diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 17aabbf..2c4b06d 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -10,6 +10,12 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 ### Fixed
 - `Spectral.AbstractCode` now handles the Elixir non-empty list shorthand, `[elem_type, ...]` (and bare `[...]`), matching the existing `nonempty_list(elem_type)` support. Previously these types failed to compile with `unsupported type AST`.
 - `encode/4-5`, `decode/4-5`, and `schema/3-4` rescue `error in ErlangError` to translate a few known spectra configuration errors into `ArgumentError`, but that rescue clause also binds every other exception Elixir normalizes a raw BEAM error into (e.g. `%BadMapError{}`, `%KeyError{}`), not just literal `%ErlangError{}` structs. Any unrelated crash inside spectra therefore hit `handle_erlang_error/4`'s single `%ErlangError{}` clause and failed with a misleading `FunctionClauseError` pointing at Spectral itself, discarding the original exception and stacktrace. Such crashes now reraise unchanged, with their original stacktrace intact.
+- `Spectral.Codec.encode/5`, `Spectral.Codec.decode/5`, and `Spectral.Codec.schema/4` now accept a `{:type, name, arity}` or `{:record, name}` reference, as their `sp_type_or_ref()` specs always claimed. Previously only a resolved `sp_type()` node worked and a reference failed with a `type_mismatch` naming an unexpected type.
+- The `schema/5` callback is declared to return `map() | :continue`. Returning `:continue` for types a codec does not handle was already documented and supported, but the callback spec said `map()`.
+- The README's custom codec example used the pre-0.12.0 callback signatures (`encode/7`, `decode/7`, `schema/6` with a separate `params` argument). Copying it produced callbacks that did not match the behaviour. The example and the `type_parameters` section now show the current `encode/6`, `decode/6`, and `schema/5`, and read `type_parameters` via `:spectra_type.parameters/1`.
+
+### Added
+- A "Spectral and Ecto" README section on storing Spectral-typed values in `jsonb` columns, including two ways to handle a column whose type varies per row: a self-describing tagged union, and a type reference taken from a sibling column. Packaging the `Ecto.ParameterizedType` wrapper itself is left to a separate `spectral_ecto` library, which can depend on Ecto and test against a real database.
 
 ## [0.13.0] - 2026-05-07
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index fa6b2ff..c708540 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -302,33 +302,35 @@ defmodule MyGeoModule do
   @opaque point :: {float(), float()}
 
   @impl Spectral.Codec
-  def encode(_format, MyGeoModule, {:type, :point, 0}, {x, y}, _sp_type, _params, _config)
+  def encode(_format, _caller_type_info, {:type, :point, 0}, _target_type, {x, y}, _config)
       when is_number(x) and is_number(y) do
     {:ok, [x, y]}
   end
 
-  def encode(_format, MyGeoModule, {:type, :point, 0}, data, _sp_type, _params, _config) do
+  def encode(_format, _caller_type_info, {:type, :point, 0}, _target_type, data, _config) do
     {:error, [%Spectral.Error{type: :type_mismatch, location: [], context: %{type: {:type, :point, 0}, value: data}}]}
   end
 
-  def encode(_format, _module, _type_ref, _data, _sp_type, _params, _config), do: :continue
+  def encode(_format, _caller_type_info, _type_ref, _target_type, _data, _config), do: :continue
 
   @impl Spectral.Codec
-  def decode(_format, MyGeoModule, {:type, :point, 0}, [x, y], _sp_type, _params, _config)
+  def decode(_format, _caller_type_info, {:type, :point, 0}, _target_type, [x, y], _config)
       when is_number(x) and is_number(y) do
     {:ok, {x, y}}
   end
 
-  def decode(_format, MyGeoModule, {:type, :point, 0}, data, _sp_type, _params, _config) do
+  def decode(_format, _caller_type_info, {:type, :point, 0}, _target_type, data, _config) do
     {:error, [%Spectral.Error{type: :type_mismatch, location: [], context: %{type: {:type, :point, 0}, value: data}}]}
   end
 
-  def decode(_format, _module, _type_ref, _input, _sp_type, _params, _config), do: :continue
+  def decode(_format, _caller_type_info, _type_ref, _target_type, _input, _config), do: :continue
 
   @impl Spectral.Codec
-  def schema(:json_schema, MyGeoModule, {:type, :point, 0}, _sp_type, _params, _config) do
+  def schema(:json_schema, _caller_type_info, {:type, :point, 0}, _target_type, _config) do
     %{type: "array", items: %{type: "number"}, minItems: 2, maxItems: 2}
   end
+
+  def schema(_format, _caller_type_info, _type_ref, _target_type, _config), do: :continue
 end
 ```
 
@@ -340,9 +342,9 @@ For container types that need to recursively encode or decode their elements, us
 
 Construct `%Spectral.Error{}` structs and always return them in `{:error, [%Spectral.Error{}]}` tuples (as shown above). Spectral collects errors from multiple locations and attaches path information as it traverses nested structures. See existing usages of `%Spectral.Error{}` in the codebase for examples.
