diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore index 638021f9..5ddfcd6f 100644 --- a/.gitignore +++ b/.gitignore @@ -12,4 +12,5 @@ wheels/ .coverage* .mypy_cache .vscode/ -docs/source/_build/ \ No newline at end of file +docs/source/_build/ +site/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/.readthedocs.yaml b/.readthedocs.yaml index 7b6de740..7bb03e16 100644 --- a/.readthedocs.yaml +++ b/.readthedocs.yaml @@ -18,6 +18,9 @@ build: - uv venv "${READTHEDOCS_VIRTUALENV_PATH}" install: - UV_PROJECT_ENVIRONMENT="${READTHEDOCS_VIRTUALENV_PATH}" uv sync --frozen --group docs - -mkdocs: - configuration: mkdocs.yml + build: + html: + - zensical build + post_build: + - mkdir -p $READTHEDOCS_OUTPUT/html/ + - cp --recursive site/* $READTHEDOCS_OUTPUT/html/ diff --git a/Justfile b/Justfile index cddbd2d1..c70d3f14 100644 --- a/Justfile +++ b/Justfile @@ -14,12 +14,12 @@ test: # Serve a local build of the project documentation at http://localhost:8000 serve-docs: @echo "Serving docs at http://localhost:8000" - uv run --extra docs mkdocs serve + uv run --group docs zensical serve # Build the project documentation build-docs: @echo "Building docs" - uv run --extra docs mkdocs build + uv run --group docs zensical build # Run the pre-commit hooks on all files in the repo pre-commit: diff --git a/docs/cookbook.md b/docs/cookbook.md deleted file mode 100644 index c65b9c51..00000000 --- a/docs/cookbook.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4 +0,0 @@ -# EWB Cookbook - -ExtremeWeatherBench was designed to be versatile and extensible for use cases involving analysis of one or many regional cases. This cookbook is a non-exhaustive set of use cases which can be leveraged by EWB. - diff --git a/docs/data.md b/docs/data.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a04460e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/data.md @@ -0,0 +1,314 @@ +# Data in EWB + +EWB works with two distinct kinds of data: **forecasts** from AI weather prediction +models and **targets** that serve as ground truth for evaluation. Keeping them separate +lets you swap either side independently without rewriting your evaluation pipeline. For a +hands-on introduction to setting up a forecast and target together, see [Usage](usage.md); +for real-world wiring examples, see the [Cookbook](recipes/cira_forecast.md). + +## Data model overview + +Every evaluation pairs one forecast object with one target object inside an +`EvaluationObject`. Both classes inherit from `InputBase`, which handles lazy loading, +variable renaming, and optional preprocessing before any metric is computed. + +```mermaid +flowchart TD + InputBase --> ForecastBase + InputBase --> TargetBase + ForecastBase --> ZarrForecast + ForecastBase --> KerchunkForecast + ForecastBase --> XarrayForecast + TargetBase --> ERA5 + TargetBase --> GHCN + TargetBase --> LSR + TargetBase --> PPH + TargetBase --> IBTrACS + ForecastBase -->|"paired in"| EvaluationObject + TargetBase -->|"paired in"| EvaluationObject +``` + +You can create multiple `EvaluationObject` instances to evaluate the same forecast +against different targets or with different metric sets simultaneously. See +[Usage](usage.md#running-an-evaluation-for-a-single-event-type) for a full example. + +## Forecast inputs + +All forecast classes extend `ForecastBase` and share four required arguments: + +| Argument | Description | +|---|---| +| `source` | Path or URI to the data store | +| `name` | Label used in output DataFrames | +| `variables` | List of CF-convention variable names to select | +| `variable_mapping` | Dict mapping source names → EWB standard names | + +Forecasts must expose four dimensions: `init_time`, `lead_time`, `latitude`, and +`longitude`. The `lead_time` dimension must be `timedelta64` — EWB uses it together +with `init_time` to derive `valid_time` at evaluation time. + +> **Detailed Explanation**: EWB works in init-time / lead-time space rather than +> valid-time space so it can evaluate forecasts issued from multiple initialization +> times across a case study window. If your data uses different dimension names (e.g. +> `time` for init time, `prediction_timedelta` for lead time), supply a +> `variable_mapping` dictionary to rename them before evaluation. See +> [Variable mapping](#variable-mapping) below. + +### ZarrForecast + +Use `ZarrForecast` when your forecast is stored in a zarr store — either on cloud +object storage or a local path. + +```python +import extremeweatherbench as ewb + +hres_forecast = ewb.forecasts.ZarrForecast( + source="gs://weatherbench2/datasets/hres/2016-2022-0012-1440x721.zarr", + name="HRES", + variables=["surface_air_temperature"], + # built-in mapping for ECMWF HRES from WeatherBench2 + variable_mapping=ewb.HRES_metadata_variable_mapping, + storage_options={"remote_options": {"anon": True}}, +) +``` + +`storage_options` are passed directly to `xarray.open_zarr`, so any keyword accepted +there (e.g. `token`, `anon`) is valid here. + +### KerchunkForecast + +Use `KerchunkForecast` when your forecast is referenced via a [kerchunk](https://fsspec.github.io/kerchunk/) `.parq` or +`.json` sidecar file. This is the access pattern used by the CIRA AIWP registry on +AWS Open Data. + +```python +import extremeweatherbench as ewb + +cira_kerchunk_forecast = ewb.forecasts.KerchunkForecast( + source="s3://noaa-oar-mlwp-data/FourCastNetv2/kerchunk.parq", + name="FourCastNetv2", + variables=["surface_air_temperature"], + variable_mapping=ewb.CIRA_metadata_variable_mapping, + storage_options={ + "remote_protocol": "s3", + "remote_options": {"anon": True}, + }, +) +``` + +Both parquet and JSON kerchunk formats are supported. The underlying engine is +`xarray-kerchunk`. For CIRA models stored in [icechunk](https://icechunk.io/) format, use +`ewb.inputs.get_cira_icechunk()` as a convenience wrapper instead. + +### XarrayForecast + +Use `XarrayForecast` when you have already opened a dataset in memory — for example, +after assembling a collection of NetCDF files into a single `xr.Dataset`. + +```python +import xarray as xr +import extremeweatherbench as ewb + +ds = xr.open_mfdataset("my_forecast_*.nc", combine="by_coords") + +my_forecast = ewb.forecasts.XarrayForecast( + ds=ds, + name="MyModel", + variables=["surface_air_temperature"], + variable_mapping={ + "t2m": "surface_air_temperature", + "prediction_timedelta": "lead_time", + "time": "init_time", + }, +) +``` + +`source` and `name` default to `"memory"` and `"in-memory dataset"` respectively. +Providing a descriptive `name` is recommended so evaluation outputs are labelled +correctly in the output DataFrame. + +## Target datasets + +EWB ships five built-in target classes covering gridded reanalysis, station +observations, storm reports, probabilistic hindcasts, and tropical cyclone tracks. + +| Class | Description | Format | +|---|---|---| +| `ERA5` | ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis, 0.25°, hourly | Zarr (GCS, public) | +| `GHCN` | GHCN hourly station observations | Parquet (GCS, public) | +| `LSR` | Local storm reports (US, Canada, Australia) | Parquet (GCS, public) | +| `PPH` | Practically Perfect Hindcast | Zarr (GCS, public) | +| `IBTrACS` | Tropical cyclone tracks from The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship | CSV (NCEI live endpoint) | + +### ERA5 + +`ERA5` is the default gridded reanalysis target. It defaults to the public ARCO ERA5 +zarr hosted by Google and requires no credentials: + +```python +import extremeweatherbench as ewb + +era5_target = ewb.targets.ERA5( + variables=["surface_air_temperature"], + storage_options={"remote_options": {"anon": True}}, +) +``` + +Default URI: +``` +gs://gcp-public-data-arco-era5/ar/full_37-1h-0p25deg-chunk-1.zarr-v3 +``` + +> **Detailed Explanation**: The ARCO ERA5 store is chunked along the time dimension. +> For best performance, subset variables first, then time, then apply `.sel`/`.isel` +> for latitude and longitude, then rechunk. See +> [this xarray issue comment](https://github.com/pydata/xarray/issues/8902#issuecomment-2036435045) +> for details. The `ERA5` class defaults to `chunks=None`, which defers chunking to +> xarray and generally gives the most efficient access pattern for this store. + +### GHCN + +`GHCN` provides hourly station observations from the Global Historical Climatology +Network. Data is loaded lazily as a Polars `LazyFrame` and filtered to the case +bounding box at evaluation time. + +```python +ghcn_target = ewb.targets.GHCN(variables=["surface_air_temperature"]) +``` + +Default URI: +``` +gs://extremeweatherbench/datasets/ghcnh_all_2020_2024.parq +``` + +Temperature values in GHCN are stored in Celsius; EWB converts them to Kelvin +automatically before computing metrics. + +### LSR + +`LSR` provides local storm reports from the SPC's report database (US) as well as compiled reports from Canada and Australia. Report types are encoded numerically at metric computation time: wind = 1, hail = 2, tornado = 3. Case date ranges should span 12 UTC to 12 UTC the following day to match the SPC reporting window. + +```python +lsr_target = ewb.targets.LSR( + storage_options={"remote_options": {"anon": True}}, +) +``` + +Default URI: +``` +gs://extremeweatherbench/datasets/ + combined_canada_australia_us_lsr_01012020_09272025.parq +``` + +### PPH + +`PPH` provides the Practically Perfect Hindcast — a Gaussian-smoothed observational +proxy used as a skill baseline for severe convection forecasts which uses the LSR data for hail and tornadoes. Unlike `LSR`, it is stored as a zarr on GCS. + +```python +pph_target = ewb.targets.PPH( + storage_options={"remote_options": {"anon": True}}, +) +``` + +Default URI: +``` +gs://extremeweatherbench/datasets/ + practically_perfect_hindcast_20200104_20250927.zarr +``` + +### IBTrACS + +`IBTrACS` streams tropical cyclone best track data from the NCEI live CSV endpoint. +EWB pre-processes the raw multi-agency wind and pressure columns using a priority +order (USA → WMO → regional agencies) and converts units from knots to m/s and +hPa to Pa. + +```python +ibtracs_target = ewb.targets.IBTrACS() +``` + +No `storage_options` are required because the data is fetched over HTTPS directly +from NCEI. The IBTrACS class evaluates variables `surface_wind_speed` and +`air_pressure_at_mean_sea_level` by default. + +## Variable mapping + +`variable_mapping` is a dictionary that maps the names present in your data to the +EWB standard names defined in `defaults.DEFAULT_VARIABLE_NAMES`. You pass it when +constructing any forecast or target: + +```python +my_mapping = { + "t2m": "surface_air_temperature", # 2-m temperature → EWB name + "u10": "surface_eastward_wind", # 10-m U wind → EWB name + "v10": "surface_northward_wind", # 10-m V wind → EWB name + "prediction_timedelta": "lead_time", # timedelta dim → EWB name + "time": "init_time", # init-time dim → EWB name +} +``` + +EWB applies the mapping lazily — only keys present in the data are renamed, so it is +safe to include extra entries for variables you may not always use. + +Three built-in mappings are provided in `extremeweatherbench.inputs`: + +| Mapping | Use with | +|---|---| +| `ERA5_metadata_variable_mapping` | `ERA5` target or ERA5-formatted forecasts | +| `HRES_metadata_variable_mapping` | ECMWF HRES from WeatherBench2 | +| `CIRA_metadata_variable_mapping` | CIRA AIWP models via kerchunk or icechunk | + +The `ERA5` and `IBTrACS` target classes apply their respective built-in mappings by +default, so you typically do not need to set `variable_mapping` when using them. + +## Supported source backends + +`IncomingDataInput` is the union type accepted at every data boundary in EWB: + +```python +IncomingDataInput = xr.Dataset | xr.DataArray | pl.LazyFrame | pd.DataFrame +``` + +The `sources/` subpackage contains a protocol-based backend for each type; EWB +selects the correct one automatically based on the runtime type of your data. + +- **`xr.Dataset`** — the primary backend for gridded forecasts and the `ERA5` and + `PPH` targets. +- **`xr.DataArray`** — supported where a single-variable array is sufficient; + converted to `Dataset` internally before metric computation. +- **`pl.LazyFrame`** — used by `GHCN` and `IBTrACS` for efficient lazy subsetting of + large tabular files without loading the full dataset into memory. +- **`pd.DataFrame`** — used by `LSR` and available for custom targets that produce + in-memory tabular data. + +## Climatology reference data + +`get_climatology()` in `extremeweatherbench.defaults` opens a 1990–2019 ERA5 surface +air temperature climatology: + +``` +gs://extremeweatherbench/datasets/ + surface_air_temperature_1990_2019_climatology.zarr +``` + +It accepts a `quantile` argument (either `0.15` or `0.85`) and returns the +corresponding percentile field as an `xr.DataArray`. This climatology is used +internally by `DurationMeanError` for heat wave and freeze evaluations — you do not +need to load it manually unless you are writing a custom threshold metric. + +```python +from extremeweatherbench.defaults import get_climatology + +# 85th-percentile threshold used for heat wave duration metrics +heat_threshold = get_climatology(quantile=0.85) +``` + +## A note on network I/O + +All EWB data objects open datasets lazily — no data is transferred until a metric is +computed. For zarr and parquet sources, only the chunks or rows needed for a given +case are fetched at compute time. Running locally on a consumer connection is feasible +but can be significantly slower than running inside a cloud VM co-located with the +data on GCS. See [A Note on Parallelism](parallelism.md) for guidance on tuning +`n_jobs` and chunk sizes to balance throughput and memory usage. diff --git a/docs/data_prep.md b/docs/data_prep.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2e01702d --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/data_prep.md @@ -0,0 +1,334 @@ +# Data Preparation + +The scripts in `data_prep/` regenerate EWB's source datasets: case bounding +boxes, observation archives, and model stores. Most users never need to run +them. Run them when you need to extend the case set, update an observation +archive, or rebuild a data store from scratch. + +All scripts must be run from the repository root. + +--- + +## Plot Temperature Events + +**File:** `data_prep/plot_temperature_events.py` + +Plots the maximum number of consecutive heat wave or cold snap days for a +single case from `events.yaml`. Auto-detects event type from the case record. +Also exports `max_consecutive_days` and `plot_consecutive_map`, which +`heat_cold_bounds_global.py` and `heat_cold_bounds_case.py` import directly. + +**Usage** + +```bash +python data_prep/plot_temperature_events.py \ + --case-id-number 2 \ + --output case_2_consecutive_heatwave_days.png +``` + +**Output** + +One PNG at the path given by `--output`. Default filename when `--output` is +omitted: `case_N_consecutive_{heatwave|cold_snap}_days.png` in the current +directory. + +--- + +## Heat / Cold Bounds — Global Detection + +**File:** `data_prep/heat_cold_bounds_global.py` + +Scans ERA5 2 m temperature over a date range and detects heat wave and cold +snap events globally over land. A heat wave requires daily max > 85th +percentile for 3+ consecutive days; a cold snap requires daily min < 15th +percentile. Spatiotemporal blobs are tracked and terminated when their area +drops below 50 % of peak. Produces a CSV of bounding boxes and two PNG maps. + +**Usage** + +```bash +python data_prep/heat_cold_bounds_global.py \ + --start-date 2023-06-01 \ + --end-date 2023-09-01 \ + --output heat_cold_global.csv \ + --n-workers 4 +``` + +**Output** + +CSV at `--output` with columns `label`, `event_type`, `start_date`, +`end_date`, `latitude_min/max`, `longitude_min/max`. Two PNG maps saved +alongside it: `_heatwave.png` and `_cold_snap.png`. + +--- + +## Heat / Cold Bounds — Case Validation + +**File:** `data_prep/heat_cold_bounds_case.py` + +For each heat wave or cold snap case in `events.yaml`, iteratively expands the +existing bounding box by 2° per side until fewer than 50 % of edge grid points +exceed the climatological threshold, or 10 iterations are reached. Processes +all cases in parallel via joblib. + +**Usage** + +```bash +python data_prep/heat_cold_bounds_case.py \ + --output heat_cold_yaml.csv \ + --n-workers 4 +``` + +**Output** + +CSV at `--output` with final bounding boxes. One PNG per case saved to the +same directory as `--output`, named +`case__consecutive_{heatwave|cold_snap}_days.png`. + +--- + +## Generate GHCNh + +**File:** `data_prep/generate_ghcnh.py` + +Downloads GHCNh station data for 2020–2024 from NCEI, aggregates to hourly +resolution, applies QC filtering, and appends to a single parquet file. +Already-processed station-year combinations are skipped on re-run. Up to 1000 +concurrent downloads via `asyncio`. + +**Dependencies** + +``` +pip install aiohttp nest_asyncio +``` + +**Usage** + +```bash +python data_prep/generate_ghcnh.py +``` + +**Output** + +`ghcnh_all_2020_2024.parq` in the current directory. + +--- + +## AR Bounds + +**File:** `data_prep/ar_bounds.py` + +Calculates bounding boxes for atmospheric river cases from `events.yaml`. +Runs IVT-based AR detection on ERA5, identifies the largest AR object per +case using connected-component labelling, and adds a spatial buffer. Processes +cases in parallel (8 workers by default). Requires a running Dask cluster +(local cluster started automatically). + +**Usage** + +```bash +python data_prep/ar_bounds.py +``` + +**Output** + +`ar_bounds_results_enhanced.pkl` in the current directory. Load with +`pickle.load` — each element is a dict with keys `case_id`, `title`, +`ar_largest_object_bounds`, `buffered_bounds`, and diagnostics. + +--- + +## IBTrACS Bounds + +**File:** `data_prep/ibtracs_bounds.py` + +Downloads IBTrACS CSV from NCEI, computes a track-based bounding box for each +tropical cyclone case in `events.yaml`, and writes the updated bounds back to +the installed package's `events.yaml` in place. Logs which cases were changed. + +**Usage** + +```bash +python data_prep/ibtracs_bounds.py +``` + +**Output** + +Modifies `src/extremeweatherbench/data/events.yaml` in place. No separate +output file is created. + +--- + +## Severe Convection Bounds + +**File:** `data_prep/severe_convection_bounds.py` + +Creates bounding boxes around PPH non-zero regions for severe convection cases +from `events.yaml`. Applies a 250 km buffer by default. Requires a precomputed +PPH `DataArray` as input (produced by +`practically_perfect_hindcast_from_lsr.py`). + +**Usage** + +```python +from data_prep.severe_convection_bounds import main + +bounding_boxes, df = main( + pph_data="practically_perfect_hindcast_20200104_20250927.zarr", + events_yaml_path="src/extremeweatherbench/data/events.yaml", + output_path="data_prep/pph_severe_convection_bounding_boxes", + buffer_km=250, +) +``` + +Or pass a PPH path directly from the command line: + +```bash +python data_prep/severe_convection_bounds.py \ + practically_perfect_hindcast_20200104_20250927.zarr +``` + +**Output** + +`.csv` and `.yaml` with bounding box records. + +--- + +## Practically Perfect Hindcast from LSR + +**File:** `data_prep/practically_perfect_hindcast_from_lsr.py` + +Computes the Practically Perfect Hindcast (PPH) from Local Storm Report (LSR) +data using a Gaussian smoothing method (Hitchens et al. 2013). Reads from the +EWB public LSR target at `gs://extremeweatherbench`. Runs all valid times in +parallel via joblib. Stores results as a dense zarr archive. + +**Usage** + +```bash +python data_prep/practically_perfect_hindcast_from_lsr.py +``` + +**Output** + +`practically_perfect_hindcast_20200104_20250927.zarr` in the current directory. + +--- + +## Combined LSR Processing + +**File:** `data_prep/combined_lsr_processing.py` + +Downloads US Local Storm Report data from SPC NOAA for 2020–2025, adds +Canadian and Australian storm reports, and writes the combined dataset to +parquet. Runs verification checks on the output row count and date coverage. + +**Dependencies** + +``` +pip install aiohttp +``` + +**Usage** + +```bash +python data_prep/combined_lsr_processing.py +``` + +**Output** + +`combined_canada_australia_us_lsr_01012020_09272025.parq` in the current +directory. + +--- + +## CIRA Icechunk Generation + +**File:** `data_prep/cira_icechunk_generation.py` + +Builds an icechunk store for CIRA MLWP model data. Reads model files from +`s3://noaa-oar-mlwp-data` via VirtualiZarr and writes the resulting +`DataTree` to the EWB GCS bucket. Requires GCS write credentials for +`gs://extremeweatherbench`. + +**Usage** + +```bash +# Set application credentials in the script before running: +# storage = icechunk.gcs_storage(..., application_credentials="/path/to/creds.json") +python data_prep/cira_icechunk_generation.py +``` + +**Output** + +Writes to the `cira-icechunk` prefix in the `extremeweatherbench` GCS bucket. + +--- + +## Convert to Kerchunk + +**File:** `data_prep/convert_to_kerchunk.py` + +Provides two functions for converting CIRA MLWP NetCDF files from S3 to +kerchunk virtual references. `generate_json_from_nc` scans a single file and +writes a JSON; `xarray_dataset_from_json_list` combines a list of JSONs into +a single virtual zarr `Dataset`. No command-line entry point. + +**Usage** + +```python +import fsspec +from data_prep.convert_to_kerchunk import generate_json_from_nc, xarray_dataset_from_json_list + +fs_read = fsspec.filesystem("s3", anon=True) +fs_out = fsspec.filesystem("file") +so = {"anon": True} + +json_list = generate_json_from_nc( + file_url="s3://noaa-oar-mlwp-data/FourCastNetv2/...", + fs_read=fs_read, + fs_out=fs_out, + so=so, + json_dir="/tmp/cira_jsons/", +) + +ds = xarray_dataset_from_json_list( + json_list=json_list, + combined_json_directory="/tmp/cira_jsons/", + fs_out=fs_out, +) +``` + +**Output** + +Per-file JSON references in `json_dir` and a `combined.json` in +`combined_json_directory`. `xarray_dataset_from_json_list` returns an +`xr.Dataset` backed by the combined reference. + +--- + +## Generate CAPE Reference Data + +**File:** `data_prep/generate_cape_reference_data.py` + +Fetches ERA5 atmospheric profiles from ARCO-ERA5, computes CAPE and CIN with +MetPy, and saves representative profiles as `.npz` files for unit testing. +Also generates synthetic pathological profiles covering edge cases. Requires +GCP application-default credentials and `uv`. + +**Dependencies** + +``` +pip install metpy +``` + +Dependencies are also declared inline for `uv`: + +```bash +gcloud auth application-default login +uv run data_prep/generate_cape_reference_data.py +``` + +**Output** + +`tests/data/era5_reference.npz` and `tests/data/pathological_profiles.npz`. diff --git a/docs/events/AllCaseStudies.md b/docs/events/AllCaseStudies.md deleted file mode 100644 index 46ae360f..00000000 --- a/docs/events/AllCaseStudies.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,64 +0,0 @@ -# Case studies for Extreme Weather Bench - -We have collected data for high-impact weather across a variety of categories. The configuration files for each case study are available separately (see [Case study implementation details](CaseStudyYamlDetails.md)). Each category is described below and linked to the separate file that documents each case study in that category as well as the criteria used to choose case studies and any databases used to identify these cases. - -To collect the case studies, we looked at events worldwide in the time period of 2020-2024. For statistical significance, We aimed for at least 30 cases per category and sub-category but this is not always possible. - -EWB is a community benchmark! If you want to submit new categories or new case studies, please make sure to add descriptions for any events you submit into these documents as well as the information needed to download the data (see [Case study YAML details]( CaseStudyYamlDetails.md)). - -# EWB categories - -## Severe Convective Weather - -Severe convective weather includes tornado outbreaks, major hail storms, and major wind storms. Most of these are not able to be resolved at the current resolution of global models. We have collected case studies for multiple high-impact convective weather phenomena and provide each of these below. For the initial release, we provide data only for overall severe convective days and high-risk bust days. - -The overall description of what data sources we used as well as how we chose the different cases is [here](ConvectiveWx.md). - -### Case studies and data available in v1 -* [Overall severe days](OverallSevereDays.md) -* [High-risk bust days](SevereBustDays.md) - -### Cases studies available now, data in future release -* [Derechos](Derechos.md) -* [Major wind events](WindEvents.md) excluding derechos but including cyclones -* [Tornado outbreaks](TornadoOutbreaks.md) includes major outbreak days by excludes any caused by tropical cyclones -* [TC Tornado outbreaks](TCTornadoOutbreaks.md) includes major outbreaks associated with a tropical cyclone -* [Large-scale Hail outbreaks](Hailstorms.md) - -## Heatwaves - -Heatwaves are growing in frequency and intensity. In v1, we provide case studies and data on land-based heatwaves. If there is interest in the future, we could expand this to include ocean-based heatwaves. - -### Case studies and data available in v1 -* [Land-based heatwaves](Heatwaves.md) - -## Tropical cyclones - -We have provided case studies and data for tropical cyclones, broken out by basin. - -### Case studies and data available in v1 - -* [Tropical Cyclones](TropicalCyclones.md) - -## Flooding - -Major flooding has many causes. For v1, we provide case studies and data for atmospheric rivers. We have collected case studies for tropical cyclone related flooding as well as other major floods and the data for these will be available in a future release. - -The overall description of what data sources we used as well as how we chose the different cases is [here](Flooding.md). - -### Case studies and data available in v1 - -* [Atmospheric Rivers](AtmosphericRivers.md) - -### Cases studies available now, data in future release - -* [TC related flooding](TCFloods.md) - Major large-scale flooding from tropical cyclones -* [Other major floods](OtherFloods.md) - Other non-TC and non-AR major flooding events - -## Winter weather - -Winter weather causes a variety of major impacts to society. We have collected case studies for two major phenomena, major freeze events and major snowstorms. - -### Case studies and data available in v1 - -* [Major freezes](FreezeEvents.md)- Large-scale freezing events that may or may not include other winter weather \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/events/AtmosphericRivers.md b/docs/events/AtmosphericRivers.md deleted file mode 100644 index 644cad0f..00000000 --- a/docs/events/AtmosphericRivers.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,152 +0,0 @@ -# Atmospheric rivers - -Data used to select the ARs comes from: - -* [Atmospheric Rivers in the Northwest | USDA Climate Hubs](https://www.climatehubs.usda.gov/hubs/northwest/topic/atmospheric-rivers-northwest-0) -* [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/category/atmospheric-rivers/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/category/atmospheric-rivers/) -* [Back-to-back high category atmospheric river landfalls occur more often on the west coast of the United States | Communications Earth & Environment](https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01368-w) -* [Atmospheric rivers that make landfall in India are associated with flooding | Communications Earth & Environment](https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-00775-9) -* [Global Application of the Atmospheric River Scale \- Guan \- 2023 \- Journal of Geophysical Research](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022JD037180) -* [Global Atmospheric Rivers Dataverse](https://dataverse.ucla.edu/dataverse/ar) -* [Atmospheric Rivers in the Eastern and Midwestern United States Associated With Baroclinic Waves](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GL107236) -* [Atmospheric River Tracking Method Intercomparison Project (ARTMIP) | Climate & Global Dynamics](https://www.cgd.ucar.edu/projects/artmip) -* [Using Deep Learning for an Analysis of Atmospheric Rivers in a High‐Resolution Large Ensemble Climate Data Set](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022MS003495) -* [European West Coast atmospheric rivers: A scale to characterize strength and impacts \- ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212094721000037) -* [Atmospheric rivers are shifting poleward, reshaping global weather patterns](https://theconversation.com/atmospheric-rivers-are-shifting-poleward-reshaping-global-weather-patterns-240673) -* [Deep Learning Image Segmentation for Atmospheric Rivers in](https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/aies/3/1/AIES-D-23-0048.1.xml) - -## Western US & Canada - -1. Nov 18-21 2024 Bomb Cyclone and AR - 1. [Bomb cyclone with atmospheric river blasts Oregon, Northern California and Washington](https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-forecasts/bomb-cyclone-with-atmospheric-river-to-blast-northwest-part-of-california/1715099) - 2. [CW3E AR Update: 18 November 2024 Outlook \- Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-ar-update-18-november-2024-outlook/) - 3. Cross-listed with AR and major winds and large-scale snow -2. October 18-20 2024 Alaska and BC Canada - 1. [CW3E Event Summary: 18-20 October 2024 \- Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-18-20-october-2024/) - 2. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024\_British\_Columbia\_floods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_British_Columbia_floods) -3. September 22 – 24 2024 Alaska and BC Canada - 1. [CW3E Event Summary: 22 \- 24 September 2024 \- Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-22-24-september-2024/) -4. February 28 – March 3 2024 Pacific Northwest (mostly snow) - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-28-february-3-march-2024/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-28-february-3-march-2024/) -5. Feb 18 \- 20 2024 California - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-18-20-february-2024/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-18-20-february-2024/) -6. February 3-5, 2024 - 1. Cross-listed with major wind events - 2. [Atmospheric River impacts California](https://www.weather.gov/mtr/AtmosphericRiver-February_3-5_2024) - 3. [February 2024 California atmospheric rivers \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2024_California_atmospheric_rivers) -7. January 26 – February 2 2024 Alaska to California - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-26-january-2-february-2024/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-26-january-2-february-2024/) -8. Jan 22 2024 California and Arizona - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-22-january-2024/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-22-january-2024/) -9. March 20-22 2023 California and Arizona - 1. [CW3E Event Summary: 20-22 March 2023 \- Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-20-22-march-2023/) -10. March 9-15 2023 California - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-9-15-march-2023/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-9-15-march-2023/) - 2. [March 2023 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2023_North_American_winter_storm) - 3. Cross-listed with AR and winds -11. February 19-26 2023 Pacific Northwest - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-19-26-february-2023/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-19-26-february-2023/) -12. Dec 2022 \- January 2023 California - 1. [2022–2023 California floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_California_floods) - 2. [Flooding engulfs Santa Barbara, others areas of Southern California \- The Washington Post](https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/12/22/california-storm-flooding-santabarbara-southwest/) - 3. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-29-december-2022-1-january-2023/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-29-december-2022-1-january-2023/) - 4. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202301+-+Rainfall+-+California](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202301+-+Rainfall+-+California) -13. Dec 26 \- 27 2022 California - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-26-27-december-2022/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-26-27-december-2022/) -14. Dec 9 12 2022 Oregon and California - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-9-12-december-2022/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-9-12-december-2022/) -15. Nov 29 \- Dec 5 2022 California - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-29-november-5-december-2022/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-29-november-5-december-2022/) -16. November 7-8 2022 California - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-7-8-november-2022/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-7-8-november-2022/) -17. Nov 3-5 2022 Pacific Northwest - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-3-5-november-2022/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-3-5-november-2022/) -18. June 9-12 2022 Pacific Northwest, Wyoming, and Montana - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-9-12-june-2022/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-9-12-june-2022/) -19. February 26 \- March 2 2022 Pacific Northwest - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-26-february-2-march-2022/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-26-february-2-march-2022/) -20. January 4 \- 7 Colorado - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-extreme-swe-snow-event-summary-4-7-january-2022/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-extreme-swe-snow-event-summary-4-7-january-2022/) -21. January 2 \- 8 2022 Pacific Northwest - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-2-8-january-2022/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-2-8-january-2022/) - 2. [Snow, rain brings flood concerns, closures; slide cleared, I-84 reopens in Gorge \- KTVZ](https://ktvz.com/weather/2022/01/06/slide-blocks-interstate-84-in-columbia-river-gorge/) -22. December 22 2021 – January 1 2022 Western US - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-22-december-2021-1-january-2022/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-22-december-2021-1-january-2022/) - 2. [https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01368-w](https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01368-w) -23. Dec 10 \- 14 2021 \- Pacific NW - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-10-14-december-2021/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-10-14-december-2021/) - 2. [2021 Pacific Northwest floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Pacific_Northwest_floods) -24. November 10-16 2021- Pacific Northwest - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-10-16-november-2021/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-10-16-november-2021/) - 2. [2021 Pacific Northwest floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Pacific_Northwest_floods) - 3. [Atmospheric River Brings Severe Flooding and Landslides to British Columbia | NASA Global Precipitation Measurement Mission](https://gpm.nasa.gov/applications/weather/atmospheric-river-brings-severe-flooding-and-landslides-british-columbia) -25. Oct 19-26 2021 California - 1. [CW3E Event Summary: 19-26 October 2021 \- Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-19-26-october-2021/) -26. Sep 16 \- 19 2021 Pacific Northwest - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-16-19-september-2021/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-16-19-september-2021/) -27. Feb 21 \- 23 2021 Pacific Northwest - 1. [CW3E Event Summary: 21-23 February 2021 \- Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-21-23-february-2021/) -28. January 11-13 2021 Pacific NW - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-11-13-january-2021/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-11-13-january-2021/) -29. January 2021 1-7 Pacific Northwest - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-1-7-january-2021/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-1-7-january-2021/) -30. Dec 17 \- 22 2021 Pacific Northwest - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-17-22-december-2020/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-17-22-december-2020/) -31. December 11-17 2020 Western US - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-11-17-december-2020/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-11-17-december-2020/) -32. November 16 \- 18 2020 Western US - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-16-18-november-2020/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-16-18-november-2020/) -33. September 23-27 2020 Pacific Northwest - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-23-27-september-2020/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-23-27-september-2020/) -34. Sep 14 \- 18 2020 Pacific Northwest - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-14-18-september-2020/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-14-18-september-2020/) -35. May 16 \- 19 2020 Western US - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-16-19-may-2020/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-16-19-may-2020/) -36. March 9 \- 13 2020 Southwestern US - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-9-13-march-2020/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-9-13-march-2020/) -37. Feb 21 \- 23 2020 Southwestern US - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-21-23-february-2020/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-21-23-february-2020/) -38. Feb 4 \- 8 2020 Western US - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-4-8-february-2020/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-4-8-february-2020/) -39. Jan 26 \- February 2 2020 Pacific Northwest - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-26-january-2-february-2020/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-26-january-2-february-2020/) - -## Worldwide events - -1. October 3-4 2024 Bosnia - 1. [2024 Bosnia and Herzegovina floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_floods) -2. April 4 2024 \- eastern Aus flooding - 1. [Why is Australia’s east coast copping all this rain right now? An atmospheric scientist explains](https://theconversation.com/why-is-australias-east-coast-copping-all-this-rain-right-now-an-atmospheric-scientist-explains-227158) -3. April 14-17 2024 Persian Gulf - 1. [2024 Persian Gulf floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Persian_Gulf_floods) -4. Dec 17 \- 18 2023 East Coast - 1. [Summary of the 17–18 December 2023 East Coast Cyclone and Atmospheric River Event](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/20Dec2023_Summary/20231218EastCoast.pdf) - 2. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/national/202312](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/national/202312) -5. June 25-27 2023 Northwest cloudband Australia - 1. [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-27/tropical-rain-drenches-central-north-australia/102341464](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-27/tropical-rain-drenches-central-north-australia/102341464) -6. April 2023 Middle East - 1. [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024GL109446](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024GL109446) -7. Oct 13 2022 Victoria flooding, Australia - 1. [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-13/victoria-flooding-rain-road-closures-safety-warnings-melbourne/101527960](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-13/victoria-flooding-rain-road-closures-safety-warnings-melbourne/101527960) -8. Oct 30 2022 Victoria flooding, Australia - 1. [https://www.vic.gov.au/2022-flood-recovery](https://www.vic.gov.au/2022-flood-recovery) -9. August 2022, Japan - 1. [Moisture Sources of the Tohoku Heavy Rainfalls in August 2022 and the Influences of Tropical Storms \- Zhao \- 2023 \- Geophysical Research Letters \- Wiley Online Library](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GL104166) -10. March 15-19 2022 East Antarctica - 1. [The Extraordinary March 2022 East Antarctica “Heat” Wave. Part I: Observations and Meteorological Drivers in](https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/37/3/JCLI-D-23-0175.1.xml) - 2. Cross-listed with heat -11. Feb 26-28 2022 Southeast QLD / northern NSW floods Australia - 1. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022\_eastern\_Australia\_floods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_eastern_Australia_floods) -12. Jan 14 \- 14 2022 Norway and Sweden - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202201+-+Rainfall+-+Norway%2CSweden](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202201+-+Rainfall+-+Norway%2CSweden) -13. June 18-19 2021 Bloomington Indiana USA - 1. [Atmospheric Rivers in the Eastern and Midwestern United States Associated With Baroclinic Waves](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GL107236) -14. June 24-26 2021 \- Alaska - 1. [An anomalous warm-season trans-Pacific atmospheric river linked to the 2021 western North America heatwave | Communications Earth & Environment](https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-022-00459-w) -15. March 17-24 2021 Sydney heavy rainfall, Australia - 1. [https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/la-nina-s-final-fury-20210427-p57mvj.html](https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/la-nina-s-final-fury-20210427-p57mvj.html) -16. Dec 1 \- 4 2020 Alaska - 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-01-04-december-2020/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-01-04-december-2020/) - 2. [Atmospheric River Impacts Southeast Alaska](https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/8d7a98b9dd514ff199f1e8c5b4d20a8b) -17. Oct 2-3 2020 Western Alps - 1. [The influence of an atmospheric river on a heavy precipitation event over the western Alps \- ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212094722001219) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/events/CaseStudyYamlDetails.md b/docs/events/CaseStudyYamlDetails.md deleted file mode 100644 index 49f24835..00000000 --- a/docs/events/CaseStudyYamlDetails.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1 +0,0 @@ -# TODO - this is a placeholder for Taylor to document the YAML \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/events/ConvectiveWx.md b/docs/events/ConvectiveWx.md deleted file mode 100644 index 9ebef0c3..00000000 --- a/docs/events/ConvectiveWx.