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        <h1>Glossary</h1><p>This glossary defines key technical terms used throughout this textbook. Terms are listed alphabetically with links to the relevant chapters where they are explained in detail.</p>
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<h1>Glossary</h1></div>
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<p class='slide_break_block'><a class='slide_break' id='slide-0' href='slides_glossary.html#/0'>◻</a></p>
<h2 id="a"><a class="anchorlink" href="#a"><span>1</span> A</a></h2><p><strong>ActiveRecord</strong>: A Rails implementation of the Active Record pattern that provides an object-relational mapping (ORM) layer. It allows you to interact with database tables as if they were Ruby objects. See <a href="rails_database_and_model.html">Rails: Models and ActiveRecord</a>.</p><p><strong>API (Application Programming Interface)</strong>: A set of rules and protocols that allows different software applications to communicate with each other. APIs define how to request data from a service and what data format to expect in response. See <a href="rest-api.html">REST APIs</a> and <a href="graphql-api.html">GraphQL APIs</a>.</p><p><strong>Authentication</strong>: The process of verifying who a user is. This typically involves checking credentials like username and password. See <a href="rails_authentication.html">Rails Authentication</a> and <a href="security.html">Security</a>.</p><p><strong>Authorization</strong>: The process of determining what actions a user is allowed to perform after they have been authenticated. See <a href="security.html">Security</a>.</p></div>
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<h2 id="b"><a class="anchorlink" href="#b"><span>2</span> B</a></h2><p><strong>Backend</strong>: The server-side part of a web application that handles data processing, business logic, and database operations. The backend is not visible to users but powers the frontend.</p><p><strong>Backend Development</strong>: The practice of creating server-side applications that handle data, business logic, and provide services to frontend applications.</p><p><strong>BCrypt</strong>: A password hashing function used for securely storing passwords. Rails uses BCrypt through the <code>has_secure_password</code> method. See <a href="rails_authentication.html">Rails Authentication</a>.</p><p><strong>Browser Cache</strong>: A storage mechanism in web browsers that stores copies of web resources to improve loading speed. See <a href="caching.html">Caching</a>.</p></div>
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<h2 id="c"><a class="anchorlink" href="#c"><span>3</span> C</a></h2><p><strong>Cache</strong>: A temporary storage area that holds frequently accessed data to improve performance. Caching reduces the need to fetch data from slower sources like databases. See <a href="caching.html">Caching</a>.</p><p><strong>Cache Eviction</strong>: The process of removing items from a cache when storage is full or items expire. See <a href="caching.html">Caching</a>.</p><p><strong>Cache Store</strong>: The storage mechanism used for caching data in Rails applications (e.g., memory, file, Redis, Memcached). See <a href="caching.html">Caching</a>.</p><p><strong>Client</strong>: A computer or application that requests services from a server. In web development, the client is typically a web browser.</p><p><strong>Cookie</strong>: A small piece of data sent from a web server to a browser that is stored and sent back with subsequent requests. Used for maintaining state and sessions. See <a href="rails_authentication.html">Rails Authentication</a>.</p><p><strong>CRUD</strong>: An acronym for Create, Read, Update, Delete - the four basic operations that can be performed on data in a database. See <a href="rails_database_and_model.html">Rails: Models and ActiveRecord</a>.</p><p><strong>CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery)</strong>: A security vulnerability where malicious websites can perform actions on behalf of authenticated users. See <a href="security.html">Security</a>.</p></div>
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<h2 id="d"><a class="anchorlink" href="#d"><span>4</span> D</a></h2><p><strong>Database</strong>: An organized collection of data stored electronically. Databases allow for efficient storage, retrieval, and management of information.</p><p><strong>Deployment</strong>: The process of making a software application available for use, typically by uploading it to a server or cloud platform. See <a href="deploying_rails.html">Deploying Rails</a> and <a href="deploy-to-paas.html">Deploy to PaaS</a>.</p><p><strong>Devise</strong>: A popular Rails gem for handling authentication with features like user registration, password reset, and email confirmation. See <a href="rails_authentication.html">Rails Authentication</a>.</p></div>
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<h2 id="e"><a class="anchorlink" href="#e"><span>5</span> E</a></h2><p><strong>Event Loop</strong>: A programming construct that waits for and dispatches events or messages in a program. Node.js uses an event loop for handling asynchronous operations. See <a href="node_basics.html">Node.js Basics</a>.</p></div>
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<h2 id="f"><a class="anchorlink" href="#f"><span>6</span> F</a></h2><p><strong>Fragment Caching</strong>: A Rails feature that allows caching specific parts of a view or partial. See <a href="caching.html">Caching</a>.</p><p><strong>Framework</strong>: A pre-built structure that provides common functionality for developing applications. Frameworks help developers avoid writing code from scratch for common tasks.</p><p><strong>Frontend</strong>: The client-side part of a web application that users interact with directly. This includes the user interface and user experience components.</p></div>