 
-### Optional `schema/6` callback
+### Optional `schema/5` callback
 
-The `schema/6` callback is optional. If a codec module does not export it, calling `Spectral.schema/3` for a type owned by that codec raises `{:schema_not_implemented, Module, TypeRef}`. Return `:continue` for types the codec does not handle.
+The `schema/5` callback is optional. If a codec module does not export it, calling `Spectral.schema/3` for a type owned by that codec raises `{:schema_not_implemented, Module, TypeRef}`. Once you do export it, it receives every type defined in the codec module, so give it a catch-all clause returning `:continue` for the types the codec does not handle, exactly as with `encode/6` and `decode/6`.
 
 ### Codecs for third-party types
 
@@ -379,9 +381,112 @@ config :spectra, :codecs, %{
 
 `Range` and `Stream` do not have built-in codecs. Implement a custom `Spectral.Codec` if needed — PRs welcome.
 
+## Spectral and Ecto
+
+Ecto encodes and decodes `jsonb` values as Elixir maps. To convert those maps to and from
+your types, use `:pre_encoded` and `:pre_decoded`:
+
+```elixir
+# The map to hand back from Ecto.Type.dump/3 as {:ok, map}
+{:ok, map} = Spectral.encode(value, MyApp.Settings, :t, :json, [:pre_encoded])
+
+# The map Ecto.Type.load/3 receives from the database
+{:ok, value} = Spectral.decode(map, MyApp.Settings, :t, :json, [:pre_decoded])
+```
+
+Packaging that into an `Ecto.ParameterizedType`, so a schema can declare
+`field :settings, SpectralEcto.JSONB, module: MyApp.Settings, type: :t`, is the job of the
+separate `spectral_ecto` library. It lives there because it needs a real Ecto dependency and
+a real Postgres instance to test against. Spectral itself has no Ecto dependency and needs
+none.
+
+### When the type varies per row
+
+An `Ecto.ParameterizedType` cannot pick the type from another column: `load/3` receives only
+the column value, and `init/1` runs at compile time. Where the discriminator lives decides
+how to handle it.
+
+| | Discriminator | Ecto field type |
+|---|---|---|
+| Self-describing union | inside the document | static |
+| Sibling column | its own column | plain `:map` |
+
+#### Self-describing union
+
+Put the tag in the document, pin it to a literal atom in the type, and carry that atom as
+the struct default so callers never write it by hand:
+
+```elixir
+defmodule MyApp.Shapes do
+  use Spectral
+
+  defmodule Circle do
+    use Spectral
+    defstruct kind: :circle, radius: nil
+    @type t :: %Circle{kind: :circle, radius: float()}
+  end
+
+  defmodule Square do
+    use Spectral
+    defstruct kind: :square, side: nil
+    @type t :: %Square{kind: :square, side: float()}
+  end
+
+  @type shape :: Circle.t() | Square.t()
+end
+
+{:ok, %{"kind" => "circle", "radius" => 1.5}} =
+  Spectral.encode(%MyApp.Shapes.Circle{radius: 1.5}, MyApp.Shapes, :shape, :json, [:pre_encoded])
+```
+
+The field type stays static, so an `Ecto.ParameterizedType` handles the column unchanged.
