SYSCALLS.md

Syscalls of Libra

Syscall 0: sys_read

• Signature: int read(int fd, void *buf, size_t count, uint64_t offset)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (int fd): User-space file descriptor (1 and 2 return 0; fds > 2 map to internal index fd - 2).
  • a->arg[1] (void *buf): Buffer pointer to store read data.
  • a->arg[2] (size_t count): Number of bytes to read.
  • a->arg[3] (uint64_t offset): File offset position.
• Description: Reads data from an open descriptor. Checks fd_is_mnt tracking flags to route execution either to mount device handlers or vfs_read.

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Syscall 1: sys_write

• Signature: int write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (int fd): Target descriptor.
  • a->arg[1] (const void *buf): Data buffer.
  • a->arg[2] (size_t count): Data length in bytes.
• Description: Writes to standard streams (fds 1/2) char-by-char via serial and TTY drivers. Fds > 2 delegate to mounted drivers (write) or vfs_write_file.

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Syscall 2: sys_open

• Signature: int open(const char *path, int flags, uint32_t mode)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (const char *path): File path string.
  • a->arg[1] (int flags): Access flags.
  • a->arg[2] (uint32_t mode): File permission modes.
• Description: Resolves path via resolve_vfs_path. Routes /dev paths to device mounts or standard files to vfs_open. Returns allocated internal fd shifted by +2.

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Syscall 3: sys_mkdir

• Signature: int mkdir(const char *path, uint32_t mode)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (const char *path): Target directory path.
  • a->arg[1] (uint32_t mode): Creation mode flags.
• Description: Resolves relative or absolute paths to canonical form and invokes vfs_mkdir.

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Syscall 4: sys_rmdir

• Signature: int rmdir(const char *path)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (const char *path): Directory path to remove.
• Description: Resolves target path and invokes vfs_rmdir.

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Syscall 5: sys_close

• Signature: int close(int fd)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (int fd): Descriptor handle to close.
• Description: Frees allocated descriptor state in VFS (vfs_free_fd) and resets internal tracking flags for fds > 2.

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Syscall 6: sys_move_file

• Signature: int move_file(int fd, const char *new_path)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (int fd): Active file descriptor to relocate (fd - 2).
  • a->arg[1] (const char *new_path): Destination path string.
• Description: Resolves target destination path and invokes vfs_move_file on the target open file handle.

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Syscall 7: sys_create_file

• Signature: int create_file(void *ctx, const char *path, uint32_t flags)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (void *ctx): Context pointer passed to file creation routine.
  • a->arg[1] (const char *path): Target file path.
  • a->arg[2] (uint32_t flags): File creation flags.
• Description: Resolves path and creates a node via create() for /dev routes or vfs_create_file() for VFS routes. Returns handle offset by +2.

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Syscall 8: sys_delete_file

• Signature: int delete_file(const char *path)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (const char *path): File path string to un-link.
• Description: Resolves target file path and delegates to vfs_delete_file.

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Syscall 9: sys_get_perm_key

• Signature: int get_perm_key(int type, permission *out_perm)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (int type): Permission type selector (0 for admin key, 1 for user key).
  • a->arg[1] (permission *out_perm): User-space pointer to permission struct.
• Description: Cryptographically signs administrative or user keys using caller PID (sign_key_with_pid) and copies resulting permission metadata back to caller.

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Syscall 10: sys_graduate

• Signature: void graduate(void)
• Arguments: None.
• Description: Invokes the kernel process privilege escalation/graduation sequence.

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Syscall 11: sys_draw_rect

• Signature: void draw_rect(uint64_t x, uint64_t y, uint64_t w, uint64_t h, uint8_t r, uint8_t g, uint8_t b)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (uint64_t x): Screen horizontal start coordinate.
  • a->arg[1] (uint64_t y): Screen vertical start coordinate.
  • a->arg[2] (uint64_t w): Rectangle width.
  • a->arg[3] (uint64_t h): Rectangle height.
  • a->arg[4] (uint8_t r): Red color channel.
  • a->arg[5] (uint8_t g): Green color channel.
  • a->arg[6] (uint8_t b): Blue color channel.
• Description: Directly renders a colored rectangle onto the system framebuffer.

