diff --git a/components/execd/pkg/runtime/workingdir.go b/components/execd/pkg/runtime/workingdir.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8c6186a45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/components/execd/pkg/runtime/workingdir.go
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Copyright 2026 Alibaba Group Holding Ltd.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package runtime
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+)
+
+func ValidateWorkingDir(cwd string) error {
+	if cwd == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	fi, err := os.Stat(cwd)
+	if err != nil {
+		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("working directory does not exist: %s", cwd)
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("cannot access working directory %q: %w", cwd, err)
+	}
+	if !fi.IsDir() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("working directory path is not a directory: %s", cwd)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/components/execd/pkg/runtime/workingdir_test.go b/components/execd/pkg/runtime/workingdir_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d6a1b9bd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/components/execd/pkg/runtime/workingdir_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// Copyright 2026 Alibaba Group Holding Ltd.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package runtime
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestValidateWorkingDir_empty(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, ValidateWorkingDir(""))
+}
+
+func TestValidateWorkingDir_notExist(t *testing.T) {
+	tmp := t.TempDir()
+	missing := filepath.Join(tmp, "definitely-missing-subdir")
+	err := ValidateWorkingDir(missing)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "does not exist")
+	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), missing)
+}
+
+func TestValidateWorkingDir_notDir(t *testing.T) {
+	tmp := t.TempDir()
+	f := filepath.Join(tmp, "file")
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(f, []byte("x"), 0o600))
+	err := ValidateWorkingDir(f)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "not a directory")
+}
+
+func TestValidateWorkingDir_ok(t *testing.T) {
+	require.NoError(t, ValidateWorkingDir(t.TempDir()))
+}
diff --git a/components/execd/pkg/web/controller/pty_ws.go b/components/execd/pkg/web/controller/pty_ws.go
index 6273557f5..ea36b13e4 100644
--- a/components/execd/pkg/web/controller/pty_ws.go
+++ b/components/execd/pkg/web/controller/pty_ws.go
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ const (
 //  2. Acquire exclusive WS lock → 409 if already held
 //  3. Upgrade HTTP → WebSocket
 //  4. Start bash if not already running
-//  5+6. AtomicAttachOutputWithSnapshot (snapshot + attach under outMu — no loss window)
+//     5+6. AtomicAttachOutputWithSnapshot (snapshot + attach under outMu — no loss window)
 //  7. defer: detach → pumpWg.Wait → UnlockWS
 //  8. Send replay frame if snapshot non-empty
 //  9. Send connected frame
diff --git a/components/execd/pkg/web/model/codeinterpreting.go b/components/execd/pkg/web/model/codeinterpreting.go
index 771b6d75b..c45382a17 100644
--- a/components/execd/pkg/web/model/codeinterpreting.go
+++ b/components/execd/pkg/web/model/codeinterpreting.go
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/go-playground/validator/v10"
 
 	"github.com/alibaba/opensandbox/execd/pkg/jupyter/execute"
+	"github.com/alibaba/opensandbox/execd/pkg/runtime"
 )
 
 // RunCodeRequest represents a code execution request.
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ func (r *RunCommandRequest) Validate() error {
 	if r.Gid != nil && r.Uid == nil {
 		return errors.New("uid is required when gid is provided")
 	}
-	return nil
+	return runtime.ValidateWorkingDir(r.Cwd)
 }
 
 type ServerStreamEventType string
diff --git a/components/execd/pkg/web/model/codeinterpreting_test.go b/components/execd/pkg/web/model/codeinterpreting_test.go
index f0903bf05..f90536b9e 100644
--- a/components/execd/pkg/web/model/codeinterpreting_test.go
+++ b/components/execd/pkg/web/model/codeinterpreting_test.go
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ package model
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -49,6 +50,17 @@ func TestRunCommandRequestValidate(t *testing.T) {
 	require.Error(t, req.Validate(), "expected validation error when command is empty")
 }
 
