diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md index 413dcb3a0..a63ce4edc 100644 --- a/CLAUDE.md +++ b/CLAUDE.md @@ -98,3 +98,48 @@ - When describing higher-numbered deciles, prefer "higher-income" over "rich" or "wealthy" - When describing lower-numbered deciles, prefer "lower-income" over "poor" - Use precise language: "would" rather than "could" or "might" when describing modeled outcomes + +### Article Review Standards + +Based on our UK VAT thresholds article improvements, apply these standards to all PolicyEngine articles: + +#### 1. Active Voice and Conciseness + +- **Use active voice** with clear subjects (e.g., "The UK requires..." not "Businesses are required...") +- **Remove redundancy** - Don't repeat information in multiple sentences +- **Eliminate wordiness** - "We estimate that" → just state the finding +- **Avoid empty phrases** - "It is important to note that" → just state the fact +- **Combine related sentences** to reduce repetition + +#### 2. Data and Claims + +- **Only use adjectives/adverbs supported by data** - avoid "substantial," "significant," "slightly" unless quantified +- **Be precise about data sources** - clearly attribute who constructed/analyzed what +- **Remove obvious statements** - e.g., "Higher thresholds reduce revenue" when a chart shows this +- **Avoid hedging without reason** - "approximately" only when rounding, not for exact model outputs + +#### 3. Structure and Flow + +- **Lead with findings** - put key results upfront, methodology details later +- **Remove duplicate information** - don't present same data in both table and chart +- **Keep introductions tight** - 1-2 paragraphs maximum +- **Make transitions implicit** - avoid "In this section, we will..." + +#### 4. Technical Writing + +- **Spell out acronyms on first use** - "Retail Price Index (RPI)" then RPI thereafter +- **Clarify baselines and assumptions** - be explicit about what's held constant +- **Describe distributions accurately** - avoid "clustering" unless data shows clear bunching +- **Use consistent terminology** - pick one term and stick with it + +#### 5. Conclusions + +- **Keep conclusions factual** - summarize findings without speculation +- **Be specific about future work** - only mention planned analyses, not aspirations +- **Avoid promotional language** - let the analysis speak for itself + +#### 6. Titles and Subtitles + +- **Make titles action-oriented** - "How X affects Y" rather than "Modelling X" +- **Include key finding in subtitle** when possible +- **Avoid redundant location markers** for country-specific sites (don't say "UK" on UK site) diff --git a/changelog_entry.yaml b/changelog_entry.yaml index e23244d65..d5faab8c9 100644 --- a/changelog_entry.yaml +++ b/changelog_entry.yaml @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -- bump: patch +- bump: minor changes: - fixed: - - Fixed UK behavioral response calculations returning zero FTE impacts by updating parameter names to match UK API expectations + added: + - A blog post for VAT threshold analysis tool for UK policy analysis diff --git a/src/images/posts/uk-vat-reeves.jpg b/src/images/posts/uk-vat-reeves.jpg new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fed2e9442 Binary files /dev/null and b/src/images/posts/uk-vat-reeves.jpg differ diff --git a/src/posts/articles/uk-vat-thresholds.md b/src/posts/articles/uk-vat-thresholds.