ # dist.broadcast_object_list(losses_list, src=0)
+ # current_losses = losses_list[0]
+ current_losses = gathered_losses
+ # ========= Delta Loss 选择 =========
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Loading initial losses from {self.path_to_initial_losses}")
+
+ cached_indices, metrics = load_cached_selection(self.path_to_initial_losses)
+
+ self.initial_losses = torch.tensor(metrics["loss"], dtype=torch.float32)
+
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Selecting samples based on delta loss.")
+
+ # 计算损失差（delta loss）
+ delta_loss = self.initial_losses.to(current_losses.device) - current_losses
+
+ # 排序索引
+ sorted_indices = torch.argsort(delta_loss, descending=True)
+
+ # 计算滑动窗口的位置
+ window_start, window_end = calculate_window_position(kwargs["current_update_times"]-1, kwargs["update_times"]-1, n, window_size=self.window_size)
+ invalid_position = (delta_loss[sorted_indices] < 0).nonzero()
+ if len(invalid_position) > 0:
+ invalid_position = invalid_position[0].item() # 获取第一个小于0的位置
+ window_end = min(window_end, invalid_position) # 设置窗口右端点
+
+ # 输出选择次数、窗口位置
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Step {step_id}, Update {kwargs['current_update_times']-1}/{kwargs['update_times']-1}, Window position: [{window_start}, {window_end})")
+ # 输出窗口内最大的和最小的五个delta loss及其索引
+ window_delta_loss = delta_loss[sorted_indices][window_start:window_end]
+ if len(window_delta_loss) > 0:
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Window delta loss stats:")
+ logger.info(f" Max 5: {window_delta_loss[:5].cpu().numpy()}")
+ logger.info(f" Min 5: {window_delta_loss[-5:].cpu().numpy()}")
+ probs = torch.full((len(delta_loss),), 0.025, device=delta_loss.device)
+
+ # 设置窗口内的样本的概率较大
+ selected = sorted_indices[window_start:window_end]
+ probs[selected] = 1.0
+
+ # 归一化概率
+ probs = probs / probs.sum() # 归一化概率，使总和为1
+
+ available = int((probs > 0).sum().item())
+ effective_replacement = False
+
+ # 如果有效样本量小于请求样本数，使用放回采样
+ if not effective_replacement and num_samples > available:
+ effective_replacement = True
+ logger.info(
+ f"[Dataflex] 有效样本量 {available} 小于请求数量 {num_samples}，"
+ f"已自动改为放回采样。"
+ )
+
+ # 创建随机数生成器
+ gen = torch.Generator()
+ gen.manual_seed(self.seed + int(step_id))
+
+ # 使用torch.multinomial进行采样
+ sel_tensor = torch.multinomial(probs.cpu(), num_samples=num_samples,
+ replacement=effective_replacement, generator=gen)
+ sel = sel_tensor.tolist()
+
+ # ========= 4) 保存（只保存“被选中的 indices + 对应 metric”） =========
+ metric_payload = {
+ "delta_loss": [float(delta_loss[i].item()) for i in sel]
+ }
+ save_selection(save_path, sel, metric_payload, self.accelerator)
+ else:
+ sel = None
+ # 广播选择的样本
+ sel_list = [sel]
+ if dist.is_available() and dist.is_initialized():
+ dist.broadcast_object_list(sel_list, src=0)
+ sel = sel_list[0]
+ else:
+ sel = sel or []
+ self.accelerator.wait_for_everyone()
+ return sel
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/selector/less_selector.py b/src/dataflex/train/selector/less_selector.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9fd9890
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/selector/less_selector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
+from dataflex.core.registry import register_selector
+from dataflex.utils.selector_io import load_cached_selection, save_selection
+from .base_selector import Selector
+from dataflex.utils.logging import logger
+import torch
+from typing import List, Dict, Optional
+import torch.distributed as dist
+from tqdm import tqdm
+from torch.utils.data import DataLoader, Dataset
+from trak.projectors import BasicProjector, CudaProjector, ProjectionType
+import json
+import os
+import glob # 用于文件查找
+
+# NEW: IndexedDataset Wrapper
+class IndexedDataset(Dataset):
+ def __init__(self, original_dataset):
+ self.original_dataset = original_dataset
+
+ def __len__(self):
+ return len(self.original_dataset)
+
+ def __getitem__(self, index):
+ return index, self.original_dataset[index]
+
+@register_selector('less')
+class LessSelector(Selector):
+ def __init__(self,
+ dataset,
+ eval_dataset,
+ accelerator,
+ data_collator,
+ cache_dir,
+ gradient_type: str = "adam",
+ proj_dim: int = 8192,
+ save_interval: int = 16,
+ seed: int = 42):
+ """
+ 初始化 LessSelector.
+ """
+ super().__init__(dataset, accelerator, data_collator, cache_dir)
+
+ self.eval_dataset = eval_dataset
+ self.gradient_type = gradient_type
+ self.proj_dim = proj_dim
+ self.save_interval = save_interval
+ self.seed = seed
+
+ self.device = self.accelerator.device
+ self.dtype = torch.float16
+
+ os.makedirs(self.cache_dir, exist_ok=True)
+ logger.info(f"LessSelector initialized. Projected gradients will be saved in {self.cache_dir}")
+
+ def _get_number_of_params(self, model) -> int:
+ """计算模型中需要梯度的参数数量。"""
+ """计算模型中需要梯度的参数数量（兼容 DeepSpeed ZeRO-3 分区参数）。"""
+ num_params = 0
+ for p in model.parameters():
+ if p.requires_grad:
+ # DeepSpeed ZeRO-3 下参数被分区，p.numel() 只返回分区后的大小，
+ # 需要用 ds_numel 获取完整参数大小，以匹配 safe_get_full_grad 返回的梯度维度。
+ if hasattr(p, 'ds_numel'):
+ num_params += p.ds_numel
+ else:
+ num_params += p.numel()
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ logger.info(f"Total number of parameters that require gradients: {num_params}")
+ return num_params
+
+ def _prepare_optimizer_state(self, model, optimizer_state: Optional[Dict] = None) -> (torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor):
+ """从优化器状态中准备 Adam 的一阶和二阶矩估计（兼容 DeepSpeed ZeRO-3）。"""
+ avg_list, avg_sq_list = [], []
+
+ if self.accelerator.state.deepspeed_plugin is not None:
+ # DeepSpeed 模式：使用 safe_get_full_optimizer_state 获取完整优化器状态
+ from deepspeed.utils import safe_get_full_optimizer_state
+ for param in model.parameters():
+ if param.requires_grad:
+ exp_avg = safe_get_full_optimizer_state(param, "exp_avg")
+ exp_avg_sq = safe_get_full_optimizer_state(param, "exp_avg_sq")
+ if exp_avg is not None and exp_avg_sq is not None:
+ avg_list.append(exp_avg.view(-1))
+ avg_sq_list.append(exp_avg_sq.view(-1))
+ else:
+ # 非 DeepSpeed 模式：从传入的 optimizer_state 字典中获取
+ if optimizer_state is None:
+ raise ValueError("optimizer_state must be provided for non-DeepSpeed 'adam' gradient type.")
+ for param in model.parameters():
+ if param.requires_grad:
+ avg_list.append(optimizer_state[param]["exp_avg"].view(-1))
+ avg_sq_list.append(optimizer_state[param]["exp_avg_sq"].view(-1))
+
+ avg = torch.cat(avg_list).to(self.device)
+ avg_list.clear()
+ avg_sq = torch.cat(avg_sq_list).to(self.device)
+ avg_sq_list.clear()
+ return avg, avg_sq
+
+ def _obtain_gradients(self, model, batch, gradient_type, m: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, v: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None) -> torch.Tensor:
+ """根据指定的类型计算单个样本的梯度向量。"""
+ # 必须先对当前 batch 做 forward + backward，才能产生对应的梯度
+ if self.accelerator.state.deepspeed_plugin is not None:
+ # DeepSpeed 模式：直接调用 model forward/backward
+ loss = model(**batch).loss
+ model.backward(loss)
+ # 使用 safe_get_full_grad 获取完整梯度（ZeRO 分区下需要 gather）
+ from deepspeed.utils import safe_get_full_grad
+ grads = []
+ for name, p in model.named_parameters():
+ g = safe_get_full_grad(p)
+ if g is not None:
+ grads.append(g.contiguous().view(-1))
+ vectorized_grads = torch.cat(grads) if grads else None
+
+ else:
+ # 非 DeepSpeed 模式
+ with self.accelerator.no_sync(model):
+ loss = model(**batch).loss
+ self.accelerator.backward(loss)
+ vectorized_grads = torch.cat(
+ [p.grad.view(-1) for p in model.parameters() if p.grad is not None]
+ )
+
+ if gradient_type == "adam":
+ if m is None or v is None:
+ raise ValueError("Adam optimizer states (m, v) must be provided for 'adam' gradient type.")
+ beta1, beta2, eps = 0.9, 0.999, 1e-08
+ denom = v.mul(beta2)
+ denom.addcmul_(vectorized_grads, vectorized_grads, value=(1 - beta2))
+ denom.sqrt_().add_(eps)
+ vectorized_grads.mul_(1 - beta1).add_(m, alpha=beta1)
+ vectorized_grads.div_(denom)
+ del denom
+ elif gradient_type == "sgd":
+ pass
+ else:
+ assert False, f"Unknown gradient type: {gradient_type}"
+
+ model.zero_grad()
+ return vectorized_grads
+
+ def _get_trak_projector(self):
+ """获取 TRAK projector，优先使用 CUDA 版本。"""
+ try:
+ import fast_jl
+ num_sms = torch.cuda.get_device_properties(self.device.index).multi_processor_count
+ fast_jl.project_rademacher_8(torch.zeros(8, 1_000, device=self.device), 512, 0, num_sms)
+ projector = CudaProjector
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ logger.info("Using CudaProjector for gradient projection.")
+ except (ImportError, RuntimeError):
+ projector = BasicProjector
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ logger.info("CudaProjector not available. Using BasicProjector for gradient projection.")
+ return projector
+
+ def _get_max_saved_index(self, save_dir) -> int:
+ """
+ MODIFIED: 获取已保存的最大样本数（而不是 chunk 索引），用于断点续传。
+ 我们通过查看最后一个文件的文件名来推断。
+ """
+ prefix = "grads"
+ if not os.path.exists(save_dir):
+ return -1
+ # We only need to check this on the main process
+ if not self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ return -1
+
+ files = [f for f in os.listdir(save_dir) if f.startswith(prefix) and f.endswith(".pt")]
+ if not files:
+ return -1
+
+ # 文件名格式: grads-{count}-rank{rank}.pt
+ indices = [int(f.split('.')[0].split('-')[1]) for f in files]
+ return max(indices) if indices else -1
+
+ # MODIFIED: 重写核心逻辑
+ def _collect_and_save_projected_gradients(self, model, save_dir, dataset_to_use, gradient_type, optimizer_state: Optional[Dict] = None):
+ """
+ 核心函数：每个进程独立计算梯度、投影，并保存带有索引的分块文件。
+ """
+ # 1) 初始化 Projector (每个进程都需要一个)
+ num_params = self._get_number_of_params(model)
+ projector_class = self._get_trak_projector()
+ projector = projector_class(
+ grad_dim=num_params,
+ proj_dim=self.proj_dim,
+ seed=self.seed,
+ proj_type=ProjectionType.rademacher,
+ max_batch_size=8,
+ block_size=128,
+ device=self.device,
+ dtype=self.dtype,
+ )
+
+ # 2) 准备 Adam 状态 (如果需要)
+ m, v = None, None
+ if gradient_type == "adam":
+ # DeepSpeed 模式下可通过 safe_get_full_optimizer_state 直接获取，无需传入 optimizer_state
+ if self.accelerator.state.deepspeed_plugin is None and optimizer_state is None:
+ raise ValueError("optimizer_state must be provided for non-DeepSpeed 'adam' gradient type.")
+ m, v = self._prepare_optimizer_state(model, optimizer_state)
+
+ # 3) 构造 DataLoader
+ # NEW: 使用 IndexedDataset 来追踪样本的原始索引
+ indexed_dataset = IndexedDataset(dataset_to_use)
+
+ # NEW: 定义一个处理索引的 collator
+ def indexed_collator_wrapper(features):
+ indices = [f[0] for f in features]
+ original_data = [f[1] for f in features]
+ collated_batch = self.data_collator(original_data)
+ return {'indices': torch.tensor(indices), 'batch': collated_batch}
+
+ dataloader = DataLoader(
+ indexed_dataset,
+ batch_size=1, # 仍然是逐样本计算
+ shuffle=False,
+ num_workers=2,
+ collate_fn=indexed_collator_wrapper,
+ )
+ dataloader = self.accelerator.prepare(dataloader)
+
+ # 4) 设置保存间隔
+ # MODIFIED: 这是每个进程的本地保存间隔
+ save_interval = self.save_interval # 每个进程每处理save_interval个样本就映射并保存一次
+
+ # 5) 断点续传
+ max_index = self._get_max_saved_index(save_dir=save_dir)
+ start_count = max_index + 1
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process and start_count > 1:
+ logger.info(f"Resuming from sample index {start_count}.")
+
+ # 等待主进程完成检查
+ self.accelerator.wait_for_everyone()
+
+ # 6) 循环计算、投影和保存 (在每个进程上独立进行)
+ total_samples_in_loader = len(dataloader)
+ model_device = next(model.parameters()).device
+
+ grad_buffer = torch.zeros(save_interval, num_params, device=model_device, dtype=self.dtype)
+ idx_buffer = torch.zeros(save_interval, dtype=torch.long)
+ buf_pos = 0
+
+ for batch_idx, data in enumerate(tqdm(
+ dataloader,
+ desc=f"[Process {self.accelerator.process_index}] Calculating Gradients",
+ disable=not self.accelerator.is_local_main_process,
+ dynamic_ncols=True,
+ position=self.accelerator.process_index,
+ ), 1):
+ indices = data['indices']
+ batch = data['batch']
+
+ vectorized_grads = self._obtain_gradients(model, batch, gradient_type, m, v)
+ grad_buffer[buf_pos].copy_(vectorized_grads)
+ del vectorized_grads
+ idx_buffer[buf_pos] = indices[0]
+ buf_pos += 1
+
+ if buf_pos == save_interval or batch_idx == total_samples_in_loader:
+ projected = projector.project(grad_buffer[:buf_pos], model_id=0).cpu()
+ save_path = os.path.join(
+ save_dir,
+ f"grads-{idx_buffer[:buf_pos].max().item()}-rank{self.accelerator.process_index}.pt",
+ )
+ torch.save({'grads': projected, 'indices': idx_buffer[:buf_pos].clone()}, save_path)
+ del projected
+ buf_pos = 0
+
+ del grad_buffer, idx_buffer
+ self.accelerator.wait_for_everyone()
+
+
+ # MODIFIED: 重写合并逻辑
+ def _merge_and_normalize_info(self, save_dir, total_samples):
+ """
+ 在主进程上合并所有分块文件，根据索引重建顺序，然后归一化。
+ """
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ logger.info(f"Merging and normalizing projected gradients from {save_dir}")
+
+ # 使用 glob 查找所有 rank 保存的文件
+ files = glob.glob(os.path.join(save_dir, "grads-*-rank*.pt"))
+ if not files:
+ logger.warning("No gradient files found to merge.")
+ return
+
+ # 初始化一个空的张量来存放排序后的数据
+ # total_samples 是原始数据集的大小
+ final_grads = torch.zeros(total_samples, self.proj_dim, dtype=torch.float32)
+
+ for file_path in tqdm(files, desc="Merging files"):
+ chunk = torch.load(file_path, map_location="cpu")
+ grads_chunk = chunk['grads'].to(torch.float32)
+ indices_chunk = chunk['indices']
+
+ # 使用索引将数据放回正确的位置
+ final_grads[indices_chunk] = grads_chunk
+
+ norms = final_grads.norm(dim=1, keepdim=True).clamp_(min=1e-12)
+ final_grads.div_(norms)
+ del norms
+
+ output_file = os.path.join(save_dir, "all_projected_grads.pt")
+ torch.save(final_grads, output_file)
+ logger.info(f"Saved merged and normalized gradients (Shape: {final_grads.shape}) to {output_file}")
+
+ # Optional: 清理分块文件
+ for file_path in files:
+ os.remove(file_path)
+ logger.info(f"Cleaned up temporary chunk files in {save_dir}")
+
+ def select(self, model, step_id: int, num_samples: int, **kwargs) -> List[int]:
+ """
+ 选择得分最高的 num_samples 个样本。
+ """
+
+ # 有无存储的step顺序
+ os.makedirs(self.cache_dir, exist_ok=True)
+ save_path = os.path.join(self.cache_dir, f"step_{step_id}.json")
+ if os.path.exists(save_path):
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ cached_indices, _ = load_cached_selection(save_path)
+ else:
+ cached_indices = None
+ cached_indices_list = [cached_indices]
+ if dist.is_available() and dist.is_initialized():
+ dist.broadcast_object_list(cached_indices_list, src=0)
+ cached_indices = cached_indices_list[0]
+ else:
+ cached_indices = cached_indices or []
+ return cached_indices
+
+ now_train_save_dir = os.path.join(self.cache_dir, "train", str(step_id))
+ now_eval_save_dir = os.path.join(self.cache_dir, "eval", str(step_id))
+
+ self.step_id = step_id
+ train_final_grads_path = os.path.join(now_train_save_dir, "all_projected_grads.pt")
+ eval_final_grads_path = os.path.join(now_eval_save_dir, "all_projected_grads.pt")
+
+ # 步骤 1: 计算训练集梯度
+ if not os.path.exists(train_final_grads_path):
+ os.makedirs(now_train_save_dir, exist_ok=True)
+ optimizer_state = kwargs.get('optimizer_state', None)
+ self._collect_and_save_projected_gradients(model, now_train_save_dir, self.dataset, self.gradient_type, optimizer_state)
+ self._merge_and_normalize_info(now_train_save_dir, len(self.dataset))
+
+ self.accelerator.wait_for_everyone()
+
+ # 步骤 2: 计算验证集梯度
+ if not os.path.exists(eval_final_grads_path):
+ os.makedirs(now_eval_save_dir, exist_ok=True)
+ # MODIFIED: 传入 eval_dataset
+ self._collect_and_save_projected_gradients(model, now_eval_save_dir, self.eval_dataset, "sgd", None)
+ self._merge_and_normalize_info(now_eval_save_dir, len(self.eval_dataset))
+
+ self.accelerator.wait_for_everyone()
+
+ # 步骤 3: 主进程加载、计算分数并选择 top-k
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ logger.info(f"Loading projected gradients from {train_final_grads_path}")
+ train_projected_grads = torch.load(train_final_grads_path, map_location="cpu")
+
+ logger.info(f"Loading projected gradients from {eval_final_grads_path}")
+ eval_projected_grads = torch.load(eval_final_grads_path, map_location="cpu")
+
+ train_eval_similarities = (train_projected_grads @ eval_projected_grads.T).mean(dim=1)
+ topk = torch.topk(train_eval_similarities, k=num_samples, largest=True)
+ selected_indices = topk.indices.tolist()
+
+ logger.info(f"Selecting top {num_samples} samples from {len(train_eval_similarities)}.")
+
+ # ========= 4) 保存（只保存“被选中的 indices + 对应 metric”） =========
+ metric_payload = {
+ "train_eval_similarity": [float(train_eval_similarities[i].item()) for i in selected_indices]
+ }
+ save_selection(save_path, selected_indices, metric_payload, self.accelerator)
+ else:
+ selected_indices = None
+
+ # 步骤 4: 广播选择的索引
+ obj_list = [selected_indices]
+ if dist.is_initialized():
+ dist.broadcast_object_list(obj_list, src=0)
+ selected_indices = obj_list[0]
+
+ return selected_indices
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/selector/loss_selector.py b/src/dataflex/train/selector/loss_selector.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c5591a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/selector/loss_selector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+from dataflex.core.registry import register_selector
+from dataflex.utils.selector_io import load_cached_selection, save_selection
+from dataflex.utils.logging import logger
+from .base_selector import Selector
+
+import torch
+import torch.distributed as dist
+from tqdm import tqdm
+from torch.utils.data import Dataset, DataLoader
+import json
+import os
+
+class IndexedDataset(Dataset):
+ def __init__(self, original_dataset):
+ self.dataset = original_dataset
+
+ def __len__(self):
+ return len(self.dataset)
+
+ def __getitem__(self, index):
+ data = self.dataset[index]
+ return {"idx": index, **data}
+
+@register_selector('loss')
+class LossSelector(Selector):
+ def __init__(
+ self,
+ dataset,
+ accelerator,
+ data_collator,
+ cache_dir,
+ focus: str = "high", # "high" | "medium" | "low"
+ focus_weight: float = 5.0, # 权重倍数
+ quantiles: tuple = (0.33, 0.66), # 低/中/高切分点
+ replacement: bool = False, # 是否放回采样
+ temperature: float = 1.0, # 温度控制
+ ):
+ super().__init__(dataset, accelerator, data_collator, cache_dir)
+
+ # 新增的采样控制参数
+ self.focus = str(focus).lower()
+ if self.focus not in {"low", "medium", "high"}:
+ raise ValueError("focus 必须是 'low'、'medium' 或 'high'")
+ self.focus_weight = focus_weight
+ self.quantiles = quantiles
+ self.replacement = replacement
+ self.temperature = temperature
+
+ logger.info(f"LossSelector initialized.")