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Syscall 12: sys_exit_handler

• Signature: void exit_handler(uint64_t status)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (uint64_t status): Exit status code.
• Description: Captures active caller stack pointer (get_rsp()) and passes execution context to kernel task exit handler syscall_exit_handler.

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Syscall 13: sys_ipc_recv

• Signature: void ipc_recv(void *buf, uint64_t size, uint32_t *sender_pid)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (void *buf): User-space buffer to write incoming payload.
  • a->arg[1] (uint64_t size): Maximum byte length to receive.
  • a->arg[2] (uint32_t *sender_pid): Pointer to receive sender PID metadata.
• Description: Blocking inter-process communication call to receive incoming messages.

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Syscall 14: sys_ipc_send

• Signature: void ipc_send(uint64_t target_pid, void *buf, uint64_t size)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (uint64_t unused): Unused parameter index.
  • a->arg[1] (uint64_t target_pid): Target recipient PID.
  • a->arg[2] (void *buf): Payload buffer.
  • a->arg[3] (uint64_t size): Byte size of payload.
• Description: Transmits an IPC message buffer to a target process.

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Syscall 15: sys_getpid

• Signature: uint64_t getpid(void)
• Arguments: None.
• Description: Returns the process identifier of the active executing task.

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Syscall 16: sys_terminate

• Signature: int terminate(void *proc_ptr, uint64_t pid)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (void *proc_ptr / uint64_t pid): Target process handle/PID.
• Description: Terminates the target process or task handle.

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Syscall 17: sys_fstat

• Signature: int fstat(int fd, struct vfs_stat *statbuf)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (int fd): User file descriptor (fd - 2).
  • a->arg[1] (struct vfs_stat *statbuf): Output metadata buffer pointer.
• Description: Populates a VFS stat structure with file details. Fds <= 2 return -EBADF.

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Syscall 18: sys_read_stdin

• Signature: uint64_t read_stdin_scancodes(uint8_t *buf, uint64_t count)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (uint8_t *buf): Destination scan code buffer.
  • a->arg[1] (uint64_t count): Number of scan code bytes requested.
• Description: Enables interrupts (sti) and polls hardware scan code inputs until the requested number of bytes are buffered.

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Syscall 19: sys_spawn

• Signature: int spawn(const char *path, uint64_t flags, char **argv, const char *cwd)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (const char *path): Executable binary path.
  • a->arg[1] (uint64_t flags): Process spawn configuration parameters.
  • a->arg[2] (char **argv): Null-terminated array of argument strings.
  • a->arg[3] (const char *cwd): Initial working directory path.
• Description: Creates and schedules a new child process executing from a specified binary path.

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Syscall 20: sys_waitpid

• Signature: int waitpid(uint64_t pid)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (uint64_t pid): Target process identifier.
• Description: Blocks execution until target child PID finishes execution.

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Syscall 21: sys_draw_image

• Signature: void draw_image(uint64_t x, uint64_t y, uint64_t w, uint64_t h, uint8_t *img_buf)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (uint64_t x): Top-left destination X coordinate.
  • a->arg[1] (uint64_t y): Top-left destination Y coordinate.
  • a->arg[2] (uint64_t w): Image width.
  • a->arg[3] (uint64_t h): Image height.
  • a->arg[4] (uint8_t *img_buf): Pixel array buffer pointer.
• Description: Blits a raw image buffer onto the system framebuffer.

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Syscall 22: sys_mmap

• Signature: void *mmap(void *addr, size_t length, int prot, int flags, int fd, int64_t offset)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (void *addr): Suggested virtual address.
  • a->arg[1] (size_t length): Region size in bytes.
  • a->arg[2] (int prot): Memory protection permissions.
  • a->arg[3] (int flags): Mapping type flags.
  • a->arg[4] (int fd): File descriptor source (if file-backed).
  • a->arg[5] (int64_t offset): Byte offset within file source.
• Description: Allocates or maps virtual memory pages into process address space via vmm_mmap.