+
+**The literal `kind` field is not decoration.** Unions are first-match-wins and extra JSON
+keys are ignored, so an untagged variant whose fields are a subset of another's will swallow
+documents meant for the later variant and silently drop the extra keys. The literal atom is
+what makes the alternatives mutually exclusive.
+
+Use this when you control the document shape. It is the only option that survives the value
+being copied out of the database, since the payload describes itself.
+
+#### Type chosen by a sibling column
+
+When the row already carries the discriminator in its own column, leave the payload column
+as a plain `:map` and pass the type reference at call time. `type_ref` is an ordinary
+runtime argument, so naming each type after the discriminator value is enough:
+
+```elixir
+defmodule MyApp.Notification do
+  use Spectral
+
+  alias MyApp.Notification.Email
+  alias MyApp.Notification.Sms
+
+  @type email :: Email.t()
+  @type sms :: Sms.t()
+end
+
+defmodule MyApp.Message do
+  use Ecto.Schema
+
+  schema "messages" do
+    field :kind, Ecto.Enum, values: [:email, :sms]
+    field :payload, :map
+  end
+
+  def decode_payload(%__MODULE__{kind: kind, payload: payload}) do
+    Spectral.decode(payload, MyApp.Notification, kind, :json, [:pre_decoded])
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Use this when the discriminator must be queryable or indexable, or when you do not control
+the document shape. The tradeoff is that decoding becomes an explicit step the schema does
+not enforce for you.
+
 ## Type Parameters
 
-The `type_parameters` key in a `spectral` attribute attaches a static value to a type. This value is available to codecs as the `params` argument (6th argument to `encode/7` and `decode/7`, 5th to `schema/6`). When `type_parameters` is absent, `params` is `:undefined`.
+The `type_parameters` key in a `spectral` attribute attaches a static value to a type. Codecs read it inside `encode/6`, `decode/6`, and `schema/5` by calling `:spectra_type.parameters/1` on the `target_type` argument. When `type_parameters` is absent, that call returns `:undefined`.
 
 ### String and binary constraints
 
diff --git a/lib/spectral/codec.ex b/lib/spectral/codec.ex
index 6444c80..38c1215 100644
--- a/lib/spectral/codec.ex
+++ b/lib/spectral/codec.ex
@@ -120,11 +120,17 @@ defmodule Spectral.Codec do
   Preserves the runtime `config` (cache mode, codecs) across the traversal,
   unlike `Spectral.encode/5` which starts a fresh traversal.
 
+  `type_ref` may be a resolved `sp_type()` node, such as one from
+  `Spectral.Type.type_args/1`, or a `{:type, name, arity}` / `{:record, name}` reference,
+  which is looked up in `type_info`.
+
   Returns `{:ok, term()}` (a pre-encoded term) or `{:error, [Spectral.Error.t()]}`.
   """
   @spec encode(atom(), Spectral.type_info(), Spectral.sp_type_or_ref(), term(), term()) ::
           {:ok, term()} | {:error, [Spectral.Error.t()]}
   def encode(format, type_info, type_ref, data, config) do
+    type_ref = resolve_type_ref(type_info, type_ref)
+
     result =
       case format do
         :json ->
@@ -158,6 +164,8 @@ defmodule Spectral.Codec do
   @spec decode(atom(), Spectral.type_info(), Spectral.sp_type_or_ref(), term(), term()) ::
           {:ok, term()} | {:error, [Spectral.Error.t()]}
   def decode(format, type_info, type_ref, input, config) do
+    type_ref = resolve_type_ref(type_info, type_ref)
+
     result =
       case format do
         :json ->
@@ -184,9 +192,24 @@ defmodule Spectral.Codec do
   """
   @spec schema(atom(), Spectral.type_info(), Spectral.sp_type_or_ref(), term()) :: dynamic()
   def schema(:json_schema, type_info, type_ref, config) do
-    :spectra_json_schema.to_schema(type_info, type_ref, config)
+    :spectra_json_schema.to_schema(type_info, resolve_type_ref(type_info, type_ref), config)
+  end
+
+  # The traversal functions take a resolved `sp_type()` node. A `{:type, name, arity}`
+  # or `{:record, name}` reference is also a valid `sp_type_or_ref()`, so look it up in
+  # `type_info` first rather than letting it fall through as an unrecognised term.