+
+ def select(self, model, step_id: int, num_samples: int, **kwargs):
+ model.eval()
+ os.makedirs(self.cache_dir, exist_ok=True)
+ save_path = os.path.join(self.cache_dir, f"step_{step_id}.json")
+ n = len(self.dataset)
+ if os.path.exists(save_path):
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ cached_indices, _ = load_cached_selection(save_path)
+ else:
+ cached_indices = None
+ cached_indices_list = [cached_indices]
+ if dist.is_available() and dist.is_initialized():
+ dist.broadcast_object_list(cached_indices_list, src=0)
+ cached_indices = cached_indices_list[0]
+ else:
+ cached_indices = cached_indices or []
+ return cached_indices
+
+ # 1) DataLoader
+ dataloader = DataLoader(
+ IndexedDataset(self.dataset),
+ batch_size=1,
+ shuffle=False,
+ num_workers=2,
+ collate_fn=self.data_collator,
+ )
+ dataloader = self.accelerator.prepare(dataloader)
+
+ # 2) 本地收集 loss 与 idx
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Calculating loss using {self.accelerator.num_processes} GPUs")
+ local_losses, local_indices = [], []
+ for batch in tqdm(
+ dataloader,
+ desc=f"[Selector step {step_id}]",
+ disable=not self.accelerator.is_main_process,
+ dynamic_ncols=True,
+ ):
+ idx = batch["idx"]
+ if not torch.is_tensor(idx):
+ idx = torch.tensor(idx, dtype=torch.long, device=self.accelerator.device)
+ idx = idx.view(-1).to(dtype=torch.long)
+
+ with torch.no_grad():
+ # 注意从 batch 中移除 'idx' 再喂给模型
+ model_inputs = {k: v for k, v in batch.items() if k != "idx"}
+ loss = model(**model_inputs).loss.detach().view(-1) # [B]
+
+ local_losses.append(loss)
+ local_indices.append(idx)
+
+ local_losses = torch.cat(local_losses, dim=0) # [N_local_padded]
+ local_indices = torch.cat(local_indices, dim=0) # [N_local_padded]
+
+ # 3) 各进程 gather（按 rank 串联，可能含补齐/重复）
+ all_losses = self.accelerator.gather(local_losses)
+ all_indices = self.accelerator.gather(local_indices)
+
+ # 4) 主进程按 idx 去重并对齐到 len(dataset)
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ aligned = torch.full((n,), float("inf"), dtype=all_losses.dtype, device=all_losses.device)
+ seen = set()
+ # 采用“首次出现优先”保证确定性
+ for l, i in zip(all_losses.tolist(), all_indices.tolist()):
+ if 0 <= i < n and i not in seen:
+ aligned[i] = l
+ seen.add(i)
+ # 若极端情况下有没覆盖到的 idx，仍为 +inf；不会进 largest=True 的 topk
+ gathered_losses = aligned
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Loss calculation finished")
+ else:
+ gathered_losses = None
+
+ # ========= 广播 gathered_losses（等长张量） =========
+ # gathered_list = [gathered_losses if self.accelerator.is_main_process else None]
+ # dist.broadcast_object_list(gathered_list, src=0)
+ # gathered_losses = gathered_list[0]
+
+ # ========= 主进程：基于分布的采样 =========
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] focus={self.focus}, focus_weight={self.focus_weight}")
+ losses = gathered_losses.clone().detach().float()
+ valid_mask = torch.isfinite(losses)
+
+ if valid_mask.sum().item() == 0:
+ probs = torch.full((len(losses),), 1.0 / len(losses))
+ else:
+ valid_losses = losses[valid_mask]
+ q1 = torch.quantile(valid_losses, self.quantiles[0])
+ q2 = torch.quantile(valid_losses, self.quantiles[1])
+
+ low_mask = (losses <= q1) & valid_mask
+ medium_mask = (losses > q1) & (losses <= q2) & valid_mask
+ high_mask = (losses > q2) & valid_mask
+
+ weights = torch.zeros_like(losses).float()
+ weights[low_mask] = 1.0
+ weights[medium_mask] = 1.0
+ weights[high_mask] = 1.0
+
+ if self.focus == "low":
+ weights[low_mask] *= self.focus_weight
+ elif self.focus == "medium":
+ weights[medium_mask] *= self.focus_weight
+ else:
+ weights[high_mask] *= self.focus_weight
+
+ weights[~valid_mask] = 0.0
+ eps = 1e-12
+ probs = (weights + eps) ** (1.0 / self.temperature)
+ if probs.sum() == 0.0:
+ probs = valid_mask.float()
+ probs = probs / probs.sum()
+
+ available = int((probs > 0).sum().item())
+ effective_replacement = self.replacement
+ if not effective_replacement and num_samples > available:
+ effective_replacement = True
+ logger.info(
+ f"[Dataflex] 有效样本量 {available} 小于请求数量 {num_samples}，"
+ f"已自动改为放回采样。"
+ )
+
+ gen = torch.Generator()
+ gen.manual_seed(self.seed + int(step_id))
+ sel_tensor = torch.multinomial(
+ probs.cpu(), num_samples=num_samples,
+ replacement=effective_replacement, generator=gen
+ )
+ sel = sel_tensor.tolist()
+
+ # ========= 4) 保存（只保存“被选中的 indices + 对应 metric”） =========
+ metric_payload = {
+ "loss": [float(losses[i].item()) for i in sel]
+ }
+ save_selection(save_path, sel, metric_payload, self.accelerator)
+ else:
+ sel = None
+
+ # 广播 sel
+ sel_list = [sel]
+ if dist.is_available() and dist.is_initialized():
+ dist.broadcast_object_list(sel_list, src=0)
+ sel = sel_list[0]
+ else:
+ sel = sel or []
+
+ return sel
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/selector/near_selector.py b/src/dataflex/train/selector/near_selector.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b849b92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/selector/near_selector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+import os
+import numpy as np
+from dataflex.core.registry import register_selector
+from dataflex.utils.logging import logger
+from .base_selector import Selector
+
+
+@register_selector("near")
+class near_Selector(Selector):
+
+ def __init__(
+ self,
+ dataset,
+ accelerator,
+ data_collator,
+ cache_dir,
+ indices_path: str = None):
+ super().__init__(dataset, accelerator, data_collator, cache_dir)
+
+ # 基本检查
+ if not indices_path or not os.path.exists(indices_path):
+ raise FileNotFoundError(f"top_indices 文件 {indices_path} 不存在！")
+ self.top_indices = np.load(indices_path)
+ logger.info(f"[near_Selector] Loaded top_indices from: {indices_path}")
+ logger.info(f"[near_Selector] top_indices shape: {self.top_indices.shape}")
+ if self.top_indices.ndim != 2:
+ raise ValueError(
+ f"top_indices 必须是二维矩阵，当前 ndim = {self.top_indices.ndim}"
+ )
+ if not np.issubdtype(self.top_indices.dtype, np.integer):
+ raise TypeError(
+ f"top_indices 必须是整数类型，当前 dtype = {self.top_indices.dtype}"
+ )
+
+ max_idx = int(self.top_indices.max())
+ min_idx = int(self.top_indices.min())
+ if min_idx < 0 or max_idx >= len(self.dataset):
+ raise ValueError(
+ f"top_indices 中存在越界索引：范围 [{min_idx}, {max_idx}]，"
+ f"但数据集长度为 {len(self.dataset)}"
+ )
+
+ logger.info("[near_Selector] Initialization complete.")
+
+ def select(self, model, step_id: int, num_samples: int, **kwargs):
+ """
+ 按列优先顺序，从 top_indices 中选出 num_samples 个不重复的索引：
+ - 第 0 列： top_indices[0,0], top_indices[1,0], ..., top_indices[M-1,0]
+ - 第 1 列： top_indices[0,1], ...
+ - ...
+ - 遇到已经选过的 index 就跳过
+ - 遍历完所有列仍不足 num_samples，则直接报错阻止运行
+ """
+ M, K = self.top_indices.shape
+ logger.info(
+ f"[near_Selector] Selecting {num_samples} samples "
+ f"from matrix of shape (M={M}, K={K}) ..."
+ )
+
+ selected_ids = []
+ selected_set = set()
+
+ for k in range(K):
+ for j in range(M):
+ idx = int(self.top_indices[j, k])
+
+ if idx in selected_set:
+ continue
+
+ selected_set.add(idx)
+ selected_ids.append(idx)
+
+ if len(selected_ids) >= num_samples:
+ logger.info(
+ f"[near_Selector] Col-wise selection reached "
+ f"num_samples={num_samples}."
+ )
+ return selected_ids
+
+ # 扫完所有列还不够,抛异常
+ raise ValueError(
+ f"{num_samples} 个不重复样本：最多只能得到 {len(selected_ids)} 个。"
+ )
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/selector/nice_selector.py b/src/dataflex/train/selector/nice_selector.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f7b9f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/selector/nice_selector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,658 @@
+from dataflex.core.registry import register_selector
+from dataflex.utils.selector_io import load_cached_selection, save_selection
+from .base_selector import Selector
+from dataflex.utils.logging import logger
+import torch
+from typing import List, Dict, Optional
+import torch.distributed as dist
+from tqdm import tqdm
+from torch.utils.data import DataLoader, Dataset
+from trak.projectors import BasicProjector, CudaProjector, ProjectionType
+import os
+import glob
+
+from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoModelForSequenceClassification
+import torch.nn.functional as F
+
+class IndexedDataset(Dataset):
+ """索引包装，确保样本索引在缓存时保持一致。"""
+ def __init__(self, original_dataset):
+ self.original_dataset = original_dataset
+
+ def __len__(self):
+ return len(self.original_dataset)
+
+ def __getitem__(self, index):
+ return index, self.original_dataset[index]
+
+DEFAULT_POLICY_PROMPT = (
+ "Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an optional input that provides further context. "
+ "Write a response that appropriately completes the request.\n"
+ "### Instruction:\n{instruction}\n"
+ "### Input:\n{input}\n"
+ "### Response:"
+)
+
+DEFAULT_REWARD_PROMPT_WITH_REF = (
+ "You are a reward model. Your task is to evaluate an AI's response based on a given instruction, input, and a reference answer. "
+ "Provide a single score between 0.0 (worst) and 1.0 (best).\n\n"
+ "A score of 1.0 means the **Candidate** response is correct, helpful, and perfectly aligned with the **Reference** answer.\n"
+ "A score of 0.0 means the response is incorrect, unhelpful, or completely misaligned.\n\n"
+ "### Instruction:\n{instruction}\n"
+ "### Input:\n{input}\n"
+ "### Reference:\n{reference}\n"
+ "### Candidate:\n{prediction}\n"
+ "Score:"
+)
+
+DEFAULT_REWARD_PROMPT_NO_REF = (
+ "You are a reward model. Your task is to evaluate an AI's response based on a given instruction and input. "
+ "Provide a single score between 0.0 (worst) and 1.0 (best).\n\n"
+ "A score of 1.0 means the **Candidate** response is correct, helpful, and completely safe.\n"
+ "A score of 0.0 means the response is incorrect, unhelpful, or unsafe.\n\n"
+ "### Instruction:\n{instruction}\n"
+ "### Input:\n{input}\n"
+ "### Candidate:\n{prediction}\n"
+ "Score:"
+)
+
+@register_selector('nice')
+class NICESelector(Selector):
+ def __init__(self,
+ dataset,
+ eval_dataset,
+ accelerator,
+ data_collator,
+ cache_dir,
+ policy_model_path: str,
+ reward_model_path: str,
+ gradient_type: str = "adam",
+ proj_dim: int = 8192,
+ seed: int = 42,
+ mc_samples: int = 4,
+ max_new_tokens: int = 512,
+ generation_temperature: float = 0.7,
+ prompt_template: Optional[str] = None,
+ reward_prompt_with_ref: Optional[str] = None,
+ reward_prompt_without_ref: Optional[str] = None,
+ max_prompt_length: int = 4096):
+ """初始化 NICE 选择器，加载策略与奖励模型。"""
+ super().__init__(dataset, accelerator, data_collator, cache_dir)
+
+ self.eval_dataset = eval_dataset
+ self.gradient_type = gradient_type
+ self.proj_dim = proj_dim
+ self.seed = seed
+ self.mc_samples = mc_samples
+ self.max_new_tokens = max_new_tokens
+ self.generation_temperature = generation_temperature
+ self.prompt_template = prompt_template or DEFAULT_POLICY_PROMPT
+ self.reward_prompt_with_ref = reward_prompt_with_ref or DEFAULT_REWARD_PROMPT_WITH_REF
+ self.reward_prompt_without_ref = reward_prompt_without_ref or DEFAULT_REWARD_PROMPT_NO_REF
+ self.max_prompt_length = max_prompt_length
+
+ self.device = self.accelerator.device
+ self.dtype = torch.float16
+
+ self.policy_model_path = policy_model_path
+ self.reward_model_path = reward_model_path
+
+ os.makedirs(self.cache_dir, exist_ok=True)
+ logger.info("NICESelector initialized, loading local models...")
+
+ self._load_local_models()
+ logger.info(f"Loaded policy model from {policy_model_path}")
+ logger.info(f"Loaded reward model from {reward_model_path}")
+
+ def _load_local_models(self):
+ """从本地路径加载策略模型与奖励模型。"""
+ self.policy_tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(self.policy_model_path, trust_remote_code=True)
+ if self.policy_tokenizer.pad_token_id is None:
+ self.policy_tokenizer.pad_token_id = self.policy_tokenizer.eos_token_id
+ self.policy_model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
+ self.policy_model_path,
+ trust_remote_code=True,
+ torch_dtype=self.dtype,
+ ).to(self.device)
+ self.policy_model.eval()
+ self.policy_model.requires_grad_(False)
+
+ self.reward_tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(self.reward_model_path, trust_remote_code=True)
+ if self.reward_tokenizer.pad_token_id is None:
+ self.reward_tokenizer.pad_token_id = self.reward_tokenizer.eos_token_id
+ self.reward_model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(
+ self.reward_model_path,
+ trust_remote_code=True,
+ torch_dtype=self.dtype,
+ ).to(self.device)
+ self.reward_model.eval()
+ self.reward_model.requires_grad_(False)
+
+ def _get_number_of_params(self, model) -> int:
+ """计算模型中需要梯度的参数数量。"""
+ num_params = sum(p.numel() for p in model.parameters() if p.requires_grad)
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ logger.info(f"Total number of parameters that require gradients: {num_params}")
+ return num_params
+
+ def _prepare_optimizer_state(self, model, optimizer_state: Dict, optimizer=None) -> (torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor):
+ """从优化器状态字典中准备 Adam 的一阶和二阶矩估计。"""
+ from accelerate.utils import DistributedType
+ is_deepspeed = self.accelerator.distributed_type == DistributedType.DEEPSPEED
+
+ if is_deepspeed:
+ return self._prepare_optimizer_state_deepspeed(model)
+
+ avg_list, avg_sq_list = [], []
+ for param in model.parameters():
+ if param.requires_grad:
+ avg_list.append(optimizer_state[param]["exp_avg"].view(-1))
+ avg_sq_list.append(optimizer_state[param]["exp_avg_sq"].view(-1))
+
+ avg = torch.cat(avg_list).to(self.device)
+ avg_list.clear()
+ avg_sq = torch.cat(avg_sq_list).to(self.device)
+ avg_sq_list.clear()
+ return avg, avg_sq
+
+ def _prepare_optimizer_state_deepspeed(self, model) -> (torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor):
+ """使用 DeepSpeed 官方 API 获取完整的 Adam 一阶和二阶矩估计。
+
+ safe_get_full_optimizer_state 适用于 ZeRO Stage 1/2/3，
+ 会自动 all-gather 各 rank 的分区并返回完整状态。
+ See: https://deepspeed.readthedocs.io/en/latest/zero3.html#debugging
+ """
+ from deepspeed.utils import safe_get_full_optimizer_state
+
+ avg_list, avg_sq_list = [], []
+ for p in model.parameters():
+ if p.requires_grad:
+ exp_avg = safe_get_full_optimizer_state(p, "exp_avg")
+ exp_avg_sq = safe_get_full_optimizer_state(p, "exp_avg_sq")
+ if exp_avg is not None and exp_avg_sq is not None:
+ avg_list.append(exp_avg.view(-1))
+ avg_sq_list.append(exp_avg_sq.view(-1))
+
+ avg = torch.cat(avg_list).to(self.device)
+ avg_list.clear()
+ avg_sq = torch.cat(avg_sq_list).to(self.device)
+ avg_sq_list.clear()
+ return avg, avg_sq
+
+ def _obtain_gradients(self, model, batch, gradient_type: str, *, m: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None, v: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None) -> torch.Tensor:
+ """根据指定的类型计算单个样本的梯度向量。"""
+ from accelerate.utils import DistributedType
+ is_deepspeed = self.accelerator.distributed_type == DistributedType.DEEPSPEED
+
+ if is_deepspeed:
+ # DeepSpeed ZeRO partitions gradients across ranks, so p.grad is None/partial.
+ # Use safe_get_full_grad to gather the full gradient after backward.
+ # See: https://github.com/deepspeedai/DeepSpeed/issues/3310
+ from deepspeed.utils import safe_get_full_grad
+ loss = model(**batch).loss
+ self.accelerator.backward(loss)
+
+ grad_list = []
+ for p in model.parameters():
+ if p.requires_grad:
+ g = safe_get_full_grad(p)
+ if g is not None:
+ grad_list.append(g.view(-1))
+ vectorized_grads = torch.cat(grad_list)
+ else:
+ with self.accelerator.no_sync(model):
+ loss = model(**batch).loss
+ self.accelerator.backward(loss)
+
+ vectorized_grads = torch.cat(
+ [p.grad.view(-1) for p in model.parameters() if p.grad is not None]
+ )
+
+ if gradient_type == "adam":
+ if m is None or v is None:
+ raise ValueError("Adam optimizer states (m, v) must be provided for 'adam' gradient type.")
+ beta1, beta2, eps = 0.9, 0.999, 1e-08
+ updated_avg = beta1 * m + (1 - beta1) * vectorized_grads
+ updated_avg_sq = beta2 * v + (1 - beta2) * vectorized_grads ** 2
+ final_grads = updated_avg / torch.sqrt(updated_avg_sq + eps)
+ elif gradient_type == "sgd":
+ pass
+ else:
+ assert False, f"Unknown gradient type: {gradient_type}"
+
+ model.zero_grad()
+ return vectorized_grads
+
+ def _get_trak_projector(self):
+ """获取 TRAK projector，优先使用 CUDA 版本。"""
+ try:
+ import fast_jl
+ num_sms = torch.cuda.get_device_properties(self.device.index).multi_processor_count
+ fast_jl.project_rademacher_8(torch.zeros(8, 1_000, device=self.device), 512, 0, num_sms)
+ projector = CudaProjector
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ logger.info("Using CudaProjector for gradient projection.")
+ except (ImportError, RuntimeError):
+ projector = BasicProjector
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ logger.info("CudaProjector not available. Using BasicProjector for gradient projection.")
+ return projector
+
+ def _get_max_saved_index(self, save_dir) -> int:
+ """
+ 获取已保存的最大样本索引，方便断点续传。
+ """
+ prefix = "grads"
+ if not os.path.exists(save_dir):
+ return -1
+ # We only need to check this on the main process
+ if not self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ return -1
+
+ files = [f for f in os.listdir(save_dir) if f.startswith(prefix) and f.endswith(".pt")]
+ if not files:
+ return -1
+
+ # 文件名格式: grads-{count}-rank{rank}.pt
+ indices = [int(f.split('.')[0].split('-')[1]) for f in files]
+ return max(indices) if indices else -1
+
+ def _format_generation_prompt(self, example: Dict) -> str:
+ """构造策略模型提示词"""
+ instruction = example.get("instruction", "").strip()
+ input_text = example.get("input", "").strip() or "No additional input."
+ prompt = self.prompt_template.format(
+ instruction=instruction,
+ input=input_text,
+ )
+ return prompt
+
+ def _format_reward_prompt(self, example: Dict, prediction: str) -> str:
+ """根据是否存在参考答案动态生成奖励模型提示词。"""
+ instruction = example.get("instruction", "").strip()
+ input_text = example.get("input", "").strip() or "No additional input."
+ reference = example.get("output", "").strip()
+ if reference:
+ prompt = self.reward_prompt_with_ref.format(
+ instruction=instruction,
+ input=input_text,
+ reference=reference,
+ prediction=prediction.strip() or "No response.",
+ )
+ else:
+ prompt = self.reward_prompt_without_ref.format(
+ instruction=instruction,
+ input=input_text,
+ prediction=prediction.strip() or "No response.",
+ )
+ return prompt
+
+ def _generate_response(self, example: Dict, sample_seed: Optional[int] = None) -> Dict:
+ """调用策略模型生成回答并保留生成细节，支持蒙特卡洛采样。"""
+ prompt = self._format_generation_prompt(example)
+ inputs = self.policy_tokenizer(
+ prompt,
+ return_tensors="pt",
+ truncation=True,
+ max_length=self.max_prompt_length,
+ )
+ inputs = {k: v.to(self.device) for k, v in inputs.items()}
+
+ cpu_state = None
+ cuda_state = None
+ if sample_seed is not None:
+ cpu_state = torch.random.get_rng_state()
+ if torch.cuda.is_available():
+ cuda_state = torch.cuda.get_rng_state_all()
+ torch.manual_seed(sample_seed)
+ if torch.cuda.is_available():
+ torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(sample_seed)
+
+ with torch.no_grad():
+ generated_ids = self.policy_model.generate(
+ **inputs,
+ max_new_tokens=self.max_new_tokens,
+ temperature=self.generation_temperature,
+ do_sample=True,
+ pad_token_id=self.policy_tokenizer.pad_token_id,
+ eos_token_id=self.policy_tokenizer.eos_token_id,
+ )
+
+ if sample_seed is not None:
+ torch.random.set_rng_state(cpu_state)
+ if torch.cuda.is_available() and cuda_state is not None:
+ torch.cuda.set_rng_state_all(cuda_state)
+
+ prompt_length = inputs["input_ids"].shape[1]
+ new_tokens = generated_ids[:, prompt_length:]
+ generated_text = self.policy_tokenizer.batch_decode(new_tokens, skip_special_tokens=True)[0].strip()
+
+ attention_mask = generated_ids.ne(self.policy_tokenizer.pad_token_id).long()
+
+ return {
+ "prompt": prompt,
+ "input_ids": generated_ids,
+ "attention_mask": attention_mask,
+ "prompt_length": prompt_length,
+ "prediction": generated_text,
+ }
+
+ def _score_with_classifier(self, model, tokenizer, prompt: str) -> float:
+ """将奖励模型输出映射到 [0, 1]，兼容不同 logits 形状。"""
+ if model is None or tokenizer is None:
+ return 0.0
+ inputs = tokenizer(
+ prompt,
+ return_tensors="pt",
+ truncation=True,
+ max_length=self.max_prompt_length,
+ )
+ inputs = {k: v.to(self.device) for k, v in inputs.items()}
+ with torch.no_grad():
+ logits = model(**inputs).logits
+ if logits.ndim == 1:
+ score = torch.sigmoid(logits).mean().item()
+ elif logits.shape[-1] == 1:
+ score = torch.sigmoid(logits.squeeze(-1)).mean().item()
+ else:
+ probs = F.softmax(logits, dim=-1)
+ score = probs[..., -1].mean().item()
+ return float(score)
+
+ def _compute_reward(self, example: Dict, prediction: str) -> float:
+ """奖励模型既支持带参考答案也支持无参考答案的打分。"""
+ reward_prompt = self._format_reward_prompt(example, prediction)
+ reward = self._score_with_classifier(self.reward_model, self.reward_tokenizer, reward_prompt)
+ return reward
+
+ def _compute_rl_gradient(self,
+ model,
+ sample_info: Dict,
+ reward: float,
+ grad_dim: int) -> torch.Tensor:
+ """根据策略梯度公式计算验证集梯度，直接回传序列对数似然。"""
+ model_device = next(model.parameters()).device
+ if reward == 0.0:
+ return torch.zeros(grad_dim, device=model_device)
+
+ input_ids = sample_info["input_ids"].to(model_device)
+ attention_mask = sample_info["attention_mask"].to(model_device)
+ labels = input_ids.clone()
+ labels[:, :sample_info["prompt_length"]] = -100
+ token_count = (labels != -100).sum()
+ if token_count.item() == 0:
+ return torch.zeros(grad_dim, device=model_device)
+
+ reward_tensor = torch.tensor(reward, dtype=torch.float32, device=model_device)
+
+ from accelerate.utils import DistributedType
+ is_deepspeed = self.accelerator.distributed_type == DistributedType.DEEPSPEED
+
+ if is_deepspeed:
+ from deepspeed.utils import safe_get_full_grad
+ outputs = model(input_ids=input_ids, attention_mask=attention_mask, labels=labels)
+ nll_loss = outputs.loss * token_count
+ loss = nll_loss * reward_tensor
+ self.accelerator.backward(loss)
+
+ grad_list = []
+ for p in model.parameters():
+ if p.requires_grad:
+ g = safe_get_full_grad(p)
+ if g is not None:
+ grad_list.append(g.view(-1))
+ vectorized_grads = torch.cat(grad_list).to(model_device)
+ else:
+ with self.accelerator.no_sync(model):
+ outputs = model(input_ids=input_ids, attention_mask=attention_mask, labels=labels)
+ nll_loss = outputs.loss * token_count
+ loss = nll_loss * reward_tensor
+ self.accelerator.backward(loss)
+
+ vectorized_grads = torch.cat(
+ [p.grad.view(-1) for p in model.parameters() if p.grad is not None]
+ ).to(model_device)
+
+ model.zero_grad()
+ return vectorized_grads
+
+ # 核心逻辑
+ def _collect_and_save_projected_gradients(self,
+ model,
+ save_dir,
+ dataset_to_use,
+ optimizer_state: Optional[Dict] = None,
+ rl_mode: bool = False,
+ optimizer=None):
+ """统一采集梯度、执行投影并保存，rl_mode 控制是否启用蒙特卡洛采样。"""
+ # 1) 初始化 Projector (每个进程都需要一个)
+ num_params = self._get_number_of_params(model)
+ projector_class = self._get_trak_projector()
+ projector = projector_class(
+ grad_dim=num_params,
+ proj_dim=self.proj_dim,
+ seed=self.seed,
+ proj_type=ProjectionType.rademacher,
+ max_batch_size=8,
+ block_size=128,
+ device=self.device,
+ dtype=self.dtype,
+ )
+
+ # 2) 准备 Adam 状态 (如果需要)
+ m, v = None, None
+ if self.gradient_type == "adam":
+ if optimizer_state is None and optimizer is None:
+ raise ValueError("optimizer_state or optimizer must be provided for 'adam' gradient type.")
