diff --git a/crates/perry-hir/src/lower/context.rs b/crates/perry-hir/src/lower/context.rs
index fcfb8bf5e..77d125133 100644
--- a/crates/perry-hir/src/lower/context.rs
+++ b/crates/perry-hir/src/lower/context.rs
@@ -175,6 +175,7 @@ impl LoweringContext {
             fn_ctor_env: super::fn_ctor_env::FnCtorEnv::default(),
             expr_lower_depth: 0,
             prelowered_member_receiver: None,
+            in_nonarrow_fn: false,
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/perry-hir/src/lower/eval_super_scan.rs b/crates/perry-hir/src/lower/eval_super_scan.rs
index 93ffcdc3e..a98503877 100644
--- a/crates/perry-hir/src/lower/eval_super_scan.rs
+++ b/crates/perry-hir/src/lower/eval_super_scan.rs
@@ -183,6 +183,14 @@ pub(crate) fn check_direct_eval_super_private(
             "'arguments' is not allowed in class field initializer",
         ));
     }
+    // ES2025 §15.2.1.1: `new.target` in a direct eval body is only legal when
+    // the eval is contained in function code that is NOT an ArrowFunction.
+    // At module/script top-level and inside arrow functions, it is a SyntaxError.
+    if scan.new_target && !ctx.in_nonarrow_fn {
+        return Some(throw_eval_syntax_error_expr(
+            "new.target expression is not allowed here",
+        ));
+    }
     check_private_refs(&scan, |name| {
         ctx.private_scopes
             .iter()
diff --git a/crates/perry-hir/src/lower/expr_function.rs b/crates/perry-hir/src/lower/expr_function.rs
index 0041389ab..55cf433c4 100644
--- a/crates/perry-hir/src/lower/expr_function.rs
+++ b/crates/perry-hir/src/lower/expr_function.rs
@@ -578,6 +578,8 @@ fn lower_fn_expr_anon(ctx: &mut LoweringContext, fn_expr: &ast::FnExpr) -> Resul
     // in a class field initializer. Cleared here, restored at the end.
     let saved_field_init = ctx.in_class_field_init;
     ctx.in_class_field_init = false;
+    let saved_in_nonarrow_fn = ctx.in_nonarrow_fn;
+    ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = true;
 
     // Lower parameters and collect destructuring info.
     //
@@ -1217,6 +1219,7 @@ fn lower_fn_expr_anon(ctx: &mut LoweringContext, fn_expr: &ast::FnExpr) -> Resul
     ctx.exit_strict_mode();
     ctx.exit_scope(scope_mark);
     ctx.in_class_field_init = saved_field_init;
+    ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = saved_in_nonarrow_fn;
 
     // Scope popped: `ctx.locals.id_set()` is now the enclosing scope's locals.
     let (captures, mutable_captures) =
diff --git a/crates/perry-hir/src/lower/expr_object.rs b/crates/perry-hir/src/lower/expr_object.rs
index aa2eee0c5..c849a57c8 100644
--- a/crates/perry-hir/src/lower/expr_object.rs
+++ b/crates/perry-hir/src/lower/expr_object.rs
@@ -203,6 +203,8 @@ fn lower_method_prop(
         .collect();
 
     let scope_mark = ctx.enter_scope();
+    let saved_in_nonarrow_fn = ctx.in_nonarrow_fn;
+    ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = true;
     // Object-literal methods are NOT implicitly strict (unlike class bodies):
     // strictness is inherited from the enclosing code or introduced by the
     // method's own directive prologue. A blanket `true` here made every
@@ -343,6 +345,7 @@ fn lower_method_prop(
     }
     ctx.exit_strict_mode();
     ctx.exit_scope(scope_mark);
+    ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = saved_in_nonarrow_fn;
 
     // Capture analysis (same pattern as arrow/function expressions)
     let mut all_refs = Vec::new();
@@ -465,6 +468,8 @@ fn lower_accessor_prop(
         .collect();
 
     let scope_mark = ctx.enter_scope();
+    let saved_in_nonarrow_fn = ctx.in_nonarrow_fn;
+    ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = true;
     // Accessors in object literals inherit strictness (see lower_method_prop).
     let accessor_strict = ctx.current_strict_mode()
         || body
@@ -508,6 +513,7 @@ fn lower_accessor_prop(
     };
     ctx.exit_strict_mode();
     ctx.exit_scope(scope_mark);
+    ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = saved_in_nonarrow_fn;
 