+  defp resolve_type_ref(type_info, {:type, name, arity})
+       when is_atom(name) and is_integer(arity) do
+    type = :spectra_type_info.get_type(type_info, name, arity)
+    :spectra_util.type_replace_vars(type_info, type, %{})
   end
 
+  defp resolve_type_ref(type_info, {:record, name}) when is_atom(name) do
+    :spectra_type_info.get_record(type_info, name)
+  end
+
+  defp resolve_type_ref(_type_info, type), do: type
+
   @doc """
   Encodes `data` of the given `target_type_ref` to `format`.
 
@@ -242,6 +265,11 @@ defmodule Spectral.Codec do
   `{:schema_not_implemented, module, type_ref}` when schema generation is requested
   for a type owned by this codec.
 
+  Once implemented, the callback receives *every* type defined in the codec module, not
+  only the ones the codec handles. Give it a catch-all clause returning `:continue` for
+  the rest, exactly as with `encode/6` and `decode/6`, or schema generation for those
+  types raises a `FunctionClauseError`.
+
   `caller_type_info` is the type info of the module driving the traversal.
   `target_type` is the type node; use `:spectra_type.parameters/1` to read
   `type_parameters` (only reliable when invoked directly from a `Spectral` entry point).
@@ -253,7 +281,7 @@ defmodule Spectral.Codec do
               target_type_ref :: Spectral.sp_type_reference(),
               target_type :: Spectral.sp_type_or_ref(),
               config :: term()
-            ) :: map()
+            ) :: map() | :continue
 
   @optional_callbacks schema: 5
 
diff --git a/mix.exs b/mix.exs
index 1cfcab1..16ab742 100644
--- a/mix.exs
+++ b/mix.exs
@@ -78,6 +78,8 @@ defmodule Spectral.MixProject do
           DefaultValues,
           DefaultValues.Config,
           EctoUser,
+          CodecRefModule,
+          CodecRefModule.Inner,
           Perf.Address,
           Perf.User
         ]
diff --git a/test/spectral_codec_helpers_test.exs b/test/spectral_codec_helpers_test.exs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d71a169
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/spectral_codec_helpers_test.exs
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+defmodule SpectralCodecHelpersTest do
+  @moduledoc """
+  Covers two things a codec author has no way to discover from the outside: that the
+  recursive helpers accept a type *reference*, and that `schema/5` may decline a type.
+  """
+  use ExUnit.Case, async: true
+
+  describe "recursive helpers accept a type reference" do
+    # `Spectral.sp_type_or_ref()` includes `{:type, name, arity}`, so a codec may pass one
+    # instead of a resolved node from `Spectral.Type.type_args/1`.