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,38 +0,0 @@ -# Severe Convective Weather - -Severe convective weather was initially defined separately for each type of convective hazard (tornado, hail, wind, etc). Due to the grid spacing of the current global models, our initial release will combine these into a single category of severe convective days. These days were chosen from our initial list broken out by category with the additional requirement that they had to be days that generated multiple hazards (e.g. tornadoes and hail). - -Severe storm data is primarily focused on the US for the initial release. Not only is the US the climatological maximum of severe convective weather (especially tornadoes) but we have the largest public archive of storms available. We would welcome case studies from additional locations. - -## Choosing case study dates -To decide on the dates, we used the following online archives of storms. - -US-based storms -* [List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_American_tornadoes_and_tornado_outbreaks) -* [List of Storm Prediction Center high risk days \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Storm_Prediction_Center_high_risk_days) -* [Tornado outbreak Days \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak) -* [Billion dollar Disasters from NCEI](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=all-disasters) -* [List of costly or deadly hailstorms \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_costly_or_deadly_hailstorms) -* [SPC Storm reports](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/today.html) -* [List of derecho events \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_derecho_events) - -Non-US data - * [European Severe Weather Database](https://eswd.eu/cgi-bin/eswd.cgi) - * Some data in South America can be found in this paper: - * Salio, P., and Coauthors, 2024: Toward a South American High-Impact Weather Reports Database. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E1204–E1217, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-23-0063.1. - * This paper links to this database: https://samhi.cima.fcen.uba.ar/ - -## Severe Convective Weather categories - -These categories are available in the initial release. -* [Overall severe days](OverallSevereDays.md) -* [High-risk bust days](SevereBustDays.md) - -The case studies for these are provided below and they will be incorporated into future EWB releases with additional metrics. The primary factor holding them back from the initial release is the coarse grid spacing of the global models and the small scale-of these events. - -* [Derechos](Derechos.md) -* [Major wind events](WindEvents.md) -* [Tornado outbreaks](TornadoOutbreaks.md) -* [Tornado outbreaks associated with Tropical Cyclones](TCTornadoOutbreaks.md) -* [Hailstorms](Hailstorms.md) - diff --git a/docs/events/Derechos.md b/docs/events/Derechos.md deleted file mode 100644 index 317056d5..00000000 --- a/docs/events/Derechos.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,97 +0,0 @@ -# Derechos - -Many of these are cross-listed with outbreaks. If they don’t generate enough tornadoes to meet the outbreak criteria, they are not cross-listed but many derecho events do generate some number of tornadoes. - -## US-based events - -1. July 13 \- 16, 2024 - * [Severe weather sequence of July 13–16, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_weather_sequence_of_July_13%E2%80%9316,_2024) - * Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and flooding and hail -2. May 19 \- 27, 2024 - * [Tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_May_19%E2%80%9327,_2024) - * Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and hail -3. Houston derecho, May 16, 2024 - * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024\_Houston\_derecho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Houston_derecho) - * Not a large-scale tornado outbreak but it did generate a few tornadoes so cross-listed with tornado and derecho -4. April 1- 3, 2024 - * [Tornado outbreak and derecho of April 1–3, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_and_derecho_of_April_1%E2%80%933,_2024) - * Cross-listed with tornado and derecho -5. June 29, 2023 - * [Derecho Summary: June 29, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_062923) - * [June 29, 2023 \- Derecho, Significant Hail, Tornadoes](https://www.weather.gov/ilx/june29_derecho) - * [Midwest Derecho \- 2023](https://www.nass.usda.gov/Research_and_Science/Disaster-Analysis/2023/Midwest_Derecho_June_2023/2023_Midwest_Derecho_Report.pdf) - * There are 7 tornadoes with this but that doesn’t meet our tornado outbreak criteria. -6. Feb 21 \- 28 2023 - * [February 2023 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2023_North_American_storm_complex) - * Cross-listed with blizzards, derecho, wind, hail, and tornado outbreaks - * Derecho is Feb 26, 2023 -7. July 5, 2022 - * [July 5th, 2022 Derecho and Significant Hail](https://www.weather.gov/abr/July5th2022StormSummary) - * [Derecho turns sky green, sweeps through 5 states with 90 mph winds](https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/07/06/derecho-green-sky-south-dakota/) - * [NWS confirms derecho swept through southeastern South Dakota with winds up to 99 mph](https://www.argusleader.com/story/news/2022/07/05/its-hot-sioux-falls-but-rain-way-tuesday-nws-says/7809343001/) - * From wikipedia: “The storms went through the upper Midwest, causing widespread wind damage across the region. This makes the fourth derecho in 7 months to hit the area, when the area typically only gets one every two years. The storms were very high in precipitation, which made the sky appear as a bright green color. The derecho produced two tornadoes in Iowa.” - * [List of derecho events \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_derecho_events) -8. June 13-14, 2022 - * [June 13, 2022 Severe Weather/Derecho](https://www.weather.gov/cle/event_20220613_severe_weather_derecho) - * [Derecho June 13th, 2022](https://www.weather.gov/iwx/Derecho_20220613) - * [Worst storm outages in Tri-State since 2012 derecho, Duke Energy says](https://www.fox19.com/2022/06/14/worst-storm-outages-tri-state-since-2012-derecho-duke-energy-says/) - * [One year later: Looking back at the 2022 Derecho that hit northeast Indiana | WANE 15](https://www.wane.com/top-stories/one-year-later-looking-back-at-the-2022-derecho-that-hit-northeast-indiana/) - * From wikipedia: “Multiple mesoscale convective systems, with one classified as a derecho thus far by the National Weather Service in Northern Indiana, caused widespread damage and power outages across the Midwestern United States. Damage was particularly intense around the Fort Wayne, Indiana area and portions of northwest Ohio. Another possible derecho caused the worst power outages in the Cincinnati metropolitan area since the June 29, 2012, event. The derecho produced four tornadoes in Ohio and one tornado in Illinois.” - * [List of derecho events \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_derecho_events) -9. May 12, 2022 - * [May 2022 Midwest derecho \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2022_Midwest_derecho) - * Cross-listed with tornado and derecho and hail - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220512\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220512_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -10. Dec 15-16, 2021 - * [December 2021 Midwest derecho and tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2021_Midwest_derecho_and_tornado_outbreak) - * Cross-listed with tornado and derecho - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211215\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211215_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -11. Oct 7, 2020 - * [Derecho October 7, 2020 \- Albany, NY](https://www.weather.gov/aly/High-End_Severe_Weather_Event_October_7_2020) - * [Forecasters say last week’s deadly storm complex in New England was a derecho](https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/10/13/new-england-derecho-storms/) - * [Challenges Associated with the October 7, 2020 Derecho in New York State and New England](https://www.weather.gov/media/aly/LocalResearch/Online%20LocalResearch/Case_Studies/Oct_7_2020_Derecho.pdf) - * From Wikipedia: “This serial derecho on Wednesday, October 7, 2020, caused a 320-mile (510 km) wide damage path in Ontario, New York, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. It formed over Ontario in the morning and raced eastward in New York State in the late afternoon and early evening, gathering strength as it moved across New York and southern New England. Isolated areas received gusts up to 75 mph (121 km/h), causing hundreds of thousands of people to have power outages, as well as tree and power line damage. Microbursts occurred in Root, Pittstown, and Johnsonville, New York, with estimated maximum wind speeds of 80, 90, and 100 mph (130, 140, and 160 km/h), respectively. An EF0 tornado touched down in Canajoharie, New York. An isolated brief EF0 tornado also touched down in Millis, Massachusetts with winds of 75–80 mph (121–129 km/h), only damaging trees and taking down a metal lamp post.” - * [List of derecho events \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_derecho_events) -12. Aug 10, 2020 - * [August 2020 Midwest derecho \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2020_Midwest_derecho) - * Cross-listed with derecho and tornado - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200810\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200810_rpts.html) -13. June 10, 2020 - * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadoes\_of\_2020\#June\_6%E2%80%9310\_(non-Cristobal\_events)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadoes_of_2020#June_6%E2%80%9310_\(non-Cristobal_events\)) - * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List\_of\_derecho\_events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_derecho_events) - * From Wikipedia: “A widespread thunderstorm wind event known as a squall line formed from a slowly progressing cold front, that was possibly associated with the remnants of Tropical Storm Cristobal. The squall line, later classified as a derecho, blasted the eastern Midwestern United States and Eastern Canada. A rare moderate risk of severe weather was issued for a large part of Michigan and parts of Ohio and Indiana; these regions had not had a moderate risk of severe weather since 2013\. With a 5% chance for a tornado 45% hatched chance for damaging winds and 15% chance for damaging hail. Roughly 300 reports of high winds or wind damage were received from Michigan to western New York leaving 700,000 people without power. The storm system produced 7 tornadoes in the Canadian province of Ontario.” - * [List of derecho events \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_derecho_events) - * Cross-listed with flooding, derecho, and TC -14. June 6-7, 2020 - * [June 2020 Rocky Mountains-Northern Plains derecho \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2020_Rocky_Mountains-Northern_Plains_derecho) -15. June 3, 2020 - * [June 2020 Pennsylvania–New Jersey derecho \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2020_Pennsylvania%E2%80%93New_Jersey_derecho) -16. May 3 2020 - * [May 3, 2020 Derecho \- Nashville](https://www.weather.gov/ohx/20200503) - * [The Derecho / May 3, 2020 | Nashville Severe Weather](https://nashvillesevereweather.com/derecho/) - * [A deadly derecho slammed Nashville with 70-mph winds Sunday, snapping trees and knocking out power](https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/05/04/deadly-derecho-slammed-nashville-with-70-mph-winds-sunday-snapping-trees-knocking-out-power/) - * From wikipedia: “Second derecho in a week, originating from the same spot. Hit Nashville, Tennessee just 2 months after a tornado devastated part of the city. 130,000 people lost power, making it the largest power outage in the cities history. It was said to be the worst derecho in 16 years.” - * [List of derecho events \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_derecho_events) -17. April 28-29, 2020 - * Not happy that the link on wikipedia is to X/Twitter but news on this one is sparse - * [https://www.reddit.com/r/weather/comments/ga7vk2/this\_derecho\_stretching\_from\_illinois\_missouri/?rdt=53400](https://www.reddit.com/r/weather/comments/ga7vk2/this_derecho_stretching_from_illinois_missouri/?rdt=53400) - * SPC reports - * [Storm Prediction Center 20200428's Storm Reports](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200428_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200429\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200429_rpts.html) - * From wikipedia: “A derecho brought damaging winds to parts of the central U.S. Tuesday night. Near Jasper, Missouri, a semi truck was overturned on Interstate 49 early Tuesday evening because of damaging thunderstorm winds from this squall line. A 75 mph (121 km/h) wind gust was estimated in the area of the incident. Tulsa, Oklahoma, reported estimated wind gusts of 65–75 mph (105–121 km/h) when the squall line of thunderstorms impacted that area early Tuesday evening. A wind gust to 64 mph (103 km/h) was clocked at Springfield–Branson National Airport in southwestern Missouri early Tuesday evening. Some 70 miles (110 km) to the west in Joplin, Missouri, and its suburbs, there were reports of trees and power lines down. The storms also produced hail up to the size of tennis balls – 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) in diameter – near Marshall, Mustang, Ninnekah and Yukon, Oklahoma. This storm system produced more than 450 reports of severe weather in the 24 hours ending early Wednesday morning from Illinois, Missouri and southeastern Kansas to parts of Texas and Louisiana. Most of those reports were for wind damage, strong thunderstorm winds or large hail. The derecho traveled more than 500 miles (800 km) before moving off the coast of Texas and Louisiana into the Gulf of Mexico and produced winds up to 78 mph (126 km/h) with hail up to 3.75 inches (9.5 cm) in diameter and a few tornadoes including a short-lived EF2 tornado north of Hochatown, Oklahoma that tossed two barges over 100 yd (91 m), a home's roof deck was collapsed, and a single-wide manufactured home was destroyed, with its base frame twisted and tossed 100 yd (91 m) to the east. A second house suffered significant roof and structural damage after large gas tanks were tossed into it. A third house had roofing material removed. Numerous trees were snapped or uprooted.” Source: [List of derecho events \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_derecho_events) - - - -## Global derechos - -1. May 21, 2022 - 1. [May 2022 Canadian derecho \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2022_Canadian_derecho) -2. June 30 2020, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay - 1. [https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/105/7/BAMS-D-23-0063.1.xml](https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/105/7/BAMS-D-23-0063.1.xml) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/events/Flooding.md b/docs/events/Flooding.md deleted file mode 100644 index a652471c..00000000 --- a/docs/events/Flooding.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,20 +0,0 @@ -# Large-scale flooding - -We broke flooding into three main causes and provide case-studies for each of these causes. The data used to select case studies for flooding came from: - -* [The Landfalling Atmospheric Rivers of Water Year (WY) 2023 | CW3E](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/WY2023_Final_Summary/WY2023_Final_Summary.pdf) -* [The nexus between atmospheric rivers and extreme precipitation across Europe \- Lavers \- 2013 \- Geophysical Research Letters \- Wiley Online Library](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/grl.50636) -* [List of floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_floods) -* [Atmospheric river \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_river) -* [Floods in the United States (2000–present) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floods_in_the_United_States_\(2000%E2%80%93present\)) -* [List of flash floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flash_floods) -* [How rising global heat connects catastrophic floods on four continents \- The Washington Post](https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2024/09/19/global-flooding-events-rising-heat/) -* [Global active archive of large flood events, 1985 \- present](https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/Archives/index.html) -* [FloodList](https://floodlist.com/) -* [Billion dollar disasters - flooding (NCEI)](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=flooding) - -# Flooding categories - -* [Atmospheric Rivers](AtmosphericRivers.md) -* [Tropical Cyclone related floods](TCFloods.md) -* [Other large-scale flooding](OtherFloods.md) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/events/Hailstorms.md b/docs/events/Hailstorms.md deleted file mode 100644 index 62acf5b8..00000000 --- a/docs/events/Hailstorms.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,489 +0,0 @@ -# Major hailstorms - -We focus our data on the US, again lacking global data, though we do have a few high-profile cases identified from collaborators and literature. If you have additional large-scale hail outbreaks to add, please let us know. - -To be selected as a hail-outbreak, it must be a large-scale event. This means that it cannot have dropped only one giant hailstone or have only hit one city. We did not impose a specific minimum square footage but used the SPC storm reports database (in the US) to ensure that the hail was large scale. - -## US-based hail events - -1. July 13 \- 16, 2024 - * [Severe weather sequence of July 13–16, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_weather_sequence_of_July_13%E2%80%9316,_2024) - * Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and flooding and hail - * SPC reports: - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240713\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240713_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240714\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240714_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240715\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240715_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240716\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240716_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -2. June 24-26 2024 - * SPC reports: - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240624\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240624_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240625\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240625_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240626\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240626_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -3. June 12-14 2024 - * SPC reports: - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240612\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240612_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240613\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240613_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240614\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240614_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -4. May 30 2024 - * From wikipedia: “An unusually strong storm blanketed a large portion of the northeast Denver metro area in the late evening. Golf ball-sized stones damaged homes and vehicles, in an event comparable to the May 2017 hail storm. Due to the late hour the storm hit, much of the hail would not melt until the following day” - * [List of costly or deadly hailstorms \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_costly_or_deadly_hailstorms) - * SPC reports: - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240530\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240530_rpts.html) -5. May 31 \- June 1, 2024 - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240531\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240531_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240601\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240601_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -6. May 27-28, 2024 - * SPC reports: - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240527\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240527_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240528\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240528_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -7. May 19 \- 27, 2024 - * [Tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_May_19%E2%80%9327,_2024) - * Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and hail - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240518\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240518_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240519\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240519_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240520\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240520_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240521\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240521_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240522\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240522_rpts.html) - * (this starts to run into the next one above so I’m stopping where NCEI does on the 22nd) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -8. May 11-13 2024 - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240511\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240511_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240512\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240512_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240513\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240513_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -9. May 6- 10, 2024 - * [Tornado outbreak of May 6–10, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_May_6%E2%80%9310,_2024) - * Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes - * SPC reports: - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240506\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240506_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240507\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240507_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240508\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240508_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240509\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240509_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240510\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240510_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -10. April 25 \- 28, 2024 - * [Tornado outbreak of April 25–28, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_April_25%E2%80%9328,_2024) - * Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes - * SPC reports: - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240425\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240425_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240426\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240426_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240427\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240427_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240428\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240428_rpts.html) (not much hail this day) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -11. April 8-9, 2024 - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240408\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240408_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240409\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240409_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -12. April 1- 3, 2024 - * [Tornado outbreak and derecho of April 1–3, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_and_derecho_of_April_1%E2%80%933,_2024) - * Cross-listed with tornado and derecho and hail - * SPC reports: - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240501\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240501_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240502\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240502_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240503\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240503_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -13. March 13 \- 15, 2024 - * [Tornado outbreak of March 13–15, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_13%E2%80%9315,_2024) - * Cross-listed with tornado and hail - * SPC reports: - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240313\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240313_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240314\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240314_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240315\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240315_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -14. Feb 27, 2024 - * [Tornadoes of 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadoes_of_2024#:~:text=February%2027%E2%80%9328%20\(United%20States\),-EFU&text=A%20severe%20weather%20outbreak%20produced,other%20along%20the%20Ohio%20River) - * Cross-listed with tornado and hail - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240227\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240227_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -15. Feb 10-11, 2024 - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240210\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240210_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240211\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240211_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -16. Sep 23-24, 2023 - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230923\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230923_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230924\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230924_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -17. Aug 11, 2023 - * [https://www.mprnews.org/story/2023/09/11/twin-cities-august-hailstorm-was-1-of-a-record-23-us-billiondollar-disasters](https://www.mprnews.org/story/2023/09/11/twin-cities-august-hailstorm-was-1-of-a-record-23-us-billiondollar-disasters) - * [https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/journal/august-11-2023-hail-and-winds.html](https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/journal/august-11-2023-hail-and-winds.html) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230811\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230811_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -18. Aug 4-8, 2023 - * [Tornado outbreak sequence of August 4–8, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_August_4%E2%80%938,_2023) - * Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes and major wind events - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230804\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230804_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230805\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230805_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230806\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230806_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230807\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230807_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230808\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230808_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -19. Jul 28-29, 2023 - * [https://www.weather.gov/lot/2023\_07\_28\_SevereWeather](https://www.weather.gov/lot/2023_07_28_SevereWeather) - * [https://www.fox6now.com/weather/severe-storms-cause-havoc-se-wisconsin-friday-july-28](https://www.fox6now.com/weather/severe-storms-cause-havoc-se-wisconsin-friday-july-28) - * Cross-listed with major wind and hail - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230728\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230728_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230729\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230729_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -20. July 19-21, 2023 - * [Storm reports: Baseball-sized hail and high winds Wednesday | MPR News](https://www.mprnews.org/story/2023/07/19/storm-reports-tennis-ballsized-hail-and-high-winds-wednesday) - * [July 20, 2023 Severe Storms](https://www.weather.gov/dtx/severeweather07202023#:~:text=In%20total%2C%2012%20Severe%20Thunderstorm,vehicles%2C%20homes%2C%20and%20businesses) - * [July 20, 2023 Severe Weather \- Cleveland](https://www.weather.gov/cle/event_severe20230720) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230719\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230719_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230720\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230720_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230721\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230721_rpts.html) (more wind this day) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) - * Cross-listed with wind and hail -21. June 28 \- July 2, 2023 - * Cross-listed with hail and wind and tornado (though tornado is less than wind/hail) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230628\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230628_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230629\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230629_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230630\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230630_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230701\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230701_rpts.html) [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230702\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230702_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -22. June 21, 2023 - * From wikipedia: “An evening severe thunderstorm produced several inches of hail, some stones measuring up to the size of golf balls and tennis balls. Over 90 people attending a Louis Tomlinson concert at Red Rocks Amphitheater were treated on-site as a result of hail related injuries. Seven people were hospitalized.” - * [List of costly or deadly hailstorms \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_costly_or_deadly_hailstorms) - * SPC reports: - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230621\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230621_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -23. June 15-18, 2023 - * [Tornado outbreak sequence of June 14–19, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_June_14%E2%80%9319,_2023#Non-tornadic_effects) - * Cross-listed with flooding and tornadoes and hail and wind - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230615\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230615_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230616\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230616_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230617\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230617_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -24. June 11-14, 2023 - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230611\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230611_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230612\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230612_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230613\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230613_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230614\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230614_rpts.html) - * Cross-listed with wind and hail - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -25. May 10-12, 2023 - * [The Severe Weather Event of May 11, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/oun/events-20230511) - * [May 10-11, 2023 Tornadoes, Flash Flooding, and Severe Weather](https://www.weather.gov/gld/May10112023Tornadoes) - * Cross-listed with flooding and hail and high wind and tornado - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230510\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230510_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230511\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230511_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230512\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230512_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -26. May 6-8, 2023 - * [Damaging Winds and Golf Ball Hail \- May 6, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_050623) - * [May 7, 2023: Severe Thunderstorms Produce Damaging Winds, Large Hail, Landspouts, Heavy Rain, and Blowing Dust](https://www.weather.gov/lot/2023_05_07_FloodingSevere) - * [Destructive Winds, Baseball Hail and Tornadoes \- May 7, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_050723) - * Cross-listed with flooding and hail and high wind and tornado - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230506\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230506_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230507\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230507_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230508\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230508_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -27. April 25-27, 2023 - * [‘Baseball Size’ Hail Falls in Texas as Storms Whip Across South \- The New York Times](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/27/us/texas-storms-hail-south.html) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230425\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230425_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230426\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230426_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230427\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230427_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -28. April 19-20, 2023 - * [April 19-20, 2023: Two Rounds of Storms Bring Large Hail and Damaging Winds To the Region](https://www.weather.gov/lot/2023_04_20_Severe) - * [Event Summary: April 20, 2023 \- Updated 4/22 with Damage Survey](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/Summary_04202023) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230419\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230419_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230420\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230420_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -29. April 15, 2023 - * [April 15, 2023 Tornadoes](https://www.weather.gov/lsx/April152023Tornadoes) - * [Saturday April 15 2023 Severe Weather Review](https://www.weather.gov/sgf/April_15_2023_LargeHailandTornado) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230415\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230415_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -30. April 4-6, 2023 - * [April 4-5, 2023: Destructive Winds, Very Large Hail, & Tornadoes](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_04042023) - * [Event Summary April 4, 2023 Severe Storms and Tornado](https://www.weather.gov/dmx/summary_Apr4_2023) - * April 4 is cross-listed with tornado outbreaks and hail. All three days are cross-listed with hail and wind - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230404\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230404_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230405\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230405_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230406\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230406_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -31. March 31 \- April 2, 2023 - * [Tornado outbreak of March 31 – April 1, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_31_%E2%80%93_April_1,_2023) - * Main event is March 31 - * Cross-listed with tornado and snow and hail and wind - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230331\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230331_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230401\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230401_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230402\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230402_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -32. March 1-3 2023 - * [Early-March 2023 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early-March_2023_North_American_storm_complex) - * Cross-listed with tornado, hail and snow - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230301\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230301_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230302\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230302_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230303\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230303_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -33. June 7-8, 2022 - * [Flash Flooding on June 7-8, 2022](https://www.weather.gov/bmx/event_06082022) - * [Severe Weather on June 8, 2022](https://www.weather.gov/iln/20220608) - * [PHOTOS: Hail, rain and haboob make way over El Paso on Wednesday](https://kfoxtv.com/news/local/hail-rain-and-a-haboob-make-way-over-el-paso-on-wednesday-borderland-weather?src=link) - * Cross-listed with tornado, wind, hail, and flooding - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220607\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220607_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220608\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220608_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -34. May 19, 2022 - * [May 19-20, 2022 Severe Weather](https://www.weather.gov/arx/may1922) - * [Southern Minnesota Hailstorms, May 19, 2022](https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/journal/southern-minnesota-hailstorms-may-19-2022.html) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220519\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220519_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -35. May 12, 2022 - * [May 2022 Midwest derecho \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2022_Midwest_derecho) - * Cross-listed with tornado and derecho and hail - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220512\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220512_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -36. May 9, 2022 - * [https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/journal/severe-thunderstorms-and-more-heavy-rain-may-9-2022.html](https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/journal/severe-thunderstorms-and-more-heavy-rain-may-9-2022.html) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220509\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220509_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -37. May 1-2, 2022 - * [May 1-2, 2022 Severe Weather Event](https://www.weather.gov/ama/may_1-2_2022_severe) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220501\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220501_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220502\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220502_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -38. April 11-13, 2022 - * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April\_2022\_North\_American\_storm\_complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2022_North_American_storm_complex) - * Cross-listed with tornado outbreaks, major freeze, blizzard, wind (straight line winds) and hail - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220411\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220411_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220412\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220412_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220413\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220413_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -39. April 4 \- 6, 2022 - * [Tornado outbreak sequence of April 4–7, 2022 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_April_4%E2%80%937,_2022) - * Cross-listed with hail and tornado and wind - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220404\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220404_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220405\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220405_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220406\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220406_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -40. July 8 \- 9, 2021 - * [July 8, 2021 Supercell Hail and Radar Dome Damage](https://www.weather.gov/unr/2021-07-08) - * [N.J. weather: Tennis ball-size hail pelts North Jersey during intense thunderstorms](https://www.nj.com/weather/2021/07/nj-weather-tennis-ball-size-hail-pelts-north-jersey-during-intense-thunderstorms.html) - * [Summary of the Severe Weather on the Night of July 9th, 2021](https://www.weather.gov/lsx/July92021Severe) - * [Massive hail storm sweeps through central Iowa Friday](https://www.weareiowa.com/article/weather/severe-weather/hail-storm-sweeps-through-central-iowa-marion-polk-story-warren-boone-dallas-jasper-madison-webster-county/524-de02f63b-625f-4197-a6d8-8d1316e35b27) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210708\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210708_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210709\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210709_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) - * Cross-listed with wind and hail -41. June 17 \- 18, 2021 - * [June 2021 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2021_North_American_storm_complex) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210617\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210617_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210618\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210618_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) - * Cross-listed with tornadoes and hail -42. May 2-4 2021 - * [Tornado outbreak of May 2–4, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_May_2%E2%80%934,_2021) - * [Summary of May 3, 2021 Tornado](https://www.weather.gov/akq/May_3_2021_Tornado) - * [May 3 \- 4, 2021 Severe Weather](https://www.weather.gov/ffc/2021May3_4_Severe) - * [Summary of May 4, 2021 High-End to Extreme Severe Wind](https://www.weather.gov/akq/May_4_2021_Severe) - * [Damaging Winds of May 4th, 2021](https://www.weather.gov/rnk/2021_05_04_Severe) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210503\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210503_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210504\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210504_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) - * Cross-listed with tornado, wind, and hail -43. April 28, 2021 - * [Warn-on-Forecast: Large Hail Strikes Three Cities, April 28, 2021](https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/projects/wof/casestudies/hail-oktx-apr2021/) - * [Texas Hailstone, Over 6 Inches in Diameter, Confirmed as New State Record | Weather.com](https://weather.com/storms/severe/news/2021-06-24-texas-record-hailstone-hondo-confirmed) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210428\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210428_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -44. March 24-28, 2021 - * [Tornado outbreak sequence of March 24–28, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_March_24%E2%80%9328,_2021) - * Cross-listed with hail and flooding and tornadoes and wind - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210324\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210324_rpts.html) (mostly hail) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210325\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210325_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210326\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210326_rpts.html) (low day in between waves) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210327\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210327_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210328\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210328_rpts.html) (could skip this day) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -45. July 10-11, 2020 - * [July 10, 2020 Tornadoes and Severe Storms](https://www.weather.gov/unr/2020-07-10) - * [Event Summary: July 11, 2020](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_071120) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200710\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200710_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200711\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200711_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) - * Cross-listed with wind and hail -46. May 27, 2020 - * [Photos: Hail pelts San Antonio as severe storms pass through city](https://www.ksat.com/news/local/2020/05/28/photos-hail-pelts-san-antonio-as-severe-storms-pass-through-city/) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200527\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200527_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -47. May 20 \- 23, 2020 - * [Large hail pounds parts of Lubbock on 20 May 2020](https://www.weather.gov/lub/events-2020-20200520-storms) - * [East Central Florida Large Hail Event on May 21, 2020](https://www.weather.gov/media/mlb/surveys/LargeHail_052120_Public.pdf) - * [May 23, 2020 Hail Storms](https://www.weather.gov/unr/2020-05-23) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200520\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200520_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200521\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200521_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200522\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200522_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200523\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200523_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -48. May 3-5, 2020 - * [May 3, 2020 Hail Storms](https://www.weather.gov/unr/2020-05-03) - * [Summary of Severe Weather on May 4th, 2020](https://www.weather.gov/sgf/04May2020_StormSummary) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200503\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200503_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200504\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200504_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200505\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200505_rpts.html) (could leave this day out, smaller impact) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) - * Cross-listed with wind and hail -49. April 28, 2020 - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200428\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200428_rpts.html) - * Cross-listed with wind and hail - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -50. April 21-22, 2020 - * [Tornado outbreak of April 21–23, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_April_21%E2%80%9323,_2020) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200421\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200421_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200422\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200422_rpts.html) - * Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornados - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -51. April 7-8, 2020 - * [https://www.weather.gov/lot/7April2020\_HailEvent](https://www.weather.gov/lot/7April2020_HailEvent) - * [Severe Weather and Tornadoes \- April 8-9, 2020](https://www.weather.gov/iln/20200409) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200407\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200407_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200408\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200408_rpts.html) - * Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornado - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -52. March 27-28, 2020 - * [Overview of the March 28 severe storms](https://www.weather.gov/pah/mar28svere) - * [The Tornadoes of March 28 2020](https://www.weather.gov/arx/mar2820) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200327\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200327_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200328\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200328_rpts.html) (this day is TOR also) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) - * Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornado -53. March 2-3, 2020 - * [2020 Nashville tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Nashville_tornado_outbreak) - * Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200302\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200302_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200303\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200303_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -54. Feb 5-7, 2020 - * [Tornado outbreak of February 5–7, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_February_5%E2%80%937,_2020) - * Cross-listed with winter and tornadoes and major wind and hail - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200205\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200205_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200206\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200206_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200207\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200207_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -55. January 10–11, 2020 - * [Tornado outbreak of January 10–11, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_January_10%E2%80%9311,_2020) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200110\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200110_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200111\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200111_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) - * Cross-listed with wind and tornado and hail - -## Global hail events - -For the future (when we add radar data), Australian radar-based observations available at level 2 in [https://www.openradar.io/operational-network](https://www.openradar.io/operational-network) - -1. 