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d658b46b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/posts/articles/uk-vat-thresholds.md @@ -0,0 +1,802 @@ +_Photograph: House of Commons/Reuters_ + +## Introduction + +The UK requires businesses to register for VAT and charge customers 20% on their sales once annual turnover reaches [£90,000](https://www.gov.uk/vat-registration-thresholds), up from [£85,000](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/vat-increasing-the-registration-and-deregistration-thresholds/increasing-the-vat-registration-threshold) in 2024-25. The Telegraph [reported](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2025/08/30/reeves-talks-to-raise-vat-threshold-battle-to-grow-economy/) that Chancellor Rachel Reeves is considering further increases to the VAT threshold. + +We analyse how VAT threshold changes between £70,000 and £120,000 would affect revenues and the number of VAT-paying firms for the 2026-27 fiscal year. We constructed synthetic firm microdata to generate these projections and compare them with HMRC's official estimates. + +## Methodology + +We calibrated synthetic firm microdata to official UK business statistics from two sources: [ONS UK Business statistics](https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/activitysizeandlocation) for overall firm distributions and [HMRC VAT statistics](https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/value-added-tax-vat-annual-statistics) for VAT-registered businesses. + +Figure 1 shows the distribution of UK firms by turnover band in 2024 according to ONS business statistics. + +```plotly +{ + "data": [ + { + "x": ["£0-49k", "£50-99k", "£100-249k", "£250-499k", "£500-999k", "£1-5m", "£5m+"], + "y": [777330, 1075080, 1749330, 769140, 469320, 452890, 156460], + "type": "bar", + "marker": { + "color": "#A0A0A0", + "line": { + "width": 0 + } + }, + "hovertemplate": "Turnover band: %{x}
Firms: %{y:,.0f}" + } + ], + "layout": { + "title": { + "text": "Figure 1: Distribution of UK firms by turnover band, 2024 (ONS)", + "font": { + "family": "Roboto Serif", + "size": 16 + }, + "x": 0, + "xanchor": "left" + }, + "xaxis": { + "title": "Turnover band", + "titlefont": { + "family": "Roboto Serif" + }, + "tickfont": { + "family": "Roboto Serif", + "size": 10 + }, + "showgrid": true, + "gridcolor": "#e0e0e0", + "gridwidth": 1 + }, + "yaxis": { + "title": "Number of firms (thousands)", + "titlefont": { + "family": "Roboto Serif" + }, + "tickfont": { + "family": "Roboto Serif" + }, + "tickvals": [0, 200000, 400000, 600000, 800000, 1000000, 1200000, 1400000, 1600000, 1800000], + "ticktext": ["0", "200", "400", "600", "800", "1,000", "1,200", "1,400", "1,600", "1,800"], + "showgrid": true, + "gridcolor": "#e0e0e0", + "gridwidth": 1 + }, + "height": 500, + "margin": { + "l": 80, + "r": 50, + "b": 100, + "t": 100, + "pad": 4 + }, + "annotations": [ + { + "x": 1, + "y": -0.25, + "xref": "paper", + "yref": "paper", + "text": "Source: ONS UK Business Statistics", + "showarrow": false, + "font": { + "family": "Roboto Serif", + "size": 10, + "color": "#616161" + } + } + ], + "images": [ + { + "source": "/logo512.png", + "x": 1, + "y": -0.18, + "xref": "paper", + "yref": "paper", + "sizex": 0.1, + "sizey": 0.1, + "xanchor": "right", + "yanchor": "bottom" + } + ], + "plot_bgcolor": "#ebf2fa", + "paper_bgcolor": "#ebf2fa" + } +} +``` + +ONS data shows 32.1% of UK firms have turnover between £100,000 and £249,000, with 14.3% below £50,000 and 19.7% in the £50,000-£99,000 range. Most UK businesses operate with turnover below £250,000. + +Figure 2 presents the distribution of VAT-registered firms by turnover band in 2024-25 from HMRC statistics. + +```plotly +{ + "data": [ + { + "x": ["≤£0", "£1-90k", "£90-150k", "£150-300k", "£300-500k", "£500k-1m", "£1-10m", ">£10m"], + "y": [216500, 678350, 305320, 334470, 184080, 180500, 235060, 44680], + "type": "bar", + "marker": { + "color": "#A0A0A0", + "line": { + "width": 0 + } + }, + "hovertemplate": "Turnover band: %{x}