     // Capture analysis — identical pattern to `lower_method_prop`.
     let mut all_refs = Vec::new();
diff --git a/crates/perry-hir/src/lower/lowering_context.rs b/crates/perry-hir/src/lower/lowering_context.rs
index 6970bc76a..34f0df8a5 100644
--- a/crates/perry-hir/src/lower/lowering_context.rs
+++ b/crates/perry-hir/src/lower/lowering_context.rs
@@ -783,4 +783,12 @@ pub struct LoweringContext {
     /// idempotent w.r.t. the value produced (the fluent-success path already
     /// reuses the same lowered receiver), so reusing it is semantics-preserving.
     pub(crate) prelowered_member_receiver: Option<((u32, u32), Expr)>,
+    /// True when the eval call site is lexically inside a non-arrow function
+    /// (ordinary `function` declaration/expression, method, constructor, getter,
+    /// setter, or static block). Used by `check_direct_eval_super_private` to
+    /// enforce the spec rule: `new.target` in a direct eval body is only legal
+    /// when the eval is contained in function code that is NOT an ArrowFunction
+    /// (ES2025 §15.2.1.1, early error for `new.target` in eval). ArrowFunction
+    /// bodies and module/script top-level both leave this false.
+    pub(crate) in_nonarrow_fn: bool,
 }
diff --git a/crates/perry-hir/src/lower_decl/body_stmt/nested_fn_decl.rs b/crates/perry-hir/src/lower_decl/body_stmt/nested_fn_decl.rs
index 6e0bcc27d..3c1fe5aba 100644
--- a/crates/perry-hir/src/lower_decl/body_stmt/nested_fn_decl.rs
+++ b/crates/perry-hir/src/lower_decl/body_stmt/nested_fn_decl.rs
@@ -62,6 +62,8 @@ pub(super) fn lower_nested_fn_decl(
     };
 
     let scope_mark = ctx.enter_scope();
+    let saved_in_nonarrow_fn = ctx.in_nonarrow_fn;
+    ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = true;
 
     // Lower parameters. Skip the TypeScript `this:` annotation —
     // it has no runtime existence (see the sibling site above for
@@ -194,6 +196,7 @@ pub(super) fn lower_nested_fn_decl(
     }
 
     ctx.exit_scope(scope_mark);
+    ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = saved_in_nonarrow_fn;
 
     // Detect captured variables
     let mut all_refs = Vec::new();
diff --git a/crates/perry-hir/src/lower_decl/class_decl.rs b/crates/perry-hir/src/lower_decl/class_decl.rs
index 8c74e63c8..2b964ddb5 100644
--- a/crates/perry-hir/src/lower_decl/class_decl.rs
+++ b/crates/perry-hir/src/lower_decl/class_decl.rs
@@ -1045,8 +1045,11 @@ pub fn lower_class_decl(
                 // such method right after static field init, so they
                 // run once at module startup.
                 let scope_mark = ctx.enter_scope();
+                let saved_in_nonarrow_fn = ctx.in_nonarrow_fn;
+                ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = true;
                 let body = lower_block_stmt(ctx, &block.body)?;
                 ctx.exit_scope(scope_mark);
+                ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = saved_in_nonarrow_fn;
 
                 let block_idx = static_methods
                     .iter()
@@ -1814,8 +1817,11 @@ pub fn lower_class_from_ast(
             }
             ast::ClassMember::StaticBlock(block) => {
                 let scope_mark = ctx.enter_scope();
+                let saved_in_nonarrow_fn = ctx.in_nonarrow_fn;
+                ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = true;
                 let body = lower_block_stmt(ctx, &block.body)?;
                 ctx.exit_scope(scope_mark);
+                ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = saved_in_nonarrow_fn;
 
                 let block_idx = static_methods
                     .iter()
diff --git a/crates/perry-hir/src/lower_decl/class_members.rs b/crates/perry-hir/src/lower_decl/class_members.rs
index 5870d6071..ed75751c1 100644
--- a/crates/perry-hir/src/lower_decl/class_members.rs
+++ b/crates/perry-hir/src/lower_decl/class_members.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ pub fn lower_constructor(
     ctor: &ast::Constructor,
 ) -> Result<Function> {
     let scope_mark = ctx.enter_scope();
+    let saved_in_nonarrow_fn = ctx.in_nonarrow_fn;
+    ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = true;
     ctx.enter_strict_mode(true);
 
     // Track that we're inside a constructor body so `new.target` can resolve
@@ -210,6 +212,7 @@ pub fn lower_constructor(
 
     ctx.exit_strict_mode();
     ctx.exit_scope(scope_mark);
+    ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = saved_in_nonarrow_fn;
     ctx.in_constructor_class = saved_ctor_class;
 
     Ok(Function {
@@ -469,6 +472,8 @@ pub fn lower_class_method_with_name(
     ctx.enter_type_param_scope(&type_params);
 
     let scope_mark = ctx.enter_scope();
+    let saved_in_nonarrow_fn = ctx.in_nonarrow_fn;
+    ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = true;
     ctx.enter_strict_mode(true);
 
     // Add 'this' for instance methods
@@ -641,6 +646,7 @@ pub fn lower_class_method_with_name(
 
     ctx.exit_strict_mode();
     ctx.exit_scope(scope_mark);
+    ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = saved_in_nonarrow_fn;
 
