diff --git a/frontend/src/components/DisputeVoting/DisputeVotingPanel.css b/frontend/src/components/DisputeVoting/DisputeVotingPanel.css
index 96b0ecd..7dfd0db 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/DisputeVoting/DisputeVotingPanel.css
+++ b/frontend/src/components/DisputeVoting/DisputeVotingPanel.css
@@ -117,6 +117,29 @@
   gap: 10px;
 }
 
+/* Finalized state — replaces vote buttons when an outcome is set */
+.dispute-card--finalized {
+  opacity: 0.85;
+}
+
+.dispute-card__finalized-notice {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 8px;
+  padding: 10px 14px;
+  border-radius: var(--radius);
+  background: var(--color-muted-bg, #f3f4f6);
+  color: var(--color-text-muted, #6b7280);
+  font-size: 0.875rem;
+  font-weight: 500;
+}
+
+.dispute-card__finalized-icon {
+  font-size: 1rem;
+  color: var(--color-success, #16a34a);
+  font-weight: 700;
+}
+
 .dispute-card__voted {
   font-size: 0.85rem;
   color: var(--color-text-muted);
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/DisputeVoting/DisputeVotingPanel.test.tsx b/frontend/src/components/DisputeVoting/DisputeVotingPanel.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d3dfe3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/frontend/src/components/DisputeVoting/DisputeVotingPanel.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from 'vitest'
+import '@testing-library/jest-dom'
+import { render, screen } from '@testing-library/react'
+import DisputeVotingPanel from './DisputeVotingPanel'
+import * as useDisputesModule from '../../hooks/useDisputes'
+import type { Dispute } from '../../types/dispute'
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Fixtures
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const BASE_DISPUTE: Dispute = {
+  settlement_id: 42,
+  claimant_weight: 3,
+  counterparty_weight: 2,
+  resolution_weight: 5,
+  threshold: 5,
+  outcome: null,
+  votes: [],
+}
+
+function mockUseDisputes(disputes: Dispute[]) {
+  vi.spyOn(useDisputesModule, 'useDisputes').mockReturnValue({
+    disputes,
+    loading: false,
+    error: null,
+    voteDispute: vi.fn(),
+    refresh: vi.fn(),
+    lastUpdated: new Date('2025-01-01T12:00:00Z'),
+    weightChanged: false,
+  })
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Tests
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+describe('DisputeVotingPanel — finalized/disabled state (issue #230)', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+  })
+
+  it('renders vote buttons when a dispute is open (outcome is null)', () => {
+    mockUseDisputes([{ ...BASE_DISPUTE, outcome: null }])
+    render(<DisputeVotingPanel />)
+
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /Vote in favor of claimant/i })).toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /Vote in favor of counterparty/i })).toBeInTheDocument()
+  })
+
+  it('does NOT render vote buttons when a dispute is finalized', () => {
+    mockUseDisputes([{ ...BASE_DISPUTE, outcome: 'ResolvedClaimant' }])
+    render(<DisputeVotingPanel />)
+
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: /Vote Claimant/i })).not.toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(screen.queryByRole('button', { name: /Vote Counterparty/i })).not.toBeInTheDocument()
+  })
+
+  it('shows "Outcome finalized" notice when dispute is resolved', () => {
+    mockUseDisputes([{ ...BASE_DISPUTE, outcome: 'ResolvedClaimant' }])
+    render(<DisputeVotingPanel />)
+
+    expect(screen.getByText(/Outcome finalized/i)).toBeInTheDocument()
+  })
+
+  it('shows the outcome badge with the winner label when finalized (claimant)', () => {
+    mockUseDisputes([{ ...BASE_DISPUTE, outcome: 'ResolvedClaimant' }])
+    render(<DisputeVotingPanel />)
+
+    expect(screen.getByText(/Resolved: Claimant/i)).toBeInTheDocument()
+  })
+
+  it('shows the outcome badge with the winner label when finalized (counterparty)', () => {
+    mockUseDisputes([{ ...BASE_DISPUTE, outcome: 'ResolvedCounterparty' }])
+    render(<DisputeVotingPanel />)
+
+    expect(screen.getByText(/Resolved: Counterparty/i)).toBeInTheDocument()
+  })
+
+  it('finalized notice has role=status for screen reader accessibility', () => {
+    mockUseDisputes([{ ...BASE_DISPUTE, outcome: 'ResolvedCounterparty' }])
+    render(<DisputeVotingPanel />)
+
+    expect(screen.getByRole('status', { name: '' })).toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('status').textContent).toMatch(/Outcome finalized/i)
+  })
+
+  it('dispute card gets dispute-card--finalized class when outcome is set', () => {
+    mockUseDisputes([{ ...BASE_DISPUTE, outcome: 'ResolvedClaimant' }])
+    const { container } = render(<DisputeVotingPanel />)
+
+    const finalizedCard = container.querySelector('.dispute-card--finalized')
+    expect(finalizedCard).toBeInTheDocument()
+  })
+
+  it('open disputes do NOT get the dispute-card--finalized class', () => {
+    mockUseDisputes([{ ...BASE_DISPUTE, outcome: null }])
+    const { container } = render(<DisputeVotingPanel />)
+
+    expect(container.querySelector('.dispute-card--finalized')).not.toBeInTheDocument()
+  })
+
+  it('a mix of open and finalized disputes renders correctly', () => {
+    mockUseDisputes([
+      { ...BASE_DISPUTE, settlement_id: 1, outcome: null },
+      { ...BASE_DISPUTE, settlement_id: 2, outcome: 'ResolvedCounterparty' },
+    ])
+    render(<DisputeVotingPanel />)
+
+    // Open dispute has vote buttons (aria-label references the settlement id)
+    expect(screen.getAllByRole('button', { name: /Vote in favor of claimant/i })).toHaveLength(1)
+    // Finalized dispute has no vote buttons but shows notice
+    expect(screen.getAllByText(/Outcome finalized/i)).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/frontend/src/components/DisputeVoting/DisputeVotingPanel.tsx b/frontend/src/components/DisputeVoting/DisputeVotingPanel.tsx
index 6e8bfca..56a69b4 100644
--- a/frontend/src/components/DisputeVoting/DisputeVotingPanel.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/components/DisputeVoting/DisputeVotingPanel.tsx
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ function DisputeCard({ dispute, onVote }: { dispute: Dispute; onVote: (id: numbe
   }
 
   return (
-    <div className="dispute-card">
+    <div className={`dispute-card${resolved ? ' dispute-card--finalized' : ''}`}>
       <div className="dispute-card__header">
         <span className="dispute-card__id">Settlement #{dispute.settlement_id}</span>
         {resolved && <OutcomeBadge outcome={dispute.outcome!} />}
@@ -69,7 +69,15 @@ function DisputeCard({ dispute, onVote }: { dispute: Dispute; onVote: (id: numbe
         </div>
       </div>
 
-      {!resolved && (
+      {/* When the outcome is finalized, show a clear status notice instead of
+          vote buttons. The buttons are not rendered at all so that there is no
+          possibility of submitting a now-meaningless vote transaction. */}
+      {resolved ? (
+        <div className="dispute-card__finalized-notice" role="status" aria-live="polite">
+          <span className="dispute-card__finalized-icon" aria-hidden="true">✓</span>
+          Outcome finalized — voting is closed for this dispute.
+        </div>
+      ) : (
         <div className="dispute-card__actions" role="group" aria-label={`Vote on settlement #${dispute.settlement_id}`}>
           <button
             className="vote-btn vote-btn--claimant"