+ m, v = self._prepare_optimizer_state(model, optimizer_state, optimizer=optimizer)
+
+ # 3) 构造 DataLoader，使用 IndexedDataset 来追踪样本的原始索引
+ indexed_dataset = IndexedDataset(dataset_to_use)
+
+ # 定义一个处理索引的 collator
+ if rl_mode:
+ def indexed_collator_wrapper(features):
+ indices = [f[0] for f in features]
+ original_data = [f[1] for f in features]
+ return {'indices': torch.tensor(indices), 'examples': original_data}
+ else:
+ def indexed_collator_wrapper(features):
+ indices = [f[0] for f in features]
+ original_data = [f[1] for f in features]
+ collated_batch = self.data_collator(original_data)
+ return {'indices': torch.tensor(indices), 'batch': collated_batch}
+
+ dataloader = DataLoader(
+ indexed_dataset,
+ batch_size=1, # 仍然是逐样本计算
+ shuffle=False,
+ num_workers=2,
+ collate_fn=indexed_collator_wrapper,
+ )
+ dataloader = self.accelerator.prepare(dataloader)
+
+ # 4) 设置保存间隔
+ save_interval = 64
+
+ # 5) 断点续传
+ max_index = self._get_max_saved_index(save_dir=save_dir)
+ start_count = max_index + 1
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process and start_count > 1:
+ logger.info(f"Resuming from sample index {start_count}.")
+
+ # 等待主进程完成检查
+ self.accelerator.wait_for_everyone()
+
+ # 6) 循环计算、投影和保存 (在每个进程上独立进行)
+ total_samples_in_loader = len(dataloader)
+ model_device = next(model.parameters()).device
+
+ grad_buffer = torch.zeros(save_interval, num_params, device=model_device, dtype=self.dtype)
+ idx_buffer = torch.zeros(save_interval, dtype=torch.long)
+ buf_pos = 0
+
+ for batch_idx, data in enumerate(tqdm(
+ dataloader,
+ desc=f"[Process {self.accelerator.process_index}] Calculating Gradients",
+ disable=not self.accelerator.is_local_main_process,
+ dynamic_ncols=True,
+ position=self.accelerator.process_index,
+ ), 1):
+ indices = data['indices']
+
+ if rl_mode:
+ example = data['examples'][0]
+ num_mc = max(1, self.mc_samples)
+ base_seed = self.seed + indices[0].item() * 997
+ grad_accum = torch.zeros(num_params, device=model_device)
+ for mc_id in range(num_mc):
+ sample_seed = base_seed + mc_id
+ sample_info = self._generate_response(example, sample_seed=sample_seed)
+ reward = self._compute_reward(example, sample_info['prediction'])
+ grad_vector = self._compute_rl_gradient(model, sample_info, reward, num_params)
+ grad_accum.add_(grad_vector)
+ del grad_vector
+ grad_accum.div_(num_mc)
+ grad_buffer[buf_pos].copy_(grad_accum)
+ del grad_accum
+ else:
+ batch = data['batch']
+ vectorized_grads = self._obtain_gradients(
+ model, batch,
+ gradient_type=self.gradient_type, m=m, v=v,
+ )
+ grad_buffer[buf_pos].copy_(vectorized_grads)
+ del vectorized_grads
+
+ idx_buffer[buf_pos] = indices[0]
+ buf_pos += 1
+
+ if buf_pos == save_interval or batch_idx == total_samples_in_loader:
+ projected = projector.project(grad_buffer[:buf_pos], model_id=0).cpu()
+ save_path = os.path.join(
+ save_dir,
+ f"grads-{idx_buffer[:buf_pos].max().item()}-rank{self.accelerator.process_index}.pt",
+ )
+ torch.save({'grads': projected, 'indices': idx_buffer[:buf_pos].clone()}, save_path)
+ del projected
+ buf_pos = 0
+
+ del grad_buffer, idx_buffer
+ self.accelerator.wait_for_everyone()
+
+
+ # 合并
+ def _merge_and_normalize_info(self, save_dir, total_samples):
+ """
+ 在主进程上合并所有分块文件，根据索引重建顺序，然后归一化。
+ """
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ logger.info(f"Merging and normalizing projected gradients from {save_dir}")
+
+ # 使用 glob 查找所有 rank 保存的文件
+ files = glob.glob(os.path.join(save_dir, "grads-*-rank*.pt"))
+ if not files:
+ logger.warning("No gradient files found to merge.")
+ return
+
+ # 初始化一个空的张量来存放排序后的数据
+ # total_samples 是原始数据集的大小
+ final_grads = torch.zeros(total_samples, self.proj_dim, dtype=torch.float32)
+
+ for file_path in tqdm(files, desc="Merging files"):
+ chunk = torch.load(file_path, map_location="cpu")
+ grads_chunk = chunk['grads'].to(torch.float32)
+ indices_chunk = chunk['indices']
+
+ # 使用索引将数据放回正确的位置
+ final_grads[indices_chunk] = grads_chunk
+
+ norms = final_grads.norm(dim=1, keepdim=True).clamp_(min=1e-12)
+ final_grads.div_(norms)
+ del norms
+
+ output_file = os.path.join(save_dir, "all_projected_grads.pt")
+ torch.save(final_grads, output_file)
+ logger.info(f"Saved merged and normalized gradients (Shape: {final_grads.shape}) to {output_file}")
+
+ # Optional: 清理分块文件
+ for file_path in files:
+ os.remove(file_path)
+ logger.info(f"Cleaned up temporary chunk files in {save_dir}")
+
+ def select(self, model, step_id: int, num_samples: int, **kwargs) -> List[int]:
+ """
+ 选择得分最高的 num_samples 个样本。
+ """
+
+ # 有无存储的step顺序
+ os.makedirs(self.cache_dir, exist_ok=True)
+ save_path = os.path.join(self.cache_dir, f"step_{step_id}.json")
+ if os.path.exists(save_path):
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ cached_indices, _ = load_cached_selection(save_path)
+ else:
+ cached_indices = None
+ cached_indices_list = [cached_indices]
+ if dist.is_available() and dist.is_initialized():
+ dist.broadcast_object_list(cached_indices_list, src=0)
+ cached_indices = cached_indices_list[0]
+ else:
+ cached_indices = cached_indices or []
+ return cached_indices
+
+ now_train_save_dir = os.path.join(self.cache_dir, "train", str(step_id))
+ now_eval_save_dir = os.path.join(self.cache_dir, "eval", str(step_id))
+
+ self.step_id = step_id
+ train_final_grads_path = os.path.join(now_train_save_dir, "all_projected_grads.pt")
+ eval_final_grads_path = os.path.join(now_eval_save_dir, "all_projected_grads.pt")
+
+ optimizer_state = kwargs.get('optimizer_state', None)
+ optimizer = kwargs.get('optimizer', None)
+
+ # 步骤 1: 计算训练集梯度
+ if not os.path.exists(train_final_grads_path):
+ os.makedirs(now_train_save_dir, exist_ok=True)
+ self._collect_and_save_projected_gradients(model, now_train_save_dir, self.dataset, optimizer_state, rl_mode=False, optimizer=optimizer)
+ self._merge_and_normalize_info(now_train_save_dir, len(self.dataset))
+
+ self.accelerator.wait_for_everyone()
+
+ # 步骤 2: 计算验证集梯度
+ if not os.path.exists(eval_final_grads_path):
+ os.makedirs(now_eval_save_dir, exist_ok=True)
+ self._collect_and_save_projected_gradients(model, now_eval_save_dir, self.eval_dataset, optimizer_state, rl_mode=True)
+ self._merge_and_normalize_info(now_eval_save_dir, len(self.eval_dataset))
+
+ self.accelerator.wait_for_everyone()
+
+ # 步骤 3: 主进程加载、计算分数并选择 top-k
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ logger.info(f"Loading projected gradients from {train_final_grads_path}")
+ train_projected_grads = torch.load(train_final_grads_path, map_location="cpu")
+
+ logger.info(f"Loading projected gradients from {eval_final_grads_path}")
+ eval_projected_grads = torch.load(eval_final_grads_path, map_location="cpu")
+
+ train_eval_similarities = (train_projected_grads @ eval_projected_grads.T).mean(dim=1)
+ topk = torch.topk(train_eval_similarities, k=num_samples, largest=True)
+ selected_indices = topk.indices.tolist()
+
+ logger.info(f"Selecting top {num_samples} samples from {len(train_eval_similarities)}.")
+
+ # ========= 4) 保存（只保存“被选中的 indices + 对应 metric”） =========
+ metric_payload = {
+ "train_eval_similarity": [float(train_eval_similarities[i].item()) for i in selected_indices]
+ }
+ save_selection(save_path, selected_indices, metric_payload, self.accelerator)
+ else:
+ selected_indices = None
+
+ # 步骤 4: 广播选择的索引
+ obj_list = [selected_indices]
+ if dist.is_initialized():
+ dist.broadcast_object_list(obj_list, src=0)
+ selected_indices = obj_list[0]
+
+ return selected_indices
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/selector/random_selector.py b/src/dataflex/train/selector/random_selector.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..810d050
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/selector/random_selector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+from dataflex.core.registry import register_selector
+from dataflex.utils.logging import logger
+from .base_selector import Selector
+
+import torch
+import torch.distributed as dist
+
+
+@register_selector("random")
+class RandomSelector(Selector):
+ """随机从训练数据中抽取样本的选择器。"""
+
+ def __init__(
+ self,
+ dataset,
+ accelerator,
+ data_collator,
+ cache_dir,
+ seed: int = 42,
+ replacement: bool = False,
+ ):
+ super().__init__(dataset, accelerator, data_collator, cache_dir)
+ self.seed = seed
+ self.replacement = replacement
+
+ def select(self, model, step_id: int, num_samples: int, **kwargs):
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ dataset_size = len(self.dataset)
+ generator = torch.Generator()
+ generator.manual_seed(self.seed + int(step_id))
+
+ if self.replacement:
+ selected_indices = torch.randint(
+ low=0,
+ high=dataset_size,
+ size=(num_samples,),
+ generator=generator,
+ ).tolist()
+ else:
+ if num_samples > dataset_size:
+ raise ValueError(
+ f"Cannot sample {num_samples} without replacement from {dataset_size} samples"
+ )
+ selected_indices = torch.randperm(dataset_size, generator=generator)[:num_samples].tolist()
+
+ logger.info(
+ f"[RandomSelector] Selected {len(selected_indices)} samples at step {step_id} with replacement={self.replacement}."
+ )
+ else:
+ selected_indices = None
+
+ indices_obj = [selected_indices]
+ if dist.is_available() and dist.is_initialized():
+ dist.broadcast_object_list(indices_obj, src=0)
+ selected_indices = indices_obj[0]
+ else:
+ selected_indices = selected_indices or []
+
+ return selected_indices
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/selector/tsds_selector.py b/src/dataflex/train/selector/tsds_selector.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..27da411
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/selector/tsds_selector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import os
+import numpy as np
+from dataflex.core.registry import register_selector
+from dataflex.utils.logging import logger
+from .base_selector import Selector
+
+@register_selector("tsds")
+class tsds_Selector(Selector):
+ ###一个基于外部 TSDS 概率文件（.npy）进行采样的数据选择器。
+ def __init__(
+ self,
+ dataset,
+ accelerator,
+ data_collator,
+ cache_dir,
+ probs_path: str = None,
+ ):
+ super().__init__(dataset, accelerator, data_collator, cache_dir)
+ self.probs_path = probs_path
+
+ if not probs_path or not os.path.exists(probs_path):
+ raise FileNotFoundError(f"TSDS概率文件 {probs_path} 不存在！")
+ self.probs = np.load(probs_path)
+ logger.info(f"[tsds_selector] Loaded probabilities from: {probs_path}")
+ logger.info(f"[tsds_selector] Probs shape: {self.probs.shape}")
+
+ if len(self.probs) != len(self.dataset):
+ raise ValueError(
+ f"概率长度 {len(self.probs)} 与数据集长度 {len(self.dataset)} 不一致！"
+ )
+ logger.info("[tsds_Selector] Initialization complete.")
+
+ def select(self, model, step_id: int, num_samples: int, **kwargs):
+
+ logger.info(
+ f"[tsds_selector] Sampling {num_samples} examples using precomputed probs..."
+ )
+ selected_ids = np.random.choice(
+ len(self.probs),
+ size=num_samples,
+ replace=False,
+ p=self.probs,
+ )
+ logger.info(f"[tsds_selector] Sample complete.")
+ return selected_ids.tolist()
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/trainer/__init__.py b/src/dataflex/train/trainer/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/trainer/mix_trainer.py b/src/dataflex/train/trainer/mix_trainer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9783141
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/trainer/mix_trainer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1102 @@
+# Copyright 2025 HuggingFace Inc. and the LlamaFactory team.
+#
+# This code is inspired by the HuggingFace's transformers library.
+# https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/v4.40.0/src/transformers/trainer_seq2seq.py
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import contextlib
+import copy
+import functools
+import glob
+import importlib.metadata
+import os
+import random
+import re
+import shutil
+import numpy as np
+from torch import nn
+import time
+import torch.distributed as dist
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Optional, Union, List
+from torch.utils.data import Subset, DataLoader, IterableDataset
+import os
+from types import MethodType
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, Union
+from packaging import version
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+from typing_extensions import override
+from torch.utils.data import DataLoader, Dataset, IterableDataset, RandomSampler, SequentialSampler
+from llamafactory.extras.constants import IGNORE_INDEX
+from llamafactory.extras.packages import is_transformers_version_greater_than
+from llamafactory.train.callbacks import SaveProcessorCallback
+from llamafactory.train.trainer_utils import create_custom_optimizer, create_custom_scheduler
+from llamafactory.train.sft.trainer import CustomSeq2SeqTrainer
+
+from transformers.configuration_utils import PretrainedConfig
+from transformers.data.data_collator import DataCollator, DataCollatorWithPadding, default_data_collator
+from transformers.debug_utils import DebugOption, DebugUnderflowOverflow
+from transformers.feature_extraction_sequence_utils import SequenceFeatureExtractor
+from transformers.feature_extraction_utils import FeatureExtractionMixin
+from transformers.hyperparameter_search import ALL_HYPERPARAMETER_SEARCH_BACKENDS, default_hp_search_backend
+from transformers.image_processing_utils import BaseImageProcessor
+from transformers.integrations.deepspeed import deepspeed_init, deepspeed_load_checkpoint, is_deepspeed_available
+from transformers.integrations.tpu import tpu_spmd_dataloader
+from transformers.modelcard import TrainingSummary
+from transformers.modeling_utils import PreTrainedModel, load_sharded_checkpoint, unwrap_model
+from transformers.models.auto.modeling_auto import (
+ MODEL_FOR_CAUSAL_LM_MAPPING_NAMES,
+ MODEL_MAPPING_NAMES,
+)
+from transformers.optimization import Adafactor, get_scheduler
+from transformers.processing_utils import ProcessorMixin
+from transformers.pytorch_utils import (
+ ALL_LAYERNORM_LAYERS,
+ is_torch_greater_or_equal_than_2_3,
+)
+from transformers.tokenization_utils_base import PreTrainedTokenizerBase
+from transformers.trainer_callback import (
+ CallbackHandler,
+ DefaultFlowCallback,
+ ExportableState,
+ PrinterCallback,
+ ProgressCallback,
+ TrainerCallback,
+ TrainerControl,
+ TrainerState,
+)
+from transformers.trainer_pt_utils import (
+ DistributedTensorGatherer,
+ EvalLoopContainer,
+ IterableDatasetShard,
+ LabelSmoother,
+ LayerWiseDummyOptimizer,
+ LengthGroupedSampler,
+ SequentialDistributedSampler,
+ distributed_broadcast_scalars,
+ distributed_concat,
+ find_batch_size,
+ get_model_param_count,
+ get_module_class_from_name,
+ get_parameter_names,
+ nested_concat,
+ nested_detach,
+ nested_numpify,
+ nested_xla_mesh_reduce,
+ reissue_pt_warnings,
+ remove_dummy_checkpoint,
+ set_rng_state_for_device,
+)
+from transformers.trainer_utils import (
+ TrainOutput,
+ speed_metrics,
+ seed_worker,
+ has_length
+)
+from transformers.training_args import OptimizerNames, ParallelMode, TrainingArguments
+from transformers.utils import (
+ is_accelerate_available,
+ is_apex_available,
+ is_apollo_torch_available,
+ is_bitsandbytes_available,
+ is_datasets_available,
+ is_galore_torch_available,
+ is_grokadamw_available,
+ is_in_notebook,
+ is_ipex_available,
+ is_liger_kernel_available,
+ is_lomo_available,
+ is_peft_available,
+ is_safetensors_available,
+ is_sagemaker_dp_enabled,
+ is_sagemaker_mp_enabled,
+ is_schedulefree_available,
+ is_torch_compile_available,
+ is_torch_hpu_available,
+ is_torch_mlu_available,
+ is_torch_mps_available,
+ is_torch_musa_available,
+ is_torch_neuroncore_available,
+ is_torch_npu_available,
+ is_torch_xla_available,
+ is_torch_xpu_available,
+ is_torchao_available,
+ strtobool,
+)
+
+from transformers.utils.deprecation import deprecate_kwarg
+from transformers.utils.quantization_config import QuantizationMethod
+
+from dataflex.utils.load_component import load_component
+from dataflex.core.registry import REGISTRY
+import dataflex.train.mixer
+
+TRAINING_ARGS_NAME = "training_args.bin"
+TRAINER_STATE_NAME = "trainer_state.json"
+OPTIMIZER_NAME = "optimizer.pt"
+SCALER_NAME = "scaler.pt"
+OPTIMIZER_NAME_BIN = "optimizer.bin"
+SCHEDULER_NAME = "scheduler.pt"
+FSDP_MODEL_NAME = "pytorch_model_fsdp"
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+ from torch.utils.data import Dataset
+ from transformers import PreTrainedTokenizer, ProcessorMixin
+ from transformers.trainer import PredictionOutput
+
+ from llamafactory.hparams import FinetuningArguments
+
+from dataflex.utils.logging import logger
+
+if is_peft_available():
+ from peft import PeftModel
+
+def _is_peft_model(model):
+ if is_peft_available():
+ classes_to_check = (PeftModel,) if is_peft_available() else ()
+ # Here we also check if the model is an instance of `PeftMixedModel` introduced in peft>=0.7.0: https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/pull/28321
+ if version.parse(importlib.metadata.version("peft")) >= version.parse("0.7.0"):
+ from peft import PeftMixedModel
+
+ classes_to_check = (*classes_to_check, PeftMixedModel)
+ return isinstance(model, classes_to_check)
+ return False
+
+if is_sagemaker_mp_enabled():
+ # import smdistributed.modelparallel.torch as smp
+ # from smdistributed.modelparallel import __version__ as SMP_VERSION
+
+ # IS_SAGEMAKER_MP_POST_1_10 = version.parse(SMP_VERSION) >= version.parse("1.10")
+
+ # from .trainer_pt_utils import smp_forward_backward, smp_forward_only, smp_gather, smp_nested_concat
+ pass
+else:
+ IS_SAGEMAKER_MP_POST_1_10 = False
+
+if is_accelerate_available():
+ from accelerate import Accelerator, skip_first_batches
+ from accelerate import __version__ as accelerate_version
+ from accelerate.state import AcceleratorState
+ from accelerate.utils import (
+ AutocastKwargs,
+ DistributedDataParallelKwargs,
+ DistributedType,
+ load_fsdp_model,
+ load_fsdp_optimizer,
+ save_fsdp_model,
+ save_fsdp_optimizer,
+ )
+
+ DATA_SAMPLERS = [RandomSampler]
+ if version.parse(accelerate_version) > version.parse("1.3.0"):
+ from accelerate.utils import TorchTensorParallelPlugin
+ if version.parse(accelerate_version) > version.parse("0.23.0"):
+ from accelerate.data_loader import SeedableRandomSampler
+
+ DATA_SAMPLERS += [SeedableRandomSampler]
+
+ if is_deepspeed_available():
+ from accelerate.utils import DeepSpeedSchedulerWrapper
+
+if is_apex_available():
+ from apex import amp
+
+if is_datasets_available():
+ import datasets
+
+if is_torch_xla_available():
+ # import torch_xla.core.xla_model as xm
+ # import torch_xla.debug.metrics as met
+ # from torch_xla import __version__ as XLA_VERSION
+
+ # IS_XLA_FSDPV2_POST_2_2 = version.parse(XLA_VERSION) >= version.parse(XLA_FSDPV2_MIN_VERSION)
+ # if IS_XLA_FSDPV2_POST_2_2:
+ # import torch_xla.distributed.spmd as xs
+ # import torch_xla.runtime as xr
+ pass
+else:
+ IS_XLA_FSDPV2_POST_2_2 = False
+
+
+class MixTrainer(CustomSeq2SeqTrainer):
+ def __init__(self, finetuning_args, processor=None, gen_kwargs=None, model_args=None, **kwargs):
+ # 初始化父类
+ self.mixture_manager = kwargs.pop("mixture_manager", None)
+
+ # 兼容PT阶段的初始化参数
+ if gen_kwargs is None and model_args is not None:
+ # PT阶段的初始化
+ super().__init__(finetuning_args=finetuning_args, processor=processor, model_args=model_args, **kwargs)
+ else:
+ # SFT阶段的初始化
+ super().__init__(finetuning_args=finetuning_args, processor=processor, gen_kwargs=gen_kwargs, **kwargs)
+ if self.finetuning_args.static_mix == False and self.mixture_manager is not None:
+ name = finetuning_args.component_name
+ # 取该 mixer 的 params（可替换 ${output_dir}）
+ sel_params = load_component(
+ 'mixers',
+ finetuning_args.components_cfg_file,
+ name,
+ runtime_vars={}
+ )
+ sel_params["mixture_manager"] = self.mixture_manager
+ # 统一提供“动态运行期依赖”，静态类会自动忽略
+ runtime = dict(
+ dataset=self.train_dataset,
+ eval_dataset=self.eval_dataset,
+ accelerator=self.accelerator,
+ data_collator=self.data_collator,
+ output_dir=self.args.output_dir, # Pass output_dir for weight logging
+ )
+
+ # 实例化（无任何 if/else）
+ self.mixer = REGISTRY.build("mixer", name, runtime=runtime, cfg=sel_params)
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] mixer={name}, params={sel_params}")
+ elif self.mixture_manager is not None:
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Using static mix proportions during training.")
+ else:
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] No mixture manager available, using standard training.")
+ logger.info("[Dataflex] MixTrainer initialized")
+
+ #########################################################
+ # SFT Data Mixer: Dynamic MoE
+ if getattr(finetuning_args, 'freeze_gate', False):
+ frozen_count = 0
+ for name_p, param in self.model.named_parameters():
+ if "gate" in name_p:
+ param.requires_grad = False
+ frozen_count += 1
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Froze {frozen_count} gate parameters (freeze_gate=True)")
+
+ logger.info("[Dataflex] MixTrainer initialized")
+ #########################################################
+
+ @override
+ def compute_loss(self, model, inputs, return_outputs=False, num_items_in_batch=None):
+ """
+ Override compute_loss to support DoReMi loss reweighting.
+ For DoReMi mixer, apply domain weights α_t to weight losses by domain.
+ """
+ # Check if this is DoReMi mixer that requires loss reweighting
+ is_doremi = (
+ hasattr(self, 'mixer') and
+ self.mixer is not None and
+ hasattr(self.mixer, 'get_current_doremi_weights') and
+ self.finetuning_args.static_mix == False
+ )
+
+ if not is_doremi:
+ # For non-DoReMi mixers, use standard loss computation
+ return super().compute_loss(model, inputs, return_outputs=return_outputs, num_items_in_batch=num_items_in_batch)
+
+ # DoReMi: Apply domain weight reweighting to losses
+ # Get domain_id from inputs
+ domain_ids = inputs.get('domain_id')
+ if domain_ids is None:
+ # Fallback to standard loss if no domain_id available
+ logger.warning("[DoremiMixer] No domain_id in batch, using standard loss computation")
+ return super().compute_loss(model, inputs, return_outputs=return_outputs, num_items_in_batch=num_items_in_batch)
+
+ # Get current domain weights α_t
+ domain_weights = self.mixer.get_current_doremi_weights()
+
+ # Compute standard forward pass
+ if self.label_smoother is not None and "labels" in inputs:
+ labels = inputs.pop("labels")
+ else:
+ labels = None
+
+ outputs = model(**inputs)
+
+ # Compute per-sample losses
+ if labels is not None:
+ if hasattr(outputs, "loss") and outputs.loss is not None:
+ # Some models return loss directly, but we need per-sample loss
+ # Recompute with reduction='none'
+ logits = outputs.logits
+ if self.label_smoother is not None:
+ loss = self.label_smoother(outputs, labels, shift_labels=True)
+ else:
+ # Compute per-token loss
+ shift_logits = logits[..., :-1, :].contiguous()
+ shift_labels = labels[..., 1:].contiguous()
+ vocab_size = shift_logits.size(-1)
+ loss_fct = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss(reduction='none', ignore_index=-100)
+ per_token_loss = loss_fct(shift_logits.view(-1, vocab_size), shift_labels.view(-1))
+ per_token_loss = per_token_loss.view(shift_labels.size())
+
+ # Compute per-sample loss (average over tokens)
+ valid_mask = (shift_labels != -100)
+ per_sample_loss = (per_token_loss * valid_mask.float()).sum(dim=1) / valid_mask.sum(dim=1).clamp(min=1)
+ else:
+ if isinstance(outputs, dict) and "loss" not in outputs:
+ raise ValueError(
+ "The model did not return a loss from the inputs, only the following keys: "
+ f"{','.join(outputs.keys())}. For reference, the inputs it received are {','.join(inputs.keys())}."