     // Exit method's type param scope
     ctx.exit_type_param_scope();
@@ -710,6 +716,8 @@ pub fn lower_getter_method_with_name(
     name: String,
 ) -> Result<Function> {
     let scope_mark = ctx.enter_scope();
+    let saved_in_nonarrow_fn = ctx.in_nonarrow_fn;
+    ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = true;
     ctx.enter_strict_mode(true);
 
     // Add 'this' for instance getters
@@ -747,6 +755,7 @@ pub fn lower_getter_method_with_name(
 
     ctx.exit_strict_mode();
     ctx.exit_scope(scope_mark);
+    ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = saved_in_nonarrow_fn;
 
     Ok(Function {
         id: ctx.fresh_func(),
@@ -788,6 +797,8 @@ pub fn lower_setter_method_with_name(
     name: String,
 ) -> Result<Function> {
     let scope_mark = ctx.enter_scope();
+    let saved_in_nonarrow_fn = ctx.in_nonarrow_fn;
+    ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = true;
     ctx.enter_strict_mode(true);
 
     // Add 'this' for instance setters
@@ -870,6 +881,7 @@ pub fn lower_setter_method_with_name(
 
     ctx.exit_strict_mode();
     ctx.exit_scope(scope_mark);
+    ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = saved_in_nonarrow_fn;
 
     Ok(Function {
         id: ctx.fresh_func(),
diff --git a/crates/perry-hir/src/lower_decl/fn_decl.rs b/crates/perry-hir/src/lower_decl/fn_decl.rs
index c22d9c6e3..fefef0bfe 100644
--- a/crates/perry-hir/src/lower_decl/fn_decl.rs
+++ b/crates/perry-hir/src/lower_decl/fn_decl.rs
@@ -68,6 +68,8 @@ pub fn lower_fn_decl(ctx: &mut LoweringContext, fn_decl: &ast::FnDecl) -> Result
     ctx.enter_type_param_scope(&type_params);
 
     let scope_mark = ctx.enter_scope();
+    let saved_in_nonarrow_fn = ctx.in_nonarrow_fn;
+    ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = true;
 
     // Pre-scan body for `arguments` references. If the function references
     // `arguments`, we synthesize a hidden raw-arguments parameter so
@@ -372,6 +374,7 @@ pub fn lower_fn_decl(ctx: &mut LoweringContext, fn_decl: &ast::FnDecl) -> Result
 
     ctx.exit_strict_mode();
     ctx.exit_scope(scope_mark);
+    ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = saved_in_nonarrow_fn;
 
     // Exit type parameter scope
     ctx.exit_type_param_scope();
diff --git a/crates/perry-hir/src/lower_decl/private_members.rs b/crates/perry-hir/src/lower_decl/private_members.rs
index 2138364c2..71b5b600b 100644
--- a/crates/perry-hir/src/lower_decl/private_members.rs
+++ b/crates/perry-hir/src/lower_decl/private_members.rs
@@ -80,6 +80,8 @@ pub fn lower_private_method(
     ctx.enter_type_param_scope(&type_params);
 
     let scope_mark = ctx.enter_scope();
+    let saved_in_nonarrow_fn = ctx.in_nonarrow_fn;
+    ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = true;
     ctx.enter_strict_mode(true);
 
     // Add 'this' for instance methods
@@ -190,6 +192,7 @@ pub fn lower_private_method(
 
     ctx.exit_strict_mode();
     ctx.exit_scope(scope_mark);
+    ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = saved_in_nonarrow_fn;
     ctx.exit_type_param_scope();
 
     let func_id = ctx.fresh_func();
@@ -232,6 +235,8 @@ pub fn lower_private_getter(
 ) -> Result<Function> {
     let name = format!("get_#{}", method.key.name);
     let scope_mark = ctx.enter_scope();
+    let saved_in_nonarrow_fn = ctx.in_nonarrow_fn;
+    ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = true;
     ctx.enter_strict_mode(true);
     ctx.define_local("this".to_string(), Type::Any);
 
@@ -250,6 +255,7 @@ pub fn lower_private_getter(
 
     ctx.exit_strict_mode();
     ctx.exit_scope(scope_mark);
+    ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = saved_in_nonarrow_fn;
 
     Ok(Function {
         id: ctx.fresh_func(),
@@ -276,6 +282,8 @@ pub fn lower_private_setter(
 ) -> Result<Function> {
     let name = format!("set_#{}", method.key.name);
     let scope_mark = ctx.enter_scope();
+    let saved_in_nonarrow_fn = ctx.in_nonarrow_fn;
+    ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = true;
     ctx.enter_strict_mode(true);
     ctx.define_local("this".to_string(), Type::Any);
 
@@ -326,6 +334,7 @@ pub fn lower_private_setter(
 
     ctx.exit_strict_mode();
     ctx.exit_scope(scope_mark);
+    ctx.in_nonarrow_fn = saved_in_nonarrow_fn;
 
     Ok(Function {
         id: ctx.fresh_func(),