Firms: %{y:,.0f}" + } + ], + "layout": { + "title": { + "text": "Figure 2: Distribution of VAT-registered firms by turnover band, 2024-25 (HMRC)", + "font": { + "family": "Roboto Serif", + "size": 16 + }, + "x": 0, + "xanchor": "left" + }, + "xaxis": { + "title": "Turnover band", + "titlefont": { + "family": "Roboto Serif" + }, + "tickfont": { + "family": "Roboto Serif", + "size": 10 + }, + "showgrid": true, + "gridcolor": "#e0e0e0", + "gridwidth": 1 + }, + "yaxis": { + "title": "Number of firms (thousands)", + "titlefont": { + "family": "Roboto Serif" + }, + "tickfont": { + "family": "Roboto Serif" + }, + "tickvals": [0, 100000, 200000, 300000, 400000, 500000, 600000, 700000], + "ticktext": ["0", "100", "200", "300", "400", "500", "600", "700"], + "showgrid": true, + "gridcolor": "#e0e0e0", + "gridwidth": 1 + }, + "height": 500, + "margin": { + "l": 100, + "r": 50, + "b": 100, + "t": 100, + "pad": 4 + }, + "annotations": [ + { + "x": 1, + "y": -0.25, + "xref": "paper", + "yref": "paper", + "text": "Source: HMRC VAT Annual Statistics", + "showarrow": false, + "font": { + "family": "Roboto Serif", + "size": 10, + "color": "#616161" + } + } + ], + "images": [ + { + "source": "/logo512.png", + "x": 1, + "y": -0.18, + "xref": "paper", + "yref": "paper", + "sizex": 0.1, + "sizey": 0.1, + "xanchor": "right", + "yanchor": "bottom" + } + ], + "plot_bgcolor": "#ebf2fa", + "paper_bgcolor": "#ebf2fa" + } +} +``` + +HMRC data shows 31.1% of VAT-registered firms have turnover between £1 and £90,000, just below the registration threshold, with 14.0% in the £90,000-£150,000 band. + +We constructed synthetic firm microdata through multi-objective optimisation that matches both ONS firm structures and HMRC targets. The data captures firms by industry classification, turnover bands, employee counts, and VAT tax liability. + +Figure 3 shows the resulting distribution of UK firms by annual turnover in 2024. + +```plotly +{ + "data": [ + { + "x": [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,250,251,252,253,254,255,256,257,258,259,260,261,262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293,294,295,296,297,298,299], + "y": [4.821,5.301,5.283,5.630,5.762,5.745,6.014,6.092,6.068,6.538,6.732,6.558,6.882,6.964,7.288,7.333,7.315,7.319,7.644,7.769,7.639,7.723,7.977,8.077,8.264,8.286,8.582,8.657,8.661,8.785,8.689,8.875,9.041,9.149,9.361,9.363,9.221,9.363,9.480,9.426,9.543,9.656,9.647,9.769,9.899,9.697,10.024,10.194,10.341,10.191,10.391,10.464,10.099,10.306,10.582,10.393,10.388,10.471,10.541,10.677,10.391,10.487,10.879,10.705,10.638,10.628,10.605,10.899,10.833,10.675,10.756,10.678,10.587,10.492,10.583,10.637,10.437,10.270,10.308,10.507,10.527,10.165,10.290,10.258,10.102,9.997,9.687,9.878,9.849,8.399,7.012,7.141,6.874,6.837,6.832,6.835,6.712,6.575,6.791,6.437,6.436,6.412,6.455,6.240,6.336,6.223,5.939,5.999,5.945,5.763,5.709,5.880,5.763,5.630,5.528,5.590,5.426,5.520,5.413,5.294,5.281,5.248,5.141,5.168,5.177,5.090,5.100,5.008,5.187,4.999,4.942,4.932,4.963,4.893,4.867,5.022,4.969,4.898,4.800,4.890,4.869,4.746,4.839,4.821,4.853,4.868,4.791,4.849,4.931,4.202,3.219,3.433,3.275,3.250,3.339,3.301,3.293,3.347,3.344,3.335,3.301,3.342,3.359,3.317,3.257,3.417,3.346,3.369,3.341,3.281,3.450,3.364,3.270,3.367,3.293,3.296,3.307,3.412,3.405,3.311,3.287,3.331,3.327,3.330,3.347,3.337,3.412,3.430,3.417