+ )
+ loss = outputs["loss"] if isinstance(outputs, dict) else outputs[0]
+ # If loss is scalar, we can't apply per-sample weighting
+ # This shouldn't happen in DoReMi training
+ logger.warning("[DoremiMixer] Model returned scalar loss, cannot apply per-sample reweighting")
+ return (loss, outputs) if return_outputs else loss
+ else:
+ if isinstance(outputs, dict):
+ loss = outputs["loss"] if "loss" in outputs else outputs["logits"]
+ else:
+ loss = outputs[0]
+ return (loss, outputs) if return_outputs else loss
+
+ # Apply domain weights to per-sample losses
+ # domain_ids shape: (batch_size,)
+ # per_sample_loss shape: (batch_size,)
+ # domain_weights shape: (num_domains,)
+ device = per_sample_loss.device
+ domain_weights_tensor = torch.tensor(domain_weights, dtype=per_sample_loss.dtype, device=device)
+
+ # Get weight for each sample based on its domain_id
+ sample_weights = domain_weights_tensor[domain_ids] # shape: (batch_size,)
+
+ # Apply weights and compute final loss
+ weighted_loss = (per_sample_loss * sample_weights).mean()
+
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process and torch.rand(1).item() < 0.01: # Log 1% of the time
+ logger.info(f"[DoremiMixer] Loss reweighting - domain_weights: {domain_weights}, "
+ f"sample mean loss: {per_sample_loss.mean().item():.4f}, "
+ f"weighted loss: {weighted_loss.item():.4f}")
+
+ return (weighted_loss, outputs) if return_outputs else weighted_loss
+
+ @override
+ def _get_train_sampler(self, train_dataset) -> Optional[torch.utils.data.Sampler]:
+ if self.finetuning_args.disable_shuffling:
+ return torch.utils.data.SequentialSampler(train_dataset)
+ if train_dataset is None or not has_length(train_dataset):
+ return None
+
+ # Build the sampler.
+ if self.args.group_by_length:
+ if is_datasets_available() and isinstance(train_dataset, datasets.Dataset):
+ lengths = (
+ train_dataset[self.args.length_column_name]
+ if self.args.length_column_name in train_dataset.column_names
+ else None
+ )
+ else:
+ lengths = None
+ model_input_name = (
+ self.processing_class.model_input_names[0] if self.processing_class is not None else None
+ )
+ return LengthGroupedSampler(
+ self.args.train_batch_size * self.args.gradient_accumulation_steps,
+ dataset=train_dataset,
+ lengths=lengths,
+ model_input_name=model_input_name,
+ )
+
+ else:
+ return RandomSampler(train_dataset)
+
+ @override
+ def get_train_dataloader(self) -> DataLoader:
+ """
+ 返回训练 DataLoader。
+ 如果传入 indices，则在 train_dataset 上构造子集 DataLoader。
+ """
+ if self.train_dataset is None:
+ raise ValueError("Trainer: training requires a train_dataset.")
+
+ train_dataset = self.train_dataset
+ # print(len(train_dataset))
+ data_collator = self.data_collator
+ if is_datasets_available() and isinstance(train_dataset, datasets.Dataset):
+ train_dataset = self._remove_unused_columns(train_dataset, description="training")
+ else:
+ data_collator = self._get_collator_with_removed_columns(data_collator, description="training")
+
+ if self.finetuning_args.static_mix == False and hasattr(self, 'mixer') and self.mixer is not None:
+ self.mixer.data_collator = data_collator
+
+ dataloader_params = {
+ "batch_size": self._train_batch_size,
+ "collate_fn": data_collator,
+ "num_workers": self.args.dataloader_num_workers,
+ "pin_memory": self.args.dataloader_pin_memory,
+ "persistent_workers": self.args.dataloader_persistent_workers,
+ }
+
+ if not isinstance(train_dataset, torch.utils.data.IterableDataset):
+ dataloader_params["sampler"] = self._get_train_sampler(train_dataset)
+ dataloader_params["drop_last"] = self.args.dataloader_drop_last
+ # dataloader_params["worker_init_fn"] = seed_worker
+
+ # Fix: seed_worker requires 3 arguments, but DataLoader only passes worker_id
+ # Use functools.partial to bind the additional arguments
+ if self.args.dataloader_num_workers > 0:
+ dataloader_params["worker_init_fn"] = functools.partial(
+ seed_worker,
+ num_workers=self.args.dataloader_num_workers,
+ rank=self.args.process_index
+ )
+ dataloader_params["prefetch_factor"] = self.args.dataloader_prefetch_factor
+
+ return self.accelerator.prepare(DataLoader(train_dataset, **dataloader_params))
+
+ def print_mixture_info(self, prefix: str = "[Dataflex]"):
+ """打印当前混合器的采样信息"""
+ if self.mixture_manager is None:
+ print(f"{prefix} No mixture manager available")
+ return
+
+ rule = self.mixture_manager.sample_rule
+ probs = self.mixture_manager._current_probs()
+ sources = self.mixture_manager.names
+
+ if rule == "mixture":
+ msg = f"{prefix} Mixture proportions: {probs} | sources={sources}"
+ elif rule == "stratified":
+ msg = f"{prefix} Stratified proportions (by dataset size): {probs} | sources={sources}"
+ elif rule == "uniform":
+ msg = f"{prefix} Uniform proportions: {probs} | sources={sources}"
+ else:
+ msg = f"{prefix} Proportions (rule={rule}): {probs} | sources={sources}"
+ logger.info(msg)
+
+ # 这个函数也是分别在每个gpu上执行的
+ @override
+ def _inner_training_loop(
+ self, batch_size=None, args=None, resume_from_checkpoint=None, trial=None, ignore_keys_for_eval=None
+ ):
+ self.accelerator.free_memory()
+ # 这个batchsize就是per_gpu batchsize!
+ self._train_batch_size = batch_size
+ if self.args.auto_find_batch_size:
+ if self.state.train_batch_size != self._train_batch_size:
+ from accelerate.utils import release_memory
+
+ (self.model_wrapped,) = release_memory(self.model_wrapped)
+ self.model_wrapped = self.model
+
+ # Check for DeepSpeed *after* the initial pass and modify the config
+ if self.is_deepspeed_enabled:
+ # Temporarily unset `self.args.train_batch_size`
+ original_bs = self.args.per_device_train_batch_size
+ self.args.per_device_train_batch_size = self._train_batch_size // max(1, self.args.n_gpu)
+ self.propagate_args_to_deepspeed(True)
+ self.args.per_device_train_batch_size = original_bs
+ self.state.train_batch_size = self._train_batch_size
+ logger.debug(f"Currently training with a batch size of: {self._train_batch_size}")
+
+ # Setting up training control variables:
+ # number of training epochs: num_train_epochs
+ # number of training steps per epoch: num_update_steps_per_epoch
+ # total number of training steps to execute: max_steps
+ # _train_batch_size = micro batch size
+ # 这个是global batch size
+ total_train_batch_size = self._train_batch_size * args.gradient_accumulation_steps * args.world_size
+
+ # 这里用的是初始的比例，此时train_dataset是None
+
+ self.print_mixture_info()
+ if self.mixture_manager is not None:
+ if self.finetuning_args.static_mix:
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex]Initial static mix data with initial mixture proportions.")
+ # Calculate training steps based on train_step or num_train_epochs
+ if self.finetuning_args.train_step > 0:
+ # Use explicitly set train_step
+ total_steps = self.finetuning_args.train_step
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Using train_step={total_steps} for static mix training")
+ else:
+ # Calculate steps from num_train_epochs and available data
+ # First, get the original dataset size to estimate steps per epoch
+ original_dataset_size = sum(len(dataset) for dataset in self.mixture_manager.sources.values())
+ steps_per_epoch = max(1, original_dataset_size // total_train_batch_size)
+ total_steps = int(steps_per_epoch * args.num_train_epochs)
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Calculated train_step={total_steps} from num_train_epochs={args.num_train_epochs} "
+ f"(dataset_size={original_dataset_size}, steps_per_epoch={steps_per_epoch})")
+
+ self.train_dataset = self.mixture_manager.rebuild(num_samples = total_train_batch_size * total_steps)
+ else:
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex]Initial warmup data with initial mixture proportions.")
+ self.train_dataset = self.mixture_manager.rebuild(num_samples = total_train_batch_size * self.finetuning_args.warmup_step)
+ else:
+ logger.warning(f"[Dataflex] No mixture manager available, using original train_dataset")
+ train_dataloader = self.get_train_dataloader()
+
+ if self.is_fsdp_xla_v2_enabled:
+ train_dataloader = tpu_spmd_dataloader(train_dataloader)
+ (
+ num_train_epochs,
+ num_update_steps_per_epoch, # 等于len_dataloader // acc (或len(dataset)/worldsize/microbatchsize/acc)
+ num_examples, # 等于数据集长度
+ num_train_samples, # 等于数据集长度 * epoch数
+ epoch_based,
+ len_dataloader, # 等于数据集长度/worldsize/micro_batchsize
+ max_steps,
+ ) = self.set_initial_training_values(args, train_dataloader, total_train_batch_size)
+ if self.finetuning_args.static_mix:
+ if self.finetuning_args.train_step > 0:
+ max_steps = self.finetuning_args.train_step
+ else:
+ # Use the calculated total_steps from above
+ original_dataset_size = sum(len(dataset) for dataset in self.mixture_manager.sources.values())
+ steps_per_epoch = max(1, original_dataset_size // total_train_batch_size)
+ max_steps = int(steps_per_epoch * args.num_train_epochs)
+ else:
+ # Dynamic mixing: calculate max_steps based on update_times
+ if self.finetuning_args.update_times < 0:
+ # update_times=-1 means update until training finishes
+ # Calculate total steps from num_train_epochs
+ if self.finetuning_args.train_step > 0:
+ max_steps = self.finetuning_args.train_step
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Dynamic mix: using train_step={max_steps}")
+ else:
+ original_dataset_size = sum(len(dataset) for dataset in self.mixture_manager.sources.values())
+ steps_per_epoch = max(1, original_dataset_size // total_train_batch_size)
+ max_steps = int(steps_per_epoch * args.num_train_epochs)
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Dynamic mix: calculated max_steps={max_steps} from num_train_epochs={args.num_train_epochs}")
+ else:
+ # Fixed number of updates
+ max_steps = (self.finetuning_args.warmup_step + self.finetuning_args.update_step * self.finetuning_args.update_times)
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Dynamic mix: max_steps={max_steps} (warmup={self.finetuning_args.warmup_step} + update_step={self.finetuning_args.update_step} * update_times={self.finetuning_args.update_times})")
+ epoch_based = False
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex]Set max train steps to {max_steps}")
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex]Set epoch_based = False")
+ num_train_tokens = None
+
+ # 这里是每个gpu的tokens
+ if self.args.include_tokens_per_second:
+ num_train_tokens = self.num_tokens(train_dataloader, None if epoch_based else max_steps)
+ # If going by epochs, multiply tokens linearly
+ if len_dataloader is not None and epoch_based:
+ num_train_tokens *= args.num_train_epochs
+ # Otherwise since its steps, we just multiply by grad accum
+ else:
+ num_train_tokens *= args.gradient_accumulation_steps
+
+ if DebugOption.UNDERFLOW_OVERFLOW in self.args.debug:
+ if self.args.n_gpu > 1:
+ # nn.DataParallel(model) replicates the model, creating new variables and module
+ # references registered here no longer work on other gpus, breaking the module
+ raise ValueError(
+ "Currently --debug underflow_overflow is not supported under DP. Please use DDP"
+ " (torchrun or torch.distributed.launch (deprecated))."
+ )
+ else:
+ debug_overflow = DebugUnderflowOverflow(self.model) # noqa
+
+ delay_optimizer_creation = is_sagemaker_mp_enabled() or self.is_fsdp_xla_enabled or self.is_fsdp_enabled
+
+ # Can't delay optimizer creation when using FSDP2: https://github.com/huggingface/accelerate/blob/3f636d626063ffcf9a337c7d3624d61b7d187d59/src/accelerate/accelerator.py#L1404
+ is_fsdp2 = self.is_fsdp_enabled and (getattr(self.accelerator.state.fsdp_plugin, "fsdp_version", 1) == 2)
+ if is_fsdp2:
+ delay_optimizer_creation = False
+
+ # We need to reset the scheduler, as its parameters may be different on subsequent calls
+ if self._created_lr_scheduler:
+ self.lr_scheduler = None
+ self._created_lr_scheduler = False
+
+ if self.is_deepspeed_enabled:
+ self.optimizer, self.lr_scheduler = deepspeed_init(self, num_training_steps=max_steps)
+
+ if not delay_optimizer_creation:
+ self.create_optimizer_and_scheduler(num_training_steps=max_steps)
+
+ self.state = TrainerState(
+ stateful_callbacks=[
+ cb for cb in self.callback_handler.callbacks + [self.control] if isinstance(cb, ExportableState)
+ ]
+ )
+ self.state.is_hyper_param_search = trial is not None
+ self.state.train_batch_size = self._train_batch_size
+
+ # Compute absolute values for logging, eval, and save if given as ratio
+ self.state.compute_steps(args, max_steps)
+
+ # Activate gradient checkpointing if needed
+ if args.gradient_checkpointing:
+ self.model.gradient_checkpointing_enable(gradient_checkpointing_kwargs=args.gradient_checkpointing_kwargs)
+
+ model = self._wrap_model(self.model_wrapped)
+
+ # as the model is wrapped, don't use `accelerator.prepare`
+ # this is for unhandled cases such as
+ # FSDP-XLA, SageMaker MP/DP, DataParallel, IPEX
+ use_accelerator_prepare = True if model is self.model else False
+
+ if use_accelerator_prepare and self.is_fsdp_enabled:
+ # In case of auto_find_batch_size=True
+ # Remove FSDP wrapping from sub-models.
+ self.model = unwrap_model(self.model, recursive=True)
+
+ if delay_optimizer_creation:
+ if use_accelerator_prepare:
+ # configure fsdp plugin for qlora if any
+ self._fsdp_qlora_plugin_updates()
+ if self.accelerator.mixed_precision != "fp8":
+ self.model = self.accelerator.prepare(self.model)
+ self.create_optimizer_and_scheduler(num_training_steps=max_steps)
+
+ # prepare using `accelerator` prepare
+ if use_accelerator_prepare:
+ self.model.train()
+ if hasattr(self.lr_scheduler, "step"):
+ if self.use_apex:
+ model = self.accelerator.prepare(self.model)
+ else:
+ model, self.optimizer = self.accelerator.prepare(self.model, self.optimizer)
+ else:
+ # to handle cases wherein we pass "DummyScheduler" such as when it is specified in DeepSpeed config.
+ model, self.optimizer, self.lr_scheduler = self.accelerator.prepare(
+ self.model, self.optimizer, self.lr_scheduler
+ )
+ elif self.args.optim in [OptimizerNames.LOMO, OptimizerNames.ADALOMO]:
+ # In this case we are in DDP + LOMO, which should be supported
+ self.optimizer = self.accelerator.prepare(self.optimizer)
+
+ if self.is_fsdp_enabled:
+ self.model = self.model_wrapped = model
+
+ # for the rest of this function `model` is the outside model, whether it was wrapped or not
+ if model is not self.model:
+ self.model_wrapped = model
+
+ # backward compatibility
+ if self.is_deepspeed_enabled:
+ self.deepspeed = self.model_wrapped
+
+ # ckpt loading
+ if resume_from_checkpoint is not None:
+ if self.is_deepspeed_enabled:
+ deepspeed_load_checkpoint(
+ self.model_wrapped, resume_from_checkpoint, load_module_strict=not _is_peft_model(self.model)
+ )
+ elif is_sagemaker_mp_enabled() or self.is_fsdp_enabled:
+ self._load_from_checkpoint(resume_from_checkpoint, self.model_wrapped)
+
+ # Check if saved optimizer or scheduler states exist
+ self._load_optimizer_and_scheduler(resume_from_checkpoint)
+ self._load_scaler(resume_from_checkpoint)
+
+ # important: at this point:
+ # self.model is the Transformers Model
+ # self.model_wrapped is DDP(Transformers Model), Deepspeed(Transformers Model),
+ # FSDP(Transformers Model), Dynamo Optimized Module(Transformers Model) etc.
+
+ # Train!
+ logger.info("***** Dynamic Running training *****")
+ logger.info(f" Num examples = {num_examples:,}")
+ logger.info(f" Num Epochs = {num_train_epochs:,}")
+ logger.info(f" Instantaneous batch size per device = {self.args.per_device_train_batch_size:,}")
+ if self.args.per_device_train_batch_size != self._train_batch_size:
+ logger.info(f" Training with DataParallel so batch size has been adjusted to: {self._train_batch_size:,}")
+ logger.info(f" Total train batch size (w. parallel, distributed & accumulation) = {total_train_batch_size:,}")
+ logger.info(f" Gradient Accumulation steps = {args.gradient_accumulation_steps}")
+ logger.info(f" Total optimization steps = {max_steps:,}")
+ logger.info(f" Number of trainable parameters = {get_model_param_count(model, trainable_only=True):,}")
+
+ self.state.epoch = 0
+ start_time = time.time()
+ epochs_trained = 0
+ steps_trained_in_current_epoch = 0
+ steps_trained_progress_bar = None
+
+ # Check if continuing training from a checkpoint
+ if resume_from_checkpoint is not None and os.path.isfile(
+ os.path.join(resume_from_checkpoint, TRAINER_STATE_NAME)
+ ):
+ self.state = TrainerState.load_from_json(os.path.join(resume_from_checkpoint, TRAINER_STATE_NAME))
+ self.compare_trainer_and_checkpoint_args(self.args, self.state)
+ self._load_callback_state()
+ epochs_trained = int(self.state.global_step // num_update_steps_per_epoch)
+ if not args.ignore_data_skip:
+ steps_trained_in_current_epoch = self.state.global_step % (num_update_steps_per_epoch)
+ steps_trained_in_current_epoch *= args.gradient_accumulation_steps
+ else:
+ steps_trained_in_current_epoch = 0
+
+ logger.info(" Continuing training from checkpoint, will skip to saved global_step")
+ logger.info(f" Continuing training from epoch {epochs_trained}")
+ logger.info(f" Continuing training from global step {self.state.global_step}")
+ if not args.ignore_data_skip:
+ logger.info(
+ f" Will skip the first {epochs_trained} epochs then the first"
+ f" {steps_trained_in_current_epoch} batches in the first epoch."
+ )
+
+ # Update the references
+ for attr in ("model", "optimizer", "lr_scheduler"):
+ setattr(self.callback_handler, attr, getattr(self, attr))
+ self.callback_handler.train_dataloader = train_dataloader
+
+ self.state.init_training_references(self, max_steps, num_train_epochs, trial)
+
+ # tr_loss is a tensor to avoid synchronization of TPUs through .item()
+ tr_loss = torch.tensor(0.0, device=args.device)
+ # _total_loss_scalar is updated everytime .item() has to be called on tr_loss and stores the sum of all losses
+ self._total_loss_scalar = 0.0
+ self._globalstep_last_logged = self.state.global_step
+ model.zero_grad()
+ grad_norm: Optional[float] = None
+ learning_rate = None
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_train_begin(args, self.state, self.control)
+
+ if args.eval_on_start:
+ self._evaluate(trial, ignore_keys_for_eval, skip_scheduler=True)
+
+ # 放弃epoch逻辑，相当于只训练一个epoch，通过step来训练
+ current_dataloader = train_dataloader
+ epoch = 0
+ if self.finetuning_args.static_mix == False and self.state.global_step < self.finetuning_args.warmup_step:
+ logger.info("[Dataflex] Model warmup in progress...")
+ # if hasattr(current_dataloader, "set_epoch"):
+ # current_dataloader.set_epoch(epoch)
+
+ # Reset the past mems state at the beginning of each epoch if necessary.
+ if args.past_index >= 0:
+ self._past = None
+
+ steps_in_epoch = max_steps * args.gradient_accumulation_steps
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_epoch_begin(args, self.state, self.control)
+
+ if resume_from_checkpoint is not None and steps_trained_in_current_epoch == 0:
+ self._load_rng_state(resume_from_checkpoint)
+
+ rng_to_sync = False
+ steps_skipped = 0
+ if steps_trained_in_current_epoch > 0:
+ current_dataloader = skip_first_batches(current_dataloader, steps_trained_in_current_epoch)
+ steps_skipped = steps_trained_in_current_epoch
+ steps_trained_in_current_epoch = 0
+ rng_to_sync = True
+
+ step = -1
+ current_iterator = iter(current_dataloader)
+ # We chunkify the epoch iterator into gradient accumulation steps `n` batches
+ remainder = num_examples % args.gradient_accumulation_steps
+ if remainder == 0:
+ remainder = args.gradient_accumulation_steps
+ update_step = -1
+ # 一个epoch中的模型总更新次数
+ total_updates = steps_in_epoch // args.gradient_accumulation_steps + 1
+ if args.gradient_accumulation_steps == 1:
+ total_updates -= 1
+ for _ in range(total_updates):
+ update_step += 1
+ # 当前应该拿到的batch数，一般情况是gradient_accumulation_steps，每这么多个batch反向传播一次梯度，每个batch有batch_size个样本
+ num_batches = args.gradient_accumulation_steps if update_step != (total_updates - 1) else remainder
+
+ batch_samples, num_items_in_batch = self.get_batch_samples(current_iterator, num_batches, args.device)
+ # 遍历当前批次的样本
+ for i, inputs in enumerate(batch_samples):
+ step += 1 # 每次迭代时增加全局步数
+
+ # 判断是否达到同步步数，或者是当前epoch的最后一个步数
+ do_sync_step = (step + 1) % args.gradient_accumulation_steps == 0 or (step + 1) == steps_in_epoch
+
+ # 由于我们使用了预取（prefetching），我们需要手动设置同步梯度
+ self.accelerator.gradient_state._set_sync_gradients(do_sync_step)
+
+ # 如果需要记录输入的token数量
+ if self.args.include_num_input_tokens_seen:
+ main_input_name = getattr(self.model, "main_input_name", "input_ids") # 获取模型的主输入名称（默认为input_ids）
+
+ # 检查模型的输入是否包含主输入名称
+ if main_input_name not in inputs:
+ logger.warning(
+ "Tried to track the number of tokens seen, however the current model is "
+ "not configured properly to know what item is the input. To fix this, add "
+ "a `main_input_name` attribute to the model class you are using."