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Syscall 23: sys_munmap

• Signature: int munmap(void *addr, size_t length)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (void *addr): Base virtual address.
  • a->arg[1] (size_t length): Length of region to unmap.
• Description: Unmaps virtual memory pages from process space via vmm_munmap.

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Syscall 24: sys_set_signal_handler

• Signature: int set_signal_handler(int sig, uint64_t handler_addr)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (int sig): Signal identifier.
  • a->arg[1] (uint64_t handler_addr): Function entry address for signal routine.
• Description: Binds a user signal handler callback to a specific signal number.

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Syscall 25: sys_send_signal

• Signature: int send_signal(int target_pid, int sig)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (int target_pid): Target process ID.
  • a->arg[1] (int sig): Signal number to deliver.
• Description: Dispatches an asynchronous signal event to target task.

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Syscall 26: sys_read_mouse

• Signature: int read_mouse(void *buf, uint64_t count)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (void *buf): Destination user-space packet buffer.
  • a->arg[1] (uint64_t count): Max size or event count to read.
• Description: Fills user buffer with hardware mouse input state packet data.

---

Syscall 27: sys_get_pixel

• Signature: void get_pixel(uint64_t x, uint64_t y, uint8_t *r, uint8_t *g, uint8_t *b)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (uint64_t x): Screen X position.
  • a->arg[1] (uint64_t y): Screen Y position.
  • a->arg[2] (uint8_t *r): Output pointer for Red channel value.
  • a->arg[3] (uint8_t *g): Output pointer for Green channel value.
  • a->arg[4] (uint8_t *b): Output pointer for Blue channel value.
• Description: Reads active pixel color channels at given screen coordinates directly from framebuffer.

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Syscall 28: sys_ipc_send_nonblock

• Signature: int ipc_send_nonblock(uint64_t target_pid, void *buf, uint64_t size)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (uint64_t target_pid): Recipient PID.
  • a->arg[1] (void *buf): Message buffer.
  • a->arg[2] (uint64_t size): Message length.
• Description: Non-blocking IPC transmit variant; returns immediately if recipient queue is full.

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Syscall 29: sys_ipc_recv_nonblock

• Signature: int ipc_recv_nonblock(void *buf, uint64_t size, uint64_t timeout)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (void *buf): Incoming payload buffer.
  • a->arg[1] (uint64_t size): Buffer size limit.
  • a->arg[2] (uint64_t timeout): Non-blocking timeout parameter.
• Description: Non-blocking IPC receive operation.

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Syscall 30: sys_socket

• Signature: int socket(uint64_t domain, uint64_t type)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (uint64_t domain): Network protocol family.
  • a->arg[1] (uint64_t type): Socket semantics type.
• Description: Allocates an entry in the global network socket table (sockets). Returns array index handle.

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Syscall 31: sys_socket_connect

• Signature: int socket_connect(int sock_fd, uint64_t addr_info)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (int sock_fd): Socket index in system socket table.
  • a->arg[1] (uint64_t addr_info): Encoded remote IP/port address parameter.
• Description: Executes network socket connection routine (sock.connect).

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Syscall 32: sys_socket_recv

• Signature: int socket_recv(int sock_fd, void *buf, uint64_t size)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (int sock_fd): Target socket handle.
  • a->arg[1] (void *buf): Payload destination buffer.
  • a->arg[2] (uint64_t size): Max receive length.
• Description: Invokes socket driver receive routine (sock.recv).

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Syscall 33: sys_socket_send

• Signature: int socket_send(int sock_fd, void *buf, uint64_t size)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (int sock_fd): Active socket handle.
  • a->arg[1] (void *buf): Data buffer to send.
  • a->arg[2] (uint64_t size): Byte count.
• Description: Invokes socket driver transmit routine (sock.send).