24-Dec-2023 in Burpengary, QLD, Aus from Mt Stapy radar (16 cm) -2. 23-Dec-2023 in Gatton, QLD, Aus from Marburg radar (12cm) -3. 04-Dec-2023 in Gympie, QLD, Aus from Kanagin radar (12cm) -4. January 27 2023 Argentina - * Identified from [Toward a South American High-Impact Weather Reports Database in](https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/105/7/BAMS-D-23-0063.1.xml) -5. 19-Oct-2021 in Yalboroo, QLD, Aus from Mackay radar (16cm) -6. 31-Oct-2020 in Springfield, QLD, Aus from radar 66 (15cm) -7. June 13 2020 - * Identified from From wikipedia: “Regarded as the hailstorm capital of Canada, a massive hailstorm of tennis-ball-sized pummeled northeastern Calgary and nearby communities. Preliminary damage estimates weigh in at least \$1.2 billion, eclipsing the \$400 million hailstorm event 10 years prior and becoming the 4th costliest natural disaster in Canada.” - * [List of costly or deadly hailstorms \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_costly_or_deadly_hailstorms) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/events/Heatwaves.md b/docs/events/Heatwaves.md deleted file mode 100644 index 36200c89..00000000 --- a/docs/events/Heatwaves.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,179 +0,0 @@ -# Land-based heatwaves - -We identified the heatwaves from the following sources: - -* [Heat waves in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heat_waves_in_the_United_States) -* [Severe Event Catalogue](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/Severe+Event+Catalogue) -* [List of heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heat_waves) -* [2024 European heatwaves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_European_heatwaves) -* [2023 heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_heat_waves) -* [2023 European heatwaves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_European_heatwaves) -* [2023 Asia heat wave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Asia_heat_wave) - -Each heat wave was then validated by verifying that the 2m temperature of the event exceeds the 85th percentile of 2m temperature climatology as computed from ERA-5 data. - - -## US-based events - -1. [2021 Western North America heat wave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Western_North_America_heat_wave) - * *[2021 PNW heat wave](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36289-3)* - * [202106 \- Heatwave \- N.America](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202106+-+Heatwave+-+N.America) - * Verification points: - * Seattle - * Portland - * International points: Calgary AB, Lytton BC - Id: 1 -2. Upper midwest May 2022 - * [List of heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heat_waves#2022) - * [2022 North American heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_North_American_heat_waves) - * Chicago, Memphis, DC, Philadelphia - Id: 2, 6 -3. Western to southwestern US \- 2nd week of June 2022 - * [List of heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heat_waves#2022) - * [2022 North American heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_North_American_heat_waves) - * California, Texas, St Louis - * Id: 3 -4. Arizona and Utah July 2022 - * [Heat wave responsible for multiple deaths across US | Fox News](https://www.foxnews.com/us/heat-wave-responsible-multiple-deaths-across-us) - * [2022 North American heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_North_American_heat_waves) - * Id: 4 -5. [2023 Western North America heat wave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Western_North_America_heat_wave) - * Verification points: - * Seattle - * Portland - * International points: Lytton BC, Mexico City - * Id: 5 -6. Texas end of May 2024 - * [2024 North America heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_North_America_heat_waves) - * Verification points: Brownsville TX -7. New England June 2024 - * [2024 North America heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_North_America_heat_waves) - * Verification points: - * Caribou Maine - * Boston - * NYC - * DC -8. Widespread US heat July 2024 - * [2024 North America heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_North_America_heat_waves) - * Verification points - * Las Vegas, Palm Springs, NYC -9. Upper midwest and mid atlantic August 2024 - * [2024 North America heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_North_America_heat_waves) - * [Map Shows 2 States Break Heat Records Amid Soaring Temperatures \- Newsweek](https://www.newsweek.com/map-states-breaking-heat-records-1945513) - * Verification points: - * Chicago - * Columbus - * DC - * International points: - * [202408 \- Heatwave \- Canada](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202408+-+Heatwave+-+Canada) - -## Worldwide events - -Note 3 of the US-based events also cross into international events - -1. Antarctica 2024 - 1. [2024 Antarctica heat wave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Antarctica_heat_wave) -2. Aug 9-11 2024 \- Canada - 1. [202408 \- Heatwave \- Canada](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202408+-+Heatwave+-+Canada) - 2. Cross-listed with fires -3. August 2024 \- Australia - 1. [Heatwave brings Australia's winter weather to an abrupt end as climate change up-ends the seasons \- ABC News](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-29/winter-ends-with-heatwave-as-climate-change-upends-seasons/104279250) -4. July 2024 \- Japan - 1. [2024 Japan heatwaves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Japan_heatwaves) -5. June 2024 \- Saudi Arabia - 1. [ClimaMeter \- 2024/06/16-18 Saudi Arabia Heatwave](https://www.climameter.org/20240616-18-saudi-arabia-heatwave) -6. June 2024 \- Europe - 1. [2024 European heatwaves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_European_heatwaves) - 2. Lots of dates in here but many records broken in late June in UK, Ireland, Finland, Greece, Bosnia and more -7. May 2024 \- Mexico city - 1. [2024 North America heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_North_America_heat_waves) -8. May/June 2024 \- India and Pakistan - 1. [2024 Indian heat wave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Indian_heat_wave) - 2. [2024 Pakistan heat wave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Pakistan_heat_wave) -9. Southwest Western Australia. Nov 2023\. - 1. [http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs78.pdf?20240202](http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs78.pdf?20240202) - 2. Id: 7 -10. Sep 2023 \- UK and Ireland and France - 1. [2023 heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_heat_waves) - 2. Id: 8 -11. Aug 19 \- 25 2023 \- South western Europe - 1. [202308 \- Heatwave \- South-Western Europe](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202308+-+Heatwave+-+South-Western+Europe) - 2. Id: 10 -12. South America \- July- Sep 2023 winter/spring heatwave - 1. [2023 South America heat wave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_South_America_heat_wave) - 2. Id: 11 -13. July 16 2023 \- China (x2) - 1. [2023 Asia heat wave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Asia_heat_wave) - 2. Sanbu Township, Xinjiang - 3. Id: 12, 13 -14. July 15 \- 27 2023 \- Southern Europe - 1. [202307- Heatwave \- Southern Europe](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202307-+Heatwave+-+Southern+Europe) - 2. Id: 9 -15. July 18 2023 \- Sub-Saharan Africa - 1. [2023 heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_heat_waves) - 2. Id: 14 -16. April 24 \- 28 2023 \- Spain and Portugal - 1. [202304 \- Heatwave \- Spain and Portugal](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202304+-+Heatwave+-+Spain+and+Portugal) - 2. [2023 heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_heat_waves) - 3. [2023 European heatwaves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_European_heatwaves) - 4. Id: 15 -17. April 26 to 28 2023 \- North Africa - 1. [2023 heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_heat_waves) - 2. Id: 16 -18. April 16 \- 22 2023 \- India - 1. [2023 Asia heat wave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Asia_heat_wave) - 2. Id: 17 -19. Europe Dec 2022 - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202212+-+Heatwave+-+Europe](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202212+-+Heatwave+-+Europe) - 2. Id: 19 -20. UK \- Aug 2022 - 1. [202208 \- Heatwave \- UK](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202208+-+Heatwave+-+UK) - 2. Id: 20 -21. Western Europe \- July 2022 - 1. [202207 \- Heatwave \- W Europe](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202207+-+Heatwave++-+W+Europe) - 2. [2022 United Kingdom heatwaves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_Kingdom_heatwaves) - 3. Id: 21 -22. Western Europe \- June 2022 - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202206+-+Heatwave+-+Western+Europe](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202206+-+Heatwave+-+Western+Europe) - 2. Id: 22 -23. Europe \- June 2022 - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202206+-+Heatwave+-+Europe+2](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202206+-+Heatwave+-+Europe+2) -24. Japan \- June- August 2022 - 1. [2022 Japan heat wave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Japan_heat_wave) - 2. Id: 23 -25. India and Pakistan \- May 2022 - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202205+-+Heatwave+-+India%2C+Pakistan](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202205+-+Heatwave+-+India%2C+Pakistan) - 2. Id: 24 -26. March 15-19 2022 East Antarctica - 1. [The Extraordinary March 2022 East Antarctica “Heat” Wave. Part I: Observations and Meteorological Drivers in](https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/37/3/JCLI-D-23-0175.1.xml) - 2. Cross-listed with heat - 3. Id: 25 -27. Australia January 14-23 2022 - 1. [2022 heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_heat_waves) - 2. Id: 26 -28. Mediterranean \- Aug 2021 - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202108+-+Heatwave+-+Mediterranean](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202108+-+Heatwave+-+Mediterranean) -29. Western Europe \- Aug 2020 - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202008+-+Heatwave+-+Western+Europe](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202008+-+Heatwave+-+Western+Europe) -30. Eurasia winter heatwave \- Feb 2021 - 1. [2021 Eurasia winter heat wave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Eurasia_winter_heat_wave) -31. South Eastern Europe \- May 2020 - 1. ​​[https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202005+-+Heatwave+-+SE+Europe](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202005+-+Heatwave+-+SE+Europe) -32. Russia \- June 2021 - 1. [2021 heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_heat_waves#Eurasia) -33. Canada \- early June 2021 - 1. [List of heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heat_waves#2021) - 2. Id: 27 -34. UK and Ireland \- July 2021 - 1. [2021 British Isles heatwave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_British_Isles_heatwave) -35. New Zealand 25-28 January - 1. [https://niwa.co.nz/climate-and-weather/annual/annual-climate-summary-2021](https://niwa.co.nz/climate-and-weather/annual/annual-climate-summary-2021) - 2. Id: 28 -36. Australia Dec 2019 \- Jan 2020 (black summer). - 1. [http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs73.pdf](http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs73.pdf) -37. Australia 4 Nov \- Dec 7 2020\. - 1. [Widespread heatwaves across much of Australia](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-12-01/bom-says-hottest-november-and-spring-nights-on-record/12937620). -38. April 15-16 and April 18-19, 2020 Arctic - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202004+-+Heatwave+-+Arctic](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202004+-+Heatwave+-+Arctic) -39. January 2023 South Africa - 1. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42865-024-00068-9](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42865-024-00068-9) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/events/OtherFloods.md b/docs/events/OtherFloods.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0c88e812..00000000 --- a/docs/events/OtherFloods.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,226 +0,0 @@ -# Other large-scale but non-directly TC large-scale flooding events - -Note some of these cases come from TC remnants. - -The data used to identify these cases comes from: - -* [List of floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_floods) -* [Here’s why Central Europe has had disastrous flooding and torrential rain](https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2024/09/16/storm-boris-europe-flooding-torrential-rain/) -* [Severe Event Catalogue](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/Severe+Event+Catalogue) -* [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/2021-north-american-monsoon-recap/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/2021-north-american-monsoon-recap/) -* [Global active archive of large flood events, 1985 \- present](https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/Archives/index.html) -* [What this month’s deadly floods tell us about our global climate future \- The Washington Post](https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/09/14/deadly-floods-record-temperatures/) -* [https://library.wmo.int/records/item/68890-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2023](https://library.wmo.int/records/item/68890-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2023) - -## US-based events - -1. Aug 18 2024 \- Northeast - * [Extreme rainfall brings catastrophic flooding to the Northeast in August 2024 | NOAA Climate.gov](https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/extreme-rainfall-brings-catastrophic-flooding-northeast-august-2024) -2. July 13 \- 16, 2024 - * [Severe weather sequence of July 13–16, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_weather_sequence_of_July_13%E2%80%9316,_2024) - * Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and flooding and hail -3. June 20-21 2024 Midwest floods - * [Record Rainfall Floods Midwest](https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/152982/record-rainfall-floods-midwest) -4. June 11-13 2024 Florida - * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202406+-+Rainfall+-+Florida](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202406+-+Rainfall+-+Florida) -5. January 8 \- 10 2024 - * [January 8–10, 2024 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_8%E2%80%9310,_2024_North_American_storm_complex) - * Cross-listed with tornado outbreaks, major snow, flooding -6. November 15 \- 16 2023 Florida - * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202311+-+Rainfall+-+Florida](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202311+-+Rainfall+-+Florida) -7. September 28 \- 29 2023 New York - * [September 2023 New York floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2023_New_York_floods) - * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202309+-+Rainfall+-+New+York+City](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202309+-+Rainfall+-+New+York+City) -8. Sep 19 2023 Arizona Monsoon - * [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/heavy-rainfall-in-arizona/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/heavy-rainfall-in-arizona/) -9. September 8 \- 13 2023 Northeast US - * [September 2023 northeastern U.S. floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2023_northeastern_U.S._floods) -10. Jul 9 \- 29 2023 Northeastern US - * [July 2023 Northeastern United States floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2023_Northeastern_United_States_floods) -11. June 7-8, 2022 - * [Flash Flooding on June 7-8, 2022](https://www.weather.gov/bmx/event_06082022) - * [Severe Weather on June 8, 2022](https://www.weather.gov/iln/20220608) - * [PHOTOS: Hail, rain and haboob make way over El Paso on Wednesday](https://kfoxtv.com/news/local/hail-rain-and-a-haboob-make-way-over-el-paso-on-wednesday-borderland-weather?src=link) - * Cross-listed with tornado, wind, hail, and flooding - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220607\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220607_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220608\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220608_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -12. June 15-18, 2023 - * [Tornado outbreak sequence of June 14–19, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_June_14%E2%80%9319,_2023#Non-tornadic_effects) - * Cross-listed with flooding and tornadoes and hail and wind - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230615\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230615_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230616\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230616_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230617\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230617_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -13. May 10-12, 2023 - * [The Severe Weather Event of May 11, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/oun/events-20230511) - * [May 10-11, 2023 Tornadoes, Flash Flooding, and Severe Weather](https://www.weather.gov/gld/May10112023Tornadoes) - * Cross-listed with flooding and hail and high wind and tornado - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230510\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230510_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230511\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230511_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230512\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230512_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -14. May 6-8, 2023 - * [Damaging Winds and Golf Ball Hail \- May 6, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_050623) - * [May 7, 2023: Severe Thunderstorms Produce Damaging Winds, Large Hail, Landspouts, Heavy Rain, and Blowing Dust](https://www.weather.gov/lot/2023_05_07_FloodingSevere) - * [Destructive Winds, Baseball Hail and Tornadoes \- May 7, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_050723) - * Cross-listed with flooding and hail and high wind and tornado - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230506\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230506_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230507\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230507_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230508\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230508_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -15. April 12 2023 Florida - * [202304 \- Rainfall \- Florida](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202304+-+Rainfall+-+Florida) -16. April 18 \- 20 2022 SE US - * [2021–22 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_North_American_winter#Mid-April_nor'easter) - * Cross-listed with blizzards and flooding (heavy rains and flooding in south and nor’easter northeast) -17. July 26-30 2022 Eastern Kentucky - * [https://www.weather.gov/jkl/July2022Flooding](https://www.weather.gov/jkl/July2022Flooding) -18. Oct 30 \- Nov 7 2021 - * [October 2021 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2021_nor%27easter) - * Cross-listed with wind and flooding - * Eventually becomes TS Wanda (but not listing in TC flooding since the flooding is pre TS) -19. August 24 2021 Tennessee - * [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/middle-tennessee-flooding-21-august-2021/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/middle-tennessee-flooding-21-august-2021/) -20. May 2021 \- Louisiana and East Texas - * [Rainfall analysis of the May 2021 southeastern Texas and southern Louisiana flood | NOAA Climate.gov](https://www.climate.gov/news-features/feed/rainfall-analysis-may-2021-southeastern-texas-and-southern-louisiana-flood) - * [May 2021 South Central United States flooding \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2021_South_Central_United_States_flooding) - * [A foot of rain causes flash flood emergency in Louisiana during mid-May 2021 | NOAA Climate.gov](https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/foot-rain-causes-flash-flood-emergency-louisiana-during-mid-may-2021) - * [USA – Emergency Declared After Floods in Louisiana – FloodList](https://floodlist.com/america/usa/floods-louisiana-texas-may-2021) -21. March 24-28, 2021 - * [Tornado outbreak sequence of March 24–28, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_March_24%E2%80%9328,_2021) - * Cross-listed with hail and flooding and tornadoes and wind - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210324\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210324_rpts.html) (mostly hail) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210325\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210325_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210326\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210326_rpts.html) (low day in between waves) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210327\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210327_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210328\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210328_rpts.html) (could skip this day) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -22. April 5- 10 2020 Southern CA - * [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-5-10-april-2020/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-5-10-april-2020/) - * [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/characteristics-and-impacts-of-the-april-4-11-2020-cutoff-low-storm-in-california/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/characteristics-and-impacts-of-the-april-4-11-2020-cutoff-low-storm-in-california/) -23. April 12, 2020 - * [2020 Easter tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Easter_tornado_outbreak) - * Cross-listed with winter storms, major wind, tornadoes, flooding - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200412\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200412_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) - -## Worldwide events - -1. October 29 \- 2024 Spain - 1. [What is DANA, the strange weather phenomenon that has caused deadly flooding in Spain? | Live Science](https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/weather/what-is-dana-the-strange-weather-phenomenon-that-has-caused-deadly-flooding-in-spain) - 1. (A DANA is a kind of extratropical cyclone, thus I’m putting it in other large-scale flooding as it isn’t a hurricane. Also it is unique to Spain so that makes this event good to include\!) - 2. [October 2024 Spain floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2024_Spain_floods) -2. September 12 \- 17 2024 (Boris) - 1. [202409 \- Rainfall \- Central Europe](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202409+-+Rainfall+-+Central+Europe) - 2. [Here’s why Central Europe has had disastrous flooding and torrential rain](https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2024/09/16/storm-boris-europe-flooding-torrential-rain/) -3. August 2024 Bangladesh - 1. [August 2024 Bangladesh floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2024_Bangladesh_floods) -4. Jul 28 \- 29 2024 Latvia - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202407+-+Rainfall+-+Latvia](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202407+-+Rainfall+-+Latvia) -5. June 1-2 2024 Sri Lanka Monsoon flooding - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202405+-+Rainfall+-+Sri+Lanka](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202405+-+Rainfall+-+Sri+Lanka) -6. May 10 \-11 2024 Afghanistan - 1. [Afghanistan – Devastating Flash Floods Claim Hundreds of Lives in Northern Provinces – FloodList](https://floodlist.com/asia/afghanistan-floods-may-2024) - 2. [Afghanistan Flooding](https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/afghanistan/flood-sitrep-16-may-2024.pdf) -7. March 7 2024 Indonesia - 1. [Indonesia – Deadly Floods and Landslides in West Sumatra After 300mm of Rain in 6 Hours – FloodList](https://floodlist.com/asia/indonesia-floods-west-sumatra-march-2024) - 2. [2024 Sumatra flash floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Sumatra_flash_floods) -8. April 16 2024 UAE - 1. [202404 \- Rainfall \- UAE](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202404+-+Rainfall+-+UAE) -9. April 30 \-May 2 2024 Brazil - 1. [TIGGE archive](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202404+-+Rainfall+-+Brazil) -10. Jan 27 \- 28 2024 Auckland - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202301+-+Rainfall+-+Auckland](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202301+-+Rainfall+-+Auckland) -11. December 31 2023 Maldives - 1. [202312 \- Rainfall \- Maldives](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202312+-+Rainfall+-+Maldives) -12. Oct 17 \- 21 2023 Windstorm Babet Western coast of Europe - 1. [202310 \- Windstorm \- Babet](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202310+-+Windstorm+-+Babet) - 2. Cross-listed with winds -13. Sep 2 \- 7 2023 Storm Daniel \- Europe - 1. Part 1: [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=348806265](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=348806265) - 2. Part 2: [202309 \- Rainfall \- Daniel Part 2 (Libya)](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=348807887) - 3. Cross-listed with TCs -14. Aug 4 \- Aug 10 2023 Cyclone Hans - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202308+-+Rainfall+-+Cyclone+Hans%2C+Norway%2C+Sweden](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202308+-+Rainfall+-+Cyclone+Hans%2C+Norway%2C+Sweden) - 2. Cross-listed with wind -15. Aug 3 \- 4 2023 Slovenia - 1. [202308 \- Rainfall \- Slovenia](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202308+-+Rainfall+-+Slovenia) -16. July 12 \- 15 2023 South Korea - 1. [202307 \- Rainfall \- South Korea](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202307+-+Rainfall+-+South+Korea) -17. June 3 \- 7 2023 Madeira - 1. [202306 \- Rainfall \- Madeira](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202306+-+Rainfall+-+Madeira) -18. May 12 \- May 17 2023 Italy from a storm called Minerva - 1. [202305 \- Rainfall \- Italy / the Balkans](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=333784952) -19. March 28 \- April 1 Britain and France \- Windstorm Mathis - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202303+-+Windstorm+-+Mathis](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202303+-+Windstorm+-+Mathis) - 2. Cross-listed with winds -20. Feb 17 \- 20 2023 Sao Paulo Brazil - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202302+-+Rainfall+-+Sao+Paulo](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202302+-+Rainfall+-+Sao+Paulo) -21. Feb 9 2023 Cyclone Helios - 1. [202302 \- Rainfall \- Helios](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202302+-+Rainfall+-+Helios) -22. Sep 15 2022 \- Italy - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202209+-+Rainfall+-+Italy](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202209+-+Rainfall+-+Italy) -23. Aug 7 \- 10 2022 Korea - 1. [TIGGE archive](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202208+-+Rainfall+-+Korea) -24. August 2022 Pakistan - 1. [202208 \- Flooding \- Pakistan](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202208+-+Flooding+-+Pakistan) -25. July 27 2022 \- UAE - 1. [202207 \- Rainfall \- UAE](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202207+-+Rainfall+-+UAE) -26. April 8 \- 22 2022 \- Africa - 1. [2022 KwaZulu-Natal floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_KwaZulu-Natal_floods) - 2. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202204+-+Rainfall+-+South+Africa](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202204+-+Rainfall+-+South+Africa) -27. Feb 23 \- April 7 2022 \- Eastern Australia - 1. [2022 eastern Australia floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_eastern_Australia_floods) (Lismore got the most media attention) - 2. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202202+-+Rainfall+-+Australia](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202202+-+Rainfall+-+Australia) -28. Jan 18 \- 23 2022 \- Madagascar - 1. [2022 Antananarivo floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Antananarivo_floods) -29. Nov 14 \- 18 2021 Canada - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202111+-+Rainfall+-+Canada](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202111+-+Rainfall+-+Canada) -30. Nov 4 \- 5 2021 Balkans - 1. [202111 \- Rainfall \- Balkans](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202111+-+Rainfall+-+Balkans) -31. Oct 24 \- 26 2021 Italy - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202110+-+Rainfall+-+Italy](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202110+-+Rainfall+-+Italy) -32. Oct 14 2021 \- Greece - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202110+-+Rainfall+-+Greece](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202110+-+Rainfall+-+Greece) -33. Aug 17 \- 18 Sweden - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202108+-+Rainfall+-+Sweden](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202108+-+Rainfall+-+Sweden) -34. Aug 11 \- 12 2021 Turkey - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202108+-+Rainfall+-+Turkey](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202108+-+Rainfall+-+Turkey) -35. July 17 \- 31 2021 \- China - 1. [2021 Henan floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Henan_floods) - 2. [Typhoon In-fa \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_In-fa) contributed (but is not the only cause) -36. July 12 \- 14 2021 \- Germany and Belgium - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202107+-+Rainfall+-+Germany+and+Belgium](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202107+-+Rainfall+-+Germany+and+Belgium) - 2. [2021 \- Flooding in Europe](https://climate.copernicus.eu/esotc/2021/flooding-july) -37. May 28 \- 31 2021 \- New Zealand - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202105+-+Rainfall+-+New+Zeeland](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202105+-+Rainfall+-+New+Zeeland) -38. March 18 \- 21 2021 \- Australia - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202103+-+Rainfall+-+Australia](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202103+-+Rainfall+-+Australia) -39. January 2021 \- Singapore - 1. Part 1: [202101 \- Rainfall \- Singapore Part 1](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202101+-+Rainfall+-+Singapore+Part+1) - 2. Part 2: [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202101+-+Rainfall+-+Singapore+Part+2](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202101+-+Rainfall+-+Singapore+Part+2) -40. Nov 27 \- 29 2020 Sardinia - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202011+-+Rainfall+-+Sardinia](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202011+-+Rainfall+-+Sardinia) -41. Oct 11 \- 14 2020 India - 1. [2020 Hyderabad floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Hyderabad_floods) -42. July 1-4 2020 Japan - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202007+-+Rainfall+-+Japan](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202007+-+Rainfall+-+Japan) -43. April 19 \- 21 2020 Spain - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202004+-+Rainfall+-+Spain](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202004+-+Rainfall+-+Spain) -44. January 20 \-21 2020 Windstorm Gloria \- Spain - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202001+-+Windstorm+-+Gloria](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202001+-+Windstorm+-+Gloria) - 2. Cross-listed with winds and flooding - 3. [Storm Gloria \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Gloria) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/events/OverallSevereDays.md b/docs/events/OverallSevereDays.md deleted file mode 100644 index b6a917d2..00000000 --- a/docs/events/OverallSevereDays.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,300 +0,0 @@ -# Severe days overall - -This is a combination tornado and hail and wind days. For v1, we do not have the high enough resolution data to differentiate between tornadoes and wind and hail so we will just look at high-end events that did all of them. - -## US-based events - -1. July 13 \- 16, 2024 - 1. [Severe weather sequence of July 13–16, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_weather_sequence_of_July_13%E2%80%9316,_2024) - 2. Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and flooding and hail - 3. SPC reports: - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240713\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240713_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240714\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240714_rpts.html) - 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240715\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240715_rpts.html) - 4. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240716\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240716_rpts.html) -2. May 19 \- 27, 2024 - 1. [Tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_May_19%E2%80%9327,_2024) - 2. Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and hail - 3. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240518\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240518_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240519\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240519_rpts.html) - 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240520\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240520_rpts.html) - 4. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240521\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240521_rpts.html) - 5. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240522\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240522_rpts.html) -3. May 6- 10, 2024 - 1. [Tornado outbreak of May 6–10, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_May_6%E2%80%9310,_2024) - 2. Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes - 3. SPC reports: - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240506\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240506_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240507\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240507_rpts.html) - 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240508\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240508_rpts.html) - 4. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240509\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240509_rpts.html) - 5. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240510\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240510_rpts.html) -4. April 25 \- 28, 2024 - 1. [Tornado outbreak of April 25–28, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_April_25%E2%80%9328,_2024) - 2. Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes - 3. SPC reports: - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240425\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240425_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240426\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240426_rpts.html) - 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240427\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240427_rpts.html) - 4. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240428\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240428_rpts.html) (not much hail this day) -5. April 1- 3, 2024 - 1. [Tornado outbreak and derecho of April 1–3, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_and_derecho_of_April_1%E2%80%933,_2024) - 2. Cross-listed with tornado and derecho and hail - 3. SPC reports: - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240501\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240501_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240502\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240502_rpts.html) - 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240503\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240503_rpts.html) -6. March 13 \- 15, 2024 - 1. [Tornado outbreak of March 13–15, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_13%E2%80%9315,_2024) - 2. Cross-listed with tornado and hail - 3. SPC reports: - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240313\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240313_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240314\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240314_rpts.html) - 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240315\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240315_rpts.html) -7. Feb 27, 2024 - 1. [Tornadoes of 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadoes_of_2024#:~:text=February%2027%E2%80%9328%20\(United%20States\),-EFU&text=A%20severe%20weather%20outbreak%20produced,other%20along%20the%20Ohio%20River) - 2. Cross-listed with tornado and hail - 3. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240227\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240227_rpts.html) - 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -8. January 8 \- 10 2024 - 1. [January 8–10, 2024 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_8%E2%80%9310,_2024_North_American_storm_complex) - 2. Cross-listed with tornado outbreaks, major snow, flooding - 3. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -9. Aug 4-8, 2023 - 1. [Tornado outbreak sequence of August 4–8, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_August_4%E2%80%938,_2023) - 2. Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes and major wind events - 3. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230804\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230804_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230805\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230805_rpts.html) - 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230806\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230806_rpts.html) - 4. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230807\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230807_rpts.html) - 5. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230808\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230808_rpts.html) - 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -10. June 28 \- July 2, 2023 - 1. Cross-listed with hail and wind and tornado (though tornado is less than wind/hail) - 2. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230628\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230628_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230629\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230629_rpts.html) - 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230630\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230630_rpts.html) - 4. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230701\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230701_rpts.html) [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230702\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230702_rpts.html) - 3. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -11. June 15-18, 2023 - 1. [Tornado outbreak sequence of June 14–19, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_June_14%E2%80%9319,_2023#Non-tornadic_effects) - 2. Cross-listed with flooding and tornadoes and hail and wind - 3. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230615\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230615_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230616\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230616_rpts.html) - 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230617\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230617_rpts.html) - 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -12. May 10-12, 2023 - 1. [The Severe Weather Event of May 11, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/oun/events-20230511) - 2. [May 10-11, 2023 Tornadoes, Flash Flooding, and Severe Weather](https://www.weather.gov/gld/May10112023Tornadoes) - 3. Cross-listed with flooding and hail and high wind and tornado - 4. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230510\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230510_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230511\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230511_rpts.html) - 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230512\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230512_rpts.html) - 5. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -13. May 6-8, 2023 - 1. [Damaging Winds and Golf Ball Hail \- May 6, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_050623) - 2. [May 7, 2023: Severe Thunderstorms Produce Damaging Winds, Large Hail, Landspouts, Heavy Rain, and Blowing Dust](https://www.weather.gov/lot/2023_05_07_FloodingSevere) - 3. [Destructive Winds, Baseball Hail and Tornadoes \- May 7, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_050723) - 4. Cross-listed with flooding and hail and high wind and tornado - 5. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230506\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230506_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230507\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230507_rpts.html) - 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230508\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230508_rpts.html) - 6. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -14. April 4-6, 2023 - 1. [April 4-5, 2023: Destructive Winds, Very Large Hail, & Tornadoes](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_04042023) - 2. [Event Summary April 4, 2023 Severe Storms and Tornado](https://www.weather.gov/dmx/summary_Apr4_2023) - 3. April 4 is cross-listed with tornado outbreaks and hail. All three days are cross-listed with hail and wind - 4. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230404\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230404_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230405\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230405_rpts.html) - 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230406\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230406_rpts.html) - 5. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -15. March 31 \- April 2, 2023 - 1. [Tornado outbreak of March 31 – April 1, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_31_%E2%80%93_April_1,_2023) - 2. Main event is March 31 - 3. Cross-listed with tornado and snow and hail and wind - 4. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230331\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230331_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230401\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230401_rpts.html) - 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230402\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230402_rpts.html) - 5. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -16. March 1-3 2023 - 1. [Early-March 2023 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early-March_2023_North_American_storm_complex) - 2. Cross-listed with tornado, hail and snow - 3. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230301\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230301_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230302\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230302_rpts.html) - 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230303\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230303_rpts.html) - 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -17. Feb 26 \- 27, 2023 - 1. [February 2023 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2023_North_American_storm_complex) - 2. Cross-listed with blizzards, wind, and tornado outbreaks - 3. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230226\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230226_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230227\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230227_rpts.html) -18. July 22-23, 2022 - 1. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220722\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220722_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220723\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220723_rpts.html) - 2. Cross-listed with wind and tornado - 3. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -19. June 7-8, 2022 - 1. [Flash Flooding on June 7-8, 2022](https://www.weather.gov/bmx/event_06082022) - 2. [Severe Weather on June 8, 2022](https://www.weather.gov/iln/20220608) - 3. [PHOTOS: Hail, rain and haboob make way over El Paso on Wednesday](https://kfoxtv.com/news/local/hail-rain-and-a-haboob-make-way-over-el-paso-on-wednesday-borderland-weather?src=link) - 4. Cross-listed with tornado, wind, hail, and flooding - 5. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220607\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220607_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220608\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220608_rpts.html) - 6. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -20. May 12, 2022 - 1. [May 2022 Midwest derecho \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2022_Midwest_derecho) - 2. Cross-listed with tornado and derecho and hail - 3. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220512\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220512_rpts.html) - 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -21. April 11-13, 2022 - 1. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April\_2022\_North\_American\_storm\_complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2022_North_American_storm_complex) - 2. Cross-listed with tornado outbreaks, major freeze, blizzard, wind (straight line winds) and hail - 3. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220411\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220411_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220412\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220412_rpts.html) - 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220413\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220413_rpts.html) - 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -22. April 4 \- 6, 2022 - 1. [Tornado outbreak sequence of April 4–7, 2022 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_April_4%E2%80%937,_2022) - 2. Cross-listed with hail and tornado and wind - 3. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220404\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220404_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220405\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220405_rpts.html) - 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220406\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220406_rpts.html) - 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -23. Dec 15-16, 2021 - 1. [December 2021 Midwest derecho and tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2021_Midwest_derecho_and_tornado_outbreak) - 2. Cross-listed with tornado and derecho - 3. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211215\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211215_rpts.html) - 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -24. Dec 9-11 2021, Winter Storm Atticus, Utah - 1. [Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_December_10%E2%80%9311,_2021#Non-tornadic_effects) - 2. Cross-listed with wind and tornado outbreaks and blizzards - 3. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211210\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211210_rpts.html) - 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -25. June 17 \- 18, 2021 - 1. [June 2021 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2021_North_American_storm_complex) - 2. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210617\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210617_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210618\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210618_rpts.html) - 3. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) - 4. Cross-listed with tornadoes and hail -26. May 2-4 2021 - 1. [Tornado outbreak of May 2–4, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_May_2%E2%80%934,_2021) - 2. [Summary of May 3, 2021 Tornado](https://www.weather.gov/akq/May_3_2021_Tornado) - 3. [May 3 \- 4, 2021 Severe Weather](https://www.weather.gov/ffc/2021May3_4_Severe) - 4. [Summary of May 4, 2021 High-End to Extreme Severe Wind](https://www.weather.gov/akq/May_4_2021_Severe) - 5. [Damaging Winds of May 4th, 2021](https://www.weather.gov/rnk/2021_05_04_Severe) - 6. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210503\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210503_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210504\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210504_rpts.html) - 7. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) - 8. Cross-listed with tornado, wind, and hail -27. March 24-28, 2021 - 1. [Tornado outbreak sequence of March 24–28, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_March_24%E2%80%9328,_2021) - 2. Cross-listed with hail and flooding and tornadoes and wind - 3. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210324\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210324_rpts.html) (mostly hail) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210325\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210325_rpts.html) - 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210326\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210326_rpts.html) (low day in between waves) - 4. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210327\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210327_rpts.html) - 5. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210328\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210328_rpts.html) (could skip this day) - 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -28. April 21-22, 2020 - 1. [Tornado outbreak of April 21–23, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_April_21%E2%80%9323,_2020) - 2. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200421\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200421_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200422\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200422_rpts.html) - 3. Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornados - 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -29. April 12, 2020 - 1. [2020 Easter tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Easter_tornado_outbreak) - 2. Cross-listed with winter storms, major wind, tornadoes, flooding - 3. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200412\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200412_rpts.html) - 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -30. April 7-8, 2020 - 1. [https://www.weather.gov/lot/7April2020\_HailEvent](https://www.weather.gov/lot/7April2020_HailEvent) - 2. [Severe Weather and Tornadoes \- April 8-9, 2020](https://www.weather.gov/iln/20200409) - 3. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200407\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200407_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200408\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200408_rpts.html) - 4. Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornado - 5. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -31. March 27-28, 2020 - 1. [Overview of the March 28 severe storms](https://www.weather.gov/pah/mar28svere) - 2. [The Tornadoes of March 28 2020](https://www.weather.gov/arx/mar2820) - 3. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200327\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200327_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200328\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200328_rpts.html) (this day is TOR also) - 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) - 5. Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornado -32. March 2-3, 2020 - 1. [2020 Nashville tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Nashville_tornado_outbreak) - 2. Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes - 3. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200302\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200302_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200303\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200303_rpts.html) - 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -33. Feb 5-7, 2020 - 1. [Tornado outbreak of February 5–7, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_February_5%E2%80%937,_2020) - 2. Cross-listed with winter and tornadoes and major wind and hail - 3. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200205\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200205_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200206\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200206_rpts.html) - 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200207\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200207_rpts.html) - 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -34. January 10–11, 2020 - 1. [Tornado outbreak of January 10–11, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_January_10%E2%80%9311,_2020) - 2. SPC reports - 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200110\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200110_rpts.html) - 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200111\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200111_rpts.html) - 3. Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) - 4. Cross-listed with wind and tornado and hail - -## Worldwide events - -We are lacking data to verify large-scale convective events outside the US. If you can provide such data, we can add cases to the dataset. diff --git a/docs/events/SevereBustDays.md b/docs/events/SevereBustDays.md deleted file mode 100644 index e55e60f4..00000000 --- a/docs/events/SevereBustDays.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,30 +0,0 @@ -# High-risk bust days - -High-risk bust days are defined as those days that SPC issued a high (or moderate risk) and the atmosphere did not cooperate. SPC is really good at their job and identifying cases within our 2020-2024 window meant there is only one such case. We provide this case and then provide dates identified by our colleagues at SPC for cases outside this window. - -## 2020-2024 high-risk bust days - -1. 6 May 2024 (at least the southern end of the high risk was a bust) - -## Older high-risk and moderate risk bust days - -These were provided by SPC forecasters as high-risk bust days: -1. 20 May 2019 (most notorious high risk bust \- although arguably not a bust depending on who you ask) -2. 5 April 2017 (SE US high risk bust) -3. Apr 16 2002 -4. Apr 06 2001 -5. Apr 24 2007 -6. Apr 05 2011 -7. Mar 04 2004 -8. Apr 26 2009 -9. May 05 2003 -10. Apr 13 2007 - -The following are moderate-risk bust days. - 1. 2/27/11 MDT MO, 2/28/11 MDT KY/TN, 3/8/11 MDT LA/MS, 3/26/11 MDT AL, 4/10/11 MDT WI area, 5/11/11 MDT KS-OK, 5/30/11 MDT SD, 6/26/11 MDT NE, 9/5/11 MDT AL-GA - 2. 4/15/12 MDT upper MS Valley - 3. 1/29/13 MDT MS Valley, 5/29/13 MDT OK, 6/12/13 MDT IL, 12/21/13 MDT lower MS Valley - 4. 4/3/14 MDT AR, 4/29/2014 MDT MS/AL, 6/30/14 MDT IA, 10/13/14 MDT lower MS Valley - 5. 4/8/15 MDT OK-MO, 5/16/16 MDT KS - 6. 5/26/16 MDT KS - 7. 1/21/17 MDT southern AL \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/events/SnowEvents.md b/docs/events/SnowEvents.md deleted file mode 100644 index fbdc8cea..00000000 --- a/docs/events/SnowEvents.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,230 +0,0 @@ -# Large-scale snow events (blizzards, bomb cyclones, clippers, nor’easter, other large snow events, etc) - - -## US-based events - -1. Nov 18-21 2024 Bomb Cyclone and AR - * [Bomb cyclone with atmospheric river blasts Oregon, Northern California and Washington](https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-forecasts/bomb-cyclone-with-atmospheric-river-to-blast-northwest-part-of-california/1715099) - * [CW3E AR Update: 18 November 2024 Outlook \- Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-ar-update-18-november-2024-outlook/) - * Cross-listed with AR and major winds and large-scale snow -2. Feb 10-18 2024 Nor’easter - * [February 2024 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2024_nor%27easter) -3. Winter Storm Heather, Jan 12-18 2024 - * [January 13–16, 2024 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_13%E2%80%9316,_2024_North_American_winter_storm) -4. January 8 \- 10 2024 - * [January 8–10, 2024 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_8%E2%80%9310,_2024_North_American_storm_complex) - * Cross-listed with tornado outbreaks, major snow, flooding -5. Jan 10-14, 2024 - * [January 10–13, 2024 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_10%E2%80%9313,_2024_North_American_storm_complex) - * Cross-listed with wind and major freezes -6. Jan 13-16 2024, Winter Storm Heather - * [January 13–16, 2024 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_13%E2%80%9316,_2024_North_American_winter_storm) - * Cross listed wind/blizzards -7. Winter Storm Finn, Jan 7-10 2024 - * [January 8–10, 2024 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_8%E2%80%9310,_2024_North_American_storm_complex) - * Cross-listed with wind -8. March 31 \- April 2, 2023 - * [Tornado outbreak of March 31 – April 1, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_31_%E2%80%93_April_1,_2023) - * Main event is March 31 - * Cross-listed with tornado and snow and hail and wind - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230331\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230331_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230401\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230401_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230402\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230402_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -9. March 1-3 2023 - * [Early-March 2023 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early-March_2023_North_American_storm_complex) - * Cross-listed with tornado, hail and snow - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230301\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230301_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230302\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230302_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230303\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230303_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -10. March 9-17 2023, Winter Storm Sage - * [March 2023 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2023_North_American_winter_storm) - * Cross-listed with AR and winds -11. Feb 26 \- 27, 2023 - * [February 2023 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2023_North_American_storm_complex) - * Cross-listed with blizzards, wind, and tornado outbreaks - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230226\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230226_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230227\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230227_rpts.html) -12. January 3 \- 4 2022 East coast of US, Winter Storm Frida - * [January 3–4, 2022 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_3%E2%80%934,_2022_nor%27easter) - * Cross-listed with major wind events -13. Second storm (January 4–7, 2022), Winter Storm Garrett - * [2021–22 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_North_American_winter) -14. January 14 \- 17 2022 North American and Canada - * [January 14–17, 2022 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_14%E2%80%9317,_2022_North_American_winter_storm) - * Cross-listed with wind -15. January 22 \- 31 2022 North Atlantic to Canada - * [January 2022 North American blizzard \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2022_North_American_blizzard) - * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202201+-+Snowstorm+-+Northeastern+US](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202201+-+Snowstorm+-+Northeastern+US) - * Cross-listed with wind -16. Feb 1-3 2022, Winter Storm Landon, Groundhog Snowstorm (focus on the snow at the end rather than the ice at the start) - * [February 2022 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2022_North_American_winter_storm) -17. Feb 22-26 2022 - * Late Feb storm here [2021–22 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_North_American_winter#Late_February_winter_storm) - * Cross-listed with freezes for the strong cold front (and blizzards) -18. March 9-10 2022, Winter Storm Quinlan - * [2021–22 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_North_American_winter#Mid-March_winter_storm_and_cold_wave) - * Cross listed with major snow and freeze -19. April 11-13, 2022 - * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April\_2022\_North\_American\_storm\_complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2022_North_American_storm_complex) - * Cross-listed with tornado outbreaks, major freeze, blizzard, wind (straight line winds) and hail - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220411\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220411_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220412\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220412_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220413\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220413_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -20. April 18 \- 20 2022 SE US - * [2021–22 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_North_American_winter#Mid-April_nor'easter) - * Cross-listed with blizzards and flooding (heavy rains and flooding in south and nor’easter northeast) -21. May 20-21, 2022 Winter Storm Tad Colorado and Wyoming - * [2021–22 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_North_American_winter#Late_May_winter_storm) - * Cross-listed with major freezes -22. Nov 17 \- 20 2022, Great lakes blizzard - * [November 2022 Great Lakes winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2022_Great_Lakes_winter_storm) -23. Dec 12-15 2022 - * [Tornado outbreak of December 12–15, 2022 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_December_12%E2%80%9315,_2022) - * Cross-listed with blizzards and tornado - * See non-tornadic effects - * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado\_outbreak\_of\_December\_12%E2%80%9315,\_2022\#Non-tornadic\_effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_December_12%E2%80%9315,_2022#Non-tornadic_effects) -24. Dec 21-26 2022 - * [December 2022 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2022_North_American_winter_storm) -25. January 31 \- Feb 3 2021 - * [January 31 – February 3, 2021 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_31_%E2%80%93_February_3,_2021_nor%27easter) - * Cross-listed with flooding and blizzards and wind -26. Feb 6-8, 2021 Super bowl Sunday nor’easter - * [February 6–8, 2021 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_6%E2%80%938,_2021_nor%27easter) -27. Feb 13 \- Feb 17 2021, Winter Storm Uri - * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202102+-+Cold+spell+-+US](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202102+-+Cold+spell+-+US) - * [February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_13%E2%80%9317,_2021_North_American_winter_storm) - * [The Texas Freeze: Timeline of events](https://environmentamerica.org/texas/center/articles/the-texas-freeze-timeline-of-events/) - * Cross-listed with blizzards/major snow events and major freezes and tornadoes -28. Feb 15-20, 2021 Winter Storm Viola or the North Texas Freeze - * [February 15–20, 2021 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_15%E2%80%9320,_2021_North_American_winter_storm) - * [2021 Winter Storms \- Center for Disaster Philanthropy](https://disasterphilanthropy.org/disasters/2021-winter-storms/) - * Cross-listed with major snow (and freezing rain but we don’t have that as a category) -29. March 4 \- 17, 2021 - * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March\_2021\_North\_American\_blizzard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2021_North_American_blizzard) - * Cross-listed with tornado and major snow -30. March 16-18 2021 - * [Tornado outbreak of March 16–18, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_16%E2%80%9318,_2021) - * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321\_North\_American\_winter\#March\_16%E2%80%9317\_blizzard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_North_American_winter#March_16%E2%80%9317_blizzard) - * Cross-listed with major snow and tornado outbreak -31. April 15-17 2021 - * [April 2021 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2021_nor%27easter) - * Cross-listed with major snow/wind and wind -32. Dec 9-11 2021, Winter Storm Atticus, Utah - * [Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_December_10%E2%80%9311,_2021#Non-tornadic_effects) - * Cross-listed with wind and tornado outbreaks and blizzards - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211210\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211210_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -33. December 30, 2020 \- January 3, 2021, New Year’s Storm - * [2020–21 New Year's North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_New_Year%27s_North_American_winter_storm) -34. Dec 15-17, 2020 nor’easter - * [December 15–17, 2020 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_15%E2%80%9317,_2020_nor%27easter) - * Cross-listed with tornado (though it isn’t really an outbreak, only 2 TOR) and snow and wind -35. December 5–6, 2020 nor'easter - * [December 5–6, 2020 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_5%E2%80%936,_2020_nor%27easter) - * Cross-listed with snow and winds -36. November 30–December 2 2020 - * [November 2020 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2020_North_American_storm_complex) - * Cross-listed with snow and winds -37. Oct 27 2020 \- Winter Storm Billy - * [2020–21 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_North_American_winter) - * [Winter Storm Spreading Snow and Damaging Ice Through the Southern Plains | The Weather Channel](https://weather.com/storms/winter/news/2020-10-24-winter-storm-billy-snow-blizzard-rockies-plains) - * This is largely an ice storm (snow storm farther north) but it was a very large-scale ice storm so I’d like to list it under freezes as it involved a sudden drop in temperature - * Cross-listed with snow and freeze -38. Hurricane Zeta (Cat 3, Oct 24-29 2020\) - * [Hurricane Zeta \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Zeta) - * Cross-listed with major snow events and TCs -39. April 12, 2020 - * [2020 Easter tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Easter_tornado_outbreak) - * Cross-listed with winter storms, major wind, tornadoes, flooding - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200412\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200412_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -40. Feb 9 \- 13 2020, Winter storm Mabel - * Precursor to [Storm Dennis \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Dennis) which hit Europe - * [Winter Storm Mabel Spread Snow from Southern California to Maine; Blizzard Conditions in the Midwest (RECAP) | The Weather Channel](https://weather.com/forecast/national/news/2020-02-09-winter-storm-snow-ice-plains-midwest-northeast-forecast) -41. Feb 5-7, 2020 - * [Tornado outbreak of February 5–7, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_February_5%E2%80%937,_2020) - * Cross-listed with winter and tornadoes and major wind and hail - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200205\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200205_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200206\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200206_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200207\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200207_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -42. Feb 1 \- 4 2020, Winter Storm Kade - * [Winter Storm Bringing Snow Across the Northeast and Flurries in the Midwest | The Weather Channel](https://weather.com/storms/winter/news/2020-02-02-winter-storm-west-rockies-plains-midwest-northeast-early-february) - * Eventually leads to [Storm Ciara \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Ciara) hitting Europe -43. Jan 14-19 2020, Winter storm Jacob - * [January 2020 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2020_North_American_storm_complex) - * Cross-listed with major wind events and snow - -## Worldwide events - -1. November 22, 2024 Germany - 1. Germany (47.98 N,10.17 E) \< 10 km - 1. 06:00 UTC (+/- 3 hrs.) - 2. based on information from: a television or radio broadcast - 3. Impacts: Rail-/tram-/subway(s) unusable or closed - 4. [https://www.br.de/nachrichten/bayern/wetter-in-bayern-bis-zu-40-zentimeter-schnee-viele-unfaelle-auf-bayerns-strassen,UUpMXbO](https://www.br.de/nachrichten/bayern/wetter-in-bayern-bis-zu-40-zentimeter-schnee-viele-unfaelle-auf-bayerns-strassen,UUpMXbO) - 5. Reference: "Bis zu 40 Zentimeter Schnee: Viele Unfälle auf Bayerns Straßen", BR24, 22 NOV 2024 - 6. report status: report confirmed by reliable source (QC1) - 7. contact: Thilo Kühne (ESWD management/ESSL Team) - 2. [https://eswd.eu/cgi-bin/eswd.cgi](https://eswd.eu/cgi-bin/eswd.cgi) -2. May 15-16 2024 Korea - 1. [Rare May snow advisory issued in Gangwon as region sees heavy snowfall](https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/2024-05-16/national/socialAffairs/Rare-May-snow-advisory-issued-in-Gangwon-as-region-sees-heavy-snowfall/2048103) -3. April 2 2024 Sweden/Finland - 1. [202404 \- Snowfall / Cold \- Sweden / Finland](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=402638917) - 2. Cross-listed with cold -4. Feb 22 2024 Korea - 1. [Heavy snow hits S. Korea, with more expected](https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20240222050579) -5. January 17 \- 18 2024 France and Germany - 1. [202401 \- Snowfall \- France, Germany](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202401+-+Snowfall+-+France%2C+Germany) -6. January 3 2024 Sweden - 1. [202401 \- Snowfall \- Southern Sweden](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202401+-+Snowfall+-+Southern+Sweden) -7. Dec 30 2023 Korea - 1. [(2nd LD) Seoul sees heaviest December snowfall in over 40 years; more snow expected over weekend | Yonhap News Agency](https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20231230000752315) -8. Nov 25 \- Dec 2 2023 Europe - 1. [202311 \- Cold \- Europe](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202311+-+Cold+-+Europe) - 2. [Munich hit by heaviest snowfall in 20 years, wakes up to 50 cm (1.6 feet) of snow and severe traffic disruption, Germany](https://watchers.news/2023/12/02/munich-hit-by-heaviest-snowfall-in-20-years-wakes-up-to-50-cm-1-6-feet-of-snow-and-severe-traffic-disruption-germany/) - 3. Cross-listed with snow/blizzards and major freeze -9. August 2023 Chile - 1. [August 2023 Chilean winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2023_Chilean_winter_storm) - 2. Need to find more information -10. June 2023 Chile - 1. [June 2023 Chilean winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2023_Chilean_winter_storm) - 2. Need to find more information -11. January 25 2023 Japan - 1. [Heavy snow causes havoc in Japan as cold snap sweeps through Asia | Reuters](https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/cars-stranded-flights-cancelled-heavy-snow-blankets-japan-2023-01-25/) - 2. Cross-listed with snows and major freezes -12. Dec 23-25 2022 Japan - 1. [Heavy snow in Japan leaves at least 17 dead and dozens injured](https://www.npr.org/2022/12/26/1145508734/heavy-snow-in-japan-leaves-at-least-17-dead-and-dozens-injured) - 2. [Heavy snow in Japan kills at least 17, injures dozens | CNN](https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/26/asia/japan-winter-snow-deaths-intl-hnk/index.html) -13. Nov 19 \- 22 2022 Sweden - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202211+-+Snowfall+-+Sweden](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202211+-+Snowfall+-+Sweden) -14. Jan 6 \- 8 2022 Pakistan - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202201+-+Snowfall+-+Pakistan](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202201+-+Snowfall+-+Pakistan) -15. Dec 1 2021 Sweden and Denmark - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202112+-+Snowstorm+-+Denmark%2C+Sweden](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202112+-+Snowstorm+-+Denmark%2C+Sweden) -16. Nov 25 \- 27 2021 Storm Arwen, UK Ireland, France - 1. Cross-listed with winds - 2. [Storm Arwen \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Arwen) -17. January 2021 Japan - 1. [Massive snowstorm turns deadly, strands thousands in western Japan](https://www.accuweather.com/en/winter-weather/snowstorm-strands-over-1000-vehicles-in-western-japan/880693) -18. Jan 11-12 2021 Sweden - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202101+-+Snowfall+-+Sweden](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202101+-+Snowfall+-+Sweden) - 2. Cross-listed with winds -19. Dec 5 \- 7 2020 Austria - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=208475032](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=208475032) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/events/TCFloods.md b/docs/events/TCFloods.md deleted file mode 100644 index f001b87d..00000000 --- a/docs/events/TCFloods.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,165 +0,0 @@ -# TC related large-scale flooding events - -Some of the data used to identify TC floods came from - -* [List of the wettest tropical cyclones in the United States \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_wettest_tropical_cyclones_in_the_United_States) - -## US-based events - -1. Hurricane Helene (Cat 4, Sep 24-27 2024\) - 1. [Hurricane Helene \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Helene) - 2. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-helene-predecessor-rain-event/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-helene-predecessor-rain-event/) - 3. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202409+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-Helene](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202409+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-Helene) - 4. Location: Southeast coast - 5. Cross-list with floods -2. Francine (Cat 2, Sep 9-12 2024\) - 1. [Hurricane Francine \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Francine) - 2. Cross-listed with flooding -3. Hurricane Hone (Aug 22 \- Sep 8 2024\) - 1. [Hurricane Hone \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Hone) - 2. Cross-listed with floods -4. Hurricane Debby (Aug 3 \- 9 2024\) - 1. [Hurricane Debby (2024) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Debby_\(2024\)) - 2. [202408 \- Tropical Cyclone \- Debby](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202408+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Debby) - 3. Cross-listed with flooding -5. Hurricane Beryl (Cat 5, June 28 \- July 9 2024\) - 1. Cross-listed with floods - 2. [Hurricane Beryl \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Beryl) -6. Hurricane Lee (Cat 5, Sep 5 \- 16, 2023\) - 1. [Hurricane Lee (2023) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Lee_\(2023\)) - 2. Cross-listed with flooding -7. Hurricane Hilary (Cat 4, Aug 16 \- 20 2023\) - 1. Cross-listed with flooding - 2. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-hurricane-hilary-20-21-august-2023/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-hurricane-hilary-20-21-august-2023/) - 3. [Hurricane Hilary \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Hilary) -8. Hurricane Ian (Cat 5, Sep 23 \- 30, 2022\) - 1. [Hurricane Ian \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ian) - 2. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202209+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Ian](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202209+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Ian) - 3. Cross-listed with floods -9. Hurricane Fiona (Cat 4, Sep 14 \- 23, 2022\) - 1. [Hurricane Fiona \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Fiona) - 2. Cross-listed with flooding -10. Tropical Storm Alex (June 5-7 2022\) - 1. [Tropical Storm Alex (2022) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Alex_\(2022\)) -11. Hurricane Ida (Cat 4, Aug 26-Sep 1 2021\) - 1. Cross-listed with floods - 2. [Effects of Hurricane Ida in the Northeastern United States \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Ida_in_the_Northeastern_United_States) - 3. [Hurricane Ida \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ida) - 4. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202108+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Rainfall+-+Ida](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202108+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Rainfall+-+Ida) -12. Hurricane Henri (Cat 1, Aug 15 \- 23 2021\) - 1. [Hurricane Henri \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Henri) - 2. Cross-listed with flooding -13. Tropical storm Fred (TS, Aug 11 \- 17 2021 - 1. [Tropical Storm Fred (2021) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Fred_\(2021\)) - 2. Cross-listed with flooding -14. Tropical Cyclone Claudette June 19-23 2021 - 1. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical\_Storm\_Claudette\_(2021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Claudette_\(2021\)) - 2. Cross-listed with flooding and TCs and tornado outbreaks -15. Hurricane Sally (Cat 2, Sep 11 \- 17 2020\) - 1. [Hurricane Sally \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Sally) - 2. Cross-listed with flooding -16. Tropical Storm Amanda and Tropical Storm Cristobal (TS, May 30 \- June 12 2020\) - 1. [Tropical storms Amanda and Cristobal \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_storms_Amanda_and_Cristobal) - 2. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadoes\_of\_2020\#June\_6%E2%80%9310\_(non-Cristobal\_events)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadoes_of_2020#June_6%E2%80%9310_\(non-Cristobal_events\)) - 3. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List\_of\_derecho\_events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_derecho_events) - 4. Cross-listed with flooding, derecho, and TC - -## Worldwide events - -1. Tropical Storm Trami (Oct 19 \- 29 2024\) - 1. Cross-listed with flooding - 2. [At least 126 dead and missing in massive flooding and landslides in Philippines | AP News](https://apnews.com/article/tropical-storm-trami-philippines-vietnam-ee57cf85bc41683260f416f38ed3de30) - 3. [Tropical Storm Trami (2024) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Trami_\(2024\)) -2. Cyclone Asna (Cyclonic storm, Aug 25 \- Sep 2 2024\) - 1. [Cyclone Asna \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Asna) - 2. Cross-listed with floods -3. Typhoon Yagi (Severe Tropical Storm Enteng) (Cat 5 equivalent, violent typhoon, Aug 31-Sep 8 2024\) - 1. Cross-listed with flooding - 2. [Typhoon Yagi \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Yagi) - 3. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202409+-+Tropical+Cyclone+](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202409+-+Tropical+Cyclone+) -4. Tropical Storm Prapiroon (TD Butchoy) (Severe TS, July 19-24 2024\) - 1. Cross-listed with flooding - 2. [Tropical Storm Prapiroon (2024) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Prapiroon_\(2024\)) -5. TC Belal January 15 2024 - 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202401+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Belal](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202401+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Belal) - 2. Cross-listed in flooding -6. Cyclone Kirrily (Cat 1, Jan 12 \- Feb 5 2024\) - 1. [Cyclone Kirrily \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Kirrily) - 2. Caused flooding \- cross listed with floods -7. Tropical Low 03U \- Australia (Jan 11–23, 2024\) - 1. [2023–24 Australian region cyclone season \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Australian_region_cyclone_season) -8. Tropical Cyclone Jasper Australia. 4 December 2023 – 13 December 2023 (record breaking flooding and poorly forecast) (Cat 5\) - 1. [Cyclone Jasper \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Jasper) - 2. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202312+-+Rainfall+-+Queensland](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202312+-+Rainfall+-+Queensland) -9. Hurricane Norman (Cat 4, Oct 17 \- 23 2023\) - 1. [Hurricane Norma (2023) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Norma_\(2023\)) -10. Typhoon Doksuri (Super Typhoon Egay) (Very strong typhoon, July 20-30 2023\) - 1. Cross-listed with flooding - 2. [Typhoon Doksuri \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Doksuri) -11. Typhoon Lan (Very strong Typhoon, Aug 7 \- 17 2023\) - 1. Cross-listed with flooding - 2. [Typhoon Lan (2023) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Lan_\(2023\)) -12. Typhoon Haikui (Typhoon Hanna) (Very strong typhoon, August 27 – September 6 2023\) - 1. Cross-listed with floods and TCs - 2. [Typhoon Haikui (2023) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Haikui_\(2023\)) -13. Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Mocha, May 2023 Myranmar - 1. [https://library.wmo.int/records/item/68890-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2023](https://library.wmo.int/records/item/68890-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2023) - 1. “Several extreme precipitation events took place in 2023\. In May, heavy rainfall led to the establishment of new daily precipitation records at certain stations in Myanmar.” - 2. [https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/d547c7dcb949a8b07aea2cc2e66a7bbc-0070062023/original/GRADE-CycloneMochaMay23Myanmar.pdf](https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/d547c7dcb949a8b07aea2cc2e66a7bbc-0070062023/original/GRADE-CycloneMochaMay23Myanmar.pdf) - 3. [https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/myanmar/publication/global-rapid-post-disaster-damage-estimation-grade-report](https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/myanmar/publication/global-rapid-post-disaster-damage-estimation-grade-report) - 2. [Cyclone Mocha \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Mocha) - 3. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202305+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Mocha](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202305+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Mocha) - 4. Cross-listed with flooding and TCs -14. Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Freddy (Severe Tropical Cyclone Freddy) (Very intense tropical cyclone, 14 February – 14 March 2023\) - 1. Cross-list with floods - 2. [Cyclone Freddy \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Freddy) -15. Typhoon Nanmadol (Super Typhoon Josie) (Violent typhoon, September 12–19, 2022\) - 1. [Typhoon Nanmadol (2022) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Nanmadol_\(2022\)) - 2. Cross-listed with floods and TC - 3. “The strongest TC of the year, Typhoon Nanmadol, made landfall in the Kyushu region of Japan on 18 September. Record breaking maximum wind speeds were observed at eight stations, and record high 24-hour rainfall was observed at 13 stations. Nanmadol triggered evacuation orders for approximately four million people. After making landfall, it moved northward, passing through the western part of Honshu Island, causing damage to houses and injuries as it weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated in the north Pacific Ocean. Typhoon Nanmadol was reported to be associated with five deaths, to have affected over 1 300 people and to have caused an estimated more than US$ 2 billion in economic damages.” - 4. [https://library.wmo.int/records/item/66314-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2022](https://library.wmo.int/records/item/66314-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2022) -16. Typhoon Noru (Super Typhoon Karding) (Very strong typhoon, September 21–29, 2022\) - 1. [Typhoon Noru \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Noru) - 2. Cross-listed with TC and floods - 3. “Typhoon Noru formed to the east of the Philippines, crossed Luzon Island, re-intensified in the South China Sea and made landfall in Viet Nam on 27 September, bringing heavy rain and causing flooding and landslides in Viet Nam, Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Thailand. In Viet Nam, in particular, heavy rainfall (a total of approximately 300 mm–600 mm) was recorded in Nghe An and Ha Tinh provinces from 28 to 30 September, with 605 mm in Quynh Luu, causing serious flooding in low-lying areas and along river areas in the Quynh Luu, Thanh Chuong, and Hung Nguyen districts of Nghe An. Flooding induced by Typhoon Noru affected more than 11 000 hectares of rice crops, and killed or swept away about 155 000 cattle and poultry in Viet Nam.” - 4. [https://library.wmo.int/records/item/66314-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2022](https://library.wmo.int/records/item/66314-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2022) -17. Typhoon Hinnamnor (Super Typhoon Henry) (Violent typhoon, August 27 –September 6, 2022\) - 1. Cross-listed with flooding - 2. [Typhoon Hinnamnor \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Hinnamnor) -18. Tropical Cyclone Gombe (Tropical cyclone, 5–17 March, 2022\) - 1. Cross-list with floods - 2. [Cyclone Gombe \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Gombe) -19. Hurricane Agatha (Cat 2, May 28-31 2022\) - 1. [Hurricane Agatha \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Agatha) -20. Tropical Cyclone Eloise (Tropical cyclone, 14 – 25 January, 2021\) - 1. Cross-list with floods - 2. [Cyclone Eloise \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Eloise) -21. Hurricane Nora (Cat 1, Aug 25-30 2021\) - 1. Cross-listed with flooding - 2. [Hurricane Nora (2021) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Nora_\(2021\)) -22. Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Tauktae (Extremely severe cyclonic storm, May 14 – 19, 2021\) - 1. Cross-listed with floods - 2. [Cyclone Tauktae \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Tauktae) - 3. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202105+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Tauktae](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202105+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Tauktae) -23. Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Yaas (Very severe cyclonic storm, May 23 – 28, 2021\) - 1. Cross-list with floods - 2. [Cyclone Yaas \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Yaas) -24. Cyclonic Storm Gulab (/ɡuːˈləb/) and Severe Cyclonic Storm Shaheen (Sep 24 \- Oct 4, 2021 in total) - 1. Cross-listed with floods - 2. [Cyclones Gulab and Shaheen \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclones_Gulab_and_Shaheen) -25. Tropical Storm Linfa (Tropical storm, October 6–12, 2020\) - 1. Cross-listed with floods - 2. [Tropical Storm Linfa \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Linfa) -26. Typhoon Goni (Super Typhoon Rolly) (Violent typhoon, October 26 – November 6 , 2020\) - 1. Cross-listed with flooding - 2. [Typhoon Goni \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Goni) -27. Typhoon Vamco (Typhoon Ulysse) (Very strong typhoon, November 8–16, 2020\) - 1. Cross-listed with flooding - 2. [Typhoon Vamco \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Vamco) -28. Typhoon Hagupit (Severe Tropical Storm Dindo) (Typhoon, July 30 – August 5, 2020\) - 1. Cross-listed with floods - 2. [Typhoon Hagupit (2020) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Hagupit_\(2020\)) -29. Super Cyclonic Storm Amphan (Super cyclonic storm, May 16 – 21, 2020\) - 1. Cross-list with floods - 2. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202005+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Amphan](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202005+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Amphan) - 3. [Cyclone Amphan \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Amphan) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/events/TCTornadoOutbreaks.md b/docs/events/TCTornadoOutbreaks.md deleted file mode 100644 index ca7a2264..00000000 --- a/docs/events/TCTornadoOutbreaks.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,18 +0,0 @@ -# TC initiated outbreaks - -These tornado outbreaks are associated with a landfalling tropical cyclone. As with the tornado outbreaks, they are all US cases due to lack of global data on tornadoes. - -1. Hurricane Milton (Cat 5, Oct 5-10 2024\) - 1. [Hurricane Milton \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Milton) -2. Hurricane Beryl tornado outbreak, July 8–10 2024 - 1. [Hurricane Beryl tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Beryl_tornado_outbreak) -3. Hurricane Ida tornado outbreak, August 29–September 2 2021 - 1. [Hurricane Ida tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ida_tornado_outbreak) -4. Tropical Cyclone Claudette June 19-23 2021 - 1. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical\_Storm\_Claudette\_(2021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Claudette_\(2021\)) - 2. Cross-listed with flooding and TCs and tornado outbreaks -5. Hurricane Isaias tornado outbreak, August 3–4 2020 - 1. Hurricane Isaias (Cat 1, July 30 \- Aug 4, 2020\) - 2. [Hurricane Isaias \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Isaias) - 3. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202008+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Isaias](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202008+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Isaias) - 4. Cross-listed with hurricanes/TCs \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/events/TornadoOutbreaks.md b/docs/events/TornadoOutbreaks.md deleted file mode 100644 index 882b3386..00000000 --- a/docs/events/TornadoOutbreaks.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,351 +0,0 @@ -# Tornado outbreaks - -Note, we are focusing on outbreak days initially, because they are larger scale and more in line with what current global models can predict. As model resolution improves, we can add high-impact tornadoes that do not satisfy the outbreak criteria. Also, this is entirely centered on the US since that is where the vast majority of tornado outbreaks happen. - -The outbreaks spawned by TCs are separated out into their own list. - -An outbreak had to have at least 10 tornadoes to be selected. - -## US Tornado outbreaks - -1. July 13 \- 16, 2024 - * [Severe weather sequence of July 13–16, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_weather_sequence_of_July_13%E2%80%9316,_2024) - * Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and flooding and hail - * SPC reports: - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240713\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240713_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240714\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240714_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240715\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240715_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240716\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240716_rpts.html) -2. May 19 \- 27, 2024 - * [Tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_May_19%E2%80%9327,_2024) - * Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and hail - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240518\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240518_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240519\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240519_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240520\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240520_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240521\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240521_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240522\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240522_rpts.html) -3. Houston derecho, May 16, 2024 - * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024\_Houston\_derecho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Houston_derecho) - * Not a large-scale tornado outbreak but it did generate a few tornadoes so cross-listed with tornado and derecho -4. May 6- 10, 2024 - * [Tornado outbreak of May 6–10, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_May_6%E2%80%9310,_2024) - * Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes - * SPC reports: - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240506\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240506_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240507\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240507_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240508\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240508_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240509\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240509_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240510\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240510_rpts.html) -5. April 25 \- 28, 2024 - * [Tornado outbreak of April 25–28, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_April_25%E2%80%9328,_2024) - * Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes - * SPC reports: - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240425\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240425_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240426\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240426_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240427\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240427_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240428\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240428_rpts.html) (not much hail this day) -6. April 1- 3, 2024 - * [Tornado outbreak and derecho of April 1–3, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_and_derecho_of_April_1%E2%80%933,_2024) - * Cross-listed with tornado and derecho and hail - * SPC reports: - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240501\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240501_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240502\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240502_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240503\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240503_rpts.html) -7. March 13 \- 15, 2024 - * [Tornado outbreak of March 13–15, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_13%E2%80%9315,_2024) - * Cross-listed with tornado and hail - * SPC reports: - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240313\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240313_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240314\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240314_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240315\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240315_rpts.html) -8. Feb 27, 2024 - * [Tornadoes of 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadoes_of_2024#:~:text=February%2027%E2%80%9328%20\(United%20States\),-EFU&text=A%20severe%20weather%20outbreak%20produced,other%20along%20the%20Ohio%20River) - * Cross-listed with tornado and hail - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240227\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240227_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -9. January 8 \- 10 2024 - * [January 8–10, 2024 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_8%E2%80%9310,_2024_North_American_storm_complex) - * Cross-listed with tornado outbreaks, major snow, flooding - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -10. Dec 9 \- 10, 2023 - * [December 2023 Tennessee tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2023_Tennessee_tornado_outbreak) -11. Aug 4-8, 2023 - * [Tornado outbreak sequence of August 4–8, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_August_4%E2%80%938,_2023) - * Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes and major wind events - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230804\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230804_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230805\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230805_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230806\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230806_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230807\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230807_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230808\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230808_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -12. June 28 \- July 2, 2023 - * Cross-listed with hail and wind and tornado (though tornado is less than wind/hail) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230628\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230628_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230629\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230629_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230630\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230630_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230701\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230701_rpts.html) [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230702\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230702_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -13. June 20-26, 2023 - * [Tornado outbreak sequence of June 20–26, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_June_20%E2%80%9326,_2023) -14. June 15-18, 2023 - * [Tornado outbreak sequence of June 14–19, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_June_14%E2%80%9319,_2023#Non-tornadic_effects) - * Cross-listed with flooding and tornadoes and hail and wind - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230615\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230615_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230616\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230616_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230617\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230617_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -15. May 10-12, 2023 - * [The Severe Weather Event of May 11, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/oun/events-20230511) - * [May 10-11, 2023 Tornadoes, Flash Flooding, and Severe Weather](https://www.weather.gov/gld/May10112023Tornadoes) - * Cross-listed with flooding and hail and high wind and tornado - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230510\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230510_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230511\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230511_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230512\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230512_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -16. May 6-8, 2023 - * [Damaging Winds and Golf Ball Hail \- May 6, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_050623) - * [May 7, 2023: Severe Thunderstorms Produce Damaging Winds, Large Hail, Landspouts, Heavy Rain, and Blowing Dust](https://www.weather.gov/lot/2023_05_07_FloodingSevere) - * [Destructive Winds, Baseball Hail and Tornadoes \- May 7, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_050723) - * Cross-listed with flooding and hail and high wind and tornado - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230506\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230506_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230507\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230507_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230508\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230508_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -17. April 4-6, 2023 - * [April 4-5, 2023: Destructive Winds, Very Large Hail, & Tornadoes](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_04042023) - * [Event Summary April 4, 2023 Severe Storms and Tornado](https://www.weather.gov/dmx/summary_Apr4_2023) - * April 4 is cross-listed with tornado outbreaks and hail. All three days are cross-listed with hail and wind - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230404\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230404_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230405\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230405_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230406\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230406_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -18. March 31 \- April 2, 2023 - * [Tornado outbreak of March 31 – April 1, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_31_%E2%80%93_April_1,_2023) - * Main event is March 31 - * Cross-listed with tornado and snow and hail and wind - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230331\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230331_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230401\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230401_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230402\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230402_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -19. March 24-27, 2023 - * [Tornado outbreak of March 24–27, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_24%E2%80%9327,_2023) -20. March 1-3 2023 - * [Early-March 2023 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early-March_2023_North_American_storm_complex) - * Cross-listed with tornado, hail and snow - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230301\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230301_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230302\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230302_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230303\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230303_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -21. Feb 26 \- 27, 2023 - * [February 2023 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2023_North_American_storm_complex) - * Cross-listed with blizzards, wind, and tornado outbreaks - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230226\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230226_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230227\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230227_rpts.html) -22. January 24, 2023 - * [2023 Pasadena–Deer Park tornado \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Pasadena%E2%80%93Deer_Park_tornado) - * Small outbreak but useful to not always have huge ones? -23. January 12, 2023 - * [Tornado outbreak of January 12, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_January_12,_2023) -24. Dec 12-15 2022 - * [Tornado outbreak of December 12–15, 2022 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_December_12%E2%80%9315,_2022) - * Cross-listed with blizzards and tornado -25. Nov 29-30, 2022 - * [Tornado outbreak of November 29–30, 2022 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_November_29%E2%80%9330,_2022) -26. Nov 4-5, 2022 - * [Tornado outbreak of November 4–5, 2022 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_November_4%E2%80%935,_2022) -27. July 22-23, 2022 - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220722\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220722_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220723\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220723_rpts.html) - * Cross-listed with wind and tornado - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -28. June 7-8, 2022 - * [Flash Flooding on June 7-8, 2022](https://www.weather.gov/bmx/event_06082022) - * [Severe Weather on June 8, 2022](https://www.weather.gov/iln/20220608) - * [PHOTOS: Hail, rain and haboob make way over El Paso on Wednesday](https://kfoxtv.com/news/local/hail-rain-and-a-haboob-make-way-over-el-paso-on-wednesday-borderland-weather?src=link) - * Cross-listed with tornado, wind, hail, and flooding - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220607\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220607_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220608\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220608_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -29. May 12, 2022 - * [May 2022 Midwest derecho \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2022_Midwest_derecho) - * Cross-listed with tornado and derecho and hail - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220512\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220512_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -30. April 11-13, 2022 - * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April\_2022\_North\_American\_storm\_complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2022_North_American_storm_complex) - * Cross-listed with tornado outbreaks, major freeze, blizzard, wind (straight line winds) and hail - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220411\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220411_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220412\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220412_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220413\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220413_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -31. April 4 \- 6, 2022 - * [Tornado outbreak sequence of April 4–7, 2022 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_April_4%E2%80%937,_2022) - * Cross-listed with hail and tornado and wind - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220404\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220404_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220405\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220405_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220406\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220406_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -32. March 30, 2022 - * ​​[Tornado outbreak of March 29–31, 2022 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_29%E2%80%9331,_2022) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220330\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220330_rpts.html) -33. March 21-23, 2022 - * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado\_outbreak\_of\_March\_21%E2%80%9323,\_2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_21%E2%80%9323,_2022) -34. March 5-7, 2022 - * [Tornado outbreak of March 5–7, 2022 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_5%E2%80%937,_2022) -35. Dec 15-16, 2021 - * [December 2021 Midwest derecho and tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2021_Midwest_derecho_and_tornado_outbreak) - * Cross-listed with tornado and derecho - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211215\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211215_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -36. Dec 9-11 2021, Winter Storm Atticus, Utah - * [Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_December_10%E2%80%9311,_2021#Non-tornadic_effects) - * Cross-listed with wind and tornado outbreaks and blizzards - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211210\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211210_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -37. July 28 \- 29, 2021 - * [Tornado outbreak of July 28–29, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_July_28%E2%80%9329,_2021) -38. June 17 \- 18, 2021 - * [June 2021 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2021_North_American_storm_complex) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210617\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210617_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210618\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210618_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) - * Cross-listed with tornadoes and hail -39. May 2-4 2021 - * [Tornado outbreak of May 2–4, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_May_2%E2%80%934,_2021) - * [Summary of May 3, 2021 Tornado](https://www.weather.gov/akq/May_3_2021_Tornado) - * [May 3 \- 4, 2021 Severe Weather](https://www.weather.gov/ffc/2021May3_4_Severe) - * [Summary of May 4, 2021 High-End to Extreme Severe Wind](https://www.weather.gov/akq/May_4_2021_Severe) - * [Damaging Winds of May 4th, 2021](https://www.weather.gov/rnk/2021_05_04_Severe) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210503\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210503_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210504\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210504_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) - * Cross-listed with tornado, wind, and hail -40. March 24-28, 2021 - * [Tornado outbreak sequence of March 24–28, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_March_24%E2%80%9328,_2021) - * Cross-listed with hail and flooding and tornadoes and wind - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210324\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210324_rpts.html) (mostly hail) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210325\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210325_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210326\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210326_rpts.html) (low day in between waves) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210327\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210327_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210328\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210328_rpts.html) (could skip this day) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -41. March 16-18 2021 - * [Tornado outbreak of March 16–18, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_16%E2%80%9318,_2021) - * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321\_North\_American\_winter\#March\_16%E2%80%9317\_blizzard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_North_American_winter#March_16%E2%80%9317_blizzard) - * Cross-listed with major snow and tornado outbreak -42. March 4 \- 17, 2021 - * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March\_2021\_North\_American\_blizzard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2021_North_American_blizzard) - * Cross-listed with tornado and major snow -43. Feb 13 \- Feb 17 2021, Winter Storm Uri - * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202102+-+Cold+spell+-+US](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202102+-+Cold+spell+-+US) - * [February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_13%E2%80%9317,_2021_North_American_winter_storm) - * [The Texas Freeze: Timeline of events](https://environmentamerica.org/texas/center/articles/the-texas-freeze-timeline-of-events/) - * Cross-listed with blizzards/major snow events and major freezes and tornadoes -44. Dec 15-17, 2020 nor’easter - * [December 15–17, 2020 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_15%E2%80%9317,_2020_nor%27easter) - * Cross-listed with tornado (though it isn’t really an outbreak, only 2 TOR) and snow and wind -45. Aug 10, 2020 - * [August 2020 Midwest derecho \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2020_Midwest_derecho) - * Cross-listed with derecho and tornado - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200810\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200810_rpts.html) -46. April 21-22, 2020 - * [Tornado outbreak of April 21–23, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_April_21%E2%80%9323,_2020) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200421\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200421_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200422\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200422_rpts.html) - * Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornados - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -47. April 12, 2020 - * [2020 Easter tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Easter_tornado_outbreak) - * Cross-listed with winter storms, major wind, tornadoes, flooding - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200412\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200412_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -48. April 7-8, 2020 - * [https://www.weather.gov/lot/7April2020\_HailEvent](https://www.weather.gov/lot/7April2020_HailEvent) - * [Severe Weather and Tornadoes \- April 8-9, 2020](https://www.weather.gov/iln/20200409) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200407\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200407_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200408\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200408_rpts.html) - * Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornado - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -49. March 27-28, 2020 - * [Overview of the March 28 severe storms](https://www.weather.gov/pah/mar28svere) - * [The Tornadoes of March 28 2020](https://www.weather.gov/arx/mar2820) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200327\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200327_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200328\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200328_rpts.html) (this day is TOR also) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) - * Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornado -50. March 2-3, 2020 - * [2020 Nashville tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Nashville_tornado_outbreak) - * Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200302\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200302_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200303\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200303_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -51. Feb 5-7, 2020 - * [Tornado outbreak of February 5–7, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_February_5%E2%80%937,_2020) - * Cross-listed with winter and tornadoes and major wind and hail - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200205\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200205_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200206\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200206_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200207\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200207_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -52. January 10–11, 2020 - * [Tornado outbreak of January 10–11, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_January_10%E2%80%9311,_2020) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200110\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200110_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200111\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200111_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) - * Cross-listed with wind and tornado and hail \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/events/WindEvents.md b/docs/events/WindEvents.md deleted file mode 100644 index 77bfcefd..00000000 --- a/docs/events/WindEvents.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,383 +0,0 @@ -# Major wind events (not including derechos) - -Major large-scale wind events including bomb cyclones and others (Note that derechos are broken out separately) - -## US-based wind events - -1. Nov 18-21 2024 Bomb Cyclone and AR - * [Bomb cyclone with atmospheric river blasts Oregon, Northern California and Washington](https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-forecasts/bomb-cyclone-with-atmospheric-river-to-blast-northwest-part-of-california/1715099) - * [CW3E AR Update: 18 November 2024 Outlook \- Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-ar-update-18-november-2024-outlook/) - * Cross-listed with AR and major winds and large-scale snow -2. Feb 3 \- 5 2024 - * Cross-listed with Atmospheric rivers - * [Atmospheric River impacts California](https://www.weather.gov/mtr/AtmosphericRiver-February_3-5_2024) -3. Jan 13-16 2024, Winter Storm Heather - * [January 13–16, 2024 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_13%E2%80%9316,_2024_North_American_winter_storm) - * Cross listed wind/blizzards -4. Jan 10-14, 2024 - * [January 10–13, 2024 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_10%E2%80%9313,_2024_North_American_storm_complex) - * Cross-listed with wind and major freezes -5. Winter Storm Finn, Jan 7-10 2024 - * [January 8–10, 2024 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_8%E2%80%9310,_2024_North_American_storm_complex) - * Cross-listed with wind and blizzards -6. Aug 4-8, 2023 - * [Tornado outbreak sequence of August 4–8, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_August_4%E2%80%938,_2023) - * Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes and major wind events - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230804\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230804_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230805\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230805_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230806\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230806_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230807\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230807_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230808\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230808_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -7. Jul 28-29, 2023 - * [https://www.weather.gov/lot/2023\_07\_28\_SevereWeather](https://www.weather.gov/lot/2023_07_28_SevereWeather) - * [https://www.fox6now.com/weather/severe-storms-cause-havoc-se-wisconsin-friday-july-28](https://www.fox6now.com/weather/severe-storms-cause-havoc-se-wisconsin-friday-july-28) - * Cross-listed with major wind and hail - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230728\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230728_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230729\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230729_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -8. July 19-21, 2023 - * [Storm reports: Baseball-sized hail and high winds Wednesday | MPR News](https://www.mprnews.org/story/2023/07/19/storm-reports-tennis-ballsized-hail-and-high-winds-wednesday) - * [July 20, 2023 Severe Storms](https://www.weather.gov/dtx/severeweather07202023#:~:text=In%20total%2C%2012%20Severe%20Thunderstorm,vehicles%2C%20homes%2C%20and%20businesses) - * [July 20, 2023 Severe Weather \- Cleveland](https://www.weather.gov/cle/event_severe20230720) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230719\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230719_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230720\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230720_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230721\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230721_rpts.html) (more wind this day) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -9. June 28 \- July 2, 2023 - * Cross-listed with hail and wind and tornado (though tornado is less than wind/hail) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230628\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230628_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230629\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230629_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230630\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230630_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230701\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230701_rpts.html) [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230702\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230702_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -10. June 15-18, 2023 - * [Tornado outbreak sequence of June 14–19, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_June_14%E2%80%9319,_2023#Non-tornadic_effects) - * Cross-listed with flooding and tornadoes and hail and wind - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230615\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230615_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230616\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230616_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230617\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230617_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -11. June 11-14, 2023 - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230611\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230611_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230612\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230612_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230613\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230613_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230614\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230614_rpts.html) - * Cross-listed with wind and hail - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -12. May 10-12, 2023 - * [The Severe Weather Event of May 11, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/oun/events-20230511) - * [May 10-11, 2023 Tornadoes, Flash Flooding, and Severe Weather](https://www.weather.gov/gld/May10112023Tornadoes) - * Cross-listed with flooding and hail and high wind and tornado - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230510\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230510_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230511\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230511_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230512\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230512_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -13. May 6-8, 2023 - * [Damaging Winds and Golf Ball Hail \- May 6, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_050623) - * [May 7, 2023: Severe Thunderstorms Produce Damaging Winds, Large Hail, Landspouts, Heavy Rain, and Blowing Dust](https://www.weather.gov/lot/2023_05_07_FloodingSevere) - * [Destructive Winds, Baseball Hail and Tornadoes \- May 7, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_050723) - * Cross-listed with flooding and hail and high wind and tornado - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230506\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230506_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230507\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230507_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230508\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230508_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -14. April 4-6, 2023 - * [April 4-5, 2023: Destructive Winds, Very Large Hail, & Tornadoes](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_04042023) - * [Event Summary April 4, 2023 Severe Storms and Tornado](https://www.weather.gov/dmx/summary_Apr4_2023) - * April 4 is cross-listed with tornado outbreaks and hail. All three days are cross-listed with hail and wind - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230404\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230404_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230405\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230405_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230406\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230406_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -15. March 31 \- April 2, 2023 - * [Tornado outbreak of March 31 – April 1, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_31_%E2%80%93_April_1,_2023) - * Main event is March 31 - * Cross-listed with tornado and snow and hail and wind - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230331\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230331_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230401\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230401_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230402\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230402_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -16. March 9-17 2023, Winter Storm Sage - * [March 2023 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2023_North_American_winter_storm) - * Cross-listed with AR and winds -17. Feb 26 \- 27, 2023 - * [February 2023 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2023_North_American_storm_complex) - * Cross-listed with blizzards, wind, and tornado outbreaks - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230226\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230226_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230227\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230227_rpts.html) -18. January 3 \- 4 2022 East coast of US - * [January 3–4, 2022 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_3%E2%80%934,_2022_nor%27easter) - * Cross-listed with blizzards -19. January 14 \- 17 2022 North American and Canada - * [January 14–17, 2022 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_14%E2%80%9317,_2022_North_American_winter_storm) - * Cross-listed with blizzards -20. January 22 \- 31 2022 North Atlantic to Canada - * [January 2022 North American blizzard \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2022_North_American_blizzard) - * Cross-listed with blizzards -21. April 11-13, 2022 - * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April\_2022\_North\_American\_storm\_complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2022_North_American_storm_complex) - * Cross-listed with tornado outbreaks, major freeze, blizzard, wind (straight line winds) and hail - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220411\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220411_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220412\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220412_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220413\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220413_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -22. July 22-23, 2022 - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220722\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220722_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220723\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220723_rpts.html) - * Cross-listed with wind and tornado - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -23. April 4 \- 6, 2022 - * [Tornado outbreak sequence of April 4–7, 2022 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_April_4%E2%80%937,_2022) - * Cross-listed with hail and tornado and wind - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220404\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220404_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220405\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220405_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220406\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220406_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -24. January 31 \- Feb 3 2021 - * [January 31 – February 3, 2021 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_31_%E2%80%93_February_3,_2021_nor%27easter) - * Cross-listed with flooding and blizzards and wind -25. April 15-17 2021 - * [April 2021 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2021_nor%27easter) - * Cross-listed with major snow/wind and wind -26. June 7-8, 2022 - * [Flash Flooding on June 7-8, 2022](https://www.weather.gov/bmx/event_06082022) - * [Severe Weather on June 8, 2022](https://www.weather.gov/iln/20220608) - * [PHOTOS: Hail, rain and haboob make way over El Paso on Wednesday](https://kfoxtv.com/news/local/hail-rain-and-a-haboob-make-way-over-el-paso-on-wednesday-borderland-weather?src=link) - * Cross-listed with tornado, wind, hail, and flooding - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220607\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220607_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220608\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220608_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -27. Dec 9-11 2021, Winter Storm Atticus, Utah - * [Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_December_10%E2%80%9311,_2021#Non-tornadic_effects) - * Cross-listed with wind and tornado outbreaks and blizzards - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211210\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211210_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -28. Oct 30 \- Nov 7 2021 - * [October 2021 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2021_nor%27easter) - * Cross-listed with wind and flooding - * Eventually becomes TS Wanda (but not listing in TC flooding since the flooding is pre TS) -29. Oct 24-26 2021 - * [October 2021 Northeast Pacific bomb cyclone \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2021_Northeast_Pacific_bomb_cyclone) -30. Oct 10-13 2021: - * This also crosses into blizzards - * [2021–22 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_North_American_winter) -31. Aug 10-13, 2021 - * [August 10-11, 2021: Multiple Rounds of Severe Thunderstorms Produce Widespread Wind Damage](https://www.weather.gov/lot/2021aug10-11) - * [Damaging Winds: August 10, 2021 Event Summary](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_08102021) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210810\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210810_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210811\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210811_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210812\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210812_rpts.html) [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210813\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210813_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -32. July 8 \- 9, 2021 - * [July 8, 2021 Supercell Hail and Radar Dome Damage](https://www.weather.gov/unr/2021-07-08) - * [N.J. weather: Tennis ball-size hail pelts North Jersey during intense thunderstorms](https://www.nj.com/weather/2021/07/nj-weather-tennis-ball-size-hail-pelts-north-jersey-during-intense-thunderstorms.html) - * [Summary of the Severe Weather on the Night of July 9th, 2021](https://www.weather.gov/lsx/July92021Severe) - * [Massive hail storm sweeps through central Iowa Friday](https://www.weareiowa.com/article/weather/severe-weather/hail-storm-sweeps-through-central-iowa-marion-polk-story-warren-boone-dallas-jasper-madison-webster-county/524-de02f63b-625f-4197-a6d8-8d1316e35b27) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210708\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210708_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210709\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210709_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) - * Cross-listed with wind and hail -33. May 2-4 2021 - * [Tornado outbreak of May 2–4, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_May_2%E2%80%934,_2021) - * [Summary of May 3, 2021 Tornado](https://www.weather.gov/akq/May_3_2021_Tornado) - * [May 3 \- 4, 2021 Severe Weather](https://www.weather.gov/ffc/2021May3_4_Severe) - * [Summary of May 4, 2021 High-End to Extreme Severe Wind](https://www.weather.gov/akq/May_4_2021_Severe) - * [Damaging Winds of May 4th, 2021](https://www.weather.gov/rnk/2021_05_04_Severe) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210503\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210503_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210504\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210504_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) - * Cross-listed with tornado, wind, and hail -34. March 24-28, 2021 - * [Tornado outbreak sequence of March 24–28, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_March_24%E2%80%9328,_2021) - * Cross-listed with hail and flooding and tornadoes and wind - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210324\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210324_rpts.html) (mostly hail) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210325\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210325_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210326\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210326_rpts.html) (low day in between waves) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210327\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210327_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210328\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210328_rpts.html) (could skip this day) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -35. Jan 14-19 2020, Winter storm Jacob - * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January\_2020\_North\_American\_storm\_complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2020_North_American_storm_complex) - * Cross-listed with major wind events and snow -36. November 30–December 2 2020 - * [November 2020 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2020_North_American_storm_complex) - * Cross-listed with snow and winds -37. Dec 15-17, 2020 nor’easter - * [December 15–17, 2020 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_15%E2%80%9317,_2020_nor%27easter) - * Cross-listed with tornado (though it isn’t really an outbreak, only 2 TOR) and snow and wind -38. July 10-11, 2020 - * [July 10, 2020 Tornadoes and Severe Storms](https://www.weather.gov/unr/2020-07-10) - * [Event Summary: July 11, 2020](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_071120) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200710\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200710_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200711\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200711_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) - * Cross-listed with wind and hail -39. May 3-5, 2020 - * [May 3, 2020 Hail Storms](https://www.weather.gov/unr/2020-05-03) - * [Summary of Severe Weather on May 4th, 2020](https://www.weather.gov/sgf/04May2020_StormSummary) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200503\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200503_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200504\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200504_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200505\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200505_rpts.html) (could leave this day out, smaller impact) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) - * Cross-listed with wind and hail -40. April 28, 2020 - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200428\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200428_rpts.html) - * Cross-listed with wind and hail - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -41. April 21-22, 2020 - * [Tornado outbreak of April 21–23, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_April_21%E2%80%9323,_2020) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200421\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200421_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200422\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200422_rpts.html) - * Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornados - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -42. April 12, 2020 - * [2020 Easter tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Easter_tornado_outbreak) - * Cross-listed with winter storms, major wind, tornadoes, flooding - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200412\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200412_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -43. April 7-8, 2020 - * [https://www.weather.gov/lot/7April2020\_HailEvent](https://www.weather.gov/lot/7April2020_HailEvent) - * [Severe Weather and Tornadoes \- April 8-9, 2020](https://www.weather.gov/iln/20200409) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200407\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200407_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200408\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200408_rpts.html) - * Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornado - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -44. March 27-28, 2020 - * [Overview of the March 28 severe storms](https://www.weather.gov/pah/mar28svere) - * [The Tornadoes of March 28 2020](https://www.weather.gov/arx/mar2820) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200327\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200327_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200328\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200328_rpts.html) (this day is TOR also) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) - * Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornado -45. Feb 5-7, 2020 - * [Tornado outbreak of February 5–7, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_February_5%E2%80%937,_2020) - * Cross-listed with winter and tornadoes and major wind and hail - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200205\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200205_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200206\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200206_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200207\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200207_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) -46. January 10–11, 2020 - * [Tornado outbreak of January 10–11, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_January_10%E2%80%9311,_2020) - * SPC reports - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200110\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200110_rpts.html) - * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200111\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200111_rpts.html) - * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - * [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) - * Cross-listed with wind and tornado and hail - -## Global wind events - -1. Feb 22 \- 23 2024 Windstorm Louis \- Northern Europe - * [202402 \- Windstorm \- Louis](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202402+-+Windstorm+-+Louis) -2. Feb 1 2024 Windstorm Ingunn \- Norway and Sweden - * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202402+-+Windstorm+-+Ingunn](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202402+-+Windstorm+-+Ingunn) -3. January 21 \- 22 2024 Windstorm Isha UK - * [202401 \- Windstorm \- Isha](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202401+-+Windstorm+-+Isha) -4. Nov 12 2023 Windstorm Debi UK - * [202311 \- Windstorm \- Debi](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202311+-+Windstorm+-+Debi) -5. Nov 26 2023 Crimea Windstorm Bettina - * [202311 \- Windstorm \- Bettina](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202311+-+Windstorm+-+Bettina) -6. Nov 2 2023 Windstorm Ciaran Western Europe - * [202311 \- Windstorm \- Ciaran](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202311+-+Windstorm+-+Ciaran) -7. Oct 17 \- 21 2023 Windstorm Babet Western coast of Europe - * [202310 \- Windstorm \- Babet](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202310+-+Windstorm+-+Babet) - * Cross-listed with winds -8. Aug 4 \- Aug 10 2023 Cyclone Hans - * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202308+-+Rainfall+-+Cyclone+Hans%2C+Norway%2C+Sweden](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202308+-+Rainfall+-+Cyclone+Hans%2C+Norway%2C+Sweden) - * Cross-listed with flooding -9. July 5 2023 Windstorm Poly \- Netherlands - * [202307 \- Windstorm \- Poly](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202307+-+Windstorm+-+Poly) -10. March 28 \- April 1 Britain and France \- Windstorm Mathis - * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202303+-+Windstorm+-+Mathis](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202303+-+Windstorm+-+Mathis) - * Cross-listed with floods -11. April 27 2021 Aleutian Islands - * Remnants turned into a bomb cyclone [Typhoon Surigae \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Surigae) -12. Feb 17 2023 Scotland to Scandinavia \- Windstorm Otto - * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202302+-+Windstorm+-+Otto](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202302+-+Windstorm+-+Otto) -13. Jan 16 2023 \- France Windstorm Gerard - * [202301 \- Windstorm \- Gerard](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202301+-+Windstorm+-+Gerard) -14. Feb 18 2022 \- WIndstorm Eunice - * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202202+-+Windstorm+-+Eunice](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202202+-+Windstorm+-+Eunice) - * [Storm Eunice \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Eunice) -15. Jan 29 \- 30 Windstorm Malik \- Europe - * [202201 \- Windstorm \- Malik](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202201+-+Windstorm+-+Malik) -16. Jan 11-12 2021 Sweden - * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202101+-+Snowfall+-+Sweden](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202101+-+Snowfall+-+Sweden) - * Cross-listed with winds -17. Oct 20 \- 22 2020 Windstorm Barbara \- Europe - * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202010+-+Windstorm+-+Barbara](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202010+-+Windstorm+-+Barbara) - * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321\_European\_windstorm\_season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_European_windstorm_season) -18. Sep 30 \- Oct 4 2020 \- Windstorm Alex \- Europe - * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202010+-+Windstorm+-+Alex](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202010+-+Windstorm+-+Alex) -19. Aug 19 \- 20 2020 Windstorm Ellen \- Ireland - * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202008+-+Windstorm+-+Ellen](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202008+-+Windstorm+-+Ellen) -20. Feb 15 \- 16 2020 Windstorm Dennis \- Northwestern Europe - * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202002+-+Windstorm+-+Dennis](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202002+-+Windstorm+-+Dennis) - * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm\_Dennis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Dennis) -21. Feb 9 \- 10 2020 Windstorm Ciara \- UK - * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202002+-+Windstorm+-+Ciara](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202002+-+Windstorm+-+Ciara) - * [Storm Ciara \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Ciara) -22. January 20 \-21 2020 Windstorm Gloria \- Spain - * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202001+-+Windstorm+-+Gloria](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202001+-+Windstorm+-+Gloria) - * Cross-listed with winds and flooding - * [Storm Gloria \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Gloria) -23. Jan 13-14 2020 Windstorm Brendan \- UK and Ireland - * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202001+-+Windstorm++-+Brendan](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202001+-+Windstorm++-+Brendan) -24. Jan 6 \- 7 2020 Greece - * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202001+-+Windstorm+-+Greece](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202001+-+Windstorm+-+Greece) diff --git a/docs/events/WinterWeather.md b/docs/events/WinterWeather.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4827a663..00000000 --- a/docs/events/WinterWeather.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -# Winter weather - -Winter weather was broken into two main categories of freezes and snow. Although ice storms are also highly impactful, they are not possible to predict with the current scale of global models and are left for future versions of EWB. - -The data used to select the storms come from the following: - -* [2021–22 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_North_American_winter) -* [List of major snow and ice events in the United States \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_major_snow_and_ice_events_in_the_United_States) -* [Category:2020–21 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020%E2%80%9321_North_American_winter) -* [Category:2021–22 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2021%E2%80%9322_North_American_winter) -* [Category:2022–23 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2022%E2%80%9323_North_American_winter) -* [Category:2023–24 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2023%E2%80%9324_North_American_winter) -* [List of blizzards \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_blizzards) -* [https://library.wmo.int/records/item/68890-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2023](https://library.wmo.int/records/item/68890-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2023) -* [https://library.wmo.int/records/item/66314-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2022](https://library.wmo.int/records/item/66314-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2022?offset=3) -* [https://library.wmo.int/records/item/58229-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2021](https://library.wmo.int/records/item/58229-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2021) -* [https://library.wmo.int/records/item/57695-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2020](https://library.wmo.int/records/item/57695-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2020) -* [https://eswd.eu/cgi-bin/eswd.cgi](https://eswd.eu/cgi-bin/eswd.cgi) - -## Winter categories - -* [Major freeze events](FreezeEvents.md) -* [Large-scale snow events](SnowEvents.md) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/events/atmospheric_rivers.md b/docs/events/atmospheric_rivers.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b7e5fe2c --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/events/atmospheric_rivers.md @@ -0,0 +1,238 @@ +# Atmospheric Rivers +## Cases + +Cases were identified from the CW3E Atmospheric River event archive, the Global Atmospheric Rivers Dataverse (UCLA), and the peer-reviewed papers listed. Bounding boxes are oriented along the AR axis and sized to contain the integrated vapour transport (IVT) corridor from offshore to the landfall region, with approximately 10° margins on each side of the IVT axis. For non-western-US cases (Middle East, Australia, Antarctica, Europe), boxes were drawn to enclose the full moisture band, validated via ERA5 IVT fields. + +
+Cases — 56 events + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
NameTime rangeLocationSources
November 2024 West Coast US2024-11-20 – 2024-11-22West Coast USCW3E AR Update: 18 November 2024
October 2024 British Columbia2024-10-18 – 2024-10-20British ColumbiaCW3E Event Summary: 18–20 October 2024
2024 BC floods — Wikipedia
September 2024 SW Alaska and British Columbia2024-09-22 – 2024-09-24SW Alaska and British ColumbiaCW3E Event Summary: 22–24 September 2024
October 2024 Bosnia2024-10-03 – 2024-10-05Bosnia2024 Bosnia floods — Wikipedia
April 2024 Eastern Australia2024-04-05 – 2024-04-06Eastern AustraliaThe Conversation: Eastern Australia AR Apr 2024
April 2024 Persian Gulf2024-04-14 – 2024-04-18Persian Gulf2024 Persian Gulf floods — Wikipedia
February 2024 Pacific Northwest2024-02-28 – 2024-03-04Pacific NorthwestCW3E Event Summary: 28 Feb–3 Mar 2024
February 2024 California2024-02-18 – 2024-02-21CaliforniaCW3E Event Summary: 18–20 February 2024
February 2024 California2024-02-03 – 2024-02-06CaliforniaNWS: AR Impacts California Feb 3–5 2024
Feb 2024 California ARs — Wikipedia
January 2024 Alaska to California2024-01-26 – 2024-02-03Alaska to CaliforniaCW3E Event Summary: 26 Jan–2 Feb 2024
January 2024 California and Arizona2024-01-22 – 2024-01-23California and ArizonaCW3E Event Summary: 22 January 2024
December 2023 East Coast Cyclone2023-12-17 – 2023-12-19East Coast CycloneCW3E: Dec 17–18 2023 East Coast Event
June 2023 Northwest Cloudband2023-06-25 – 2023-06-28Northwest CloudbandABC News: NW cloudband Jun 2023
April 2023 Middle East2023-04-01 – 2023-05-01Middle EastAGU: April 2023 Middle East AR
March 2023 California and Arizona2023-03-09 – 2023-03-15California and ArizonaCW3E Event Summary: 9–15 March 2023
March 2023 California2023-03-09 – 2023-03-16CaliforniaCW3E Event Summary: 9–15 March 2023
March 2023 NA winter storm — Wikipedia
February 2023 Pacific Northwest2023-02-17 – 2023-02-20Pacific NorthwestCW3E Event Summary: 19–26 February 2023
January 2023 California2023-01-04 – 2023-01-10CaliforniaCW3E Event Summary: 29 Dec 2022–1 Jan 2023
2022–23 California floods — Wikipedia
December 2022 California2022-12-26 – 2023-01-02CaliforniaCW3E Event Summary: 26–27 December 2022
December 2022 Oregon and California2022-12-09 – 2022-12-13Oregon and CaliforniaCW3E Event Summary: 9–12 December 2022
November 2022 - December 2022 California2022-11-29 – 2022-12-06CaliforniaCW3E Event Summary: 29 Nov–5 Dec 2022
October 2022 Victoria2022-10-13 – 2022-10-14VictoriaABC News: Victoria flooding Oct 2022
October 2022 Victoria2022-10-30 – 2022-10-31VictoriaVictorian Government: 2022 Flood Recovery
November 2022 California2022-11-07 – 2022-11-09CaliforniaCW3E Event Summary: 7–8 November 2022
November 2022 Pacific Northwest2022-11-03 – 2022-11-06Pacific NorthwestCW3E Event Summary: 3–5 November 2022
August 2022 Japan2022-08-01 – 2022-09-01JapanAGU: Tohoku heavy rainfalls August 2022
June 2022 Pacific Northwest, Wyoming, and Montana2022-06-09 – 2022-06-13Pacific Northwest, Wyoming, and MontanaCW3E Event Summary: 9–12 June 2022
March 2022 East Antarctica2022-03-15 – 2022-03-20East AntarcticaAMS: East Antarctica Heat Wave 2022
February 2022 Southeast QLD / Northern NSW2022-02-26 – 2022-03-01Southeast QLD / Northern NSW2022 eastern Australia floods — Wikipedia
February 2022 Pacific Northwest2022-02-26 – 2022-03-03Pacific NorthwestCW3E Event Summary: 26 Feb–2 Mar 2022
January 2022 Norway and Sweden2022-01-14 – 2022-01-15Norway and SwedenECMWF: Jan 2022 Rainfall Norway/Sweden
January 2022 Colorado2022-01-04 – 2022-01-08ColoradoCW3E: Extreme SWE/Snow 4–7 January 2022
January 2022 Pacific Northwest2022-01-02 – 2022-01-09Pacific NorthwestCW3E Event Summary: 2–8 January 2022
December 2021 - January 2022 Western US2021-12-22 – 2022-01-02Western USCW3E Event Summary: 22 Dec 2021–1 Jan 2022
December 2021 Pacific NW2021-12-10 – 2021-12-15Pacific NWCW3E Event Summary: 10–14 December 2021
2021 Pacific NW floods — Wikipedia
November 2021 Pacific Northwest2021-11-10 – 2021-11-17Pacific NorthwestCW3E Event Summary: 10–16 November 2021
2021 Pacific NW floods — Wikipedia
October 2021 California2021-10-19 – 2021-10-27CaliforniaCW3E Event Summary: 19–26 October 2021
September 2021 Pacific Northwest2021-09-16 – 2021-09-20Pacific NorthwestCW3E Event Summary: 16–19 September 2021
June 2021 Bloomington Indiana2021-06-18 – 2021-06-20Bloomington IndianaAGU: Eastern/Midwestern US ARs
June 2021 Alaska Trans-Pacific2021-06-24 – 2021-06-27Alaska Trans-PacificNature: 2021 Alaska trans-Pacific AR
March 2021 Sydney2021-03-17 – 2021-03-25SydneySMH: Sydney heavy rainfall Mar 2021
February 2021 Pacific Northwest2021-02-21 – 2021-02-24Pacific NorthwestCW3E Event Summary: 21–23 February 2021
January 2021 Pacific NW2021-01-11 – 2021-01-14Pacific NWCW3E Event Summary: 11–13 January 2021
January 2021 Pacific Northwest2021-01-01 – 2021-01-08Pacific NorthwestCW3E Event Summary: 1–7 January 2021
December 2020 Pacific Northwest2020-12-17 – 2020-12-23Pacific NorthwestCW3E Event Summary: 17–22 December 2020
December 2020 Western US2020-12-11 – 2020-12-18Western USCW3E Event Summary: 11–17 December 2020
December 2020 Alaska2020-12-01 – 2020-12-05AlaskaCW3E Event Summary: 1–4 December 2020
November 2020 Western US2020-11-16 – 2020-11-19Western USCW3E Event Summary: 16–18 November 2020
October 2020 Western Alps2020-10-02 – 2020-10-04Western AlpsScienceDirect: Western Alps AR Oct 2020
September 2020 Pacific Northwest2020-09-23 – 2020-09-28Pacific NorthwestCW3E Event Summary: 23–27 September 2020
September 2020 Pacific Northwest2020-09-14 – 2020-09-19Pacific NorthwestCW3E Event Summary: 14–18 September 2020
May 2020 Western US2020-05-16 – 2020-05-20Western USCW3E Event Summary: 16–19 May 2020
March 2020 Southwestern US2020-03-09 – 2020-03-14Southwestern USCW3E Event Summary: 9–13 March 2020
February 2020 Southwestern US2020-02-21 – 2020-02-24Southwestern USCW3E Event Summary: 21–23 February 2020
February 2020 Western US2020-02-04 – 2020-02-09Western USCW3E Event Summary: 4–8 February 2020
January 2020 Pacific Northwest2020-01-26 – 2020-02-03Pacific NorthwestCW3E Event Summary: 26 Jan–2 Feb 2020
+
+ + + + +Data used to select the ARs comes from: + +* [Atmospheric Rivers in the Northwest | USDA Climate Hubs](https://www.climatehubs.usda.gov/hubs/northwest/topic/atmospheric-rivers-northwest-0) +* [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/category/atmospheric-rivers/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/category/atmospheric-rivers/) +* [Back-to-back high category atmospheric river landfalls occur more often on the west coast of the United States | Communications Earth & Environment](https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01368-w) +* [Atmospheric rivers that make landfall in India are associated with flooding | Communications Earth & Environment](https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-00775-9) +* [Global Application of the Atmospheric River Scale \- Guan \- 2023 \- Journal of Geophysical Research](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022JD037180) +* [Global Atmospheric Rivers Dataverse](https://dataverse.ucla.edu/dataverse/ar) +* [Atmospheric Rivers in the Eastern and Midwestern United States Associated With Baroclinic Waves](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GL107236) +* [Atmospheric River Tracking Method Intercomparison Project (ARTMIP) | Climate & Global Dynamics](https://www.cgd.ucar.edu/projects/artmip) +* [Using Deep Learning for an Analysis of Atmospheric Rivers in a High‐Resolution Large Ensemble Climate Data Set](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022MS003495) +* [European West Coast atmospheric rivers: A scale to characterize strength and impacts \- ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212094721000037) +* [Atmospheric rivers are shifting poleward, reshaping global weather patterns](https://theconversation.com/atmospheric-rivers-are-shifting-poleward-reshaping-global-weather-patterns-240673) +* [Deep Learning Image Segmentation for Atmospheric Rivers in](https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/aies/3/1/AIES-D-23-0048.1.xml) + +## Western US & Canada + +1. Nov 18-21 2024 Bomb Cyclone and AR + 1. [Bomb cyclone with atmospheric river blasts Oregon, Northern California and Washington](https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-forecasts/bomb-cyclone-with-atmospheric-river-to-blast-northwest-part-of-california/1715099) + 2. [CW3E AR Update: 18 November 2024 Outlook \- Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-ar-update-18-november-2024-outlook/) + 3. Cross-listed with AR and major winds and large-scale snow +2. October 18-20 2024 Alaska and BC Canada + 1. [CW3E Event Summary: 18-20 October 2024 \- Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-18-20-october-2024/) + 2. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024\_British\_Columbia\_floods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_British_Columbia_floods) +3. September 22 – 24 2024 Alaska and BC Canada + 1. [CW3E Event Summary: 22 \- 24 September 2024 \- Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-22-24-september-2024/) +4. February 28 – March 3 2024 Pacific Northwest (mostly snow) + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-28-february-3-march-2024/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-28-february-3-march-2024/) +5. Feb 18 \- 20 2024 California + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-18-20-february-2024/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-18-20-february-2024/) +6. February 3-5, 2024 + 1. Cross-listed with major wind events + 2. [Atmospheric River impacts California](https://www.weather.gov/mtr/AtmosphericRiver-February_3-5_2024) + 3. [February 2024 California atmospheric rivers \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2024_California_atmospheric_rivers) +7. January 26 – February 2 2024 Alaska to California + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-26-january-2-february-2024/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-26-january-2-february-2024/) +8. Jan 22 2024 California and Arizona + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-22-january-2024/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-22-january-2024/) +9. March 20-22 2023 California and Arizona + 1. [CW3E Event Summary: 20-22 March 2023 \- Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-20-22-march-2023/) +10. March 9-15 2023 California + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-9-15-march-2023/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-9-15-march-2023/) + 2. [March 2023 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2023_North_American_winter_storm) + 3. Cross-listed with AR and winds +11. February 19-26 2023 Pacific Northwest + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-19-26-february-2023/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-19-26-february-2023/) +12. Dec 2022 \- January 2023 California + 1. [2022–2023 California floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_California_floods) + 2. [Flooding engulfs Santa Barbara, others areas of Southern California \- The Washington Post](https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/12/22/california-storm-flooding-santabarbara-southwest/) + 3. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-29-december-2022-1-january-2023/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-29-december-2022-1-january-2023/) + 4. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202301+-+Rainfall+-+California](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202301+-+Rainfall+-+California) +13. Dec 26 \- 27 2022 California + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-26-27-december-2022/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-26-27-december-2022/) +14. Dec 9 12 2022 Oregon and California + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-9-12-december-2022/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-9-12-december-2022/) +15. Nov 29 \- Dec 5 2022 California + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-29-november-5-december-2022/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-29-november-5-december-2022/) +16. November 7-8 2022 California + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-7-8-november-2022/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-7-8-november-2022/) +17. Nov 3-5 2022 Pacific Northwest + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-3-5-november-2022/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-3-5-november-2022/) +18. June 9-12 2022 Pacific Northwest, Wyoming, and Montana + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-9-12-june-2022/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-9-12-june-2022/) +19. February 26 \- March 2 2022 Pacific Northwest + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-26-february-2-march-2022/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-26-february-2-march-2022/) +20. January 4 \- 7 Colorado + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-extreme-swe-snow-event-summary-4-7-january-2022/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-extreme-swe-snow-event-summary-4-7-january-2022/) +21. January 2 \- 8 2022 Pacific Northwest + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-2-8-january-2022/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-2-8-january-2022/) + 2. [Snow, rain brings flood concerns, closures; slide cleared, I-84 reopens in Gorge \- KTVZ](https://ktvz.com/weather/2022/01/06/slide-blocks-interstate-84-in-columbia-river-gorge/) +22. December 22 2021 – January 1 2022 Western US + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-22-december-2021-1-january-2022/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-22-december-2021-1-january-2022/) + 2. [https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01368-w](https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01368-w) +23. Dec 10 \- 14 2021 \- Pacific NW + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-10-14-december-2021/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-10-14-december-2021/) + 2. [2021 Pacific Northwest floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Pacific_Northwest_floods) +24. November 10-16 2021- Pacific Northwest + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-10-16-november-2021/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-10-16-november-2021/) + 2. [2021 Pacific Northwest floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Pacific_Northwest_floods) + 3. [Atmospheric River Brings Severe Flooding and Landslides to British Columbia | NASA Global Precipitation Measurement Mission](https://gpm.nasa.gov/applications/weather/atmospheric-river-brings-severe-flooding-and-landslides-british-columbia) +25. Oct 19-26 2021 California + 1. [CW3E Event Summary: 19-26 October 2021 \- Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-19-26-october-2021/) +26. Sep 16 \- 19 2021 Pacific Northwest + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-16-19-september-2021/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-16-19-september-2021/) +27. Feb 21 \- 23 2021 Pacific Northwest + 1. [CW3E Event Summary: 21-23 February 2021 \- Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-21-23-february-2021/) +28. January 11-13 2021 Pacific NW + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-11-13-january-2021/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-11-13-january-2021/) +29. January 2021 1-7 Pacific Northwest + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-1-7-january-2021/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-1-7-january-2021/) +30. Dec 17 \- 22 2021 Pacific Northwest + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-17-22-december-2020/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-17-22-december-2020/) +31. December 11-17 2020 Western US + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-11-17-december-2020/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-11-17-december-2020/) +32. November 16 \- 18 2020 Western US + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-16-18-november-2020/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-16-18-november-2020/) +33. September 23-27 2020 Pacific Northwest + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-23-27-september-2020/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-23-27-september-2020/) +34. Sep 14 \- 18 2020 Pacific Northwest + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-14-18-september-2020/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-14-18-september-2020/) +35. May 16 \- 19 2020 Western US + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-16-19-may-2020/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-16-19-may-2020/) +36. March 9 \- 13 2020 Southwestern US + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-9-13-march-2020/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-9-13-march-2020/) +37. Feb 21 \- 23 2020 Southwestern US + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-21-23-february-2020/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-21-23-february-2020/) +38. Feb 4 \- 8 2020 Western US + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-4-8-february-2020/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-4-8-february-2020/) +39. Jan 26 \- February 2 2020 Pacific Northwest + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-26-january-2-february-2020/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-26-january-2-february-2020/) + +## Worldwide events + +1. October 3-4 2024 Bosnia + 1. [2024 Bosnia and Herzegovina floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_floods) +2. April 4 2024 \- eastern Aus flooding + 1. [Why is Australia’s east coast copping all this rain right now? An atmospheric scientist explains](https://theconversation.com/why-is-australias-east-coast-copping-all-this-rain-right-now-an-atmospheric-scientist-explains-227158) +3. April 14-17 2024 Persian Gulf + 1. [2024 Persian Gulf floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Persian_Gulf_floods) +4. Dec 17 \- 18 2023 East Coast + 1. [Summary of the 17–18 December 2023 East Coast Cyclone and Atmospheric River Event](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/20Dec2023_Summary/20231218EastCoast.pdf) + 2. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/national/202312](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/national/202312) +5. June 25-27 2023 Northwest cloudband Australia + 1. [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-27/tropical-rain-drenches-central-north-australia/102341464](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-27/tropical-rain-drenches-central-north-australia/102341464) +6. April 2023 Middle East + 1. [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024GL109446](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024GL109446) +7. Oct 13 2022 Victoria flooding, Australia + 1. [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-13/victoria-flooding-rain-road-closures-safety-warnings-melbourne/101527960](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-13/victoria-flooding-rain-road-closures-safety-warnings-melbourne/101527960) +8. Oct 30 2022 Victoria flooding, Australia + 1. [https://www.vic.gov.au/2022-flood-recovery](https://www.vic.gov.au/2022-flood-recovery) +9. August 2022, Japan + 1. [Moisture Sources of the Tohoku Heavy Rainfalls in August 2022 and the Influences of Tropical Storms \- Zhao \- 2023 \- Geophysical Research Letters \- Wiley Online Library](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GL104166) +10. March 15-19 2022 East Antarctica + 1. [The Extraordinary March 2022 East Antarctica “Heat” Wave. Part I: Observations and Meteorological Drivers in](https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/37/3/JCLI-D-23-0175.1.xml) + 2. Cross-listed with heat +11. Feb 26-28 2022 Southeast QLD / northern NSW floods Australia + 1. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022\_eastern\_Australia\_floods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_eastern_Australia_floods) +12. Jan 14 \- 14 2022 Norway and Sweden + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202201+-+Rainfall+-+Norway%2CSweden](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202201+-+Rainfall+-+Norway%2CSweden) +13. June 18-19 2021 Bloomington Indiana USA + 1. [Atmospheric Rivers in the Eastern and Midwestern United States Associated With Baroclinic Waves](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GL107236) +14. June 24-26 2021 \- Alaska + 1. [An anomalous warm-season trans-Pacific atmospheric river linked to the 2021 western North America heat wave | Communications Earth & Environment](https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-022-00459-w) +15. March 17-24 2021 Sydney heavy rainfall, Australia + 1. [https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/la-nina-s-final-fury-20210427-p57mvj.html](https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/la-nina-s-final-fury-20210427-p57mvj.html) +16. Dec 1 \- 4 2020 Alaska + 1. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-01-04-december-2020/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-01-04-december-2020/) + 2. [Atmospheric River Impacts Southeast Alaska](https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/8d7a98b9dd514ff199f1e8c5b4d20a8b) +17. Oct 2-3 2020 Western Alps + 1. [The influence of an atmospheric river on a heavy precipitation event over the western Alps \- ScienceDirect](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212094722001219) diff --git a/docs/events/case_studies.md b/docs/events/case_studies.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..203966e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/events/case_studies.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +# Case Studies + +EWB includes 337 curated cases spanning five extreme weather categories, covering +events worldwide from 2020 to 2024. Each category page describes how cases were +selected, the bounding box methodology, and the source for each individual event. + +Cases are used as the atomic unit of evaluation: every metric is computed over a +single case's spatial domain and time window by default, then aggregated across the set. + +## Active categories + +| Category | Cases | Description | +|---|---|---| +| [Atmospheric Rivers](atmospheric_rivers.md) | 56 | Significant moisture transport of landfalling atmospheric rivers, covering western North America, Europe, the Middle East, and Australia | +| [Severe Convection](severe_convection.md) | 115 | Multi-hazard convective outbreaks (tornadoes, hail, and damaging winds) across the US, Canada, and Australia | +| [Freezes](cold_snaps.md) | 14 | Large-scale cold-air outbreaks validated against ERA5 15th-percentile 2-meter temperature thresholds | +| [Heat Waves](heat_waves.md) | 46 | Land-based heat waves validated against ERA5 85th-percentile 2-meter temperature thresholds | +| [Tropical Cyclones](tropical_cyclones.md) | 98 | Landfalling storms from all ocean basins, analysis tracks using IBTrACS data | + +## Planned categories + +Additional event types have cases identified but metrics and benchmarks have not been defined. +See [Planned Event Types](planned_events.md) for the full list, which includes +derechos, flooding, hailstorms, tornado outbreaks, TC tornado outbreaks, and +winter weather. + +## Selection criteria + +All cases target the 2020–2024 period. The goal is at least 30 cases per category +for statistical robustness; freeze events are the exception at 14 cases due to the +rarity of qualifying outbreaks. Events are global where data permits. diff --git a/docs/events/FreezeEvents.md b/docs/events/cold_snaps.md similarity index 63% rename from docs/events/FreezeEvents.md rename to docs/events/cold_snaps.md index 193375ff..4e2cbbcb 100644 --- a/docs/events/FreezeEvents.md +++ b/docs/events/cold_snaps.md @@ -1,4 +1,48 @@ -# Large-scale major freeze events +# Major Freeze/Cold-Snap Events +## Cases + +Case bounds were drawn from the sources listed (Wikipedia winter storm and cold wave articles, ECMWF Severe Event Catalogue, and WMO regional climate reports) and sized to contain the full cold-air outbreak or synoptic trough, generally extending 10–15° of latitude beyond the primary freeze area to capture the polar air mass and its source region. Each case was validated against ERA5 2-meter temperature fields to confirm that minimum temperatures fell at or below the climatological 15th percentile for the affected region. + +