+
+    test "decode/5 resolves the reference against the given type_info" do
+      assert {:ok, %CodecRefModule.Inner{name: "Alice"}} =
+               Spectral.decode(%{"name" => "Alice"}, CodecRefModule, :outer, :json, [
+                 :pre_decoded
+               ])
+    end
+
+    test "encode/5 resolves the reference against the given type_info" do
+      assert {:ok, %{"name" => "Alice"}} =
+               Spectral.encode(
+                 %CodecRefModule.Inner{name: "Alice"},
+                 CodecRefModule,
+                 :outer,
+                 :json,
+                 [
+                   :pre_encoded
+                 ]
+               )
+    end
+
+    test "schema/4 resolves the reference against the given type_info" do
+      assert %{type: "object", properties: %{"name" => %{type: "string"}}} =
+               Spectral.schema(CodecRefModule, :outer, :json_schema, [:pre_encoded])
+    end
+
+    test "schema/4 also resolves a {:record, name} reference" do
+      assert %{type: "object"} =
+               Spectral.schema(CodecRefModule, :record_ref, :json_schema, [:pre_encoded])
+    end
+
+    test "errors from the resolved type still surface" do
+      assert {:error, [%Spectral.Error{} | _]} =
+               Spectral.decode(%{"name" => 42}, CodecRefModule, :outer, :json, [:pre_decoded])
+    end
+  end
+
+  describe "schema/5 may decline a type" do
+    # Once `schema/5` is implemented it receives every type in the codec module, including
+    # the ones the codec does not own.
+
+    test "a :continue return falls through to the structural schema" do
+      assert %{type: "integer"} =
+               Spectral.schema(CodecRefModule, :plain, :json_schema, [:pre_encoded])
+    end
+
+    test "the declined type still encodes and decodes structurally" do
+      assert {:ok, 42} = Spectral.decode(42, CodecRefModule, :plain, :json, [:pre_decoded])
+      assert {:ok, 42} = Spectral.encode(42, CodecRefModule, :plain, :json, [:pre_encoded])
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/test/support/codec_ref_module.ex b/test/support/codec_ref_module.ex
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c82e47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/support/codec_ref_module.ex
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+defmodule CodecRefModule do
+  @moduledoc """
+  A codec that drives every recursive call with a `{:type, name, arity}` reference
+  rather than a resolved type node, and whose `schema/5` declines the types it does
+  not own.
+  """
+  use Spectral.Codec
+  use Spectral
+
+  defmodule Inner do
+    @moduledoc false
+    use Spectral
+
+    defstruct [:name]
+
+    @type t :: %Inner{name: String.t()}
+  end
+
+  @type outer :: Inner.t()
+
+  # Not handled by the codec. Every callback must decline it.
+  @type plain :: integer()
+
+  # A `{:record, name}` reference is the other half of `sp_type_reference()`.
+  @type record_ref :: term()
+
+  @impl Spectral.Codec
+  def encode(format, _caller_type_info, {:type, :outer, 0}, _target_type, data, config) do
+    Spectral.Codec.encode(format, Inner.__spectra_type_info__(), {:type, :t, 0}, data, config)
+  end
+
+  def encode(_format, _caller_type_info, _type_ref, _target_type, _data, _config), do: :continue
+
+  @impl Spectral.Codec
+  def decode(format, _caller_type_info, {:type, :outer, 0}, _target_type, input, config) do
+    Spectral.Codec.decode(format, Inner.__spectra_type_info__(), {:type, :t, 0}, input, config)
+  end
+
+  def decode(_format, _caller_type_info, _type_ref, _target_type, _input, _config), do: :continue
+
+  @impl Spectral.Codec
+  def schema(:json_schema, _caller_type_info, {:type, :outer, 0}, _target_type, config) do
+    Spectral.Codec.schema(:json_schema, Inner.__spectra_type_info__(), {:type, :t, 0}, config)
+  end
+
+  def schema(:json_schema, _caller_type_info, {:type, :record_ref, 0}, _target_type, config) do
+    # Built here rather than taken from a module because this project has no Erlang
+    # source, so no compiled module carries a record for the helper to look up.
+    type_info =
+      Spectral.TypeInfo.new(:nomodule, false)
+      |> Spectral.TypeInfo.add_record(:point, {:sp_rec, :point, [], 1, %{}})
+
+    Spectral.Codec.schema(:json_schema, type_info, {:record, :point}, config)
+  end
+
+  def schema(_format, _caller_type_info, _type_ref, _target_type, _config), do: :continue
+end