,3.438,3.427,3.244,3.462,3.335,3.347,3.431,3.342,3.368,3.372,3.314,3.311,3.398,3.404,3.333,3.350,3.311,3.292,3.331,3.298,3.163,3.343,3.215,3.179,3.194,3.228,3.230,3.208,3.171,3.087,3.165,3.108,3.085,3.092,3.100,3.016,3.024,2.999,2.886,2.880,2.807,2.802,2.814,2.758,2.718,2.747,2.698,2.571,2.595,2.554,2.432,2.441,2.346,2.476,2.452,2.408,2.417,2.249,2.272,2.185,2.126,2.139,2.093,2.053,1.942,1.979,1.926,1.935,1.876,1.811,1.741,1.762,1.705,1.681,1.668,1.613,1.547,1.577,1.490,1.453,1.474,1.414,1.385,1.329,1.320,1.339,1.276,1.322,1.309,1.212,1.162,1.194,1.207,1.171,1.122,1.121,1.119,1.096,1.112,1.044,1.067,1.036,1.016,1.058,0.944,1.022,0.987,1.025,0.957,0.929], + "type": "bar", + "marker": { + "color": "#A0A0A0", + "line": { + "width": 0 + } + }, + "hovertemplate": "Turnover: £%{x}k
Firms: %{y:,.1f}k" + } + ], + "layout": { + "title": { + "text": "Figure 3: Distribution of UK firms by annual turnover, 2024", + "font": { + "family": "Roboto Serif", + "size": 16 + }, + "x": 0, + "xanchor": "left" + }, + "xaxis": { + "title": "Annual turnover (£k)", + "titlefont": { + "family": "Roboto Serif" + }, + "tickfont": { + "family": "Roboto Serif" + }, + "showgrid": true, + "gridcolor": "#e0e0e0", + "gridwidth": 1, + "range": [0, 300], + "tick0": 0, + "dtick": 25 + }, + "yaxis": { + "title": "Number of firms (thousands)", + "titlefont": { + "family": "Roboto Serif" + }, + "tickfont": { + "family": "Roboto Serif" + }, + "tickformat": ",.0f", + "showgrid": true, + "gridcolor": "#e0e0e0", + "gridwidth": 1 + }, + "shapes": [ + { + "type": "line", + "x0": 90, + "x1": 90, + "y0": 0, + "y1": 11, + "line": { + "color": "#2C6496", + "width": 2, + "dash": "dash" + } + }, + { + "type": "line", + "x0": 150, + "x1": 150, + "y0": 0, + "y1": 11, + "line": { + "color": "#2C6496", + "width": 2, + "dash": "dash" + } + } + ], + "annotations": [ + { + "x": 92, + "y": 10.5, + "text": "VAT threshold
(£90k)", + "showarrow": false, + "font": { + "family": "Roboto Serif", + "size": 11, + "color": "#333333" + }, + "align": "left", + "xanchor": "left" + }, + { + "x": 152, + "y": 10.5, + "text": "VAT Flat Rate
Scheme (£150k)", + "showarrow": false, + "font": { + "family": "Roboto Serif", + "size": 11, + "color": "#333333" + }, + "align": "left", + "xanchor": "left" + }, + { + "x": 1, + "y": -0.25, + "xref": "paper", + "yref": "paper", + "text": "Source: PolicyEngine", + "showarrow": false, + "font": { + "family": "Roboto Serif", + "size": 10, + "color": "#616161" + } + } + ], + "images": [ + { + "source": "/logo512.png", + "x": 1, + "y": -0.18, + "xref": "paper", + "yref": "paper", + "sizex": 0.1, + "sizey": 0.1, + "xanchor": "right", + "yanchor": "bottom" + } + ], + "height": 500, + "margin": { + "l": 60, + "r": 50, + "b": 100, + "t": 100, + "pad": 4 + }, + "plot_bgcolor": "#ebf2fa", + "paper_bgcolor": "#ebf2fa" + } +} +``` + +The distribution shows drops in firm density above both the £90,000 VAT threshold and the £150,000 [VAT Flat Rate Scheme](https://www.gov.uk/vat-flat-rate-scheme) limit, which offers simplified VAT accounting for smaller businesses. + +We construct the initial synthetic firm set for 2024-25, then age turnover and VAT liability values to 2026-27 using growth factors from the [OBR's Retail Price Index forecasts](https://obr.uk/efo/economic-and-fiscal-outlook-march-2024/#annex-a), maintaining the same number of firms. Projections assume no behavioral responses to threshold changes. + +## Comparison with HMRC projections + +HMRC published revenue projections for raising the VAT threshold from [£85,000 to £90,000](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/vat-increasing-the-registration-and-deregistration-thresholds/increasing-the-vat-registration-threshold#summary-of-impacts) across the 2024-29 period. My colleague Max Ghenis [confirmed](https://maxghenis.substack.com/p/vat-thresholds-revenues-and-the-role) that HMRC assumed baseline thresholds of £85,000 in 2024-25, £87,000 in 2025-26, £89,000 in 2026-27, and £92,000 in 2028-29. Figure 4 compares PolicyEngine's estimates with HMRC's projections. + +```plotly +{ + "data": [ + { + "x": ["2024-25", "2025-26", "2026-27", "2027-28", "2028-29"], + "y": [-150, -185, -125, -50, 65], + "type": "bar", + "marker": { + "color": "#2C6496" + }, + "name": "HMRC", + "hovertemplate": "Year: %{x}
HMRC: £%{y}m" + }, + { + "x": ["2024-25", "2025-26", "2026-27", "2027-28", "2028-29"], + "y": [-183.012, -184.498, -114.333, -40.224, 72.293], + "type": "bar", + "marker": { + "color": "#A0A0A0" + }, + "name": "PolicyEngine", + "hovertemplate": "Year: %{x}
PolicyEngine: £%{y:.3f}m" + } + ], + "layout": { + "title": { + "text": "Figure 4: Revenue impact of increasing the VAT registration threshold (2024-29)", + "font": { + "family": "Roboto Serif", + "size": 16 + }, + "x": 0, + "xanchor": "left" + }, + "yaxis": { + "title": "£ millions", + "titlefont": { + "family": "Roboto Serif" + }, + "tickfont": { + "family": "Roboto Serif" + }, + "showgrid": true, + "gridcolor": "#e0e0e0", + "gridwidth": 1, + "zeroline": true, + "zerolinecolor": "#000000", + "zerolinewidth": 1 + }, + "xaxis": { + "titlefont": { + "family": "Roboto Serif" + }, + "tickfont": { + "family": "Roboto Serif" + } + }, + "barmode": "group", + "legend": { + "font": { + "family": "Roboto Serif" + } + }, + "height": 500, + "margin": { + "l": 50, + "r": 50, + "b": 100, + "t": 100, + "pad": 4 + }, + "annotations": [ + { + "x": 0, + "y": -250, + "text": "Baseline: £85k
Policy: £90k", + "showarrow": false, + "font": { + "family": "Roboto Serif", + "size": 10, + "color": "#666666" + }, + "align": "center" + }, + { + "x": 1, + "y": -250, + "text": "Baseline: £85k
Policy: £90k", + "showarrow": false, + "font": { + "family": "Roboto Serif", + "size": 10, + "color": "#666666" + }, + "align": "center" + }, + { + "x": 2, + "y": -250, + "text": "Baseline: £87k
Policy: £90k", + "showarrow": false, + "font": { + "family": "Roboto Serif", + "size": 10, + "color": "#666666" + }, + "align": "center" + }, + { + "x": 3, + "y": -250, + "text": "Baseline: £89k
Policy: £90k", + "showarrow": false, + "font": { + "family": "Roboto Serif", + "size": 10, + "color": "#666666" + }, + "align": "center" + }, + { + "x": 4, + "y": -250, + "text": "Baseline: £92k
Policy: £90k", + "showarrow": false, + "font": { + "family": "Roboto Serif", + "size": 10, + "color": "#666666" + }, + "align": "center" + }, + { + "x": 1, + "y": -0.25, + "xref": "paper", + "yref": "paper", + "text": "Source: PolicyEngine", + "showarrow": false, + "font": { + "family": "Roboto Serif", + "size": 10, + "color": "#616161" + } + } + ], + "images": [ + { + "source": "/logo512.png", + "x": 1, + "y": -0.18, + "xref": "paper", + "yref": "paper", + "sizex": 0.1, + "sizey": 0.1, + "xanchor": "right", + "yanchor": "bottom" + } + ], + "plot_bgcolor": "#ebf2fa", + "paper_bgcolor": "#ebf2fa" + } +} +``` + +Both models project revenue losses in the first four years, followed by gains in 2028-29. HMRC estimates a [£185 million](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/vat-increasing-the-registration-and-deregistration-thresholds/increasing-the-vat-registration-threshold#summary-of-impacts) loss in 2025-26; PolicyEngine