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Syscall 34: sys_socket_close

• Signature: int socket_close(int sock_fd)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (int sock_fd): Target socket handle.
• Description: Tears down active network socket interface via sock.close.

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Syscall 35: sys_get_ticks

• Signature: uint64_t get_ticks(void)
• Arguments: None.
• Description: Returns total timer ticks scaled by a multiplier factor of 10 (ticks * 10).

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Syscall 36: sys_sleep_ms

• Signature: void sleep_ms(uint64_t ms)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (uint64_t ms): Sleep duration in milliseconds.
• Description: Suspends thread execution for specified time period.

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Syscall 37: sys_get_launchd_pid

• Signature: uint64_t get_launchd_pid(void)
• Arguments: None.
• Description: Queries and returns process ID of system initialization daemon (launchd).

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Syscall 38: sys_uname

• Signature: int uname(struct utsname *buf)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (struct utsname *buf): Target information structure pointer.
• Description: Populates caller utsname buffer with machine architecture, nodename, kernel version, and release metadata.

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Syscall 39: sys_sethostname

• Signature: int sethostname(const char *name, size_t len)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (const char *name): New host name buffer.
  • a->arg[1] (size_t len): Name length limit.
• Description: Updates global kernel network node hostname (nodename).

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Syscall 40: sys_gethostname

• Signature: int gethostname(char *name, size_t len)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (char *name): Target string buffer.
  • a->arg[1] (size_t len): Buffer size limit.
• Description: Copies active kernel nodename into user space buffer.

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Syscall 41: sys_rtc_get_time

• Signature: void rtc_get_time(struct timespec *time)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (struct timespec *time): Destination time structure pointer.
• Description: Queries real-time clock hardware and populates timespec.

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Syscall 42: sys_listdir

• Signature: int listdir(const char *path, char **out_buf, uint64_t max_entries)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (const char *path): Target directory path.
  • a->arg[1] (char **out_buf): Destination array pointer for entries.
  • a->arg[2] (uint64_t max_entries): Maximum entries count limit.
• Description: Resolves directory path and lists contained file entries using vfs_listdir.

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Syscall 43: sys_reboot

• Signature: void reboot(void)
• Arguments: None.
• Description: Invokes ACPI hardware reset handler (uacpi_reboot).

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Syscall 44: sys_poweroff

• Signature: void poweroff(void)
• Arguments: None.
• Description: Transitions machine into ACPI S5 shutdown power state (uacpi_enter_sleep_state).

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Syscall 45: sys_delete_file_alias

• Signature: int delete_file_alias(const char *path)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (const char *path): Target path string.
• Description: Alias function entry point for file deletion path resolution and un-linking (vfs_delete_file).

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Syscall 46: sys_ioctl

• Signature: int ioctl(int fd, uint64_t cmd, void *arg)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (int fd): Device or file descriptor.
  • a->arg[1] (uint64_t cmd): Device control request code.
  • a->arg[2] (void *arg): Control argument or buffer pointer.
• Description: Passes control requests directly to device driver interfaces via ioctl.

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Syscall 47: sys_hvfs_create

• Signature: int hvfs_create(const char *path)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (const char *path): Target HVFS path node string.
• Description: Creates a dynamic node entry inside the Hierarchical Variable and Function System.

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Syscall 48: sys_hvfs_set_type

• Signature: int hvfs_set_type(const char *path, uint64_t type)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (const char *path): Target HVFS path.
  • a->arg[1] (uint64_t type): HVFS node type enum value.
• Description: Configures node data type (explicitly blocks setting HVFS_TYPE_FUNCTION types from user space).

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Syscall 49: sys_hvfs_set

• Signature: int hvfs_set(const char *path, const void *data, size_t size)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (const char *path): Target HVFS path.
  • a->arg[1] (const void *data): Pointer to input buffer.
  • a->arg[2] (size_t size): Byte length of input payload.
• Description: Writes data payload to specified HVFS variable node.