+Cases — 14 events + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
NameTime rangeLocationSources
2021 Texas2021-02-10 – 2021-02-22TexasFeb 13–17 2021 NA winter storm — Wikipedia
Feb 2021 NA cold wave — Wikipedia
2022 Arkansas2022-02-17 – 2022-03-01Arkansas2021–22 NA winter (late Feb) — Wikipedia
2023 Germany2023-12-02 – 2023-12-08GermanyECMWF: Nov 2023 Cold Europe
2023 China2023-12-15 – 2023-12-26ChinaReuters: China cold snap Dec 2023
2023 Afghanistan2023-01-11 – 2023-01-28Afghanistan2023 Afghanistan cold snap — Wikipedia
2022 Colorado2022-04-06 – 2022-04-16Colorado2021–22 NA winter (late May) — Wikipedia
January 2024 Pacific Northwest2024-01-11 – 2024-01-20Pacific NorthwestJan 10–13 2024 NA storm — Wikipedia
April 2022 Nevada2022-04-11 – 2022-04-17NevadaApril 2022 NA storm complex — Wikipedia
February/March 2021 New England2021-03-04 – 2021-03-10New England2020–21 NA winter — Wikipedia
January 2024 Northern Europe2024-01-01 – 2024-01-09Northern EuropeECMWF: Jan 2024 Cold N. Europe
December 2022 Europe2022-12-10 – 2022-12-20Europe
April 2024 Europe2024-04-16 – 2024-04-27EuropeECMWF: Apr 2024 Cold Europe
January 2023 North China2024-01-20 – 2024-02-04North ChinaCNN: East Asia cold snap Jan 2023
April 2024 Sweden2024-04-02 – 2024-04-08SwedenECMWF: Apr 2024 Snow/Cold Sweden/Finland
+
+ + + ## US-based events @@ -24,7 +68,7 @@ 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220412\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220412_rpts.html) 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220413\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220413_rpts.html) * Identified as a billion dollar disaster - 1. [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters\[\]=severe-storm](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) 7. May 20-21, 2022 Winter Storm Tad Colorado and Wyoming * [2021–22 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_North_American_winter#Late_May_winter_storm) * Cross-listed with major freezes @@ -54,7 +98,7 @@ ## Worldwide events -1. There is a hint of large-scale cold event over Europe just before this heatwave +1. There is a hint of large-scale cold event over Europe just before this heat wave 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202212+-+Heatwave+-+Europe](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202212+-+Heatwave+-+Europe) 2. January 2-5 2024 Northern Europe 1. [202401 \- Cold \- Northern Europe](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202401+-+Cold+-+Northern+Europe) @@ -81,4 +125,4 @@ 2. [https://library.wmo.int/records/item/68890-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2023](https://library.wmo.int/records/item/68890-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2023) 3. [2023 Afghanistan cold snap \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Afghanistan_cold_snap) 10. April 3 \- 8 2021 Europe - 1. [202104 \- Cold \- W Europe](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202104+-+Cold+-+W+Europe) \ No newline at end of file + 1. [202104 \- Cold \- W Europe](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202104+-+Cold+-+W+Europe) diff --git a/docs/events/heat_waves.md b/docs/events/heat_waves.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e18fea3d --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/events/heat_waves.md @@ -0,0 +1,252 @@ +# Land-Based Heat Waves +## Cases + +Case bounds were derived from the Wikipedia heat wave lists, ECMWF Severe Event Catalogue, and regional BOM/NIWA reports and sized to enclose the area of >= 3 consecutive heat wave days. Each candidate case was retained only if the ERA5 2-meter temperature anomaly within the box exceeded the 85th percentile of the 1990–2019 climatology. + +
+Cases — 46 events + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
NameTime rangeLocationSources
2021 Pacific Northwest2021-06-20 – 2021-07-03Pacific Northwest2021 Western NA heat wave — Wikipedia
2022 Upper Midwest2022-05-07 – 2022-05-17Upper Midwest2022 North American heat waves — Wikipedia
2022 California2022-06-07 – 2022-06-15California2022 North American heat waves — Wikipedia
2022 Texas2022-06-30 – 2022-07-18Texas2022 North American heat waves — Wikipedia
2023 Pacific Northwest2023-05-10 – 2023-05-23Pacific Northwest2023 Western NA heat wave — Wikipedia
2022 Mid-Atlantic2022-05-17 – 2022-05-24Mid-Atlantic2022 North American heat waves — Wikipedia
2023 Australia2023-11-18 – 2023-11-28AustraliaBOM Special Climate Statement 78
2023 Ireland2023-09-02 – 2023-09-13Ireland2023 heat waves — Wikipedia
2023 Italy2023-07-07 – 2023-07-27ItalyECMWF: 202307 Heatwave S. Europe
2023 SW Europe2023-08-17 – 2023-08-28SW EuropeECMWF: 202308 Heatwave SW Europe
2023 South America2023-07-29 – 2023-08-04South America2023 South America heat wave — Wikipedia
2023 China (Shanghai)2023-05-24 – 2023-06-01China (Shanghai)2023 Asia heat wave — Wikipedia
2023 China (Yunnan Province)2023-04-14 – 2023-04-23China (Yunnan Province)2023 Asia heat wave — Wikipedia
2023 Algeria2023-07-05 – 2023-07-27Algeria2023 heat waves — Wikipedia
2023 Iberian Peninsula2023-04-22 – 2023-05-01Iberian PeninsulaECMWF: 202304 Heatwave Spain/Portugal
2023 European heatwaves — Wikipedia
2023 Southeast Asia2023-04-16 – 2023-04-22Southeast Asia2023 heat waves — Wikipedia
2023 India2023-02-15 – 2023-03-01India2023 Asia heat wave — Wikipedia
2021 Western Russia2021-06-18 – 2021-06-30Western Russia2021 heat waves (Eurasia) — Wikipedia
2022 Germany2022-12-23 – 2022-12-31GermanyECMWF: 202212 Heatwave Europe
2022 UK (August)2022-08-08 – 2022-08-16UK (August)ECMWF: 202208 Heatwave UK
2022 UK (July)2022-07-15 – 2022-07-23UK (July)ECMWF: 202207 Heatwave W. Europe
2022 UK heatwaves — Wikipedia
2022 France2022-06-09 – 2022-06-21FranceECMWF: 202206 Heatwave W. Europe
2022 Japan2022-06-20 – 2022-07-05Japan2022 Japan heat wave — Wikipedia
2022 India2022-04-24 – 2022-05-04IndiaECMWF: 202205 Heatwave India/Pakistan
2022 East Antarctica2022-03-12 – 2022-03-26East AntarcticaAMS: East Antarctica Heat Wave 2022
2022 West Australia2022-01-15 – 2022-01-25West Australia2022 heat waves — Wikipedia
2021 Canada Plains2021-05-30 – 2021-06-09Canada PlainsList of heat waves — Wikipedia
2021 New Zealand2021-01-12 – 2021-01-18New Zealand2021 Annual Climate Summary (NIWA)
2020 Australia2020-11-25 – 2020-12-01AustraliaABC News: Australia heatwave Nov–Dec 2020
May 2024 Texas2024-05-25 – 2024-05-31Texas2024 North America heat waves — Wikipedia
June 2024 Northeast US2024-06-17 – 2024-06-23Northeast US2024 North America heat waves — Wikipedia
July 2024 Southwest US2024-07-04 – 2024-07-10Southwest US2024 North America heat waves — Wikipedia
July 2024 Northeast US2024-07-07 – 2024-07-13Northeast US2024 North America heat waves — Wikipedia
July 2024 Mid-Atlantic US2024-07-15 – 2024-07-21Mid-Atlantic US2024 North America heat waves — Wikipedia
August 2024 Midwest US2024-08-25 – 2024-08-31Midwest US2024 North America heat waves — Wikipedia
Newsweek: States break heat records
July 2024 Antarctica2024-07-01 – 2024-07-31Antarctica2024 Antarctica heat wave — Wikipedia
August 2024 Canada2024-08-09 – 2024-08-15CanadaECMWF: 202408 Heatwave Canada
August 2024 Australia2024-08-22 – 2024-08-30AustraliaABC News: Australia winter heatwave Aug 2024
July/August 2024 Japan2024-07-25 – 2024-08-05Japan2024 Japan heatwaves — Wikipedia
June 2024 Saudi Arabia2024-06-16 – 2024-06-22Saudi ArabiaClimaMeter: Saudi Arabia Heatwave Jun 2024
August 2024 Europe2024-08-10 – 2024-08-16Europe2024 European heatwaves — Wikipedia
July 2024 Ukraine2024-07-12 – 2024-07-18Ukraine2024 European heatwaves — Wikipedia
June 2024 Europe2024-06-20 – 2024-06-30Europe2024 European heatwaves — Wikipedia
May 2024 Central Mexico2024-05-23 – 2024-05-31Central Mexico2024 North America heat waves — Wikipedia
May 2024 Pakistan/India2024-05-23 – 2024-05-31Pakistan/India2024 Indian heat wave — Wikipedia
2024 Pakistan heat wave — Wikipedia
August 2023 Chile2023-08-01 – 2023-08-07Chile2023 South America heat wave — Wikipedia
+
+ + + + +We identified the heat waves from the following sources: + +* [Heat waves in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heat_waves_in_the_United_States) +* [Severe Event Catalogue](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/Severe+Event+Catalogue) +* [List of heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heat_waves) +* [2024 European heatwaves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_European_heatwaves) +* [2023 heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_heat_waves) +* [2023 European heatwaves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_European_heatwaves) +* [2023 Asia heat wave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Asia_heat_wave) + +## US-based events + +1. [2021 Western North America heat wave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Western_North_America_heat_wave) + * *[2021 PNW heat wave](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-36289-3)* + * [202106 \- Heatwave \- N.America](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202106+-+Heatwave+-+N.America) + * Verification points: + * Seattle + * Portland + * International points: Calgary AB, Lytton BC + Id: 1 +2. Upper midwest May 2022 + * [List of heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heat_waves#2022) + * [2022 North American heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_North_American_heat_waves) + * Chicago, Memphis, DC, Philadelphia + Id: 2, 6 +3. Western to southwestern US \- 2nd week of June 2022 + * [List of heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heat_waves#2022) + * [2022 North American heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_North_American_heat_waves) + * California, Texas, St Louis + * Id: 3 +4. Arizona and Utah July 2022 + * [Heat wave responsible for multiple deaths across US | Fox News](https://www.foxnews.com/us/heat-wave-responsible-multiple-deaths-across-us) + * [2022 North American heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_North_American_heat_waves) + * Id: 4 +5. [2023 Western North America heat wave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Western_North_America_heat_wave) + * Verification points: + * Seattle + * Portland + * International points: Lytton BC, Mexico City + * Id: 5 +6. Texas end of May 2024 + * [2024 North America heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_North_America_heat_waves) + * Verification points: Brownsville TX +7. New England June 2024 + * [2024 North America heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_North_America_heat_waves) + * Verification points: + * Caribou Maine + * Boston + * NYC + * DC +8. Widespread US heat July 2024 + * [2024 North America heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_North_America_heat_waves) + * Verification points + * Las Vegas, Palm Springs, NYC +9. Upper midwest and mid atlantic August 2024 + * [2024 North America heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_North_America_heat_waves) + * [Map Shows 2 States Break Heat Records Amid Soaring Temperatures \- Newsweek](https://www.newsweek.com/map-states-breaking-heat-records-1945513) + * Verification points: + * Chicago + * Columbus + * DC + * International points: + * [202408 \- Heatwave \- Canada](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202408+-+Heatwave+-+Canada) + +## Worldwide events + +Note 3 of the US-based events also cross into international events + +1. Antarctica 2024 + 1. [2024 Antarctica heat wave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Antarctica_heat_wave) +2. Aug 9-11 2024 \- Canada + 1. [202408 \- Heatwave \- Canada](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202408+-+Heatwave+-+Canada) + 2. Cross-listed with fires +3. August 2024 \- Australia + 1. [Heatwave brings Australia's winter weather to an abrupt end as climate change up-ends the seasons \- ABC News](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-08-29/winter-ends-with-heatwave-as-climate-change-upends-seasons/104279250) +4. July 2024 \- Japan + 1. [2024 Japan heatwaves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Japan_heatwaves) +5. June 2024 \- Saudi Arabia + 1. [ClimaMeter \- 2024/06/16-18 Saudi Arabia Heatwave](https://www.climameter.org/20240616-18-saudi-arabia-heatwave) +6. June 2024 \- Europe + 1. [2024 European heatwaves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_European_heatwaves) + 2. Lots of dates in here but many records broken in late June in UK, Ireland, Finland, Greece, Bosnia and more +7. May 2024 \- Mexico city + 1. [2024 North America heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_North_America_heat_waves) +8. May/June 2024 \- India and Pakistan + 1. [2024 Indian heat wave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Indian_heat_wave) + 2. [2024 Pakistan heat wave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Pakistan_heat_wave) +9. Southwest Western Australia. Nov 2023\. + 1. [http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs78.pdf?20240202](http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs78.pdf?20240202) + 2. Id: 7 +10. Sep 2023 \- UK and Ireland and France + 1. [2023 heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_heat_waves) + 2. Id: 8 +11. Aug 19 \- 25 2023 \- South western Europe + 1. [202308 \- Heatwave \- South-Western Europe](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202308+-+Heatwave+-+South-Western+Europe) + 2. Id: 10 +12. South America \- July- Sep 2023 winter/spring heat wave + 1. [2023 South America heat wave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_South_America_heat_wave) + 2. Id: 11 +13. July 16 2023 \- China (x2) + 1. [2023 Asia heat wave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Asia_heat_wave) + 2. Sanbu Township, Xinjiang + 3. Id: 12, 13 +14. July 15 \- 27 2023 \- Southern Europe + 1. [202307- Heatwave \- Southern Europe](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202307-+Heatwave+-+Southern+Europe) + 2. Id: 9 +15. July 18 2023 \- Sub-Saharan Africa + 1. [2023 heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_heat_waves) + 2. Id: 14 +16. April 24 \- 28 2023 \- Spain and Portugal + 1. [202304 \- Heatwave \- Spain and Portugal](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202304+-+Heatwave+-+Spain+and+Portugal) + 2. [2023 heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_heat_waves) + 3. [2023 European heatwaves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_European_heatwaves) + 4. Id: 15 +17. April 26 to 28 2023 \- North Africa + 1. [2023 heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_heat_waves) + 2. Id: 16 +18. April 16 \- 22 2023 \- India + 1. [2023 Asia heat wave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Asia_heat_wave) + 2. Id: 17 +19. Europe Dec 2022 + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202212+-+Heatwave+-+Europe](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202212+-+Heatwave+-+Europe) + 2. Id: 19 +20. UK \- Aug 2022 + 1. [202208 \- Heatwave \- UK](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202208+-+Heatwave+-+UK) + 2. Id: 20 +21. Western Europe \- July 2022 + 1. [202207 \- Heatwave \- W Europe](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202207+-+Heatwave++-+W+Europe) + 2. [2022 United Kingdom heatwaves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_Kingdom_heatwaves) + 3. Id: 21 +22. Western Europe \- June 2022 + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202206+-+Heatwave+-+Western+Europe](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202206+-+Heatwave+-+Western+Europe) + 2. Id: 22 +23. Europe \- June 2022 + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202206+-+Heatwave+-+Europe+2](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202206+-+Heatwave+-+Europe+2) +24. Japan \- June- August 2022 + 1. [2022 Japan heat wave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Japan_heat_wave) + 2. Id: 23 +25. India and Pakistan \- May 2022 + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202205+-+Heatwave+-+India%2C+Pakistan](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202205+-+Heatwave+-+India%2C+Pakistan) + 2. Id: 24 +26. March 15-19 2022 East Antarctica + 1. [The Extraordinary March 2022 East Antarctica “Heat” Wave. Part I: Observations and Meteorological Drivers in](https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/37/3/JCLI-D-23-0175.1.xml) + 2. Cross-listed with heat + 3. Id: 25 +27. Australia January 14-23 2022 + 1. [2022 heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_heat_waves) + 2. Id: 26 +28. Mediterranean \- Aug 2021 + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202108+-+Heatwave+-+Mediterranean](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202108+-+Heatwave+-+Mediterranean) +29. Western Europe \- Aug 2020 + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202008+-+Heatwave+-+Western+Europe](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202008+-+Heatwave+-+Western+Europe) +30. Eurasia winter heat wave \- Feb 2021 + 1. [2021 Eurasia winter heat wave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Eurasia_winter_heat_wave) +31. South Eastern Europe \- May 2020 + 1. ​​[https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202005+-+Heatwave+-+SE+Europe](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202005+-+Heatwave+-+SE+Europe) +32. Russia \- June 2021 + 1. [2021 heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_heat_waves#Eurasia) +33. Canada \- early June 2021 + 1. [List of heat waves \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heat_waves#2021) + 2. Id: 27 +34. UK and Ireland \- July 2021 + 1. [2021 British Isles heatwave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_British_Isles_heatwave) +35. New Zealand 25-28 January + 1. [https://niwa.co.nz/climate-and-weather/annual/annual-climate-summary-2021](https://niwa.co.nz/climate-and-weather/annual/annual-climate-summary-2021) + 2. Id: 28 +36. Australia Dec 2019 \- Jan 2020 (black summer). + 1. [http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs73.pdf](http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs73.pdf) +37. Australia 4 Nov \- Dec 7 2020\. + 1. [Widespread heatwaves across much of Australia](https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-12-01/bom-says-hottest-november-and-spring-nights-on-record/12937620). +38. April 15-16 and April 18-19, 2020 Arctic + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202004+-+Heatwave+-+Arctic](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202004+-+Heatwave+-+Arctic) +39. January 2023 South Africa + 1. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42865-024-00068-9](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42865-024-00068-9) diff --git a/docs/events/planned_events.md b/docs/events/planned_events.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c0f205e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/events/planned_events.md @@ -0,0 +1,2348 @@ +# Planned Event Types + +The following event types have identified case studies but have not yet been added to the EWB evaluation dataset. They are documented here as a reference for future releases. Cases will be incorporated as metrics, higher-resolution model output, and additional verification data become available. + +## Derechos + +Many of these are cross-listed with outbreaks. If they don’t generate enough tornadoes to meet the outbreak criteria, they are not cross-listed but many derecho events do generate some number of tornadoes. + +## US-based events + +1. July 13 \- 16, 2024 + * [Severe weather sequence of July 13–16, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_weather_sequence_of_July_13%E2%80%9316,_2024) + * Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and flooding and hail +2. May 19 \- 27, 2024 + * [Tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_May_19%E2%80%9327,_2024) + * Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and hail +3. Houston derecho, May 16, 2024 + * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024\_Houston\_derecho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Houston_derecho) + * Not a large-scale tornado outbreak but it did generate a few tornadoes so cross-listed with tornado and derecho +4. April 1- 3, 2024 + * [Tornado outbreak and derecho of April 1–3, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_and_derecho_of_April_1%E2%80%933,_2024) + * Cross-listed with tornado and derecho +5. June 29, 2023 + * [Derecho Summary: June 29, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_062923) + * [June 29, 2023 \- Derecho, Significant Hail, Tornadoes](https://www.weather.gov/ilx/june29_derecho) + * [Midwest Derecho \- 2023](https://www.nass.usda.gov/Research_and_Science/Disaster-Analysis/2023/Midwest_Derecho_June_2023/2023_Midwest_Derecho_Report.pdf) + * There are 7 tornadoes with this but that doesn’t meet our tornado outbreak criteria. +6. Feb 21 \- 28 2023 + * [February 2023 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2023_North_American_storm_complex) + * Cross-listed with blizzards, derecho, wind, hail, and tornado outbreaks + * Derecho is Feb 26, 2023 +7. July 5, 2022 + * [July 5th, 2022 Derecho and Significant Hail](https://www.weather.gov/abr/July5th2022StormSummary) + * [Derecho turns sky green, sweeps through 5 states with 90 mph winds](https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/07/06/derecho-green-sky-south-dakota/) + * [NWS confirms derecho swept through southeastern South Dakota with winds up to 99 mph](https://www.argusleader.com/story/news/2022/07/05/its-hot-sioux-falls-but-rain-way-tuesday-nws-says/7809343001/) + * From wikipedia: “The storms went through the upper Midwest, causing widespread wind damage across the region. This makes the fourth derecho in 7 months to hit the area, when the area typically only gets one every two years. The storms were very high in precipitation, which made the sky appear as a bright green color. The derecho produced two tornadoes in Iowa.” + * [List of derecho events \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_derecho_events) +8. June 13-14, 2022 + * [June 13, 2022 Severe Weather/Derecho](https://www.weather.gov/cle/event_20220613_severe_weather_derecho) + * [Derecho June 13th, 2022](https://www.weather.gov/iwx/Derecho_20220613) + * [Worst storm outages in Tri-State since 2012 derecho, Duke Energy says](https://www.fox19.com/2022/06/14/worst-storm-outages-tri-state-since-2012-derecho-duke-energy-says/) + * [One year later: Looking back at the 2022 Derecho that hit northeast Indiana | WANE 15](https://www.wane.com/top-stories/one-year-later-looking-back-at-the-2022-derecho-that-hit-northeast-indiana/) + * From wikipedia: “Multiple mesoscale convective systems, with one classified as a derecho thus far by the National Weather Service in Northern Indiana, caused widespread damage and power outages across the Midwestern United States. Damage was particularly intense around the Fort Wayne, Indiana area and portions of northwest Ohio. Another possible derecho caused the worst power outages in the Cincinnati metropolitan area since the June 29, 2012, event. The derecho produced four tornadoes in Ohio and one tornado in Illinois.” + * [List of derecho events \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_derecho_events) +9. May 12, 2022 + * [May 2022 Midwest derecho \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2022_Midwest_derecho) + * Cross-listed with tornado and derecho and hail + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220512\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220512_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +10. Dec 15-16, 2021 + * [December 2021 Midwest derecho and tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2021_Midwest_derecho_and_tornado_outbreak) + * Cross-listed with tornado and derecho + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211215\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211215_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +11. Oct 7, 2020 + * [Derecho October 7, 2020 \- Albany, NY](https://www.weather.gov/aly/High-End_Severe_Weather_Event_October_7_2020) + * [Forecasters say last week’s deadly storm complex in New England was a derecho](https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/10/13/new-england-derecho-storms/) + * [Challenges Associated with the October 7, 2020 Derecho in New York State and New England](https://www.weather.gov/media/aly/LocalResearch/Online%20LocalResearch/Case_Studies/Oct_7_2020_Derecho.pdf) + * From Wikipedia: “This serial derecho on Wednesday, October 7, 2020, caused a 320-mile (510 km) wide damage path in Ontario, New York, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. It formed over Ontario in the morning and raced eastward in New York State in the late afternoon and early evening, gathering strength as it moved across New York and southern New England. Isolated areas received gusts up to 75 mph (121 km/h), causing hundreds of thousands of people to have power outages, as well as tree and power line damage. Microbursts occurred in Root, Pittstown, and Johnsonville, New York, with estimated maximum wind speeds of 80, 90, and 100 mph (130, 140, and 160 km/h), respectively. An EF0 tornado touched down in Canajoharie, New York. An isolated brief EF0 tornado also touched down in Millis, Massachusetts with winds of 75–80 mph (121–129 km/h), only damaging trees and taking down a metal lamp post.” + * [List of derecho events \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_derecho_events) +12. Aug 10, 2020 + * [August 2020 Midwest derecho \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2020_Midwest_derecho) + * Cross-listed with derecho and tornado + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200810\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200810_rpts.html) +13. June 10, 2020 + * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadoes\_of\_2020\#June\_6%E2%80%9310\_(non-Cristobal\_events)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadoes_of_2020#June_6%E2%80%9310_\(non-Cristobal_events\)) + * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List\_of\_derecho\_events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_derecho_events) + * From Wikipedia: “A widespread thunderstorm wind event known as a squall line formed from a slowly progressing cold front, that was possibly associated with the remnants of Tropical Storm Cristobal. The squall line, later classified as a derecho, blasted the eastern Midwestern United States and Eastern Canada. A rare moderate risk of severe weather was issued for a large part of Michigan and parts of Ohio and Indiana; these regions had not had a moderate risk of severe weather since 2013\. With a 5% chance for a tornado 45% hatched chance for damaging winds and 15% chance for damaging hail. Roughly 300 reports of high winds or wind damage were received from Michigan to western New York leaving 700,000 people without power. The storm system produced 7 tornadoes in the Canadian province of Ontario.” + * [List of derecho events \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_derecho_events) + * Cross-listed with flooding, derecho, and TC +14. June 6-7, 2020 + * [June 2020 Rocky Mountains-Northern Plains derecho \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2020_Rocky_Mountains-Northern_Plains_derecho) +15. June 3, 2020 + * [June 2020 Pennsylvania–New Jersey derecho \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2020_Pennsylvania%E2%80%93New_Jersey_derecho) +16. May 3 2020 + * [May 3, 2020 Derecho \- Nashville](https://www.weather.gov/ohx/20200503) + * [The Derecho / May 3, 2020 | Nashville Severe Weather](https://nashvillesevereweather.com/derecho/) + * [A deadly derecho slammed Nashville with 70-mph winds Sunday, snapping trees and knocking out power](https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/05/04/deadly-derecho-slammed-nashville-with-70-mph-winds-sunday-snapping-trees-knocking-out-power/) + * From wikipedia: “Second derecho in a week, originating from the same spot. Hit Nashville, Tennessee just 2 months after a tornado devastated part of the city. 130,000 people lost power, making it the largest power outage in the cities history. It was said to be the worst derecho in 16 years.” + * [List of derecho events \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_derecho_events) +17. April 28-29, 2020 + * Not happy that the link on wikipedia is to X/Twitter but news on this one is sparse + * [https://www.reddit.com/r/weather/comments/ga7vk2/this\_derecho\_stretching\_from\_illinois\_missouri/?rdt=53400](https://www.reddit.com/r/weather/comments/ga7vk2/this_derecho_stretching_from_illinois_missouri/?rdt=53400) + * SPC reports + * [Storm Prediction Center 20200428's Storm Reports](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200428_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200429\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200429_rpts.html) + * From wikipedia: “A derecho brought damaging winds to parts of the central U.S. Tuesday night. Near Jasper, Missouri, a semi truck was overturned on Interstate 49 early Tuesday evening because of damaging thunderstorm winds from this squall line. A 75 mph (121 km/h) wind gust was estimated in the area of the incident. Tulsa, Oklahoma, reported estimated wind gusts of 65–75 mph (105–121 km/h) when the squall line of thunderstorms impacted that area early Tuesday evening. A wind gust to 64 mph (103 km/h) was clocked at Springfield–Branson National Airport in southwestern Missouri early Tuesday evening. Some 70 miles (110 km) to the west in Joplin, Missouri, and its suburbs, there were reports of trees and power lines down. The storms also produced hail up to the size of tennis balls – 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) in diameter – near Marshall, Mustang, Ninnekah and Yukon, Oklahoma. This storm system produced more than 450 reports of severe weather in the 24 hours ending early Wednesday morning from Illinois, Missouri and southeastern Kansas to parts of Texas and Louisiana. Most of those reports were for wind damage, strong thunderstorm winds or large hail. The derecho traveled more than 500 miles (800 km) before moving off the coast of Texas and Louisiana into the Gulf of Mexico and produced winds up to 78 mph (126 km/h) with hail up to 3.75 inches (9.5 cm) in diameter and a few tornadoes including a short-lived EF2 tornado north of Hochatown, Oklahoma that tossed two barges over 100 yd (91 m), a home's roof deck was collapsed, and a single-wide manufactured home was destroyed, with its base frame twisted and tossed 100 yd (91 m) to the east. A second house suffered significant roof and structural damage after large gas tanks were tossed into it. A third house had roofing material removed. Numerous trees were snapped or uprooted.” Source: [List of derecho events \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_derecho_events) + + + +## Global derechos + +1. May 21, 2022 + 1. [May 2022 Canadian derecho \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2022_Canadian_derecho) +2. June 30 2020, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay + 1. [https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/105/7/BAMS-D-23-0063.1.xml](https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/105/7/BAMS-D-23-0063.1.xml) + +## Flooding + +We broke flooding into three main causes and provide case-studies for each of these causes. The data used to select case studies for flooding came from: + +* [The Landfalling Atmospheric Rivers of Water Year (WY) 2023 | CW3E](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/WY2023_Final_Summary/WY2023_Final_Summary.pdf) +* [The nexus between atmospheric rivers and extreme precipitation across Europe \- Lavers \- 2013 \- Geophysical Research Letters \- Wiley Online Library](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/grl.50636) +* [List of floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_floods) +* [Atmospheric river \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_river) +* [Floods in the United States (2000–present) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floods_in_the_United_States_\(2000%E2%80%93present\)) +* [List of flash floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flash_floods) +* [How rising global heat connects catastrophic floods on four continents \- The Washington Post](https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2024/09/19/global-flooding-events-rising-heat/) +* [Global active archive of large flood events, 1985 \- present](https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/Archives/index.html) +* [FloodList](https://floodlist.com/) +* [Billion dollar disasters - flooding (NCEI)](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=flooding) + +# Flooding categories + +* [Atmospheric Rivers](atmospheric_rivers.md) +* [Tropical Cyclone related floods](planned_events.md#tropical-cyclone-flooding) +* [Other large-scale flooding](planned_events.md#other-floods) + +## Other Floods + +Note some of these cases come from TC remnants. + +The data used to identify these cases comes from: + +* [List of floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_floods) +* [Here’s why Central Europe has had disastrous flooding and torrential rain](https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2024/09/16/storm-boris-europe-flooding-torrential-rain/) +* [Severe Event Catalogue](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/Severe+Event+Catalogue) +* [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/2021-north-american-monsoon-recap/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/2021-north-american-monsoon-recap/) +* [Global active archive of large flood events, 1985 \- present](https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/Archives/index.html) +* [What this month’s deadly floods tell us about our global climate future \- The Washington Post](https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/09/14/deadly-floods-record-temperatures/) +* [https://library.wmo.int/records/item/68890-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2023](https://library.wmo.int/records/item/68890-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2023) + +## US-based events + +1. Aug 18 2024 \- Northeast + * [Extreme rainfall brings catastrophic flooding to the Northeast in August 2024 | NOAA Climate.gov](https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/extreme-rainfall-brings-catastrophic-flooding-northeast-august-2024) +2. July 13 \- 16, 2024 + * [Severe weather sequence of July 13–16, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_weather_sequence_of_July_13%E2%80%9316,_2024) + * Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and flooding and hail +3. June 20-21 2024 Midwest floods + * [Record Rainfall Floods Midwest](https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/152982/record-rainfall-floods-midwest) +4. June 11-13 2024 Florida + * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202406+-+Rainfall+-+Florida](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202406+-+Rainfall+-+Florida) +5. January 8 \- 10 2024 + * [January 8–10, 2024 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_8%E2%80%9310,_2024_North_American_storm_complex) + * Cross-listed with tornado outbreaks, major snow, flooding +6. November 15 \- 16 2023 Florida + * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202311+-+Rainfall+-+Florida](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202311+-+Rainfall+-+Florida) +7. September 28 \- 29 2023 New York + * [September 2023 New York floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2023_New_York_floods) + * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202309+-+Rainfall+-+New+York+City](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202309+-+Rainfall+-+New+York+City) +8. Sep 19 2023 Arizona Monsoon + * [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/heavy-rainfall-in-arizona/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/heavy-rainfall-in-arizona/) +9. September 8 \- 13 2023 Northeast US + * [September 2023 northeastern U.S. floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2023_northeastern_U.S._floods) +10. Jul 9 \- 29 2023 Northeastern US + * [July 2023 Northeastern United States floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2023_Northeastern_United_States_floods) +11. June 7-8, 2022 + * [Flash Flooding on June 7-8, 2022](https://www.weather.gov/bmx/event_06082022) + * [Severe Weather on June 8, 2022](https://www.weather.gov/iln/20220608) + * [PHOTOS: Hail, rain and haboob make way over El Paso on Wednesday](https://kfoxtv.com/news/local/hail-rain-and-a-haboob-make-way-over-el-paso-on-wednesday-borderland-weather?src=link) + * Cross-listed with tornado, wind, hail, and flooding + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220607\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220607_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220608\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220608_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +12. June 15-18, 2023 + * [Tornado outbreak sequence of June 14–19, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_June_14%E2%80%9319,_2023#Non-tornadic_effects) + * Cross-listed with flooding and tornadoes and hail and wind + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230615\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230615_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230616\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230616_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230617\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230617_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +13. May 10-12, 2023 + * [The Severe Weather Event of May 11, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/oun/events-20230511) + * [May 10-11, 2023 Tornadoes, Flash Flooding, and Severe Weather](https://www.weather.gov/gld/May10112023Tornadoes) + * Cross-listed with flooding and hail and high wind and tornado + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230510\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230510_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230511\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230511_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230512\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230512_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +14. May 6-8, 2023 + * [Damaging Winds and Golf Ball Hail \- May 6, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_050623) + * [May 7, 2023: Severe Thunderstorms Produce Damaging Winds, Large Hail, Landspouts, Heavy Rain, and Blowing Dust](https://www.weather.gov/lot/2023_05_07_FloodingSevere) + * [Destructive Winds, Baseball Hail and Tornadoes \- May 7, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_050723) + * Cross-listed with flooding and hail and high wind and tornado + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230506\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230506_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230507\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230507_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230508\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230508_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +15. April 12 2023 Florida + * [202304 \- Rainfall \- Florida](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202304+-+Rainfall+-+Florida) +16. April 18 \- 20 2022 SE US + * [2021–22 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_North_American_winter#Mid-April_nor'easter) + * Cross-listed with blizzards and flooding (heavy rains and flooding in south and nor’easter northeast) +17. July 26-30 2022 Eastern Kentucky + * [https://www.weather.gov/jkl/July2022Flooding](https://www.weather.gov/jkl/July2022Flooding) +18. Oct 30 \- Nov 7 2021 + * [October 2021 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2021_nor%27easter) + * Cross-listed with wind and flooding + * Eventually becomes TS Wanda (but not listing in TC flooding