+ )
+ else:
+ # 计算当前输入的tokens数量，并将其加入到已看到的总token数中
+ input_tokens = inputs[main_input_name].numel() # 计算当前输入的tokens数量
+ input_tokens = torch.tensor(input_tokens, device=self.args.device, dtype=torch.int64) # 转换为张量
+ self.state.num_input_tokens_seen += self.accelerator.gather(input_tokens).sum().item() # 累加已看到的token数量
+
+ # 如果需要同步随机数生成器（用于恢复训练）
+ if rng_to_sync:
+ self._load_rng_state(resume_from_checkpoint) # 从检查点加载随机数生成器的状态
+ rng_to_sync = False # 重置同步标志
+
+ # 如果恢复训练且当前epoch还有未训练的步数，跳过已训练的步骤
+ if steps_trained_in_current_epoch > 0:
+ steps_trained_in_current_epoch -= 1 # 减少剩余的训练步数
+ if steps_trained_progress_bar is not None:
+ steps_trained_progress_bar.update(1) # 更新已训练步数的进度条
+ if steps_trained_in_current_epoch == 0:
+ self._load_rng_state(resume_from_checkpoint) # 恢复检查点的随机数生成器状态
+ continue # 跳过这次迭代，进入下一次迭代
+ elif steps_trained_progress_bar is not None:
+ steps_trained_progress_bar.close() # 关闭已训练步数的进度条
+ steps_trained_progress_bar = None # 重置进度条
+
+ # 每当步数达到梯度累积步骤数时，执行一次同步操作
+ if step % args.gradient_accumulation_steps == 0:
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_step_begin(args, self.state, self.control) # 执行步骤开始的回调
+
+ # 在生成训练时避免依赖`accelerator.accumulate`，显式设置是否同步
+ context = (
+ functools.partial(self.accelerator.no_sync, model=model) # 如果不是最后一个批次，则不进行同步
+ if i != len(batch_samples) - 1
+ and self.accelerator.distributed_type != DistributedType.DEEPSPEED
+ else contextlib.nullcontext # 否则不使用同步
+ )
+
+ with context(): # 在非同步上下文中进行训练
+ tr_loss_step = self.training_step(model, inputs, num_items_in_batch) # 执行一次训练步骤，返回该步的损失值
+
+ # 检查损失是否为NaN或Infinity，如果是，使用之前的损失值替代
+ if (
+ args.logging_nan_inf_filter
+ and not is_torch_xla_available()
+ and (torch.isnan(tr_loss_step) or torch.isinf(tr_loss_step))
+ ):
+ tr_loss = tr_loss + tr_loss / (1 + self.state.global_step - self._globalstep_last_logged) # 如果损失为NaN或Inf，则使用平均损失
+ else:
+ if tr_loss.device != tr_loss_step.device:
+ raise ValueError(
+ f"Calculated loss must be on the original device: {tr_loss.device} but device in use is {tr_loss_step.device}"
+ ) # 检查计算的损失是否在原始设备上
+ tr_loss = tr_loss + tr_loss_step # 将当前步的损失加入总损失
+
+ # 累加浮点数操作的数量
+ self.current_flos += float(self.floating_point_ops(inputs))
+
+ # for odm
+ # Update batch info for ODM mixer (if applicable)
+ if (self.finetuning_args.static_mix == False and
+ hasattr(self, 'mixer') and self.mixer is not None and
+ hasattr(self.mixer, 'update_batch_info')):
+ # Extract domain_id from batch
+ domain_id = inputs.get('domain_id')
+ if domain_id is not None:
+ # Get the first domain_id in batch (assuming batch is homogeneous)
+ if isinstance(domain_id, torch.Tensor):
+ domain_id = domain_id[0].item() if domain_id.numel() > 0 else None
+ if domain_id is not None:
+ batch_loss = tr_loss_step.item() if isinstance(tr_loss_step, torch.Tensor) else tr_loss_step
+ self.mixer.update_batch_info(batch_loss, domain_id)
+
+ # step达到acc，同步梯度
+ if do_sync_step:
+ # Since we perform prefetching, we need to manually set sync_gradients to True
+ self.accelerator.gradient_state._set_sync_gradients(True)
+
+ # Gradient clipping
+ if args.max_grad_norm is not None and args.max_grad_norm > 0:
+ if is_sagemaker_mp_enabled() and args.fp16:
+ _grad_norm = self.optimizer.clip_master_grads(args.max_grad_norm)
+ elif self.use_apex:
+ # Revert to normal clipping otherwise, handling Apex or full precision
+ _grad_norm = nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(
+ amp.master_params(self.optimizer),
+ args.max_grad_norm,
+ )
+ else:
+ _grad_norm = self.accelerator.clip_grad_norm_(
+ model.parameters(),
+ args.max_grad_norm,
+ )
+
+ if (
+ is_accelerate_available()
+ and self.accelerator.distributed_type == DistributedType.DEEPSPEED
+ ):
+ grad_norm = model.get_global_grad_norm()
+ # In some cases the grad norm may not return a float
+ if hasattr(grad_norm, "item"):
+ grad_norm = grad_norm.item()
+ else:
+ grad_norm = _grad_norm
+
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_pre_optimizer_step(args, self.state, self.control)
+
+ self.optimizer.step()
+
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_optimizer_step(args, self.state, self.control)
+
+ # get leaning rate before update
+ learning_rate = self._get_learning_rate()
+
+ if not self.accelerator.optimizer_step_was_skipped:
+ # Delay optimizer scheduling until metrics are generated
+ if not isinstance(self.lr_scheduler, torch.optim.lr_scheduler.ReduceLROnPlateau):
+ self.lr_scheduler.step()
+
+ model.zero_grad()
+ # 同步精度然后反向传播，此时每个gpu上处理了per_gpu_batch_size * acc个数据，global_step+1
+ self.state.global_step += 1
+ self.state.epoch = (step + 1 + steps_skipped) / steps_in_epoch
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_step_end(args, self.state, self.control)
+ self._maybe_log_save_evaluate(
+ tr_loss,
+ grad_norm,
+ model,
+ trial,
+ epoch,
+ ignore_keys_for_eval,
+ start_time,
+ # learning_rate=learning_rate,
+ )
+
+ # 动态训练更新
+ if (
+ self.finetuning_args.static_mix == False and(
+ self.state.global_step < max_steps and (
+ self.state.global_step == self.finetuning_args.warmup_step or
+ (self.state.global_step > self.finetuning_args.warmup_step and
+ (self.state.global_step - self.finetuning_args.warmup_step) % self.finetuning_args.update_step == 0)))
+ ):
+ self.accelerator.wait_for_everyone()
+ torch.cuda.empty_cache()
+ if dist.is_initialized():
+ dist.barrier()
+
+ update_times = (self.state.global_step - self.finetuning_args.warmup_step) // self.finetuning_args.update_step + 1
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Model training paused, starting the {update_times}th dynamic data mixture...")
+
+ # Pass current training batch to mixer for λ_t computation
+ # This aligns better with Algorithm 1 which uses current batch
+ extra_args = dict(
+ batch=inputs,
+ domain_ids=inputs.get('domain_id') if 'domain_id' in inputs else None,
+ data_collator=self.data_collator,
+ dataset=self.train_dataset
+ )
+
+ probs = self.mixer.mix(
+ model=model,
+ step_id=self.state.global_step,
+ **extra_args
+ )
+
+ self.mixture_manager.set_proportions(probs)
+ self.train_dataset = self.mixture_manager.rebuild(num_samples = total_train_batch_size * self.finetuning_args.update_step)
+ train_loader = self.get_train_dataloader()
+ current_iterator = iter(train_loader)
+
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Updated dataloader at step {self.state.global_step}, new mixture proportions generated.")
+ self.print_mixture_info()
+
+ else:
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_substep_end(args, self.state, self.control)
+
+ # PyTorch/XLA relies on the data loader to insert the mark_step for
+ # each step. Since we are breaking the loop early, we need to manually
+ # insert the mark_step here.
+ if self.control.should_epoch_stop or self.control.should_training_stop:
+ if is_torch_xla_available():
+ xm.mark_step()
+ break
+ # We also need to break out of the nested loop
+ if self.control.should_epoch_stop or self.control.should_training_stop:
+ if is_torch_xla_available():
+ xm.mark_step()
+ break
+ if step < 0:
+ logger.warning(
+ "There seems not to be a single sample in your epoch_iterator, stopping training at step"
+ f" {self.state.global_step}! This is expected if you're using an IterableDataset and set"
+ f" num_steps ({max_steps}) higher than the number of available samples."
+ )
+ self.control.should_training_stop = True
+
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_epoch_end(args, self.state, self.control)
+ self._maybe_log_save_evaluate(
+ tr_loss, grad_norm, model, trial, epoch, ignore_keys_for_eval, start_time
+ )
+
+ if DebugOption.TPU_METRICS_DEBUG in self.args.debug:
+ if is_torch_xla_available():
+ # tpu-comment: Logging debug metrics for PyTorch/XLA (compile, execute times, ops, etc.)
+ xm.master_print(met.metrics_report())
+ else:
+ logger.warning(
+ "You enabled PyTorch/XLA debug metrics but you don't have a TPU "
+ "configured. Check your training configuration if this is unexpected."
+ )
+
+ # 结束主训练循环
+ if args.past_index and hasattr(self, "_past"):
+ # Clean the state at the end of training
+ delattr(self, "_past")
+
+ logger.info("\n\nTraining completed. Do not forget to share your model on huggingface.co/models =)\n\n")
+ if args.load_best_model_at_end and self.state.best_model_checkpoint is not None:
+ # Wait for everyone to get here so we are sure the model has been saved by process 0.
+ if is_torch_xla_available():
+ xm.rendezvous("load_best_model_at_end")
+ elif args.parallel_mode == ParallelMode.DISTRIBUTED:
+ dist.barrier()
+ elif is_sagemaker_mp_enabled():
+ smp.barrier()
+
+ self._load_best_model()
+
+ # add remaining tr_loss
+ self._total_loss_scalar += tr_loss.item()
+ effective_global_step = max(self.state.global_step, 0.001) # Avoid ZeroDivisionError
+ train_loss = self._total_loss_scalar / effective_global_step
+
+ metrics = speed_metrics(
+ "train",
+ start_time,
+ num_samples=num_train_samples,
+ num_steps=self.state.max_steps,
+ num_tokens=num_train_tokens,
+ )
+ self.store_flos()
+ metrics["total_flos"] = self.state.total_flos
+ metrics["train_loss"] = train_loss
+
+ self.is_in_train = False
+
+ self._memory_tracker.stop_and_update_metrics(metrics)
+
+ self.log(metrics)
+
+ run_dir = self._get_output_dir(trial)
+ checkpoints_sorted = self._sorted_checkpoints(use_mtime=False, output_dir=run_dir)
+
+ # Delete the last checkpoint when save_total_limit=1 if it's different from the best checkpoint and process allowed to save.
+ if self.args.should_save and self.state.best_model_checkpoint is not None and self.args.save_total_limit == 1:
+ for checkpoint in checkpoints_sorted:
+ if not os.path.samefile(checkpoint, self.state.best_model_checkpoint):
+ logger.info(f"Deleting older checkpoint [{checkpoint}] due to args.save_total_limit")
+ shutil.rmtree(checkpoint, ignore_errors=True)
+
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_train_end(args, self.state, self.control)
+
+ # Wait for the checkpoint to be uploaded.
+ self._finish_current_push()
+
+ # Save DoReMi average weights at the end of training (Algorithm 1 line 36)
+ if hasattr(self, 'mixer') and self.mixer is not None:
+ if hasattr(self.mixer, 'save_average_weights'):
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ logger.info("[Dataflex] Saving DoReMi average weights for Step 2...")
+ self.mixer.save_average_weights(args.output_dir)
+ logger.info("[Dataflex] DoReMi Step 2 complete. Use the saved average weights for Step 2.")
+
+ # After training we make sure to retrieve back the original forward pass method
+ # for the embedding layer by removing the forward post hook.
+ if self.neftune_noise_alpha is not None:
+ self._deactivate_neftune(self.model)
+
+ return TrainOutput(self.state.global_step, train_loss, metrics)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/trainer/select_trainer.py b/src/dataflex/train/trainer/select_trainer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7090046
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/trainer/select_trainer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,887 @@
+# Copyright 2025 HuggingFace Inc. and the LlamaFactory team.
+#
+# This code is inspired by the HuggingFace's transformers library.
+# https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/v4.40.0/src/transformers/trainer_seq2seq.py
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import contextlib
+import copy
+import functools
+import glob
+import importlib.metadata
+import os
+import random
+import re
+import shutil
+import numpy as np
+from torch import nn
+import time
+import torch.distributed as dist
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Optional, Union, List
+from torch.utils.data import Subset, DataLoader, IterableDataset
+import os
+from types import MethodType
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, Union
+from packaging import version
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+from typing_extensions import override
+from torch.utils.data import DataLoader, Dataset, IterableDataset, RandomSampler, SequentialSampler
+from llamafactory.extras.constants import IGNORE_INDEX
+from llamafactory.extras.packages import is_transformers_version_greater_than
+from llamafactory.train.callbacks import SaveProcessorCallback
+from llamafactory.train.trainer_utils import create_custom_optimizer, create_custom_scheduler
+from llamafactory.train.sft.trainer import CustomSeq2SeqTrainer
+
+from transformers.configuration_utils import PretrainedConfig
+from transformers.data.data_collator import DataCollator, DataCollatorWithPadding, default_data_collator
+from transformers.debug_utils import DebugOption, DebugUnderflowOverflow
+from transformers.feature_extraction_sequence_utils import SequenceFeatureExtractor
+from transformers.feature_extraction_utils import FeatureExtractionMixin
+from transformers.hyperparameter_search import ALL_HYPERPARAMETER_SEARCH_BACKENDS, default_hp_search_backend
+from transformers.image_processing_utils import BaseImageProcessor
+from transformers.integrations.deepspeed import deepspeed_init, deepspeed_load_checkpoint, is_deepspeed_available
+from transformers.integrations.tpu import tpu_spmd_dataloader
+from transformers.modelcard import TrainingSummary
+from transformers.modeling_utils import PreTrainedModel, load_sharded_checkpoint, unwrap_model
+from transformers.models.auto.modeling_auto import (
+ MODEL_FOR_CAUSAL_LM_MAPPING_NAMES,
+ MODEL_MAPPING_NAMES,
+)
+from transformers.optimization import Adafactor, get_scheduler
+from transformers.processing_utils import ProcessorMixin
+from transformers.pytorch_utils import (
+ ALL_LAYERNORM_LAYERS,
+ is_torch_greater_or_equal_than_2_3,
+)
+from transformers.tokenization_utils_base import PreTrainedTokenizerBase
+from transformers.trainer_callback import (
+ CallbackHandler,
+ DefaultFlowCallback,
+ ExportableState,
+ PrinterCallback,
+ ProgressCallback,
+ TrainerCallback,
+ TrainerControl,
+ TrainerState,
+)
+from transformers.trainer_pt_utils import (
+ DistributedTensorGatherer,
+ EvalLoopContainer,
+ IterableDatasetShard,
+ LabelSmoother,
+ LayerWiseDummyOptimizer,
+ LengthGroupedSampler,
+ SequentialDistributedSampler,
+ distributed_broadcast_scalars,
+ distributed_concat,
+ find_batch_size,
+ get_model_param_count,
+ get_module_class_from_name,
+ get_parameter_names,
+ nested_concat,
+ nested_detach,
+ nested_numpify,
+ nested_xla_mesh_reduce,
+ reissue_pt_warnings,
+ remove_dummy_checkpoint,
+ set_rng_state_for_device,
+)
+from transformers.trainer_utils import (
+ TrainOutput,
+ speed_metrics,
+ seed_worker,
+ has_length
+)
+from transformers.training_args import OptimizerNames, ParallelMode, TrainingArguments
+from transformers.utils import (
+ is_accelerate_available,
+ is_apex_available,
+ is_apollo_torch_available,
+ is_bitsandbytes_available,
+ is_datasets_available,
+ is_galore_torch_available,
+ is_grokadamw_available,
+ is_in_notebook,
+ is_ipex_available,
+ is_liger_kernel_available,
+ is_lomo_available,
+ is_peft_available,
+ is_safetensors_available,
+ is_sagemaker_dp_enabled,
+ is_sagemaker_mp_enabled,
+ is_schedulefree_available,
+ is_torch_compile_available,
+ is_torch_hpu_available,
+ is_torch_mlu_available,
+ is_torch_mps_available,
+ is_torch_musa_available,
+ is_torch_neuroncore_available,
+ is_torch_npu_available,
+ is_torch_xla_available,
+ is_torch_xpu_available,
+ is_torchao_available,
+ strtobool,
+)
+
+from transformers.utils.deprecation import deprecate_kwarg
+from transformers.utils.quantization_config import QuantizationMethod
+
+from dataflex.utils.load_component import load_component
+from dataflex.core.registry import REGISTRY
+import dataflex.train.selector
+
+TRAINING_ARGS_NAME = "training_args.bin"
+TRAINER_STATE_NAME = "trainer_state.json"
+OPTIMIZER_NAME = "optimizer.pt"
+SCALER_NAME = "scaler.pt"
+OPTIMIZER_NAME_BIN = "optimizer.bin"
+SCHEDULER_NAME = "scheduler.pt"
+FSDP_MODEL_NAME = "pytorch_model_fsdp"
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+ from torch.utils.data import Dataset
+ from transformers import PreTrainedTokenizer, ProcessorMixin
+ from transformers.trainer import PredictionOutput
+
+ from llamafactory.hparams import FinetuningArguments
+from dataflex.utils.logging import logger
+
+if is_peft_available():
+ from peft import PeftModel
+
+def _is_peft_model(model):
+ if is_peft_available():
+ classes_to_check = (PeftModel,) if is_peft_available() else ()
+ # Here we also check if the model is an instance of `PeftMixedModel` introduced in peft>=0.7.0: https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/pull/28321
+ if version.parse(importlib.metadata.version("peft")) >= version.parse("0.7.0"):
+ from peft import PeftMixedModel
+
+ classes_to_check = (*classes_to_check, PeftMixedModel)
+ return isinstance(model, classes_to_check)
+ return False
+
+if is_sagemaker_mp_enabled():
+ # import smdistributed.modelparallel.torch as smp
+ # from smdistributed.modelparallel import __version__ as SMP_VERSION
+
+ # IS_SAGEMAKER_MP_POST_1_10 = version.parse(SMP_VERSION) >= version.parse("1.10")
+
+ # from .trainer_pt_utils import smp_forward_backward, smp_forward_only, smp_gather, smp_nested_concat
+ pass
+else:
+ IS_SAGEMAKER_MP_POST_1_10 = False
+
+if is_accelerate_available():
+ from accelerate import Accelerator, skip_first_batches
+ from accelerate import __version__ as accelerate_version
+ from accelerate.state import AcceleratorState
+ from accelerate.utils import (
+ AutocastKwargs,
+ DistributedDataParallelKwargs,
+ DistributedType,
+ load_fsdp_model,
+ load_fsdp_optimizer,
+ save_fsdp_model,
+ save_fsdp_optimizer,
+ )
+
+ DATA_SAMPLERS = [RandomSampler]
+ if version.parse(accelerate_version) > version.parse("1.3.0"):
+ from accelerate.utils import TorchTensorParallelPlugin
+ if version.parse(accelerate_version) > version.parse("0.23.0"):
+ from accelerate.data_loader import SeedableRandomSampler
+
+ DATA_SAMPLERS += [SeedableRandomSampler]
+
+ if is_deepspeed_available():
+ from accelerate.utils import DeepSpeedSchedulerWrapper
+
+if is_apex_available():
+ from apex import amp
+
+if is_datasets_available():
+ import datasets
+
+if is_torch_xla_available():
+ # import torch_xla.core.xla_model as xm
+ # import torch_xla.debug.metrics as met
+ # from torch_xla import __version__ as XLA_VERSION
+
+ # IS_XLA_FSDPV2_POST_2_2 = version.parse(XLA_VERSION) >= version.parse(XLA_FSDPV2_MIN_VERSION)
+ # if IS_XLA_FSDPV2_POST_2_2:
+ # import torch_xla.distributed.spmd as xs
+ # import torch_xla.runtime as xr
+ pass
+else:
+ IS_XLA_FSDPV2_POST_2_2 = False
+
+
+class SelectTrainer(CustomSeq2SeqTrainer):
+ def __init__(self, finetuning_args, processor=None, gen_kwargs=None, **kwargs):
+ # 初始化父类
+ super().__init__(finetuning_args=finetuning_args, processor=processor, gen_kwargs=gen_kwargs, **kwargs)
+ name = finetuning_args.component_name
+ # 取该 selector 的 params（可替换 ${output_dir}）
+ sel_params = load_component(
+ 'selectors',
+ finetuning_args.components_cfg_file,
+ name,
+ runtime_vars={}
+ )
+
+ # 统一提供“动态运行期依赖”，静态类会自动忽略
+ runtime = dict(
+ dataset=self.train_dataset,
+ eval_dataset=self.eval_dataset,
+ accelerator=self.accelerator,
+ data_collator=self.data_collator,
+ )
+
+ # 实例化（无任何 if/else）
+ self.selector = REGISTRY.build("selector", name, runtime=runtime, cfg=sel_params)
+ logger.info(f"[SelectTrainer] selector={name}, params={sel_params}")
+ logger.info("[Dataflex] SelectTrainer initialized")
+
+ @override
+ def _get_train_sampler(self, train_dataset) -> Optional[torch.utils.data.Sampler]:
+ if self.finetuning_args.disable_shuffling:
+ return torch.utils.data.SequentialSampler(train_dataset)
+ if train_dataset is None or not has_length(train_dataset):
+ return None
+
+ # Build the sampler.
+ if self.args.group_by_length:
+ if is_datasets_available() and isinstance(train_dataset, datasets.Dataset):
+ lengths = (
+ train_dataset[self.args.length_column_name]
+ if self.args.length_column_name in train_dataset.column_names
+ else None
+ )
+ else:
+ lengths = None
+ model_input_name = (
+ self.processing_class.model_input_names[0] if self.processing_class is not None else None
+ )
+ return LengthGroupedSampler(
+ self.args.train_batch_size * self.args.gradient_accumulation_steps,
+ dataset=train_dataset,
+ lengths=lengths,
+ model_input_name=model_input_name,
+ )
+
+ else:
+ return RandomSampler(train_dataset)
+
+ @override
+ def get_train_dataloader(self, indices: Optional[List[int]] = None) -> DataLoader:
+ """
+ 返回训练 DataLoader。
+ 如果传入 indices，则在 train_dataset 上构造子集 DataLoader。
+ """
+ if self.train_dataset is None:
+ raise ValueError("Trainer: training requires a train_dataset.")
+
+ train_dataset = self.train_dataset
+ if indices is not None:
+ train_dataset = torch.utils.data.Subset(train_dataset, indices)
+ # print(len(train_dataset))
+ data_collator = self.data_collator
+ if is_datasets_available() and isinstance(train_dataset, datasets.Dataset):
+ train_dataset = self._remove_unused_columns(train_dataset, description="training")
+ else:
+ data_collator = self._get_collator_with_removed_columns(data_collator, description="training")
+
+ self.selector.data_collator = data_collator
+
+ dataloader_params = {
+ "batch_size": self._train_batch_size,
+ "collate_fn": data_collator,
+ "num_workers": self.args.dataloader_num_workers,
+ "pin_memory": self.args.dataloader_pin_memory,
+ "persistent_workers": self.args.dataloader_persistent_workers,
+ }
+
+ if not isinstance(train_dataset, torch.utils.data.IterableDataset):
+ dataloader_params["sampler"] = self._get_train_sampler(train_dataset)
+ dataloader_params["drop_last"] = self.args.dataloader_drop_last
+ dataloader_params["worker_init_fn"] = seed_worker
+ dataloader_params["prefetch_factor"] = self.args.dataloader_prefetch_factor
+
+ return self.accelerator.prepare(DataLoader(train_dataset, **dataloader_params))
+
+
+ # 这个函数也是分别在每个gpu上执行的
+ @override
+ def _inner_training_loop(
+ self, batch_size=None, args=None, resume_from_checkpoint=None, trial=None, ignore_keys_for_eval=None
+ ):
+ self.accelerator.free_memory()
+ # 这个batchsize就是per_gpu batchsize!