projects £184 million. The 2028-29 revenue increase occurs because HMRC's baseline assumes the threshold would grow with inflation to £92,000 by that point, so fixing it at £90,000 captures more firms. PolicyEngine's estimates deviate an average 12.3% from HMRC's projections across all five years. + +## Revenue impacts + +Figure 7 shows revenue impacts for different thresholds in 2026-27. + +```plotly +{ + "data": [ + { + "x": [70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120], + "y": [642.0, 504.9, 352.9, 188.2, 0, -186.2, -370.5, -556.0, -747.9, -945.6, -1142.2], + "type": "scatter", + "mode": "lines+markers", + "marker": { + "color": "#616161", + "size": 8 + }, + "line": { + "color": "#616161", + "width": 3 + }, + "name": "Revenue change (£m)", + "text": ["Threshold: £70k
Revenue change: +£642.0m", "Threshold: £75k
Revenue change: +£504.9m", "Threshold: £80k
Revenue change: +£352.9m", "Threshold: £85k
Revenue change: +£188.2m", "Threshold: £90k
Revenue change: £0.0m", "Threshold: £95k
Revenue change: -£186.2m", "Threshold: £100k
Revenue change: -£370.5m", "Threshold: £105k
Revenue change: -£556.0m", "Threshold: £110k
Revenue change: -£747.9m", "Threshold: £115k
Revenue change: -£945.6m", "Threshold: £120k
Revenue change: -£1,142.2m"], + "hovertemplate": "%{text}" + } + ], + "layout": { + "title": { + "text": "Figure 7: Impact of VAT threshold changes on tax revenue (2026-27)", + "font": { + "family": "Roboto Serif", + "size": 16 + }, + "x": 0, + "xanchor": "left" + }, + "xaxis": { + "title": "Registration threshold (£k)", + "titlefont": { + "family": "Roboto Serif" + }, + "tickfont": { + "family": "Roboto Serif" + }, + "showgrid": true, + "gridcolor": "#e0e0e0", + "gridwidth": 1 + }, + "yaxis": { + "title": "Revenue (£m)", + "titlefont": { + "family": "Roboto Serif" + }, + "tickfont": { + "family": "Roboto Serif" + }, + "showgrid": true, + "gridcolor": "#e0e0e0", + "gridwidth": 1, + "zeroline": true, + "zerolinecolor": "#000000", + "zerolinewidth": 1 + }, + "shapes": [ + { + "type": "line", + "x0": 90, + "x1": 90, + "y0": -1400, + "y1": 1100, + "line": { + "color": "#666666", + "width": 2, + "dash": "dash" + } + } + ], + "height": 500, + "margin": { + "l": 50, + "r": 50, + "b": 100, + "t": 100, + "pad": 4 + }, + "annotations": [ + { + "x": 95, + "y": 800, + "text": "Current £90k", + "showarrow": false, + "font": { + "family": "Roboto Serif", + "color": "#666666" + } + }, + { + "x": 1, + "y": -0.25, + "xref": "paper", + "yref": "paper", + "text": "Source: PolicyEngine", + "showarrow": false, + "font": { + "family": "Roboto Serif", + "size": 10, + "color": "#616161" + } + } + ], + "images": [ + { + "source": "/logo512.png", + "x": 1, + "y": -0.18, + "xref": "paper", + "yref": "paper", + "sizex": 0.1, + "sizey": 0.1, + "xanchor": "right", + "yanchor": "bottom" + } + ], + "plot_bgcolor": "#ebf2fa", + "paper_bgcolor": "#ebf2fa" + } +} +``` + +In 2026-27, a £70,000 threshold would generate approximately £642 million additional revenue while a £120,000 threshold would reduce revenue by approximately £1.1 billion. + +## Impact on VAT-paying firms + +Figure 5 shows how different threshold levels change the number of VAT-paying firms in 2026-27. + +```plotly +{ + "data": [ + { + "x": [70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120], + "y": [109.105, 81.456, 54.086, 27.12, 0, -26.006, -47.621, -65.847, -83.434, -100.46, -116.319], + "type": "scatter", + "mode": "lines+markers", + "marker": { + "color": "#616161", + "size": 8 + }, + "line": { + "color": "#616161", + "width": 3 + }, + "name": "Change in VAT-paying firms (thousands)", + "text": ["Threshold: £70k