+func TestRunCommandRequestValidateCwd(t *testing.T) {
+	tmp := t.TempDir()
+	req := RunCommandRequest{Command: "ls", Cwd: tmp}
+	require.NoError(t, req.Validate())
+
+	req.Cwd = filepath.Join(tmp, "missing-subdir")
+	err := req.Validate()
+	require.Error(t, err)
+	require.Contains(t, err.Error(), "working directory")
+}
+
 func ptr32(v uint32) *uint32 { return &v }
 
 func TestRunCommandRequestValidateUidGid(t *testing.T) {
diff --git a/components/execd/pkg/web/model/session.go b/components/execd/pkg/web/model/session.go
index fed7d48c8..13b3f6fcf 100644
--- a/components/execd/pkg/web/model/session.go
+++ b/components/execd/pkg/web/model/session.go
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ package model
 
 import (
 	"github.com/go-playground/validator/v10"
+
+	"github.com/alibaba/opensandbox/execd/pkg/runtime"
 )
 
 // CreateSessionRequest is the request body for creating a bash session.
@@ -38,5 +40,8 @@ type RunInSessionRequest struct {
 // Validate validates RunInSessionRequest.
 func (r *RunInSessionRequest) Validate() error {
 	validate := validator.New()
-	return validate.Struct(r)
+	if err := validate.Struct(r); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return runtime.ValidateWorkingDir(r.Cwd)
 }
diff --git a/tests/java/src/test/resources/test.properties b/tests/java/src/test/resources/test.properties
index a782a9f15..11f2c2361 100644
--- a/tests/java/src/test/resources/test.properties
+++ b/tests/java/src/test/resources/test.properties
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
 opensandbox.test.domain=localhost:8080
 opensandbox.test.protocol=http
 opensandbox.test.api.key=e2e-test
-opensandbox.sandbox.default.image=sandbox-registry.cn-zhangjiakou.cr.aliyuncs.com/opensandbox/code-interpreter:latest
+opensandbox.sandbox.default.image=opensandbox/code-interpreter:latest
diff --git a/tests/javascript/tests/base_e2e.ts b/tests/javascript/tests/base_e2e.ts
index 166ab28a9..8a267d74e 100644
--- a/tests/javascript/tests/base_e2e.ts
+++ b/tests/javascript/tests/base_e2e.ts
@@ -17,8 +17,7 @@ import { ConnectionConfig } from "@alibaba-group/opensandbox";
 export const DEFAULT_DOMAIN = "localhost:8080";
 export const DEFAULT_PROTOCOL = "http";
 export const DEFAULT_API_KEY = "e2e-test";
-export const DEFAULT_IMAGE =
-  "sandbox-registry.cn-zhangjiakou.cr.aliyuncs.com/opensandbox/code-interpreter:latest";
+export const DEFAULT_IMAGE = "opensandbox/code-interpreter:latest";
 
 export const TEST_DOMAIN = process.env.OPENSANDBOX_TEST_DOMAIN ?? DEFAULT_DOMAIN;
 export const TEST_PROTOCOL = process.env.OPENSANDBOX_TEST_PROTOCOL ?? DEFAULT_PROTOCOL;
diff --git a/tests/python/tests/base_e2e_test.py b/tests/python/tests/base_e2e_test.py
index 89ead7d47..2c0a6fccf 100644
--- a/tests/python/tests/base_e2e_test.py
+++ b/tests/python/tests/base_e2e_test.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 DEFAULT_DOMAIN = "localhost:8080"
 DEFAULT_PROTOCOL = "http"
 DEFAULT_API_KEY = "e2e-test"
-DEFAULT_IMAGE = "sandbox-registry.cn-zhangjiakou.cr.aliyuncs.com/opensandbox/code-interpreter:latest"
+DEFAULT_IMAGE = "opensandbox/code-interpreter:latest"
 DEFAULT_RUNTIME = "docker"
 DEFAULT_USE_SERVER_PROXY = "false"
 DEFAULT_PVC_NAME = "opensandbox-e2e-pvc-test"