+ self._train_batch_size = batch_size
+ if self.args.auto_find_batch_size:
+ if self.state.train_batch_size != self._train_batch_size:
+ from accelerate.utils import release_memory
+
+ (self.model_wrapped,) = release_memory(self.model_wrapped)
+ self.model_wrapped = self.model
+
+ # Check for DeepSpeed *after* the initial pass and modify the config
+ if self.is_deepspeed_enabled:
+ # Temporarily unset `self.args.train_batch_size`
+ original_bs = self.args.per_device_train_batch_size
+ self.args.per_device_train_batch_size = self._train_batch_size // max(1, self.args.n_gpu)
+ self.propagate_args_to_deepspeed(True)
+ self.args.per_device_train_batch_size = original_bs
+ self.state.train_batch_size = self._train_batch_size
+ logger.debug(f"Currently training with a batch size of: {self._train_batch_size}")
+
+ # Setting up training control variables:
+ # number of training epochs: num_train_epochs
+ # number of training steps per epoch: num_update_steps_per_epoch
+ # total number of training steps to execute: max_steps
+ # _train_batch_size = micro batch size
+ # 这个是global batch size
+ total_train_batch_size = self._train_batch_size * args.gradient_accumulation_steps * args.world_size
+
+ if total_train_batch_size * self.finetuning_args.update_step > len(self.train_dataset):
+ assert False, f"Total updated samples {total_train_batch_size * self.finetuning_args.update_step} is larger than dataset size {len(self.train_dataset)}"
+
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Dynamic training mode")
+ total_warmup_samples = total_train_batch_size * self.finetuning_args.warmup_step
+
+ if total_warmup_samples > len(self.train_dataset):
+ assert False, f"Total warmup samples {total_warmup_samples} is larger than dataset size {len(self.train_dataset)}"
+
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Warmup step {self.finetuning_args.warmup_step}, warmup samples: {total_warmup_samples} in total")
+ warmup_indices = self.selector.warmup(total_warmup_samples, replacement=True)
+ train_dataloader = self.get_train_dataloader(warmup_indices)
+
+ if self.is_fsdp_xla_v2_enabled:
+ train_dataloader = tpu_spmd_dataloader(train_dataloader)
+ (
+ num_train_epochs,
+ num_update_steps_per_epoch, # 等于len_dataloader // acc (或len(dataset)/worldsize/microbatchsize/acc)
+ num_examples, # 等于数据集长度
+ num_train_samples, # 等于数据集长度 * epoch数
+ epoch_based,
+ len_dataloader, # 等于数据集长度/worldsize/micro_batchsize
+ max_steps,
+ ) = self.set_initial_training_values(args, train_dataloader, total_train_batch_size)
+ max_steps = (self.finetuning_args.warmup_step + self.finetuning_args.update_step * self.finetuning_args.update_times)
+ epoch_based = False
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex]Set max train steps to {max_steps}")
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex]Set epoch_based = False")
+ num_train_tokens = None
+
+ # 这里是每个gpu的tokens
+ if self.args.include_tokens_per_second:
+ num_train_tokens = self.num_tokens(train_dataloader, None if epoch_based else max_steps)
+ # If going by epochs, multiply tokens linearly
+ if len_dataloader is not None and epoch_based:
+ num_train_tokens *= args.num_train_epochs
+ # Otherwise since its steps, we just multiply by grad accum
+ else:
+ num_train_tokens *= args.gradient_accumulation_steps
+
+ if DebugOption.UNDERFLOW_OVERFLOW in self.args.debug:
+ if self.args.n_gpu > 1:
+ # nn.DataParallel(model) replicates the model, creating new variables and module
+ # references registered here no longer work on other gpus, breaking the module
+ raise ValueError(
+ "Currently --debug underflow_overflow is not supported under DP. Please use DDP"
+ " (torchrun or torch.distributed.launch (deprecated))."
+ )
+ else:
+ debug_overflow = DebugUnderflowOverflow(self.model) # noqa
+
+ delay_optimizer_creation = is_sagemaker_mp_enabled() or self.is_fsdp_xla_enabled or self.is_fsdp_enabled
+
+ # Can't delay optimizer creation when using FSDP2: https://github.com/huggingface/accelerate/blob/3f636d626063ffcf9a337c7d3624d61b7d187d59/src/accelerate/accelerator.py#L1404
+ is_fsdp2 = self.is_fsdp_enabled and (getattr(self.accelerator.state.fsdp_plugin, "fsdp_version", 1) == 2)
+ if is_fsdp2:
+ delay_optimizer_creation = False
+
+ # We need to reset the scheduler, as its parameters may be different on subsequent calls
+ if self._created_lr_scheduler:
+ self.lr_scheduler = None
+ self._created_lr_scheduler = False
+
+ if self.is_deepspeed_enabled:
+ self.optimizer, self.lr_scheduler = deepspeed_init(self, num_training_steps=max_steps)
+
+ if not delay_optimizer_creation:
+ self.create_optimizer_and_scheduler(num_training_steps=max_steps)
+
+ self.state = TrainerState(
+ stateful_callbacks=[
+ cb for cb in self.callback_handler.callbacks + [self.control] if isinstance(cb, ExportableState)
+ ]
+ )
+ self.state.is_hyper_param_search = trial is not None
+ self.state.train_batch_size = self._train_batch_size
+
+ # Compute absolute values for logging, eval, and save if given as ratio
+ self.state.compute_steps(args, max_steps)
+
+ # Activate gradient checkpointing if needed
+ if args.gradient_checkpointing:
+ self.model.gradient_checkpointing_enable(gradient_checkpointing_kwargs=args.gradient_checkpointing_kwargs)
+
+ model = self._wrap_model(self.model_wrapped)
+
+ # as the model is wrapped, don't use `accelerator.prepare`
+ # this is for unhandled cases such as
+ # FSDP-XLA, SageMaker MP/DP, DataParallel, IPEX
+ use_accelerator_prepare = True if model is self.model else False
+
+ if use_accelerator_prepare and self.is_fsdp_enabled:
+ # In case of auto_find_batch_size=True
+ # Remove FSDP wrapping from sub-models.
+ self.model = unwrap_model(self.model, recursive=True)
+
+ if delay_optimizer_creation:
+ if use_accelerator_prepare:
+ # configure fsdp plugin for qlora if any
+ self._fsdp_qlora_plugin_updates()
+ if self.accelerator.mixed_precision != "fp8":
+ self.model = self.accelerator.prepare(self.model)
+ self.create_optimizer_and_scheduler(num_training_steps=max_steps)
+
+ # prepare using `accelerator` prepare
+ if use_accelerator_prepare:
+ self.model.train()
+ if hasattr(self.lr_scheduler, "step"):
+ if self.use_apex:
+ model = self.accelerator.prepare(self.model)
+ else:
+ model, self.optimizer = self.accelerator.prepare(self.model, self.optimizer)
+ else:
+ # to handle cases wherein we pass "DummyScheduler" such as when it is specified in DeepSpeed config.
+ model, self.optimizer, self.lr_scheduler = self.accelerator.prepare(
+ self.model, self.optimizer, self.lr_scheduler
+ )
+ elif self.args.optim in [OptimizerNames.LOMO, OptimizerNames.ADALOMO]:
+ # In this case we are in DDP + LOMO, which should be supported
+ self.optimizer = self.accelerator.prepare(self.optimizer)
+
+ if self.is_fsdp_enabled:
+ self.model = self.model_wrapped = model
+
+ # for the rest of this function `model` is the outside model, whether it was wrapped or not
+ if model is not self.model:
+ self.model_wrapped = model
+
+ # backward compatibility
+ if self.is_deepspeed_enabled:
+ self.deepspeed = self.model_wrapped
+
+ # ckpt loading
+ if resume_from_checkpoint is not None:
+ if self.is_deepspeed_enabled:
+ deepspeed_load_checkpoint(
+ self.model_wrapped, resume_from_checkpoint, load_module_strict=not _is_peft_model(self.model)
+ )
+ elif is_sagemaker_mp_enabled() or self.is_fsdp_enabled:
+ self._load_from_checkpoint(resume_from_checkpoint, self.model_wrapped)
+
+ # Check if saved optimizer or scheduler states exist
+ self._load_optimizer_and_scheduler(resume_from_checkpoint)
+ self._load_scaler(resume_from_checkpoint)
+
+ # important: at this point:
+ # self.model is the Transformers Model
+ # self.model_wrapped is DDP(Transformers Model), Deepspeed(Transformers Model),
+ # FSDP(Transformers Model), Dynamo Optimized Module(Transformers Model) etc.
+
+ # Train!
+ logger.info("***** Dynamic Running training *****")
+ logger.info(f" Num examples = {num_examples:,}")
+ logger.info(f" Num Epochs = {num_train_epochs:,}")
+ logger.info(f" Instantaneous batch size per device = {self.args.per_device_train_batch_size:,}")
+ if self.args.per_device_train_batch_size != self._train_batch_size:
+ logger.info(f" Training with DataParallel so batch size has been adjusted to: {self._train_batch_size:,}")
+ logger.info(f" Total train batch size (w. parallel, distributed & accumulation) = {total_train_batch_size:,}")
+ logger.info(f" Gradient Accumulation steps = {args.gradient_accumulation_steps}")
+ logger.info(f" Total optimization steps = {max_steps:,}")
+ logger.info(f" Number of trainable parameters = {get_model_param_count(model, trainable_only=True):,}")
+
+ self.state.epoch = 0
+ start_time = time.time()
+ epochs_trained = 0
+ steps_trained_in_current_epoch = 0
+ steps_trained_progress_bar = None
+
+ # Check if continuing training from a checkpoint
+ if resume_from_checkpoint is not None and os.path.isfile(
+ os.path.join(resume_from_checkpoint, TRAINER_STATE_NAME)
+ ):
+ self.state = TrainerState.load_from_json(os.path.join(resume_from_checkpoint, TRAINER_STATE_NAME))
+ self.compare_trainer_and_checkpoint_args(self.args, self.state)
+ self._load_callback_state()
+ epochs_trained = int(self.state.global_step // num_update_steps_per_epoch)
+ if not args.ignore_data_skip:
+ steps_trained_in_current_epoch = self.state.global_step % (num_update_steps_per_epoch)
+ steps_trained_in_current_epoch *= args.gradient_accumulation_steps
+ else:
+ steps_trained_in_current_epoch = 0
+
+ logger.info(" Continuing training from checkpoint, will skip to saved global_step")
+ logger.info(f" Continuing training from epoch {epochs_trained}")
+ logger.info(f" Continuing training from global step {self.state.global_step}")
+ if not args.ignore_data_skip:
+ logger.info(
+ f" Will skip the first {epochs_trained} epochs then the first"
+ f" {steps_trained_in_current_epoch} batches in the first epoch."
+ )
+
+ # Update the references
+ for attr in ("model", "optimizer", "lr_scheduler"):
+ setattr(self.callback_handler, attr, getattr(self, attr))
+ self.callback_handler.train_dataloader = train_dataloader
+
+ self.state.init_training_references(self, max_steps, num_train_epochs, trial)
+
+ # tr_loss is a tensor to avoid synchronization of TPUs through .item()
+ tr_loss = torch.tensor(0.0, device=args.device)
+ # _total_loss_scalar is updated everytime .item() has to be called on tr_loss and stores the sum of all losses
+ self._total_loss_scalar = 0.0
+ self._globalstep_last_logged = self.state.global_step
+ model.zero_grad()
+ grad_norm: Optional[float] = None
+ learning_rate = None
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_train_begin(args, self.state, self.control)
+
+ if args.eval_on_start:
+ self._evaluate(trial, ignore_keys_for_eval, skip_scheduler=True)
+
+ # 放弃epoch逻辑，相当于只训练一个epoch，通过step来训练
+ current_dataloader = train_dataloader
+ epoch = 0
+ if self.state.global_step < self.finetuning_args.warmup_step:
+ logger.info("[Dataflex] Model warmup in progress...")
+ # if hasattr(current_dataloader, "set_epoch"):
+ # current_dataloader.set_epoch(epoch)
+
+ # Reset the past mems state at the beginning of each epoch if necessary.
+ if args.past_index >= 0:
+ self._past = None
+
+ steps_in_epoch = max_steps * args.gradient_accumulation_steps
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_epoch_begin(args, self.state, self.control)
+
+ if resume_from_checkpoint is not None and steps_trained_in_current_epoch == 0:
+ self._load_rng_state(resume_from_checkpoint)
+
+ rng_to_sync = False
+ steps_skipped = 0
+ if steps_trained_in_current_epoch > 0:
+ current_dataloader = skip_first_batches(current_dataloader, steps_trained_in_current_epoch)
+ steps_skipped = steps_trained_in_current_epoch
+ steps_trained_in_current_epoch = 0
+ rng_to_sync = True
+
+ step = -1
+ current_iterator = iter(current_dataloader)
+ # We chunkify the epoch iterator into gradient accumulation steps `n` batches
+ remainder = num_examples % args.gradient_accumulation_steps
+ if remainder == 0:
+ remainder = args.gradient_accumulation_steps
+ update_step = -1
+ # 一个epoch中的模型总更新次数
+ total_updates = steps_in_epoch // args.gradient_accumulation_steps + 1
+ if args.gradient_accumulation_steps == 1:
+ total_updates -= 1
+ for _ in range(total_updates):
+ update_step += 1
+ # 当前应该拿到的batch数，一般情况是gradient_accumulation_steps，每这么多个batch反向传播一次梯度，每个batch有batch_size个样本
+ num_batches = args.gradient_accumulation_steps if update_step != (total_updates - 1) else remainder
+
+ batch_samples, num_items_in_batch = self.get_batch_samples(current_iterator, num_batches, args.device)
+ # 遍历当前批次的样本
+ for i, inputs in enumerate(batch_samples):
+ step += 1 # 每次迭代时增加全局步数
+
+ # 判断是否达到同步步数，或者是当前epoch的最后一个步数
+ do_sync_step = (step + 1) % args.gradient_accumulation_steps == 0 or (step + 1) == steps_in_epoch
+
+ # 由于我们使用了预取（prefetching），我们需要手动设置同步梯度
+ self.accelerator.gradient_state._set_sync_gradients(do_sync_step)
+
+ # 如果需要记录输入的token数量
+ if self.args.include_num_input_tokens_seen:
+ main_input_name = getattr(self.model, "main_input_name", "input_ids") # 获取模型的主输入名称（默认为input_ids）
+
+ # 检查模型的输入是否包含主输入名称
+ if main_input_name not in inputs:
+ logger.warning(
+ "Tried to track the number of tokens seen, however the current model is "
+ "not configured properly to know what item is the input. To fix this, add "
+ "a `main_input_name` attribute to the model class you are using."
+ )
+ else:
+ # 计算当前输入的tokens数量，并将其加入到已看到的总token数中
+ input_tokens = inputs[main_input_name].numel() # 计算当前输入的tokens数量
+ input_tokens = torch.tensor(input_tokens, device=self.args.device, dtype=torch.int64) # 转换为张量
+ self.state.num_input_tokens_seen += self.accelerator.gather(input_tokens).sum().item() # 累加已看到的token数量
+
+ # 如果需要同步随机数生成器（用于恢复训练）
+ if rng_to_sync:
+ self._load_rng_state(resume_from_checkpoint) # 从检查点加载随机数生成器的状态
+ rng_to_sync = False # 重置同步标志
+
+ # 如果恢复训练且当前epoch还有未训练的步数，跳过已训练的步骤
+ if steps_trained_in_current_epoch > 0:
+ steps_trained_in_current_epoch -= 1 # 减少剩余的训练步数
+ if steps_trained_progress_bar is not None:
+ steps_trained_progress_bar.update(1) # 更新已训练步数的进度条
+ if steps_trained_in_current_epoch == 0:
+ self._load_rng_state(resume_from_checkpoint) # 恢复检查点的随机数生成器状态
+ continue # 跳过这次迭代，进入下一次迭代
+ elif steps_trained_progress_bar is not None:
+ steps_trained_progress_bar.close() # 关闭已训练步数的进度条
+ steps_trained_progress_bar = None # 重置进度条
+
+ # 每当步数达到梯度累积步骤数时，执行一次同步操作
+ if step % args.gradient_accumulation_steps == 0:
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_step_begin(args, self.state, self.control) # 执行步骤开始的回调
+
+ # 在生成训练时避免依赖`accelerator.accumulate`，显式设置是否同步
+ context = (
+ functools.partial(self.accelerator.no_sync, model=model) # 如果不是最后一个批次，则不进行同步
+ if i != len(batch_samples) - 1
+ and self.accelerator.distributed_type != DistributedType.DEEPSPEED
+ else contextlib.nullcontext # 否则不使用同步
+ )
+
+ with context(): # 在非同步上下文中进行训练
+ tr_loss_step = self.training_step(model, inputs, num_items_in_batch) # 执行一次训练步骤，返回该步的损失值
+
+ # 检查损失是否为NaN或Infinity，如果是，使用之前的损失值替代
+ if (
+ args.logging_nan_inf_filter
+ and not is_torch_xla_available()
+ and (torch.isnan(tr_loss_step) or torch.isinf(tr_loss_step))
+ ):
+ tr_loss = tr_loss + tr_loss / (1 + self.state.global_step - self._globalstep_last_logged) # 如果损失为NaN或Inf，则使用平均损失
+ else:
+ if tr_loss.device != tr_loss_step.device:
+ raise ValueError(
+ f"Calculated loss must be on the original device: {tr_loss.device} but device in use is {tr_loss_step.device}"
+ ) # 检查计算的损失是否在原始设备上
+ tr_loss = tr_loss + tr_loss_step # 将当前步的损失加入总损失
+
+ # 累加浮点数操作的数量
+ self.current_flos += float(self.floating_point_ops(inputs))
+
+ # step达到acc，同步梯度
+ if do_sync_step:
+ # Since we perform prefetching, we need to manually set sync_gradients to True
+ self.accelerator.gradient_state._set_sync_gradients(True)
+
+ # Gradient clipping
+ if args.max_grad_norm is not None and args.max_grad_norm > 0:
+ if is_sagemaker_mp_enabled() and args.fp16:
+ _grad_norm = self.optimizer.clip_master_grads(args.max_grad_norm)
+ elif self.use_apex:
+ # Revert to normal clipping otherwise, handling Apex or full precision
+ _grad_norm = nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(
+ amp.master_params(self.optimizer),
+ args.max_grad_norm,
+ )
+ else:
+ _grad_norm = self.accelerator.clip_grad_norm_(
+ model.parameters(),
+ args.max_grad_norm,
+ )
+
+ if (
+ is_accelerate_available()
+ and self.accelerator.distributed_type == DistributedType.DEEPSPEED
+ ):
+ grad_norm = model.get_global_grad_norm()
+ # In some cases the grad norm may not return a float
+ if hasattr(grad_norm, "item"):
+ grad_norm = grad_norm.item()
+ else:
+ grad_norm = _grad_norm
+
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_pre_optimizer_step(args, self.state, self.control)
+
+ self.optimizer.step()
+
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_optimizer_step(args, self.state, self.control)
+
+ # get leaning rate before update
+ learning_rate = self._get_learning_rate()
+
+ if not self.accelerator.optimizer_step_was_skipped:
+ # Delay optimizer scheduling until metrics are generated
+ if not isinstance(self.lr_scheduler, torch.optim.lr_scheduler.ReduceLROnPlateau):
+ self.lr_scheduler.step()
+
+ model.zero_grad()
+ # 同步精度然后反向传播，此时每个gpu上处理了per_gpu_batch_size * acc个数据，global_step+1
+ self.state.global_step += 1
+ self.state.epoch = (step + 1 + steps_skipped) / steps_in_epoch
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_step_end(args, self.state, self.control)
+ self._maybe_log_save_evaluate(
+ tr_loss,
+ grad_norm,
+ model,
+ trial,
+ epoch,
+ ignore_keys_for_eval,
+ start_time,
+ # learning_rate=learning_rate,
+ )
+
+ # 动态训练更新
+ if (
+ self.state.global_step < max_steps and (
+ self.state.global_step == self.finetuning_args.warmup_step or
+ (self.state.global_step > self.finetuning_args.warmup_step and
+ (self.state.global_step - self.finetuning_args.warmup_step) % self.finetuning_args.update_step == 0))
+ ):
+ self.accelerator.wait_for_everyone()
+ torch.cuda.empty_cache()
+ if dist.is_initialized():
+ dist.barrier()
+
+ current_update_times = (self.state.global_step - self.finetuning_args.warmup_step) // self.finetuning_args.update_step + 1
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Model training paused, starting the {current_update_times}th dynamic data selection...")
+ # 这里传一些特定的selector参数
+ extra_args = dict(
+ optimizer_state=self.optimizer.state,
+ scheduler_state=self.lr_scheduler.state_dict(),
+ current_update_times=current_update_times,
+ update_times=self.finetuning_args.update_times,
+ tokenizer=self.tokenizer,
+ )
+ new_indices = self.selector.select(
+ model=model,
+ step_id=self.state.global_step,
+ num_samples=total_train_batch_size * self.finetuning_args.update_step,
+ **extra_args
+ )
+
+ # 每个进程根据 local_indices 构造 dataloader
+ train_loader = self.get_train_dataloader(indices=new_indices)
+ current_iterator = iter(train_loader)
+
+ if self.accelerator.is_main_process:
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Updated dataloader at step {self.state.global_step}, {len(new_indices)} samples in total.")
+
+ else:
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_substep_end(args, self.state, self.control)
+
+ # PyTorch/XLA relies on the data loader to insert the mark_step for
+ # each step. Since we are breaking the loop early, we need to manually
+ # insert the mark_step here.
+ if self.control.should_epoch_stop or self.control.should_training_stop:
+ if is_torch_xla_available():
+ xm.mark_step()
+ break
+ # We also need to break out of the nested loop
+ if self.control.should_epoch_stop or self.control.should_training_stop:
+ if is_torch_xla_available():
+ xm.mark_step()
+ break
+ if step < 0:
+ logger.warning(
+ "There seems not to be a single sample in your epoch_iterator, stopping training at step"
+ f" {self.state.global_step}! This is expected if you're using an IterableDataset and set"
+ f" num_steps ({max_steps}) higher than the number of available samples."
+ )
+ self.control.should_training_stop = True
+
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_epoch_end(args, self.state, self.control)
+ self._maybe_log_save_evaluate(
+ tr_loss, grad_norm, model, trial, epoch, ignore_keys_for_eval, start_time
+ )
+
+ if DebugOption.TPU_METRICS_DEBUG in self.args.debug:
+ if is_torch_xla_available():
+ # tpu-comment: Logging debug metrics for PyTorch/XLA (compile, execute times, ops, etc.)
+ xm.master_print(met.metrics_report())
+ else:
+ logger.warning(
+ "You enabled PyTorch/XLA debug metrics but you don't have a TPU "
+ "configured. Check your training configuration if this is unexpected."
+ )
+ # if self.control.should_training_stop:
+ # break
+ # 结束主训练循环
+ if args.past_index and hasattr(self, "_past"):
+ # Clean the state at the end of training
+ delattr(self, "_past")
+
+ logger.info("\n\nTraining completed. Do not forget to share your model on huggingface.co/models =)\n\n")
+ if args.load_best_model_at_end and self.state.best_model_checkpoint is not None:
+ # Wait for everyone to get here so we are sure the model has been saved by process 0.
+ if is_torch_xla_available():
+ xm.rendezvous("load_best_model_at_end")
+ elif args.parallel_mode == ParallelMode.DISTRIBUTED:
+ dist.barrier()
+ elif is_sagemaker_mp_enabled():
+ smp.barrier()
+
+ self._load_best_model()
+
+ # add remaining tr_loss
+ self._total_loss_scalar += tr_loss.item()
+ effective_global_step = max(self.state.global_step, 0.001) # Avoid ZeroDivisionError
+ train_loss = self._total_loss_scalar / effective_global_step
+
+ metrics = speed_metrics(
+ "train",
+ start_time,
+ num_samples=num_train_samples,
+ num_steps=self.state.max_steps,
+ num_tokens=num_train_tokens,
+ )
+ self.store_flos()
+ metrics["total_flos"] = self.state.total_flos
+ metrics["train_loss"] = train_loss
+
+ self.is_in_train = False
+
+ self._memory_tracker.stop_and_update_metrics(metrics)
+
+ self.log(metrics)
+
+ run_dir = self._get_output_dir(trial)
+ checkpoints_sorted = self._sorted_checkpoints(use_mtime=False, output_dir=run_dir)
+
+ # Delete the last checkpoint when save_total_limit=1 if it's different from the best checkpoint and process allowed to save.
+ if self.args.should_save and self.state.best_model_checkpoint is not None and self.args.save_total_limit == 1:
+ for checkpoint in checkpoints_sorted:
+ if not os.path.samefile(checkpoint, self.state.best_model_checkpoint):
+ logger.info(f"Deleting older checkpoint [{checkpoint}] due to args.save_total_limit")
+ shutil.rmtree(checkpoint, ignore_errors=True)
+
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_train_end(args, self.state, self.control)
+
+ # Wait for the checkpoint to be uploaded.
+ self._finish_current_push()
+
+ # After training we make sure to retrieve back the original forward pass method
+ # for the embedding layer by removing the forward post hook.
+ if self.neftune_noise_alpha is not None:
+ self._deactivate_neftune(self.model)
+
+ return TrainOutput(self.state.global_step, train_loss, metrics)
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/trainer/weight_trainer.py b/src/dataflex/train/trainer/weight_trainer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e5a66b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/trainer/weight_trainer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,773 @@
+# Copyright 2025 HuggingFace Inc. and the LlamaFactory team.