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<h2 id="g"><a class="anchorlink" href="#g"><span>7</span> G</a></h2><p><strong>GraphQL</strong>: A query language and runtime for APIs that allows clients to request exactly the data they need. See <a href="graphql-api.html">GraphQL APIs</a>.</p><p><strong>GraphQL Playground</strong>: A web-based IDE for exploring GraphQL APIs with features like introspection and autocompletion. See <a href="graphql-api.html">GraphQL APIs</a>.</p></div>
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<h2 id="h"><a class="anchorlink" href="#h"><span>8</span> H</a></h2><p><strong>HATEOAS (Hypermedia as the Engine of Application State)</strong>: A REST constraint that requires APIs to provide hypermedia links to guide clients through the application state. See <a href="rest-api.html">REST APIs</a>.</p><p><strong>HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)</strong>: The protocol used for transmitting data over the web. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted between web browsers and servers.</p><p><strong>HTTPS</strong>: A secure version of HTTP that encrypts data transmitted between the client and server.</p><p><strong>HTTP Methods</strong>: Standard operations in HTTP including GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, PATCH, etc. See <a href="rest-api.html">REST APIs</a>.</p></div>
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<h2 id="i"><a class="anchorlink" href="#i"><span>9</span> I</a></h2><p><strong>Injection Attack</strong>: A security vulnerability where malicious code is inserted into a program through user input. Common types include SQL injection and XSS. See <a href="security.html">Security</a>.</p><p><strong>Integration Test</strong>: A test that exercises multiple components of an application working together. See <a href="testing.html">Testing</a>.</p><p><strong>Introspection</strong>: A GraphQL feature that allows clients to query the API about its schema and available operations. See <a href="graphql-api.html">GraphQL APIs</a>.</p></div>
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<h2 id="j"><a class="anchorlink" href="#j"><span>10</span> J</a></h2><p><strong>JWT (JSON Web Token)</strong>: A compact, URL-safe means of representing claims to be transferred between two parties. Used for authentication and authorization. See <a href="adv_authentication.html">Advanced Authentication</a>.</p></div>
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<h2 id="l"><a class="anchorlink" href="#l"><span>11</span> L</a></h2><p><strong>libuv</strong>: A cross-platform asynchronous I/O library used by Node.js for handling file system operations, networking, and other asynchronous tasks. See <a href="node_basics.html">Node.js Basics</a>.</p><p><strong>Load Balancer</strong>: A device that distributes network traffic across multiple servers to improve performance and reliability. See <a href="caching.html">Caching</a>.</p></div>
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<h2 id="m"><a class="anchorlink" href="#m"><span>12</span> M</a></h2><p><strong>Middleware</strong>: Software that acts as a bridge between different applications or components. Middleware processes requests and responses between the client and server.</p><p><strong>Model</strong>: In Rails, a class that represents a database table and contains the business logic for data manipulation. See <a href="rails_database_and_model.html">Rails: Models and ActiveRecord</a>.</p><p><strong>MVC (Model-View-Controller)</strong>: A software architecture pattern that separates an application into three main components: Model (data and business logic), View (user interface), and Controller (handles user input and coordinates between Model and View).</p><p><strong>Mutation</strong>: In GraphQL, an operation that modifies data on the server. See <a href="graphql-api.html">GraphQL APIs</a>.</p></div>
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<h2 id="n"><a class="anchorlink" href="#n"><span>13</span> N</a></h2><p><strong>Node.js</strong>: A JavaScript runtime built on Chrome's V8 engine that allows running JavaScript on the server side. See <a href="node_basics.html">Node.js Basics</a>.</p><p><strong>npm (Node Package Manager)</strong>: The default package manager for Node.js that allows installing and managing JavaScript libraries. See <a href="node_basics.html">Node.js Basics</a>.</p><p><strong>NVM (Node Version Manager)</strong>: A tool for managing multiple Node.js versions on a single system. See <a href="node_basics.html">Node.js Basics</a>.</p></div>
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<h2 id="o"><a class="anchorlink" href="#o"><span>14</span> O</a></h2><p><strong>ORM (Object-Relational Mapping)</strong>: A programming technique for converting data between incompatible type systems in object-oriented programming languages. See <a href="rails_database_and_model.html">Rails: Models and ActiveRecord</a>.</p><p><strong>OWASP</strong>: The Open Web Application Security Project, a nonprofit foundation that works to improve software security. See <a href="security.html">Security</a>.</p></div>