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Syscall 50: sys_hvfs_get

• Signature: int hvfs_get(const char *path, void *out_buf, size_t size)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (const char *path): Target HVFS path.
  • a->arg[1] (void *out_buf): Destination buffer pointer.
  • a->arg[2] (size_t size): Output buffer capacity.
• Description: Reads data contents stored within an HVFS node.

---

Syscall 51: sys_hvfs_get_type

• Signature: int hvfs_get_type(const char *path, hvfs_type_t *out_type)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (const char *path): Target HVFS path.
  • a->arg[1] (hvfs_type_t *out_type): Pointer to receive node type tag.
• Description: Queries data type classification of targeted HVFS node.

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Syscall 52: sys_hvfs_remove

• Signature: int hvfs_remove(const char *path)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (const char *path): HVFS node path to delete.
• Description: Removes a variable or path node from HVFS tree structure.

---

Syscall 53: sys_hvfs_listdir

• Signature: int hvfs_listdir(const char *path, char *out_buf, size_t max_size)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (const char *path): HVFS directory node path.
  • a->arg[1] (char *out_buf): Buffer to store child list names.
  • a->arg[2] (size_t max_size): Output buffer size limit.
• Description: Lists child node entries present under an HVFS path branch.

---

Syscall 54: sys_hvfs_stat

• Signature: int hvfs_stat(const char *path, hvfs_stat_t *out_stat)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (const char *path): Target HVFS path.
  • a->arg[1] (hvfs_stat_t *out_stat): Pointer to output stat structure.
• Description: Fetches node status and metadata statistics from HVFS tree.

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Syscall 55: sys_chdir

• Signature: int chdir(const char *path)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (const char *path): Target working directory path.
• Description: Canonicalizes path input and updates current working directory context for process execution.

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Syscall 56: sys_getcwd

• Signature: int getcwd(char *buf, size_t size)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (char *buf): Buffer pointer for path string.
  • a->arg[1] (size_t size): Buffer byte capacity.
• Description: Copies active working directory string into user buffer. Returns 0 on success or -1 on error.

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Syscall 57: sys_realpath

• Signature: char *realpath(const char *path, char *resolved_path)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (const char *path): Absolute or relative input path.
  • a->arg[1] (char *resolved_path): Optional user destination buffer (allocates kernel memory if NULL).
• Description: Resolves absolute path string. Returns string memory address on success or -ENOENT on error.

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Syscall 58: sys_ps

• Signature: int ps(struct utask *task_list, uint64_t max_tasks)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (struct utask *task_list): Destination array pointer for task metadata.
  • a->arg[1] (uint64_t max_tasks): Maximum array elements.
• Description: Copies current system task/process list information into user buffer array.

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Syscall 59: sys_tty_clear

• Signature: void tty_clear(void)
• Arguments: None.
• Description: Logs debug trace string and clears active graphics TTY text console buffer.

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Syscall 60: sys_tty_switch

• Signature: void tty_switch(uint64_t tty_index)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (uint64_t tty_index): Target zero-indexed TTY terminal number.
• Description: Switches active foreground TTY terminal display context.

---

Syscall 61: sys_tty_draw_pixel

• Signature: int tty_draw_pixel(uint64_t x, uint64_t y, uint32_t color)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (uint64_t x): Screen horizontal coordinate.
  • a->arg[1] (uint64_t y): Screen vertical coordinate.
  • a->arg[2] (uint32_t color): 32-bit ARGB/XRGB color payload.
• Description: Renders a single pixel directly onto active TTY display output.

---

Syscall 62: sys_tty_draw_img

• Signature: int tty_draw_img(int start_x, int start_y, unsigned int *img_buffer, int w, int h)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (int start_x): Left screen offset.
  • a->arg[1] (int start_y): Top screen offset.
  • a->arg[2] (unsigned int *img_buffer): 32-bit flat pixel array buffer pointer.
  • a->arg[3] (int w): Image pixel width.
  • a->arg[4] (int h): Image pixel height.
• Description: Iterates through flat 1D image array and renders pixels to TTY display offset. Performs bounds check on img_buffer, w, and h.