+#
+# This code is inspired by the HuggingFace's transformers library.
+# https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/v4.40.0/src/transformers/trainer_seq2seq.py
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import contextlib
+import copy
+import functools
+import glob
+import importlib.metadata
+import os
+import random
+import re
+import shutil
+import numpy as np
+from torch import nn
+import time
+import torch.distributed as dist
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Optional, Union, List
+from torch.utils.data import Subset, DataLoader, IterableDataset
+import os
+from types import MethodType
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, Union
+from packaging import version
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+from typing_extensions import override
+from torch.utils.data import DataLoader, Dataset, IterableDataset, RandomSampler, SequentialSampler
+from llamafactory.extras.constants import IGNORE_INDEX
+from llamafactory.extras.packages import is_transformers_version_greater_than
+from llamafactory.train.callbacks import SaveProcessorCallback
+from llamafactory.train.trainer_utils import create_custom_optimizer, create_custom_scheduler
+from llamafactory.train.sft.trainer import CustomSeq2SeqTrainer
+
+from transformers.configuration_utils import PretrainedConfig
+from transformers.data.data_collator import DataCollator, DataCollatorWithPadding, default_data_collator
+from transformers.debug_utils import DebugOption, DebugUnderflowOverflow
+from transformers.feature_extraction_sequence_utils import SequenceFeatureExtractor
+from transformers.feature_extraction_utils import FeatureExtractionMixin
+from transformers.hyperparameter_search import ALL_HYPERPARAMETER_SEARCH_BACKENDS, default_hp_search_backend
+from transformers.image_processing_utils import BaseImageProcessor
+from transformers.integrations.deepspeed import deepspeed_init, deepspeed_load_checkpoint, is_deepspeed_available
+from transformers.integrations.tpu import tpu_spmd_dataloader
+from transformers.modelcard import TrainingSummary
+from transformers.modeling_utils import PreTrainedModel, load_sharded_checkpoint, unwrap_model
+from transformers.models.auto.modeling_auto import (
+ MODEL_FOR_CAUSAL_LM_MAPPING_NAMES,
+ MODEL_MAPPING_NAMES,
+)
+from transformers.optimization import Adafactor, get_scheduler
+from transformers.processing_utils import ProcessorMixin
+from transformers.pytorch_utils import (
+ ALL_LAYERNORM_LAYERS,
+ is_torch_greater_or_equal_than_2_3,
+)
+from transformers.tokenization_utils_base import PreTrainedTokenizerBase
+from transformers.trainer_callback import (
+ CallbackHandler,
+ DefaultFlowCallback,
+ ExportableState,
+ PrinterCallback,
+ ProgressCallback,
+ TrainerCallback,
+ TrainerControl,
+ TrainerState,
+)
+from transformers.trainer_pt_utils import (
+ DistributedTensorGatherer,
+ EvalLoopContainer,
+ IterableDatasetShard,
+ LabelSmoother,
+ LayerWiseDummyOptimizer,
+ LengthGroupedSampler,
+ SequentialDistributedSampler,
+ distributed_broadcast_scalars,
+ distributed_concat,
+ find_batch_size,
+ get_model_param_count,
+ get_module_class_from_name,
+ get_parameter_names,
+ nested_concat,
+ nested_detach,
+ nested_numpify,
+ nested_xla_mesh_reduce,
+ reissue_pt_warnings,
+ remove_dummy_checkpoint,
+ set_rng_state_for_device,
+)
+from transformers.trainer_utils import (
+ TrainOutput,
+ speed_metrics,
+ seed_worker,
+ has_length
+)
+from transformers.training_args import OptimizerNames, ParallelMode, TrainingArguments
+from transformers.utils import (
+ is_accelerate_available,
+ is_apex_available,
+ is_apollo_torch_available,
+ is_bitsandbytes_available,
+ is_datasets_available,
+ is_galore_torch_available,
+ is_grokadamw_available,
+ is_in_notebook,
+ is_ipex_available,
+ is_liger_kernel_available,
+ is_lomo_available,
+ is_peft_available,
+ is_safetensors_available,
+ is_sagemaker_dp_enabled,
+ is_sagemaker_mp_enabled,
+ is_schedulefree_available,
+ is_torch_compile_available,
+ is_torch_hpu_available,
+ is_torch_mlu_available,
+ is_torch_mps_available,
+ is_torch_musa_available,
+ is_torch_neuroncore_available,
+ is_torch_npu_available,
+ is_torch_xla_available,
+ is_torch_xpu_available,
+ is_torchao_available,
+ strtobool,
+)
+
+from transformers.utils.deprecation import deprecate_kwarg
+from transformers.utils.quantization_config import QuantizationMethod
+
+from dataflex.utils.load_component import load_component
+from dataflex.core.registry import REGISTRY
+import dataflex.train.weighter
+
+TRAINING_ARGS_NAME = "training_args.bin"
+TRAINER_STATE_NAME = "trainer_state.json"
+OPTIMIZER_NAME = "optimizer.pt"
+SCALER_NAME = "scaler.pt"
+OPTIMIZER_NAME_BIN = "optimizer.bin"
+SCHEDULER_NAME = "scheduler.pt"
+FSDP_MODEL_NAME = "pytorch_model_fsdp"
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+ from torch.utils.data import Dataset
+ from transformers import PreTrainedTokenizer, ProcessorMixin
+ from transformers.trainer import PredictionOutput
+
+ from llamafactory.hparams import FinetuningArguments
+from dataflex.utils.logging import logger
+
+if is_peft_available():
+ from peft import PeftModel
+
+def _is_peft_model(model):
+ if is_peft_available():
+ classes_to_check = (PeftModel,) if is_peft_available() else ()
+ # Here we also check if the model is an instance of `PeftMixedModel` introduced in peft>=0.7.0: https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/pull/28321
+ if version.parse(importlib.metadata.version("peft")) >= version.parse("0.7.0"):
+ from peft import PeftMixedModel
+
+ classes_to_check = (*classes_to_check, PeftMixedModel)
+ return isinstance(model, classes_to_check)
+ return False
+
+if is_sagemaker_mp_enabled():
+ # import smdistributed.modelparallel.torch as smp
+ # from smdistributed.modelparallel import __version__ as SMP_VERSION
+
+ # IS_SAGEMAKER_MP_POST_1_10 = version.parse(SMP_VERSION) >= version.parse("1.10")
+
+ # from .trainer_pt_utils import smp_forward_backward, smp_forward_only, smp_gather, smp_nested_concat
+ pass
+else:
+ IS_SAGEMAKER_MP_POST_1_10 = False
+
+if is_accelerate_available():
+ from accelerate import Accelerator, skip_first_batches
+ from accelerate import __version__ as accelerate_version
+ from accelerate.state import AcceleratorState
+ from accelerate.utils import (
+ AutocastKwargs,
+ DistributedDataParallelKwargs,
+ DistributedType,
+ load_fsdp_model,
+ load_fsdp_optimizer,
+ save_fsdp_model,
+ save_fsdp_optimizer,
+ )
+
+ DATA_SAMPLERS = [RandomSampler]
+ if version.parse(accelerate_version) > version.parse("1.3.0"):
+ from accelerate.utils import TorchTensorParallelPlugin
+ if version.parse(accelerate_version) > version.parse("0.23.0"):
+ from accelerate.data_loader import SeedableRandomSampler
+
+ DATA_SAMPLERS += [SeedableRandomSampler]
+
+ if is_deepspeed_available():
+ from accelerate.utils import DeepSpeedSchedulerWrapper
+
+if is_apex_available():
+ from apex import amp
+
+if is_datasets_available():
+ import datasets
+
+if is_torch_xla_available():
+ # import torch_xla.core.xla_model as xm
+ # import torch_xla.debug.metrics as met
+ # from torch_xla import __version__ as XLA_VERSION
+
+ # IS_XLA_FSDPV2_POST_2_2 = version.parse(XLA_VERSION) >= version.parse(XLA_FSDPV2_MIN_VERSION)
+ # if IS_XLA_FSDPV2_POST_2_2:
+ # import torch_xla.distributed.spmd as xs
+ # import torch_xla.runtime as xr
+ pass
+else:
+ IS_XLA_FSDPV2_POST_2_2 = False
+
+
+class WeightTrainer(CustomSeq2SeqTrainer):
+ def __init__(self, finetuning_args, processor=None, gen_kwargs=None, **kwargs):
+ # 初始化父类
+ super().__init__(finetuning_args=finetuning_args, processor=processor, gen_kwargs=gen_kwargs, **kwargs)
+ name = finetuning_args.component_name
+ # 取该 weighter 的 params（可替换 ${output_dir}）
+ sel_params = load_component(
+ 'weighters',
+ finetuning_args.components_cfg_file,
+ name,
+ runtime_vars={}
+ )
+
+ # 统一提供“动态运行期依赖”，静态类会自动忽略
+ runtime = dict(
+ dataset=self.train_dataset,
+ eval_dataset=self.eval_dataset,
+ accelerator=self.accelerator,
+ data_collator=self.data_collator,
+ )
+
+ # 实例化（无任何 if/else）
+ self.weighter = REGISTRY.build("weighter", name, runtime=runtime, cfg=sel_params)
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] weighter={name}, params={sel_params}")
+ logger.info("[Dataflex] WeightTrainer initialized")
+
+ # 这个函数也是分别在每个gpu上执行的
+ @override
+ def _inner_training_loop(
+ self, batch_size=None, args=None, resume_from_checkpoint=None, trial=None, ignore_keys_for_eval=None
+ ):
+ self.accelerator.free_memory()
+ # 这个batchsize就是per_gpu batchsize!
+ self._train_batch_size = batch_size
+ if self.args.auto_find_batch_size:
+ if self.state.train_batch_size != self._train_batch_size:
+ from accelerate.utils import release_memory
+
+ (self.model_wrapped,) = release_memory(self.model_wrapped)
+ self.model_wrapped = self.model
+
+ # Check for DeepSpeed *after* the initial pass and modify the config
+ if self.is_deepspeed_enabled:
+ # Temporarily unset `self.args.train_batch_size`
+ original_bs = self.args.per_device_train_batch_size
+ self.args.per_device_train_batch_size = self._train_batch_size // max(1, self.args.n_gpu)
+ self.propagate_args_to_deepspeed(True)
+ self.args.per_device_train_batch_size = original_bs
+ self.state.train_batch_size = self._train_batch_size
+ logger.debug(f"Currently training with a batch size of: {self._train_batch_size}")
+
+ # Setting up training control variables:
+ # number of training epochs: num_train_epochs
+ # number of training steps per epoch: num_update_steps_per_epoch
+ # total number of training steps to execute: max_steps
+ # _train_batch_size = micro batch size
+ # 这个是global batch size
+ total_train_batch_size = self._train_batch_size * args.gradient_accumulation_steps * args.world_size
+
+ # warmup不换dataloaer，直接通过step去控制
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Dynamic training mode")
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Warmup step {self.finetuning_args.warmup_step}")
+ train_dataloader = self.get_train_dataloader()
+
+ if self.is_fsdp_xla_v2_enabled:
+ train_dataloader = tpu_spmd_dataloader(train_dataloader)
+ (
+ num_train_epochs,
+ num_update_steps_per_epoch, # 等于len_dataloader // acc (或len(dataset)/worldsize/microbatchsize/acc)
+ num_examples, # 等于数据集长度
+ num_train_samples, # 等于数据集长度 * epoch数
+ epoch_based,
+ len_dataloader, # 等于数据集长度/worldsize/micro_batchsize
+ max_steps,
+ ) = self.set_initial_training_values(args, train_dataloader, total_train_batch_size)
+ max_steps = self.finetuning_args.train_step
+ epoch_based = False
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex]Set max train steps to {max_steps}")
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex]Set epoch_based = False")
+ num_train_tokens = None
+
+ # 这里是每个gpu的tokens
+ if self.args.include_tokens_per_second:
+ num_train_tokens = self.num_tokens(train_dataloader, None if epoch_based else max_steps)
+ # If going by epochs, multiply tokens linearly
+ if len_dataloader is not None and epoch_based:
+ num_train_tokens *= args.num_train_epochs
+ # Otherwise since its steps, we just multiply by grad accum
+ else:
+ num_train_tokens *= args.gradient_accumulation_steps
+
+ if DebugOption.UNDERFLOW_OVERFLOW in self.args.debug:
+ if self.args.n_gpu > 1:
+ # nn.DataParallel(model) replicates the model, creating new variables and module
+ # references registered here no longer work on other gpus, breaking the module
+ raise ValueError(
+ "Currently --debug underflow_overflow is not supported under DP. Please use DDP"
+ " (torchrun or torch.distributed.launch (deprecated))."
+ )
+ else:
+ debug_overflow = DebugUnderflowOverflow(self.model) # noqa
+
+ delay_optimizer_creation = is_sagemaker_mp_enabled() or self.is_fsdp_xla_enabled or self.is_fsdp_enabled
+
+ # Can't delay optimizer creation when using FSDP2: https://github.com/huggingface/accelerate/blob/3f636d626063ffcf9a337c7d3624d61b7d187d59/src/accelerate/accelerator.py#L1404
+ is_fsdp2 = self.is_fsdp_enabled and (getattr(self.accelerator.state.fsdp_plugin, "fsdp_version", 1) == 2)
+ if is_fsdp2:
+ delay_optimizer_creation = False
+
+ # We need to reset the scheduler, as its parameters may be different on subsequent calls
+ if self._created_lr_scheduler:
+ self.lr_scheduler = None
+ self._created_lr_scheduler = False
+
+ if self.is_deepspeed_enabled:
+ self.optimizer, self.lr_scheduler = deepspeed_init(self, num_training_steps=max_steps)
+
+ if not delay_optimizer_creation:
+ self.create_optimizer_and_scheduler(num_training_steps=max_steps)
+
+ self.state = TrainerState(
+ stateful_callbacks=[
+ cb for cb in self.callback_handler.callbacks + [self.control] if isinstance(cb, ExportableState)
+ ]
+ )
+ self.state.is_hyper_param_search = trial is not None
+ self.state.train_batch_size = self._train_batch_size
+
+ # Compute absolute values for logging, eval, and save if given as ratio
+ self.state.compute_steps(args, max_steps)
+
+ # Activate gradient checkpointing if needed
+ if args.gradient_checkpointing:
+ self.model.gradient_checkpointing_enable(gradient_checkpointing_kwargs=args.gradient_checkpointing_kwargs)
+
+ model = self._wrap_model(self.model_wrapped)
+
+ # as the model is wrapped, don't use `accelerator.prepare`
+ # this is for unhandled cases such as
+ # FSDP-XLA, SageMaker MP/DP, DataParallel, IPEX
+ use_accelerator_prepare = True if model is self.model else False
+
+ if use_accelerator_prepare and self.is_fsdp_enabled:
+ # In case of auto_find_batch_size=True
+ # Remove FSDP wrapping from sub-models.
+ self.model = unwrap_model(self.model, recursive=True)
+
+ if delay_optimizer_creation:
+ if use_accelerator_prepare:
+ # configure fsdp plugin for qlora if any
+ self._fsdp_qlora_plugin_updates()
+ if self.accelerator.mixed_precision != "fp8":
+ self.model = self.accelerator.prepare(self.model)
+ self.create_optimizer_and_scheduler(num_training_steps=max_steps)
+
+ # prepare using `accelerator` prepare
+ if use_accelerator_prepare:
+ self.model.train()
+ if hasattr(self.lr_scheduler, "step"):
+ if self.use_apex:
+ model = self.accelerator.prepare(self.model)
+ else:
+ model, self.optimizer = self.accelerator.prepare(self.model, self.optimizer)
+ else:
+ # to handle cases wherein we pass "DummyScheduler" such as when it is specified in DeepSpeed config.
+ model, self.optimizer, self.lr_scheduler = self.accelerator.prepare(
+ self.model, self.optimizer, self.lr_scheduler
+ )
+ elif self.args.optim in [OptimizerNames.LOMO, OptimizerNames.ADALOMO]:
+ # In this case we are in DDP + LOMO, which should be supported
+ self.optimizer = self.accelerator.prepare(self.optimizer)
+
+ if self.is_fsdp_enabled:
+ self.model = self.model_wrapped = model
+
+ # for the rest of this function `model` is the outside model, whether it was wrapped or not
+ if model is not self.model:
+ self.model_wrapped = model
+
+ # backward compatibility
+ if self.is_deepspeed_enabled:
+ self.deepspeed = self.model_wrapped
+
+ # ckpt loading
+ if resume_from_checkpoint is not None:
+ if self.is_deepspeed_enabled:
+ deepspeed_load_checkpoint(
+ self.model_wrapped, resume_from_checkpoint, load_module_strict=not _is_peft_model(self.model)
+ )
+ elif is_sagemaker_mp_enabled() or self.is_fsdp_enabled:
+ self._load_from_checkpoint(resume_from_checkpoint, self.model_wrapped)
+
+ # Check if saved optimizer or scheduler states exist
+ self._load_optimizer_and_scheduler(resume_from_checkpoint)
+ self._load_scaler(resume_from_checkpoint)
+
+ # important: at this point:
+ # self.model is the Transformers Model
+ # self.model_wrapped is DDP(Transformers Model), Deepspeed(Transformers Model),
+ # FSDP(Transformers Model), Dynamo Optimized Module(Transformers Model) etc.
+
+ # Train!
+ logger.info("***** Dynamic Running training *****")
+ logger.info(f" Num examples = {num_examples:,}")
+ logger.info(f" Num Epochs = {num_train_epochs:,}")
+ logger.info(f" Instantaneous batch size per device = {self.args.per_device_train_batch_size:,}")
+ if self.args.per_device_train_batch_size != self._train_batch_size:
+ logger.info(f" Training with DataParallel so batch size has been adjusted to: {self._train_batch_size:,}")
+ logger.info(f" Total train batch size (w. parallel, distributed & accumulation) = {total_train_batch_size:,}")
+ logger.info(f" Gradient Accumulation steps = {args.gradient_accumulation_steps}")
+ logger.info(f" Total optimization steps = {max_steps:,}")
+ logger.info(f" Number of trainable parameters = {get_model_param_count(model, trainable_only=True):,}")
+
+ self.state.epoch = 0
+ start_time = time.time()
+ epochs_trained = 0
+ steps_trained_in_current_epoch = 0
+ steps_trained_progress_bar = None
+
+ # Check if continuing training from a checkpoint
+ if resume_from_checkpoint is not None and os.path.isfile(
+ os.path.join(resume_from_checkpoint, TRAINER_STATE_NAME)
+ ):
+ self.state = TrainerState.load_from_json(os.path.join(resume_from_checkpoint, TRAINER_STATE_NAME))
+ self.compare_trainer_and_checkpoint_args(self.args, self.state)
+ self._load_callback_state()
+ epochs_trained = int(self.state.global_step // num_update_steps_per_epoch)
+ if not args.ignore_data_skip:
+ steps_trained_in_current_epoch = self.state.global_step % (num_update_steps_per_epoch)
+ steps_trained_in_current_epoch *= args.gradient_accumulation_steps
+ else:
+ steps_trained_in_current_epoch = 0
+
+ logger.info(" Continuing training from checkpoint, will skip to saved global_step")
+ logger.info(f" Continuing training from epoch {epochs_trained}")
+ logger.info(f" Continuing training from global step {self.state.global_step}")
+ if not args.ignore_data_skip:
+ logger.info(
+ f" Will skip the first {epochs_trained} epochs then the first"
+ f" {steps_trained_in_current_epoch} batches in the first epoch."
+ )
+
+ # Update the references
+ for attr in ("model", "optimizer", "lr_scheduler"):
+ setattr(self.callback_handler, attr, getattr(self, attr))
+ self.callback_handler.train_dataloader = train_dataloader
+
+ self.state.init_training_references(self, max_steps, num_train_epochs, trial)
+
+ # tr_loss is a tensor to avoid synchronization of TPUs through .item()
+ tr_loss = torch.tensor(0.0, device=args.device)
+ # _total_loss_scalar is updated everytime .item() has to be called on tr_loss and stores the sum of all losses
+ self._total_loss_scalar = 0.0
+ self._globalstep_last_logged = self.state.global_step
+ model.zero_grad()
+ grad_norm: Optional[float] = None
+ learning_rate = None
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_train_begin(args, self.state, self.control)
+
+ if args.eval_on_start:
+ self._evaluate(trial, ignore_keys_for_eval, skip_scheduler=True)
+
+ # 放弃epoch逻辑，相当于只训练一个epoch，通过step来训练
+ epoch = 0
+ if self.state.global_step < self.finetuning_args.warmup_step:
+ logger.info("[Dataflex] Model warmup in progress...")
+
+
+ # Reset the past mems state at the beginning of each epoch if necessary.
+ if args.past_index >= 0:
+ self._past = None
+
+ steps_in_epoch = max_steps * args.gradient_accumulation_steps
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_epoch_begin(args, self.state, self.control)
+
+ if resume_from_checkpoint is not None and steps_trained_in_current_epoch == 0:
+ self._load_rng_state(resume_from_checkpoint)
+
+ rng_to_sync = False
+ steps_skipped = 0
+ if steps_trained_in_current_epoch > 0:
+ train_dataloader = skip_first_batches(train_dataloader, steps_trained_in_current_epoch)
+ steps_skipped = steps_trained_in_current_epoch
+ steps_trained_in_current_epoch = 0
+ rng_to_sync = True
+
+ step = -1
+ current_iterator = iter(train_dataloader)
+ # We chunkify the epoch iterator into gradient accumulation steps `n` batches
+ remainder = num_examples % args.gradient_accumulation_steps
+ if remainder == 0:
+ remainder = args.gradient_accumulation_steps
+ update_step = -1
+ # 一个epoch中的模型总更新次数
+ total_updates = steps_in_epoch // args.gradient_accumulation_steps + 1
+ if args.gradient_accumulation_steps == 1:
+ total_updates -= 1
+ for _ in range(total_updates):
+ update_step += 1
+ # 当前应该拿到的batch数，一般情况是gradient_accumulation_steps，每这么多个batch反向传播一次梯度，每个batch有batch_size个样本
+ num_batches = args.gradient_accumulation_steps if update_step != (total_updates - 1) else remainder
+
+ batch_samples, num_items_in_batch = self.get_batch_samples(current_iterator, num_batches, args.device)
+ # 遍历当前批次的样本
+ for i, inputs in enumerate(batch_samples):
+ step += 1 # 每次迭代时增加全局步数
+
+ # 判断是否达到同步步数，或者是当前epoch的最后一个步数
+ do_sync_step = (step + 1) % args.gradient_accumulation_steps == 0 or (step + 1) == steps_in_epoch
+
+ # 由于我们使用了预取（prefetching），我们需要手动设置同步梯度
+ self.accelerator.gradient_state._set_sync_gradients(do_sync_step)
+
+ # 如果需要记录输入的token数量
+ if self.args.include_num_input_tokens_seen:
+ main_input_name = getattr(self.model, "main_input_name", "input_ids") # 获取模型的主输入名称（默认为input_ids）
+
+ # 检查模型的输入是否包含主输入名称
+ if main_input_name not in inputs:
+ logger.warning(
+ "Tried to track the number of tokens seen, however the current model is "
+ "not configured properly to know what item is the input. To fix this, add "
+ "a `main_input_name` attribute to the model class you are using."
