diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
index 9ed23fb..eb07554 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ env:
   V3_COMMIT: f59b886d2564e37d8626d715236fdfa928e13dda
   V3_VC_COMMIT: 4598bc7e4894c154b27391e4442005fff2fbbd68
   V3_TCC_COMMIT: d6e7ac1b1bcc98aed734a6ecbfa8509f24606c74
-  VULKAN_REF: v2.0.0
+  VULKAN_REF: v3.1.3
   GLFW_COMMIT: 3d7c1ddacb7215a7bbeb5fef0d7a68c90ba392ed
 
 jobs:
diff --git a/examples/vulkan_particles/live_sync.v b/examples/vulkan_particles/live_sync.v
index de61483..42bdbce 100644
--- a/examples/vulkan_particles/live_sync.v
+++ b/examples/vulkan_particles/live_sync.v
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ fn create_live_interop_sync(compute &Compute, memory cl.ExternalMemoryInterop,
 		return err
 	}
 
-	mut vk_to_cl_fd := -1
-	mut cl_to_vk_fd := -1
+	mut vk_to_cl_fd := i32(-1)
+	mut cl_to_vk_fd := i32(-1)
 	vk_wait_fd_info := vk.SemaphoreGetFdInfoKHR{
 		semaphore:  vk_to_cl
 		handleType: .opaque_fd
diff --git a/examples/vulkan_particles/particle_buffer.v b/examples/vulkan_particles/particle_buffer.v
index 256ec5f..f7f0fc6 100644
--- a/examples/vulkan_particles/particle_buffer.v
+++ b/examples/vulkan_particles/particle_buffer.v
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ fn create_zero_copy_particle_buffer(compute &Compute, memory_interop cl.External
 		memory:     memory
 		handleType: .opaque_fd
 	}
-	mut fd := -1
+	mut fd := i32(-1)
 	vk_check(vk.get_memory_fd_khr(device, &fd_info, &fd), 'export shared particle memory') or {
 		vk.free_memory(device, memory, unsafe { nil })
 		vk.destroy_buffer(device, buffer, unsafe { nil })
diff --git a/examples/vulkan_particles/v.mod b/examples/vulkan_particles/v.mod
index 81e337e..98a9991 100644
--- a/examples/vulkan_particles/v.mod
+++ b/examples/vulkan_particles/v.mod
@@ -3,5 +3,5 @@ Module {
 	description: 'OpenCL particle simulation with a Vulkan renderer'
 	version: '0.1.0'
 	license: 'MIT'
-	dependencies: ['antono2.opencl@v1.0.0', 'antono2.vulkan@v2.0.0', 'antono2.glfw']
+	dependencies: ['antono2.opencl@v1.0.0', 'antono2.vulkan@v3.1.3', 'antono2.glfw']
 }
diff --git a/examples/vulkan_particles/zero_copy_smoke.v b/examples/vulkan_particles/zero_copy_smoke.v
index 8fd679a..f6f0bb1 100644
--- a/examples/vulkan_particles/zero_copy_smoke.v
+++ b/examples/vulkan_particles/zero_copy_smoke.v
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fn zero_copy_memory_smoke(compute &Compute) ! {
 		memory:     memory
 		handleType: .opaque_fd
 	}
-	mut fd := -1
+	mut fd := i32(-1)
 	vk_check(vk.get_memory_fd_khr(device, &fd_info, &fd), 'export memory FD')!
 
 	mut imported_buffer := memory_interop.import_opaque_fd_buffer[f32](compute.context, fd, int(compute.count * 8), cl.mem_read_write)!
@@ -117,8 +117,8 @@ fn zero_copy_semaphore_smoke(compute &Compute, interop cl.ExternalSemaphoreInter
 	vk_check(vk.create_semaphore(device, &semaphore_info, unsafe { nil }, &cl_to_vk), 'create OpenCL-to-Vulkan semaphore')!
 	defer { vk.destroy_semaphore(device, cl_to_vk, unsafe { nil }) }
 
-	mut vk_to_cl_fd := -1
-	mut cl_to_vk_fd := -1
+	mut vk_to_cl_fd := i32(-1)
+	mut cl_to_vk_fd := i32(-1)
 	vk_to_cl_fd_info := vk.SemaphoreGetFdInfoKHR{
 		semaphore:  vk_to_cl
 		handleType: .opaque_fd