---

Syscall 63: sys_tty_draw_rect

• Signature: int tty_draw_rect(uint64_t x, uint64_t y, uint64_t w, uint64_t h, uint32_t color)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (uint64_t x): Origin X position.
  • a->arg[1] (uint64_t y): Origin Y position.
  • a->arg[2] (uint64_t w): Width in pixels.
  • a->arg[3] (uint64_t h): Height in pixels.
  • a->arg[4] (uint32_t color): 32-bit color value.
• Description: Fills a rectangular region on active TTY display using tty_draw_pixel.

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Syscall 64: sys_get_tls

• Signature: uint64_t get_tls(void)
• Arguments: None.
• Description: Retrieves the thread-local storage pointer for the current thread.

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Syscall 65: sys_set_tls

• Signature: int set_tls(uint64_t value)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (uint64_t value): TLS pointer value to set.
• Description: Sets the thread-local storage pointer for the current thread.

---

Syscall 66: sys_clone

• Signature: int clone(uint64_t stack, uint64_t arg)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (uint64_t stack): Stack pointer for new thread.
  • a->arg[1] (uint64_t arg): Thread argument.
• Description: Creates a new thread with specified stack and argument.

---

Syscall 67: sys_join

• Signature: int join(uint64_t thread_id)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (uint64_t thread_id): Thread ID to wait for.
• Description: Waits for a thread to exit.

---

Syscall 68: sys_pci_lookup

• Signature: int pci_lookup(uint16_t vendor, uint16_t device, uint64_t *out_addr)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (uint16_t vendor): PCI vendor ID.
  • a->arg[1] (uint16_t device): PCI device ID.
  • a->arg[2] (uint64_t *out_addr): Output pointer for device address.
• Description: Queries PCI device table for matching vendor/device pair.

---

Syscall 69: sys_thread_exit

• Signature: void thread_exit(int status)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (int status): Thread exit status code.
• Description: Terminates the current thread with specified status.

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Syscall 70: sys_fork

• Signature: int fork(void)
• Arguments: None.
• Description: Creates a child process as a copy of the parent.

---

Syscall 71: sys_execve

• Signature: int execve(const char *path, char *const argv[], char *const envp[])
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (const char *path): Executable file path.
  • a->arg[1] (char *const argv[]): Argument array.
  • a->arg[2] (char *const envp[]): Environment array.
• Description: Replaces current process image with new executable.

---

Syscall 72: sys_link

• Signature: int link(const char *oldpath, const char *newpath)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (const char *oldpath): Existing file path.
  • a->arg[1] (const char *newpath): New hard link path.
• Description: Creates a hard link to an existing file.

---

Syscall 73: sys_socket_listen

• Signature: int listen(int sock_fd, const char *addr)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (int sock_fd): Socket index in system socket table.
  • a->arg[1] (const char *addr): Local address to listen on (e.g., "192.168.1.1:8080").
• Description: Marks a socket as passive listener and binds it to a local address. Invokes sock.listen().

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Syscall 74: sys_socket_accept

• Signature: int accept(int sock_fd)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (int sock_fd): Listening socket index.
• Description: Blocks until an incoming connection arrives, creates a new connected socket, and returns its index. Invokes sock.accept().

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Syscall 75: sys_socket_bind

• Signature: int bind(int sock_fd, const char *addr)
• Arguments:
  • a->arg[0] (int sock_fd): Socket index in system socket table.
  • a->arg[1] (const char *addr): Local address to bind to (e.g., "192.168.1.1:8080" for IPv4 or "unix:///tmp/mysock" for Unix domain sockets).
• Description: Binds a socket to a local address without marking it as passive listener. Can be followed by listen() to start accepting connections, or used with UDP for explicit port binding. Invokes sock.bind().