+ )
+ else:
+ # 计算当前输入的tokens数量，并将其加入到已看到的总token数中
+ input_tokens = inputs[main_input_name].numel() # 计算当前输入的tokens数量
+ input_tokens = torch.tensor(input_tokens, device=self.args.device, dtype=torch.int64) # 转换为张量
+ self.state.num_input_tokens_seen += self.accelerator.gather(input_tokens).sum().item() # 累加已看到的token数量
+
+ # 如果需要同步随机数生成器（用于恢复训练）
+ if rng_to_sync:
+ self._load_rng_state(resume_from_checkpoint) # 从检查点加载随机数生成器的状态
+ rng_to_sync = False # 重置同步标志
+
+ # 如果恢复训练且当前epoch还有未训练的步数，跳过已训练的步骤
+ if steps_trained_in_current_epoch > 0:
+ steps_trained_in_current_epoch -= 1 # 减少剩余的训练步数
+ if steps_trained_progress_bar is not None:
+ steps_trained_progress_bar.update(1) # 更新已训练步数的进度条
+ if steps_trained_in_current_epoch == 0:
+ self._load_rng_state(resume_from_checkpoint) # 恢复检查点的随机数生成器状态
+ continue # 跳过这次迭代，进入下一次迭代
+ elif steps_trained_progress_bar is not None:
+ steps_trained_progress_bar.close() # 关闭已训练步数的进度条
+ steps_trained_progress_bar = None # 重置进度条
+
+ # 每当步数达到梯度累积步骤数时，执行一次同步操作
+ if step % args.gradient_accumulation_steps == 0:
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_step_begin(args, self.state, self.control) # 执行步骤开始的回调
+
+ # 在生成训练时避免依赖`accelerator.accumulate`，显式设置是否同步
+ context = (
+ functools.partial(self.accelerator.no_sync, model=model) # 如果不是最后一个批次，则不进行同步
+ if i != len(batch_samples) - 1
+ and self.accelerator.distributed_type != DistributedType.DEEPSPEED
+ else contextlib.nullcontext # 否则不使用同步
+ )
+ use_weighter = (self.state.global_step >= self.finetuning_args.warmup_step) # 是否使用weighter进行加权训练
+ with context(): # 在非同步上下文中进行训练
+ tr_loss_step = self.weighter.training_step(self, model, inputs, num_items_in_batch, use_weighter) # 执行一次训练步骤，返回该步的损失值
+
+ # 检查损失是否为NaN或Infinity，如果是，使用之前的损失值替代
+ if (
+ args.logging_nan_inf_filter
+ and not is_torch_xla_available()
+ and (torch.isnan(tr_loss_step) or torch.isinf(tr_loss_step))
+ ):
+ tr_loss = tr_loss + tr_loss / (1 + self.state.global_step - self._globalstep_last_logged) # 如果损失为NaN或Inf，则使用平均损失
+ else:
+ if tr_loss.device != tr_loss_step.device:
+ raise ValueError(
+ f"Calculated loss must be on the original device: {tr_loss.device} but device in use is {tr_loss_step.device}"
+ ) # 检查计算的损失是否在原始设备上
+ tr_loss = tr_loss + tr_loss_step # 将当前步的损失加入总损失
+
+ # 累加浮点数操作的数量
+ self.current_flos += float(self.floating_point_ops(inputs))
+
+ # step达到acc，同步梯度
+ if do_sync_step:
+ # Since we perform prefetching, we need to manually set sync_gradients to True
+ self.accelerator.gradient_state._set_sync_gradients(True)
+
+ # Gradient clipping
+ if args.max_grad_norm is not None and args.max_grad_norm > 0:
+ if is_sagemaker_mp_enabled() and args.fp16:
+ _grad_norm = self.optimizer.clip_master_grads(args.max_grad_norm)
+ elif self.use_apex:
+ # Revert to normal clipping otherwise, handling Apex or full precision
+ _grad_norm = nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(
+ amp.master_params(self.optimizer),
+ args.max_grad_norm,
+ )
+ else:
+ _grad_norm = self.accelerator.clip_grad_norm_(
+ model.parameters(),
+ args.max_grad_norm,
+ )
+
+ if (
+ is_accelerate_available()
+ and self.accelerator.distributed_type == DistributedType.DEEPSPEED
+ ):
+ grad_norm = model.get_global_grad_norm()
+ # In some cases the grad norm may not return a float
+ if hasattr(grad_norm, "item"):
+ grad_norm = grad_norm.item()
+ else:
+ grad_norm = _grad_norm
+
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_pre_optimizer_step(args, self.state, self.control)
+
+ self.optimizer.step()
+
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_optimizer_step(args, self.state, self.control)
+
+ # get leaning rate before update
+ learning_rate = self._get_learning_rate()
+
+ if not self.accelerator.optimizer_step_was_skipped:
+ # Delay optimizer scheduling until metrics are generated
+ if not isinstance(self.lr_scheduler, torch.optim.lr_scheduler.ReduceLROnPlateau):
+ self.lr_scheduler.step()
+
+ model.zero_grad()
+ # 同步精度然后反向传播，此时每个gpu上处理了per_gpu_batch_size * acc个数据，global_step+1
+ self.state.global_step += 1
+ self.state.epoch = (step + 1 + steps_skipped) / steps_in_epoch
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_step_end(args, self.state, self.control)
+ self._maybe_log_save_evaluate(
+ tr_loss,
+ grad_norm,
+ model,
+ trial,
+ epoch,
+ ignore_keys_for_eval,
+ start_time,
+ # learning_rate=learning_rate,
+ )
+
+ else:
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_substep_end(args, self.state, self.control)
+
+ # PyTorch/XLA relies on the data loader to insert the mark_step for
+ # each step. Since we are breaking the loop early, we need to manually
+ # insert the mark_step here.
+ if self.control.should_epoch_stop or self.control.should_training_stop:
+ if is_torch_xla_available():
+ xm.mark_step()
+ break
+ # We also need to break out of the nested loop
+ if self.control.should_epoch_stop or self.control.should_training_stop:
+ if is_torch_xla_available():
+ xm.mark_step()
+ break
+ if step < 0:
+ logger.warning(
+ "There seems not to be a single sample in your epoch_iterator, stopping training at step"
+ f" {self.state.global_step}! This is expected if you're using an IterableDataset and set"
+ f" num_steps ({max_steps}) higher than the number of available samples."
+ )
+ self.control.should_training_stop = True
+
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_epoch_end(args, self.state, self.control)
+ self._maybe_log_save_evaluate(
+ tr_loss, grad_norm, model, trial, epoch, ignore_keys_for_eval, start_time
+ )
+
+ if DebugOption.TPU_METRICS_DEBUG in self.args.debug:
+ if is_torch_xla_available():
+ # tpu-comment: Logging debug metrics for PyTorch/XLA (compile, execute times, ops, etc.)
+ xm.master_print(met.metrics_report())
+ else:
+ logger.warning(
+ "You enabled PyTorch/XLA debug metrics but you don't have a TPU "
+ "configured. Check your training configuration if this is unexpected."
+ )
+ # if self.control.should_training_stop:
+ # break
+ # 结束主训练循环
+ if args.past_index and hasattr(self, "_past"):
+ # Clean the state at the end of training
+ delattr(self, "_past")
+
+ logger.info("\n\nTraining completed. Do not forget to share your model on huggingface.co/models =)\n\n")
+ if args.load_best_model_at_end and self.state.best_model_checkpoint is not None:
+ # Wait for everyone to get here so we are sure the model has been saved by process 0.
+ if is_torch_xla_available():
+ xm.rendezvous("load_best_model_at_end")
+ elif args.parallel_mode == ParallelMode.DISTRIBUTED:
+ dist.barrier()
+ elif is_sagemaker_mp_enabled():
+ smp.barrier()
+
+ self._load_best_model()
+
+ # add remaining tr_loss
+ self._total_loss_scalar += tr_loss.item()
+ effective_global_step = max(self.state.global_step, 0.001) # Avoid ZeroDivisionError
+ train_loss = self._total_loss_scalar / effective_global_step
+
+ metrics = speed_metrics(
+ "train",
+ start_time,
+ num_samples=num_train_samples,
+ num_steps=self.state.max_steps,
+ num_tokens=num_train_tokens,
+ )
+ self.store_flos()
+ metrics["total_flos"] = self.state.total_flos
+ metrics["train_loss"] = train_loss
+
+ self.is_in_train = False
+
+ self._memory_tracker.stop_and_update_metrics(metrics)
+
+ self.log(metrics)
+
+ run_dir = self._get_output_dir(trial)
+ checkpoints_sorted = self._sorted_checkpoints(use_mtime=False, output_dir=run_dir)
+
+ # Delete the last checkpoint when save_total_limit=1 if it's different from the best checkpoint and process allowed to save.
+ if self.args.should_save and self.state.best_model_checkpoint is not None and self.args.save_total_limit == 1:
+ for checkpoint in checkpoints_sorted:
+ if not os.path.samefile(checkpoint, self.state.best_model_checkpoint):
+ logger.info(f"Deleting older checkpoint [{checkpoint}] due to args.save_total_limit")
+ shutil.rmtree(checkpoint, ignore_errors=True)
+
+ self.control = self.callback_handler.on_train_end(args, self.state, self.control)
+
+ # Wait for the checkpoint to be uploaded.
+ self._finish_current_push()
+
+ # After training we make sure to retrieve back the original forward pass method
+ # for the embedding layer by removing the forward post hook.
+ if self.neftune_noise_alpha is not None:
+ self._deactivate_neftune(self.model)
+
+ return TrainOutput(self.state.global_step, train_loss, metrics)
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/weighter/__init__.py b/src/dataflex/train/weighter/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a114322
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/weighter/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from .base_weighter import Weighter
+from .loss_weighter import *
+from .custom_weighter import CustomWeighter
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/weighter/base_weighter.py b/src/dataflex/train/weighter/base_weighter.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e549182
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/weighter/base_weighter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import Any, Union
+from torch import nn
+import torch
+
+
+class Weighter(ABC):
+ """
+ 数据加权器的抽象基类，定义了加权器的基本接口和公共功能。
+ """
+
+ def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+ """
+ 基类构造函数
+
+ Args:
+ **kwargs: 子类特定的参数
+ """
+ # 子类可以在这里定义公共的初始化逻辑
+ pass
+
+ def _per_sample_loss_from_logits(self, logits, labels, ignore_index: int = -100):
+ """
+ 从 logits 和 labels 计算每个样本的损失
+
+ Args:
+ logits: 模型输出的 logits
+ labels: 真实标签
+ ignore_index: 忽略的标签索引
+
+ Returns:
+ torch.Tensor: 每个样本的损失 (B,)
+ """
+ shift_logits = logits[..., :-1, :].contiguous()
+ shift_labels = labels[..., 1:].contiguous()
+ num_active = (shift_labels != ignore_index).sum(dim=1) # (B,)
+ loss_fct = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss(reduction="none")
+ tok_loss = loss_fct(
+ shift_logits.view(-1, shift_logits.size(-1)),
+ shift_labels.view(-1).long()
+ )
+ return tok_loss.view(shift_logits.size(0), -1).sum(dim=1) / torch.clamp(num_active, min=1)
+
+ @abstractmethod
+ def get_weighted_loss(
+ self,
+ losses: torch.Tensor,
+ *,
+ ctx: Any = None,
+ model: nn.Module | None = None,
+ inputs: dict[str, Union[torch.Tensor, Any]] | None = None,
+ ) -> torch.Tensor:
+ """
+ 核心加权方法，子类必须实现此方法
+
+ Args:
+ losses: 本卡的 per-sample loss (B,)
+ ctx: Trainer 上下文，可获取 global_step 等信息
+ model: 当前模型
+ inputs: 输入数据
+
+ Returns:
+ torch.Tensor: 加权后的总损失（标量）
+ """
+ pass
+
+ def training_step(self, ctx, model, inputs, num_items_in_batch=None, use_weighter=False):
+ """
+ 执行训练步骤，包含前向传播、损失计算、加权和反向传播
+
+ Args:
+ ctx: Trainer 上下文
+ model: 模型
+ inputs: 输入数据
+ num_items_in_batch: 批次中的样本数量
+ use_weighter: 是否使用加权器
+
+ Returns:
+ 本步骤的损失值
+ """
+ from dataflex.utils.logging import logger
+ from transformers.utils import is_apex_available
+ from accelerate.utils import DistributedType
+
+ model.train()
+ if hasattr(ctx.optimizer, "train") and callable(ctx.optimizer.train):
+ ctx.optimizer.train()
+
+ inputs = ctx._prepare_inputs(inputs)
+
+ # 预先保存一份 labels（防止某些实现里被 pop 掉）
+ labels_for_weighter = inputs.get("labels", None)
+
+ with ctx.compute_loss_context_manager():
+ # 关键：拿到 outputs
+ loss, outputs = ctx.compute_loss(
+ model, inputs, num_items_in_batch=num_items_in_batch, return_outputs=True
+ )
+
+ if use_weighter:
+ # 1) 如果 compute_loss 已经返回的是 (B,) 向量，直接用
+ if torch.is_tensor(loss) and loss.dim() == 1:
+ per_sample = loss
+ else:
+ # 2) 否则用 logits+labels 现场算每样本 loss（不需要二次前向）
+ logits = getattr(outputs, "logits", None) if outputs is not None else None
+ labels = inputs.get("labels", None)
+ if labels is None:
+ labels = labels_for_weighter
+ per_sample = None
+ if logits is not None and labels is not None:
+ per_sample = self._per_sample_loss_from_logits(logits, labels)
+
+ if per_sample is not None:
+ # 日志仅主进程打
+ if ctx.args.local_rank in [-1, 0]:
+ ps = per_sample.detach().float().cpu().view(-1)[0]
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Before weighting per-sample (first sample): {ps}")
+ # 分布式加权
+ loss = self.get_weighted_loss(per_sample, ctx=ctx, model=model, inputs=inputs)
+ if ctx.args.local_rank in [-1, 0]:
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] After weighting (first sample): {float(loss.detach().cpu())}")
+ else:
+ if ctx.args.local_rank in [-1, 0]:
+ logger.info("[Dataflex] Could not form per-sample losses; fallback to scalar loss (no reweight).")
+
+ del inputs
+
+ if ctx.args.torch_empty_cache_steps is not None and ctx.state.global_step % ctx.args.torch_empty_cache_steps == 0:
+ ctx._empty_cache()
+
+ kwargs = {}
+ if ctx.args.n_gpu > 1:
+ loss = loss.mean()
+
+ if getattr(ctx, "use_apex", False):
+ if is_apex_available():
+ from apex import amp
+ with amp.scale_loss(loss, ctx.optimizer) as scaled_loss:
+ scaled_loss.backward()
+ else:
+ loss = loss / ctx.args.gradient_accumulation_steps
+ if ctx.accelerator.distributed_type == DistributedType.DEEPSPEED:
+ kwargs["scale_wrt_gas"] = False
+ ctx.accelerator.backward(loss, **kwargs)
+
+ return loss.detach()
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/weighter/custom_weighter.py b/src/dataflex/train/weighter/custom_weighter.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..106beea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/weighter/custom_weighter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+from dataflex.core.registry import register_weighter
+from dataflex.utils.logging import logger
+from typing import Any, Union
+from torch import nn
+import torch
+from .base_weighter import Weighter
+
+@register_weighter("custom")
+class CustomWeighter(Weighter):
+ def __init__(self, strategy: str = "uniform", **kwargs):
+ """
+ 自定义加权器的构造函数
+
+ Args:
+ strategy: 加权策略，如 "uniform"、"loss_based" 等
+ **kwargs: 传递给基类的其他参数
+ """
+ super().__init__(**kwargs)
+ self.strategy = strategy
+ logger.info(f"CustomWeighter initialized with strategy: {strategy}")
+
+ def get_weighted_loss(
+ self,
+ losses: torch.Tensor,
+ *,
+ ctx: Any = None,
+ model: nn.Module | None = None,
+ inputs: dict[str, Union[torch.Tensor, Any]] | None = None,
+ ) -> torch.Tensor:
+ """
+ 核心加权逻辑。
+ 根据样本损失计算加权后的总损失。
+
+ Args:
+ losses: 本卡的 per-sample loss (B,)
+ ctx: Trainer 上下文，可获取 global_step 等信息
+ model: 当前模型
+ inputs: 输入数据
+
+ Returns:
+ 加权后的总损失（标量）
+ """
+ # 示例逻辑：简单的均匀加权
+ if not torch.is_tensor(losses) or losses.dim() == 0:
+ return losses
+
+ # 这里可以实现您的自定义加权策略
+ # 例如：基于损失大小、梯度信息、样本难度等
+ weights = torch.ones_like(losses) / losses.numel()
+ weighted_loss = torch.sum(weights * losses)
+
+ return weighted_loss
diff --git a/src/dataflex/train/weighter/loss_weighter.py b/src/dataflex/train/weighter/loss_weighter.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b1a5f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/train/weighter/loss_weighter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+from dataflex.core.registry import register_weighter
+from dataflex.utils.logging import logger
+from typing import Any, Union
+from torch import nn
+from accelerate.utils import DistributedType
+from transformers.training_args import OptimizerNames
+from transformers.utils import is_apex_available
+if is_apex_available():
+ from apex import amp
+import torch
+import torch.distributed as dist
+from .base_weighter import Weighter
+
+
+@register_weighter('loss')
+class LossWeighter(Weighter):
+ """
+ 参考论文
+ Dynamic Loss-Based Sample Reweighting for Improved Large Language Model Pretraining (ICLR2025)
+ """
+ def __init__(
+ self,
+ strategy: str = "linupper",
+ delta: float = 1.0,
+ **kwargs
+ ):
+ super().__init__(**kwargs)
+ self.strategy = strategy
+ allowed = {"linupper", "uniform", "quadratic", "extremes"}
+ if strategy not in allowed:
+ raise ValueError(f"strategy must be one of {allowed}, but got '{strategy}'")
+
+ self.delta = float(delta)
+ self.r = 1
+
+ # ====== 与参考一致的三个函数 ======
+ @staticmethod
+ def scale_losses(losses: torch.Tensor, r: float) -> torch.Tensor:
+ # Exponential scaling: exp(loss / r)
+ return torch.exp(losses / r)
+
+ @staticmethod
+ def normalize_losses(
+ losses: torch.Tensor, delta: float = 1.0, l_min: float = 0.0, l_max: float = 1.0
+ ) -> torch.Tensor:
+ denom = max(l_max - l_min, 1e-6)
+ return 2.0 * delta * losses / denom - delta * (l_max + l_min) / denom
+
+ def apply_strategy(self, losses: torch.Tensor, delta: float = 1.0, strategy: str | None = None) -> torch.Tensor:
+ s = strategy or self.strategy
+ if s == "linupper":
+ return torch.minimum(losses + delta, delta * torch.ones_like(losses))
+ elif s == "uniform":
+ return losses
+ elif s == "quadratic":
+ return 1 - (losses ** 2) / (delta ** 2)
+ elif s == "extremes":
+ return torch.abs(losses)
+ else:
+ raise NotImplementedError(f"Unknown strategy: {s}")
+
+ def _brief(x):
+ if torch.is_tensor(x):
+ if x.dim() == 0:
+ return float(x.detach().cpu())
+ else:
+ return x.detach().float().cpu()[:5].tolist()
+ return x
+
+
+ def get_weighted_loss(
+ self,
+ losses: torch.Tensor,
+ *,
+ ctx: Any = None, # 可选：Trainer 上下文，便于获取 global_step 等
+ model: nn.Module | None = None, # 可选：未来扩展用（梯度/激活/正则等）
+ inputs: dict[str, Union[torch.Tensor, Any]] | None = None, # 可选：未来扩展用
+ ) -> torch.Tensor:
+ """
+ 参数:
+ losses: 本卡的 per-sample loss (B,)。若是标量/非张量，直接原样返回（不加权）。
+ ctx: 传入 Trainer（或具备 state/global_step 的对象），用于 r 调度。
+ 返回:
+ 标量 loss（已经完成分布式加权，含 ×world_size）。
+ """
+ # 兼容：标量或非张量 → 不加权
+ if (not torch.is_tensor(losses)) or (losses.dim() == 0):
+ return losses
+
+ # 确保是一维向量
+ if losses.dim() > 1:
+ losses = losses.view(-1)
+
+ device_losses = losses # (B,)
+ device = device_losses.device
+ dtype = device_losses.dtype
+
+ dist_on = dist.is_available() and dist.is_initialized()
+ world_size = dist.get_world_size() if dist_on else 1
+ local_rank = dist.get_rank() if dist_on else 0
+
+ # 1) 收集本批次所有 GPU 的 per-sample loss -> [W, B]
+ if dist_on:
+ gathered = torch.zeros(world_size, device_losses.numel(), device=device, dtype=dtype)
+ if hasattr(dist, "all_gather_into_tensor"):
+ dist.all_gather_into_tensor(gathered, device_losses.detach())
+ else:
+ bufs = [torch.zeros_like(device_losses) for _ in range(world_size)]
+ dist.all_gather(bufs, device_losses.detach())
+ gathered = torch.stack(bufs, dim=0)
+ else:
+ gathered = device_losses.detach().unsqueeze(0) # [1, B]
+
+ r = self.r
+
+ # 3) 规范化 → 策略加权 → 指数缩放（数值稳定：先减 max）→ 归一化 → 切回本卡
+ with torch.no_grad():
+ min_loss = gathered.min().item()
+ max_loss = gathered.max().item()
+
+ normalized = self.normalize_losses(
+ gathered.view(-1), delta=self.delta, l_min=min_loss, l_max=max_loss
+ )
+ reweighted = self.apply_strategy(normalized, delta=self.delta, strategy=self.strategy)
+
+ centered = reweighted - float(reweighted.max().item()) # 数值稳定
+ scaled = self.scale_losses(centered, r=r)
+
+ weights = scaled / torch.clamp(scaled.sum(), min=1e-12)
+ device_weights = weights.view(world_size, -1)[local_rank, :] # (B,)
+
+ # 4) 本卡加权并 × world_size（保持与参考实现一致）
+ return torch.sum(device_weights * device_losses) * world_size
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/dataflex/utils/__init__.py b/src/dataflex/utils/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/src/dataflex/utils/load_component.py b/src/dataflex/utils/load_component.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7cc25d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/utils/load_component.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import yaml
+from typing import Dict, Any, Optional
+
+def load_component(type: str, cfg_file: str, name: str, runtime_vars: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+ with open(cfg_file, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+ root = yaml.safe_load(f) or {}
+ bucket = (root.get(type) or {})
+ if name not in bucket:
+ available = ", ".join(sorted(bucket.keys()))
+ raise ValueError(f"{type} '{name}' not found. Available: {available}")
+ params = dict(bucket[name].get("params") or {})
+
+ # 简单占位替换（如 ${output_dir}）
+ if runtime_vars:
+ def subst(v):
+ if isinstance(v, str):
+ for k, val in runtime_vars.items(): v = v.replace(k, val)
+ return v
+ if isinstance(v, dict): return {kk: subst(vv) for kk, vv in v.items()}
+ if isinstance(v, list): return [subst(x) for x in v]
+ return v
+ params = subst(params)
+
+ return params
diff --git a/src/dataflex/utils/logging.py b/src/dataflex/utils/logging.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de3ecb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/utils/logging.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import logging
+import sys
+logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
+handler = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout)
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+logger.addHandler(handler)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/dataflex/utils/selector_io.py b/src/dataflex/utils/selector_io.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..270c20a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/utils/selector_io.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import json
+import os
+import torch.distributed as dist
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple
+from dataflex.utils.logging import logger
+
+def _ensure_parent_dir(path: str) -> None:
+ parent = os.path.dirname(path)
+ if parent:
+ os.makedirs(parent, exist_ok=True)
+
+def load_cached_selection(
+ save_path: str
+) -> Tuple[Optional[List[int]], Optional[Dict[str, List]]]:
+ indices = None
+ metric = None
+ with open(save_path, "r") as f:
+ payload = json.load(f)
+ indices = payload.get("indices", [])
+ metric = payload.get("metric", {})
+
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Loaded cached selection from {save_path}: {indices is not None}.")
+ return indices, metric
+
+def save_selection(
+ save_path: str,
+ indices: List[int],
+ metric: Dict[str, List],
+ accelerator,
+) -> None:
+ """
+ 以统一格式保存，并仅由主进程落盘。
+ 存储为标准的 JSON 格式。
+ """
+ if accelerator.is_main_process:
+ _ensure_parent_dir(save_path)
+ payload = {
+ "indices": list(map(int, indices)),
+ "metric": metric,
+ }
+ with open(save_path, "w") as f:
+ json.dump(payload, f, indent=4) # 保存为漂亮的JSON格式
+ logger.info(f"[Dataflex] Saved selection to {save_path}.")
diff --git a/src/dataflex/version.py b/src/dataflex/version.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8904eb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/dataflex/version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+__version__ = "1.0.0"
+short_version = __version__
+
+
+def get_version():
+ return __version__
+
+
+def parse_version_info(version_str):
+ version_info = []
+ for x in version_str.split("."):
+ if x.isdigit():
+ version_info.append(int(x))
+ elif x.find("rc") != -1:
+ patch_version = x.split("rc")
+ version_info.append(int(patch_version[0]))
+ version_info.append(f"rc{patch_version[1]}")
+ return tuple(version_info)
+
+
+version_info = parse_version_info(__version__)
![\"The](\"https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/81af+MCATTL.jpg\")
\n\n