Firms affected: 109,105", "Threshold: £75k
Firms affected: 81,456", "Threshold: £80k
Firms affected: 54,086", "Threshold: £85k
Firms affected: 27,120", "Threshold: £90k
Firms affected: 0", "Threshold: £95k
Firms affected: 26,006", "Threshold: £100k
Firms affected: 47,621", "Threshold: £105k
Firms affected: 65,847", "Threshold: £110k
Firms affected: 83,434", "Threshold: £115k
Firms affected: 100,460", "Threshold: £120k
Firms affected: 116,319"], + "hovertemplate": "%{text}" + } + ], + "layout": { + "title": { + "text": "Figure 5: Change in VAT-paying firms by threshold (2026-27)", + "font": { + "family": "Roboto Serif", + "size": 16 + }, + "x": 0, + "xanchor": "left" + }, + "xaxis": { + "title": "Registration threshold (£k)", + "titlefont": { + "family": "Roboto Serif" + }, + "tickfont": { + "family": "Roboto Serif" + }, + "showgrid": true, + "gridcolor": "#e0e0e0", + "gridwidth": 1 + }, + "yaxis": { + "title": "Change in number of firms (thousands)", + "titlefont": { + "family": "Roboto Serif" + }, + "tickfont": { + "family": "Roboto Serif" + }, + "showgrid": true, + "gridcolor": "#e0e0e0", + "gridwidth": 1, + "zeroline": true, + "zerolinecolor": "#000000", + "zerolinewidth": 1 + }, + "shapes": [ + { + "type": "line", + "x0": 90, + "x1": 90, + "y0": -140, + "y1": 120, + "line": { + "color": "#666666", + "width": 2, + "dash": "dash" + } + } + ], + "height": 500, + "margin": { + "l": 50, + "r": 50, + "b": 100, + "t": 100, + "pad": 4 + }, + "annotations": [ + { + "x": 95, + "y": 30, + "text": "Current £90k", + "showarrow": false, + "font": { + "family": "Roboto Serif", + "color": "#666666" + } + }, + { + "x": 1, + "y": -0.25, + "xref": "paper", + "yref": "paper", + "text": "Source: PolicyEngine", + "showarrow": false, + "font": { + "family": "Roboto Serif", + "size": 10, + "color": "#616161" + } + } + ], + "images": [ + { + "source": "/logo512.png", + "x": 1, + "y": -0.18, + "xref": "paper", + "yref": "paper", + "sizex": 0.1, + "sizey": 0.1, + "xanchor": "right", + "yanchor": "bottom" + } + ], + "plot_bgcolor": "#ebf2fa", + "paper_bgcolor": "#ebf2fa" + } +} +``` + +A £70,000 threshold would add approximately 109,000 firms to VAT registration in 2026-27, while a £120,000 threshold would remove approximately 116,000 firms. + +## Conclusion + +Our synthetic firm microsimulation model shows that VAT threshold changes affect government revenues and the number of VAT-registered businesses. Raising the threshold to £100,000 would remove approximately 48,000 firms from VAT registration in 2026-27, reducing revenue by approximately £371 million. + +This analysis represents PolicyEngine's first application of firm-level microsimulation to UK tax policy. In the coming weeks, we'll apply this VAT model to evaluate other policy alternatives, including sector-specific thresholds, phase-ins, and mechanisms to address cliff effects. diff --git a/src/posts/posts.json b/src/posts/posts.json index b22d342e2..11efac200 100644 --- a/src/posts/posts.json +++ b/src/posts/posts.json @@ -1393,5 +1393,14 @@ "authors": ["nikhil-woodruff"], "filename": "wfa-means-test.ipynb", "image": "wfa-repeal.jpeg" + }, + { + "title": "How changing the VAT threshold affects UK revenues", + "description": "PolicyEngine's new firm microsimulation model estimates revenue and business impacts of VAT thresholds from £70,000 to £120,000.", + "date": "2025-09-10 11:00:00", + "tags": ["uk", "policy", "featured"], + "authors": ["vahid-ahmadi"], + "filename": "uk-vat-thresholds.md", + "image": "uk-vat-reeves.jpg" } ]