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<h2 id="p"><a class="anchorlink" href="#p"><span>15</span> P</a></h2><p><strong>Package.json</strong>: A file that contains metadata about a Node.js project, including dependencies and scripts. See <a href="node_basics.html">Node.js Basics</a>.</p><p><strong>Password Digest</strong>: An encrypted version of a password stored in the database instead of the plain text password. See <a href="rails_authentication.html">Rails Authentication</a>.</p><p><strong>Prepared Statement</strong>: A database feature that pre-compiles SQL statements to prevent SQL injection attacks. See <a href="security.html">Security</a>.</p><p><strong>Production</strong>: The live environment where a software application is used by real users. Production environments are optimized for performance and reliability.</p><p><strong>Protocol</strong>: A set of rules that define how data is transmitted and received between devices or applications.</p></div>
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<h2 id="q"><a class="anchorlink" href="#q"><span>16</span> Q</a></h2><p><strong>Query</strong>: In GraphQL, an operation that retrieves data from the server. See <a href="graphql-api.html">GraphQL APIs</a>.</p><p><strong>Query Cache</strong>: A Rails feature that caches database queries to improve performance. See <a href="caching.html">Caching</a>.</p></div>
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<h2 id="r"><a class="anchorlink" href="#r"><span>17</span> R</a></h2><p><strong>Rails Console</strong>: An interactive Ruby shell with the Rails application loaded, used for testing and debugging. See <a href="rails_database_and_model.html">Rails: Models and ActiveRecord</a>.</p><p><strong>REST (Representational State Transfer)</strong>: An architectural style for designing networked applications. REST APIs use standard HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) to perform operations on resources. See <a href="rest-api.html">REST APIs</a>.</p><p><strong>Route</strong>: A URL pattern that maps to a specific function or controller action in a web application.</p><p><strong>Ruby on Rails</strong>: A web application framework written in Ruby that follows the MVC pattern and emphasizes convention over configuration.</p></div>
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<h2 id="s"><a class="anchorlink" href="#s"><span>18</span> S</a></h2><p><strong>Schema</strong>: In GraphQL, a description of the data types and operations available in the API. See <a href="graphql-api.html">GraphQL APIs</a>.</p><p><strong>Server</strong>: A computer or software that provides services to other computers (clients) over a network. Web servers handle HTTP requests and serve web pages.</p><p><strong>Session</strong>: A way to store user-specific data on the server between requests. Sessions help maintain user state across multiple page visits. See <a href="rails_authentication.html">Rails Authentication</a>.</p><p><strong>SOAP</strong>: A protocol for exchanging structured information in web services using XML. See <a href="rest-api.html">REST APIs</a>.</p><p><strong>SQL Injection</strong>: A security vulnerability where malicious SQL code is inserted into database queries through user input. See <a href="security.html">Security</a>.</p><p><strong>SSL/TLS</strong>: Security protocols that provide encryption and authentication for data transmitted over networks. HTTPS uses SSL/TLS to secure web communications.</p><p><strong>System Test</strong>: A test that exercises the entire application stack, including the browser, to simulate real user interactions. See <a href="testing.html">Testing</a>.</p></div>
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<h2 id="t"><a class="anchorlink" href="#t"><span>19</span> T</a></h2><p><strong>Test-Driven Development (TDD)</strong>: A software development methodology where tests are written before the actual code. See <a href="testing.html">Testing</a>.</p><p><strong>Token</strong>: A piece of data that represents a user's authentication status. Tokens are often used in stateless authentication systems like JWT (JSON Web Tokens).</p><p><strong>Type</strong>: In GraphQL, a definition of the structure and properties of data objects. See <a href="graphql-api.html">GraphQL APIs</a>.</p></div>
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<h2 id="u"><a class="anchorlink" href="#u"><span>20</span> U</a></h2><p><strong>Unit Test</strong>: A test that focuses on testing individual components or functions in isolation. See <a href="testing.html">Testing</a>.</p></div>
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<h2 id="v"><a class="anchorlink" href="#v"><span>21</span> V</a></h2><p><strong>V8</strong>: Google's JavaScript engine that powers Node.js and Chrome browser. See <a href="node_basics.html">Node.js Basics</a>.</p><p><strong>Validation</strong>: The process of checking that data meets certain criteria before processing it. Validation helps ensure data quality and security. See <a href="rails_database_and_model.html">Rails: Models and ActiveRecord</a>.</p><p><strong>Version Control</strong>: A system that tracks changes to source code over time, allowing developers to collaborate and maintain a history of modifications.</p><p><strong>View</strong>: In Rails MVC, the component responsible for rendering the user interface and displaying data to users. See <a href="rails_view_and_controller.html">Rails: View and Controller</a>.</p></div>
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<h2 id="w"><a class="anchorlink" href="#w"><span>22</span> W</a></h2><p><strong>WebSocket</strong>: A communication protocol that provides full-duplex communication channels over a single HTTP connection. See <a href="rails_websockets.html">Rails WebSockets</a> and <a href="node_websockets.html">Node WebSockets</a>.</p></div>
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<h2 id="x"><a class="anchorlink" href="#x"><span>23</span> X</a></h2><p><strong>XSS (Cross-Site Scripting)</strong>: A security vulnerability where malicious scripts are injected into web pages viewed by other users. See <a href="security.html">Security</a>.</p></div>
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