since the flooding is pre TS) +19. August 24 2021 Tennessee + * [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/middle-tennessee-flooding-21-august-2021/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/middle-tennessee-flooding-21-august-2021/) +20. May 2021 \- Louisiana and East Texas + * [Rainfall analysis of the May 2021 southeastern Texas and southern Louisiana flood | NOAA Climate.gov](https://www.climate.gov/news-features/feed/rainfall-analysis-may-2021-southeastern-texas-and-southern-louisiana-flood) + * [May 2021 South Central United States flooding \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2021_South_Central_United_States_flooding) + * [A foot of rain causes flash flood emergency in Louisiana during mid-May 2021 | NOAA Climate.gov](https://www.climate.gov/news-features/event-tracker/foot-rain-causes-flash-flood-emergency-louisiana-during-mid-may-2021) + * [USA – Emergency Declared After Floods in Louisiana – FloodList](https://floodlist.com/america/usa/floods-louisiana-texas-may-2021) +21. March 24-28, 2021 + * [Tornado outbreak sequence of March 24–28, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_March_24%E2%80%9328,_2021) + * Cross-listed with hail and flooding and tornadoes and wind + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210324\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210324_rpts.html) (mostly hail) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210325\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210325_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210326\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210326_rpts.html) (low day in between waves) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210327\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210327_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210328\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210328_rpts.html) (could skip this day) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +22. April 5- 10 2020 Southern CA + * [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-5-10-april-2020/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-5-10-april-2020/) + * [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/characteristics-and-impacts-of-the-april-4-11-2020-cutoff-low-storm-in-california/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/characteristics-and-impacts-of-the-april-4-11-2020-cutoff-low-storm-in-california/) +23. April 12, 2020 + * [2020 Easter tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Easter_tornado_outbreak) + * Cross-listed with winter storms, major wind, tornadoes, flooding + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200412\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200412_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) + +## Worldwide events + +1. October 29 \- 2024 Spain + 1. [What is DANA, the strange weather phenomenon that has caused deadly flooding in Spain? | Live Science](https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/weather/what-is-dana-the-strange-weather-phenomenon-that-has-caused-deadly-flooding-in-spain) + 1. (A DANA is a kind of extratropical cyclone, thus I’m putting it in other large-scale flooding as it isn’t a hurricane. Also it is unique to Spain so that makes this event good to include\!) + 2. [October 2024 Spain floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2024_Spain_floods) +2. September 12 \- 17 2024 (Boris) + 1. [202409 \- Rainfall \- Central Europe](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202409+-+Rainfall+-+Central+Europe) + 2. [Here’s why Central Europe has had disastrous flooding and torrential rain](https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2024/09/16/storm-boris-europe-flooding-torrential-rain/) +3. August 2024 Bangladesh + 1. [August 2024 Bangladesh floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2024_Bangladesh_floods) +4. Jul 28 \- 29 2024 Latvia + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202407+-+Rainfall+-+Latvia](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202407+-+Rainfall+-+Latvia) +5. June 1-2 2024 Sri Lanka Monsoon flooding + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202405+-+Rainfall+-+Sri+Lanka](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202405+-+Rainfall+-+Sri+Lanka) +6. May 10 \-11 2024 Afghanistan + 1. [Afghanistan – Devastating Flash Floods Claim Hundreds of Lives in Northern Provinces – FloodList](https://floodlist.com/asia/afghanistan-floods-may-2024) + 2. [Afghanistan Flooding](https://www.emro.who.int/images/stories/afghanistan/flood-sitrep-16-may-2024.pdf) +7. March 7 2024 Indonesia + 1. [Indonesia – Deadly Floods and Landslides in West Sumatra After 300mm of Rain in 6 Hours – FloodList](https://floodlist.com/asia/indonesia-floods-west-sumatra-march-2024) + 2. [2024 Sumatra flash floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Sumatra_flash_floods) +8. April 16 2024 UAE + 1. [202404 \- Rainfall \- UAE](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202404+-+Rainfall+-+UAE) +9. April 30 \-May 2 2024 Brazil + 1. [TIGGE archive](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202404+-+Rainfall+-+Brazil) +10. Jan 27 \- 28 2024 Auckland + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202301+-+Rainfall+-+Auckland](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202301+-+Rainfall+-+Auckland) +11. December 31 2023 Maldives + 1. [202312 \- Rainfall \- Maldives](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202312+-+Rainfall+-+Maldives) +12. Oct 17 \- 21 2023 Windstorm Babet Western coast of Europe + 1. [202310 \- Windstorm \- Babet](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202310+-+Windstorm+-+Babet) + 2. Cross-listed with winds +13. Sep 2 \- 7 2023 Storm Daniel \- Europe + 1. Part 1: [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=348806265](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=348806265) + 2. Part 2: [202309 \- Rainfall \- Daniel Part 2 (Libya)](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=348807887) + 3. Cross-listed with TCs +14. Aug 4 \- Aug 10 2023 Cyclone Hans + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202308+-+Rainfall+-+Cyclone+Hans%2C+Norway%2C+Sweden](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202308+-+Rainfall+-+Cyclone+Hans%2C+Norway%2C+Sweden) + 2. Cross-listed with wind +15. Aug 3 \- 4 2023 Slovenia + 1. [202308 \- Rainfall \- Slovenia](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202308+-+Rainfall+-+Slovenia) +16. July 12 \- 15 2023 South Korea + 1. [202307 \- Rainfall \- South Korea](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202307+-+Rainfall+-+South+Korea) +17. June 3 \- 7 2023 Madeira + 1. [202306 \- Rainfall \- Madeira](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202306+-+Rainfall+-+Madeira) +18. May 12 \- May 17 2023 Italy from a storm called Minerva + 1. [202305 \- Rainfall \- Italy / the Balkans](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=333784952) +19. March 28 \- April 1 Britain and France \- Windstorm Mathis + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202303+-+Windstorm+-+Mathis](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202303+-+Windstorm+-+Mathis) + 2. Cross-listed with winds +20. Feb 17 \- 20 2023 Sao Paulo Brazil + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202302+-+Rainfall+-+Sao+Paulo](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202302+-+Rainfall+-+Sao+Paulo) +21. Feb 9 2023 Cyclone Helios + 1. [202302 \- Rainfall \- Helios](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202302+-+Rainfall+-+Helios) +22. Sep 15 2022 \- Italy + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202209+-+Rainfall+-+Italy](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202209+-+Rainfall+-+Italy) +23. Aug 7 \- 10 2022 Korea + 1. [TIGGE archive](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202208+-+Rainfall+-+Korea) +24. August 2022 Pakistan + 1. [202208 \- Flooding \- Pakistan](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202208+-+Flooding+-+Pakistan) +25. July 27 2022 \- UAE + 1. [202207 \- Rainfall \- UAE](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202207+-+Rainfall+-+UAE) +26. April 8 \- 22 2022 \- Africa + 1. [2022 KwaZulu-Natal floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_KwaZulu-Natal_floods) + 2. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202204+-+Rainfall+-+South+Africa](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202204+-+Rainfall+-+South+Africa) +27. Feb 23 \- April 7 2022 \- Eastern Australia + 1. [2022 eastern Australia floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_eastern_Australia_floods) (Lismore got the most media attention) + 2. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202202+-+Rainfall+-+Australia](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202202+-+Rainfall+-+Australia) +28. Jan 18 \- 23 2022 \- Madagascar + 1. [2022 Antananarivo floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Antananarivo_floods) +29. Nov 14 \- 18 2021 Canada + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202111+-+Rainfall+-+Canada](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202111+-+Rainfall+-+Canada) +30. Nov 4 \- 5 2021 Balkans + 1. [202111 \- Rainfall \- Balkans](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202111+-+Rainfall+-+Balkans) +31. Oct 24 \- 26 2021 Italy + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202110+-+Rainfall+-+Italy](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202110+-+Rainfall+-+Italy) +32. Oct 14 2021 \- Greece + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202110+-+Rainfall+-+Greece](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202110+-+Rainfall+-+Greece) +33. Aug 17 \- 18 Sweden + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202108+-+Rainfall+-+Sweden](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202108+-+Rainfall+-+Sweden) +34. Aug 11 \- 12 2021 Turkey + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202108+-+Rainfall+-+Turkey](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202108+-+Rainfall+-+Turkey) +35. July 17 \- 31 2021 \- China + 1. [2021 Henan floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Henan_floods) + 2. [Typhoon In-fa \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_In-fa) contributed (but is not the only cause) +36. July 12 \- 14 2021 \- Germany and Belgium + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202107+-+Rainfall+-+Germany+and+Belgium](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202107+-+Rainfall+-+Germany+and+Belgium) + 2. [2021 \- Flooding in Europe](https://climate.copernicus.eu/esotc/2021/flooding-july) +37. May 28 \- 31 2021 \- New Zealand + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202105+-+Rainfall+-+New+Zeeland](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202105+-+Rainfall+-+New+Zeeland) +38. March 18 \- 21 2021 \- Australia + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202103+-+Rainfall+-+Australia](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202103+-+Rainfall+-+Australia) +39. January 2021 \- Singapore + 1. Part 1: [202101 \- Rainfall \- Singapore Part 1](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202101+-+Rainfall+-+Singapore+Part+1) + 2. Part 2: [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202101+-+Rainfall+-+Singapore+Part+2](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202101+-+Rainfall+-+Singapore+Part+2) +40. Nov 27 \- 29 2020 Sardinia + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202011+-+Rainfall+-+Sardinia](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202011+-+Rainfall+-+Sardinia) +41. Oct 11 \- 14 2020 India + 1. [2020 Hyderabad floods \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Hyderabad_floods) +42. July 1-4 2020 Japan + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202007+-+Rainfall+-+Japan](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202007+-+Rainfall+-+Japan) +43. April 19 \- 21 2020 Spain + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202004+-+Rainfall+-+Spain](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202004+-+Rainfall+-+Spain) +44. January 20 \-21 2020 Windstorm Gloria \- Spain + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202001+-+Windstorm+-+Gloria](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202001+-+Windstorm+-+Gloria) + 2. Cross-listed with winds and flooding + 3. [Storm Gloria \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Gloria) + +## Tropical Cyclone Flooding + +Some of the data used to identify TC floods came from + +* [List of the wettest tropical cyclones in the United States \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_wettest_tropical_cyclones_in_the_United_States) + +## US-based events + +1. Hurricane Helene (Cat 4, Sep 24-27 2024\) + 1. [Hurricane Helene \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Helene) + 2. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-helene-predecessor-rain-event/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-helene-predecessor-rain-event/) + 3. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202409+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-Helene](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202409+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-Helene) + 4. Location: Southeast coast + 5. Cross-list with floods +2. Francine (Cat 2, Sep 9-12 2024\) + 1. [Hurricane Francine \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Francine) + 2. Cross-listed with flooding +3. Hurricane Hone (Aug 22 \- Sep 8 2024\) + 1. [Hurricane Hone \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Hone) + 2. Cross-listed with floods +4. Hurricane Debby (Aug 3 \- 9 2024\) + 1. [Hurricane Debby (2024) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Debby_\(2024\)) + 2. [202408 \- Tropical Cyclone \- Debby](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202408+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Debby) + 3. Cross-listed with flooding +5. Hurricane Beryl (Cat 5, June 28 \- July 9 2024\) + 1. Cross-listed with floods + 2. [Hurricane Beryl \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Beryl) +6. Hurricane Lee (Cat 5, Sep 5 \- 16, 2023\) + 1. [Hurricane Lee (2023) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Lee_\(2023\)) + 2. Cross-listed with flooding +7. Hurricane Hilary (Cat 4, Aug 16 \- 20 2023\) + 1. Cross-listed with flooding + 2. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-hurricane-hilary-20-21-august-2023/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-hurricane-hilary-20-21-august-2023/) + 3. [Hurricane Hilary \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Hilary) +8. Hurricane Ian (Cat 5, Sep 23 \- 30, 2022\) + 1. [Hurricane Ian \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ian) + 2. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202209+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Ian](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202209+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Ian) + 3. Cross-listed with floods +9. Hurricane Fiona (Cat 4, Sep 14 \- 23, 2022\) + 1. [Hurricane Fiona \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Fiona) + 2. Cross-listed with flooding +10. Tropical Storm Alex (June 5-7 2022\) + 1. [Tropical Storm Alex (2022) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Alex_\(2022\)) +11. Hurricane Ida (Cat 4, Aug 26-Sep 1 2021\) + 1. Cross-listed with floods + 2. [Effects of Hurricane Ida in the Northeastern United States \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Ida_in_the_Northeastern_United_States) + 3. [Hurricane Ida \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ida) + 4. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202108+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Rainfall+-+Ida](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202108+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Rainfall+-+Ida) +12. Hurricane Henri (Cat 1, Aug 15 \- 23 2021\) + 1. [Hurricane Henri \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Henri) + 2. Cross-listed with flooding +13. Tropical storm Fred (TS, Aug 11 \- 17 2021 + 1. [Tropical Storm Fred (2021) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Fred_\(2021\)) + 2. Cross-listed with flooding +14. Tropical Cyclone Claudette June 19-23 2021 + 1. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical\_Storm\_Claudette\_(2021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Claudette_\(2021\)) + 2. Cross-listed with flooding and TCs and tornado outbreaks +15. Hurricane Sally (Cat 2, Sep 11 \- 17 2020\) + 1. [Hurricane Sally \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Sally) + 2. Cross-listed with flooding +16. Tropical Storm Amanda and Tropical Storm Cristobal (TS, May 30 \- June 12 2020\) + 1. [Tropical storms Amanda and Cristobal \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_storms_Amanda_and_Cristobal) + 2. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadoes\_of\_2020\#June\_6%E2%80%9310\_(non-Cristobal\_events)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadoes_of_2020#June_6%E2%80%9310_\(non-Cristobal_events\)) + 3. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List\_of\_derecho\_events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_derecho_events) + 4. Cross-listed with flooding, derecho, and TC + +## Worldwide events + +1. Tropical Storm Trami (Oct 19 \- 29 2024\) + 1. Cross-listed with flooding + 2. [At least 126 dead and missing in massive flooding and landslides in Philippines | AP News](https://apnews.com/article/tropical-storm-trami-philippines-vietnam-ee57cf85bc41683260f416f38ed3de30) + 3. [Tropical Storm Trami (2024) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Trami_\(2024\)) +2. Cyclone Asna (Cyclonic storm, Aug 25 \- Sep 2 2024\) + 1. [Cyclone Asna \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Asna) + 2. Cross-listed with floods +3. Typhoon Yagi (Severe Tropical Storm Enteng) (Cat 5 equivalent, violent typhoon, Aug 31-Sep 8 2024\) + 1. Cross-listed with flooding + 2. [Typhoon Yagi \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Yagi) + 3. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202409+-+Tropical+Cyclone+](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202409+-+Tropical+Cyclone+) +4. Tropical Storm Prapiroon (TD Butchoy) (Severe TS, July 19-24 2024\) + 1. Cross-listed with flooding + 2. [Tropical Storm Prapiroon (2024) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Prapiroon_\(2024\)) +5. TC Belal January 15 2024 + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202401+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Belal](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202401+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Belal) + 2. Cross-listed in flooding +6. Cyclone Kirrily (Cat 1, Jan 12 \- Feb 5 2024\) + 1. [Cyclone Kirrily \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Kirrily) + 2. Caused flooding \- cross listed with floods +7. Tropical Low 03U \- Australia (Jan 11–23, 2024\) + 1. [2023–24 Australian region cyclone season \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Australian_region_cyclone_season) +8. Tropical Cyclone Jasper Australia. 4 December 2023 – 13 December 2023 (record breaking flooding and poorly forecast) (Cat 5\) + 1. [Cyclone Jasper \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Jasper) + 2. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202312+-+Rainfall+-+Queensland](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202312+-+Rainfall+-+Queensland) +9. Hurricane Norman (Cat 4, Oct 17 \- 23 2023\) + 1. [Hurricane Norma (2023) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Norma_\(2023\)) +10. Typhoon Doksuri (Super Typhoon Egay) (Very strong typhoon, July 20-30 2023\) + 1. Cross-listed with flooding + 2. [Typhoon Doksuri \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Doksuri) +11. Typhoon Lan (Very strong Typhoon, Aug 7 \- 17 2023\) + 1. Cross-listed with flooding + 2. [Typhoon Lan (2023) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Lan_\(2023\)) +12. Typhoon Haikui (Typhoon Hanna) (Very strong typhoon, August 27 – September 6 2023\) + 1. Cross-listed with floods and TCs + 2. [Typhoon Haikui (2023) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Haikui_\(2023\)) +13. Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Mocha, May 2023 Myranmar + 1. [https://library.wmo.int/records/item/68890-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2023](https://library.wmo.int/records/item/68890-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2023) + 1. “Several extreme precipitation events took place in 2023\. In May, heavy rainfall led to the establishment of new daily precipitation records at certain stations in Myanmar.” + 2. [https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/d547c7dcb949a8b07aea2cc2e66a7bbc-0070062023/original/GRADE-CycloneMochaMay23Myanmar.pdf](https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/d547c7dcb949a8b07aea2cc2e66a7bbc-0070062023/original/GRADE-CycloneMochaMay23Myanmar.pdf) + 3. [https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/myanmar/publication/global-rapid-post-disaster-damage-estimation-grade-report](https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/myanmar/publication/global-rapid-post-disaster-damage-estimation-grade-report) + 2. [Cyclone Mocha \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Mocha) + 3. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202305+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Mocha](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202305+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Mocha) + 4. Cross-listed with flooding and TCs +14. Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Freddy (Severe Tropical Cyclone Freddy) (Very intense tropical cyclone, 14 February – 14 March 2023\) + 1. Cross-list with floods + 2. [Cyclone Freddy \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Freddy) +15. Typhoon Nanmadol (Super Typhoon Josie) (Violent typhoon, September 12–19, 2022\) + 1. [Typhoon Nanmadol (2022) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Nanmadol_\(2022\)) + 2. Cross-listed with floods and TC + 3. “The strongest TC of the year, Typhoon Nanmadol, made landfall in the Kyushu region of Japan on 18 September. Record breaking maximum wind speeds were observed at eight stations, and record high 24-hour rainfall was observed at 13 stations. Nanmadol triggered evacuation orders for approximately four million people. After making landfall, it moved northward, passing through the western part of Honshu Island, causing damage to houses and injuries as it weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated in the north Pacific Ocean. Typhoon Nanmadol was reported to be associated with five deaths, to have affected over 1 300 people and to have caused an estimated more than US$ 2 billion in economic damages.” + 4. [https://library.wmo.int/records/item/66314-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2022](https://library.wmo.int/records/item/66314-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2022) +16. Typhoon Noru (Super Typhoon Karding) (Very strong typhoon, September 21–29, 2022\) + 1. [Typhoon Noru \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Noru) + 2. Cross-listed with TC and floods + 3. “Typhoon Noru formed to the east of the Philippines, crossed Luzon Island, re-intensified in the South China Sea and made landfall in Viet Nam on 27 September, bringing heavy rain and causing flooding and landslides in Viet Nam, Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Thailand. In Viet Nam, in particular, heavy rainfall (a total of approximately 300 mm–600 mm) was recorded in Nghe An and Ha Tinh provinces from 28 to 30 September, with 605 mm in Quynh Luu, causing serious flooding in low-lying areas and along river areas in the Quynh Luu, Thanh Chuong, and Hung Nguyen districts of Nghe An. Flooding induced by Typhoon Noru affected more than 11 000 hectares of rice crops, and killed or swept away about 155 000 cattle and poultry in Viet Nam.” + 4. [https://library.wmo.int/records/item/66314-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2022](https://library.wmo.int/records/item/66314-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2022) +17. Typhoon Hinnamnor (Super Typhoon Henry) (Violent typhoon, August 27 –September 6, 2022\) + 1. Cross-listed with flooding + 2. [Typhoon Hinnamnor \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Hinnamnor) +18. Tropical Cyclone Gombe (Tropical cyclone, 5–17 March, 2022\) + 1. Cross-list with floods + 2. [Cyclone Gombe \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Gombe) +19. Hurricane Agatha (Cat 2, May 28-31 2022\) + 1. [Hurricane Agatha \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Agatha) +20. Tropical Cyclone Eloise (Tropical cyclone, 14 – 25 January, 2021\) + 1. Cross-list with floods + 2. [Cyclone Eloise \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Eloise) +21. Hurricane Nora (Cat 1, Aug 25-30 2021\) + 1. Cross-listed with flooding + 2. [Hurricane Nora (2021) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Nora_\(2021\)) +22. Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Tauktae (Extremely severe cyclonic storm, May 14 – 19, 2021\) + 1. Cross-listed with floods + 2. [Cyclone Tauktae \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Tauktae) + 3. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202105+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Tauktae](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202105+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Tauktae) +23. Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Yaas (Very severe cyclonic storm, May 23 – 28, 2021\) + 1. Cross-list with floods + 2. [Cyclone Yaas \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Yaas) +24. Cyclonic Storm Gulab (/ɡuːˈləb/) and Severe Cyclonic Storm Shaheen (Sep 24 \- Oct 4, 2021 in total) + 1. Cross-listed with floods + 2. [Cyclones Gulab and Shaheen \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclones_Gulab_and_Shaheen) +25. Tropical Storm Linfa (Tropical storm, October 6–12, 2020\) + 1. Cross-listed with floods + 2. [Tropical Storm Linfa \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Linfa) +26. Typhoon Goni (Super Typhoon Rolly) (Violent typhoon, October 26 – November 6 , 2020\) + 1. Cross-listed with flooding + 2. [Typhoon Goni \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Goni) +27. Typhoon Vamco (Typhoon Ulysse) (Very strong typhoon, November 8–16, 2020\) + 1. Cross-listed with flooding + 2. [Typhoon Vamco \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Vamco) +28. Typhoon Hagupit (Severe Tropical Storm Dindo) (Typhoon, July 30 – August 5, 2020\) + 1. Cross-listed with floods + 2. [Typhoon Hagupit (2020) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Hagupit_\(2020\)) +29. Super Cyclonic Storm Amphan (Super cyclonic storm, May 16 – 21, 2020\) + 1. Cross-list with floods + 2. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202005+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Amphan](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202005+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Amphan) + 3. [Cyclone Amphan \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Amphan) + +## Tropical Cyclone Tornado Outbreaks + +These tornado outbreaks are associated with a landfalling tropical cyclone. As with the tornado outbreaks, they are all US cases due to lack of global data on tornadoes. + +1. Hurricane Milton (Cat 5, Oct 5-10 2024\) + 1. [Hurricane Milton \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Milton) +2. Hurricane Beryl tornado outbreak, July 8–10 2024 + 1. [Hurricane Beryl tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Beryl_tornado_outbreak) +3. Hurricane Ida tornado outbreak, August 29–September 2 2021 + 1. [Hurricane Ida tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ida_tornado_outbreak) +4. Tropical Cyclone Claudette June 19-23 2021 + 1. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical\_Storm\_Claudette\_(2021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Claudette_\(2021\)) + 2. Cross-listed with flooding and TCs and tornado outbreaks +5. Hurricane Isaias tornado outbreak, August 3–4 2020 + 1. Hurricane Isaias (Cat 1, July 30 \- Aug 4, 2020\) + 2. [Hurricane Isaias \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Isaias) + 3. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202008+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Isaias](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202008+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Isaias) + 4. Cross-listed with hurricanes/TCs + +## Wind Events + +Major large-scale wind events including bomb cyclones and others (Note that derechos are broken out separately) + +## US-based wind events + +1. Nov 18-21 2024 Bomb Cyclone and AR + * [Bomb cyclone with atmospheric river blasts Oregon, Northern California and Washington](https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-forecasts/bomb-cyclone-with-atmospheric-river-to-blast-northwest-part-of-california/1715099) + * [CW3E AR Update: 18 November 2024 Outlook \- Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-ar-update-18-november-2024-outlook/) + * Cross-listed with AR and major winds and large-scale snow +2. Feb 3 \- 5 2024 + * Cross-listed with Atmospheric rivers + * [Atmospheric River impacts California](https://www.weather.gov/mtr/AtmosphericRiver-February_3-5_2024) +3. Jan 13-16 2024, Winter Storm Heather + * [January 13–16, 2024 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_13%E2%80%9316,_2024_North_American_winter_storm) + * Cross listed wind/blizzards +4. Jan 10-14, 2024 + * [January 10–13, 2024 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_10%E2%80%9313,_2024_North_American_storm_complex) + * Cross-listed with wind and major freezes +5. Winter Storm Finn, Jan 7-10 2024 + * [January 8–10, 2024 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_8%E2%80%9310,_2024_North_American_storm_complex) + * Cross-listed with wind and blizzards +6. Aug 4-8, 2023 + * [Tornado outbreak sequence of August 4–8, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_August_4%E2%80%938,_2023) + * Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes and major wind events + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230804\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230804_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230805\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230805_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230806\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230806_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230807\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230807_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230808\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230808_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +7. Jul 28-29, 2023 + * [https://www.weather.gov/lot/2023\_07\_28\_SevereWeather](https://www.weather.gov/lot/2023_07_28_SevereWeather) + * [https://www.fox6now.com/weather/severe-storms-cause-havoc-se-wisconsin-friday-july-28](https://www.fox6now.com/weather/severe-storms-cause-havoc-se-wisconsin-friday-july-28) + * Cross-listed with major wind and hail + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230728\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230728_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230729\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230729_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +8. July 19-21, 2023 + * [Storm reports: Baseball-sized hail and high winds Wednesday | MPR News](https://www.mprnews.org/story/2023/07/19/storm-reports-tennis-ballsized-hail-and-high-winds-wednesday) + * [July 20, 2023 Severe Storms](https://www.weather.gov/dtx/severeweather07202023#:~:text=In%20total%2C%2012%20Severe%20Thunderstorm,vehicles%2C%20homes%2C%20and%20businesses) + * [July 20, 2023 Severe Weather \- Cleveland](https://www.weather.gov/cle/event_severe20230720) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230719\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230719_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230720\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230720_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230721\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230721_rpts.html) (more wind this day) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +9. June 28 \- July 2, 2023 + * Cross-listed with hail and wind and tornado (though tornado is less than wind/hail) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230628\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230628_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230629\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230629_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230630\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230630_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230701\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230701_rpts.html) [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230702\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230702_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +10. June 15-18, 2023 + * [Tornado outbreak sequence of June 14–19, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_June_14%E2%80%9319,_2023#Non-tornadic_effects) + * Cross-listed with flooding and tornadoes and hail and wind + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230615\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230615_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230616\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230616_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230617\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230617_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +11. June 11-14, 2023 + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230611\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230611_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230612\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230612_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230613\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230613_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230614\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230614_rpts.html) + * Cross-listed with wind and hail + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +12. May 10-12, 2023 + * [The Severe Weather Event of May 11, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/oun/events-20230511) + * [May 10-11, 2023 Tornadoes, Flash Flooding, and Severe Weather](https://www.weather.gov/gld/May10112023Tornadoes) + * Cross-listed with flooding and hail and high wind and tornado + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230510\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230510_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230511\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230511_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230512\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230512_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +13. May 6-8, 2023 + * [Damaging Winds and Golf Ball Hail \- May 6, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_050623) + * [May 7, 2023: Severe Thunderstorms Produce Damaging Winds, Large Hail, Landspouts, Heavy Rain, and Blowing Dust](https://www.weather.gov/lot/2023_05_07_FloodingSevere) + * [Destructive Winds, Baseball Hail and Tornadoes \- May 7, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_050723) + * Cross-listed with flooding and hail and high wind and tornado + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230506\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230506_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230507\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230507_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230508\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230508_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +14. April 4-6, 2023 + * [April 4-5, 2023: Destructive Winds, Very Large Hail, & Tornadoes](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_04042023) + * [Event Summary April 4, 2023 Severe Storms and Tornado](https://www.weather.gov/dmx/summary_Apr4_2023) + * April 4 is cross-listed with tornado outbreaks and hail. All three days are cross-listed with hail and wind + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230404\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230404_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230405\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230405_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230406\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230406_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +15. March 31 \- April 2, 2023 + * [Tornado outbreak of March 31 – April 1, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_31_%E2%80%93_April_1,_2023) + * Main event is March 31 + * Cross-listed with tornado and snow and hail and wind + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230331\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230331_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230401\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230401_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230402\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230402_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +16. March 9-17 2023, Winter Storm Sage + * [March 2023 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2023_North_American_winter_storm) + * Cross-listed with AR and winds +17. Feb 26 \- 27, 2023 + * [February 2023 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2023_North_American_storm_complex) + * Cross-listed with blizzards, wind, and tornado outbreaks + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230226\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230226_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230227\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230227_rpts.html) +18. January 3 \- 4 2022 East coast of US + * [January 3–4, 2022 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_3%E2%80%934,_2022_nor%27easter) + * Cross-listed with blizzards +19. January 14 \- 17 2022 North American and Canada + * [January 14–17, 2022 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_14%E2%80%9317,_2022_North_American_winter_storm) + * Cross-listed with blizzards +20. January 22 \- 31 2022 North Atlantic to Canada + * [January 2022 North American blizzard \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2022_North_American_blizzard) + * Cross-listed with blizzards +21. April 11-13, 2022 + * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April\_2022\_North\_American\_storm\_complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2022_North_American_storm_complex) + * Cross-listed with tornado outbreaks, major freeze, blizzard, wind (straight line winds) and hail + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220411\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220411_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220412\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220412_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220413\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220413_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +22. July 22-23, 2022 + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220722\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220722_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220723\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220723_rpts.html) + * Cross-listed with wind and tornado + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +23. April 4 \- 6, 2022 + * [Tornado outbreak sequence of April 4–7, 2022 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_April_4%E2%80%937,_2022) + * Cross-listed with hail and tornado and wind + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220404\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220404_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220405\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220405_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220406\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220406_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +24. January 31 \- Feb 3 2021 + * [January 31 – February 3, 2021 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_31_%E2%80%93_February_3,_2021_nor%27easter) + * Cross-listed with flooding and blizzards and wind +25. April 15-17 2021 + * [April 2021 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2021_nor%27easter) + * Cross-listed with major snow/wind and wind +26. June 7-8, 2022 + * [Flash Flooding on June 7-8, 2022](https://www.weather.gov/bmx/event_06082022) + * [Severe Weather on June 8, 2022](https://www.weather.gov/iln/20220608) + * [PHOTOS: Hail, rain and haboob make way over El Paso on Wednesday](https://kfoxtv.com/news/local/hail-rain-and-a-haboob-make-way-over-el-paso-on-wednesday-borderland-weather?src=link) + * Cross-listed with tornado, wind, hail, and flooding + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220607\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220607_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220608\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220608_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +27. Dec 9-11 2021, Winter Storm Atticus, Utah + * [Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_December_10%E2%80%9311,_2021#Non-tornadic_effects) + * Cross-listed with wind and tornado outbreaks and blizzards + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211210\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211210_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +28. Oct 30 \- Nov 7 2021 + * [October 2021 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2021_nor%27easter) + * Cross-listed with wind and flooding + * Eventually becomes TS Wanda (but not listing in TC flooding since the flooding is pre TS) +29. Oct 24-26 2021 + * [October 2021 Northeast Pacific bomb cyclone \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2021_Northeast_Pacific_bomb_cyclone) +30. Oct 10-13 2021: + * This also crosses into blizzards + * [2021–22 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_North_American_winter) +31. Aug 10-13, 2021 + * [August 10-11, 2021: Multiple Rounds of Severe Thunderstorms Produce Widespread Wind Damage](https://www.weather.gov/lot/2021aug10-11) + * [Damaging Winds: August 10, 2021 Event Summary](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_08102021) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210810\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210810_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210811\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210811_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210812\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210812_rpts.html) [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210813\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210813_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +32. July 8 \- 9, 2021 + * [July 8, 2021 Supercell Hail and Radar Dome Damage](https://www.weather.gov/unr/2021-07-08) + * [N.J. weather: Tennis ball-size hail pelts North Jersey during intense thunderstorms](https://www.nj.com/weather/2021/07/nj-weather-tennis-ball-size-hail-pelts-north-jersey-during-intense-thunderstorms.html) + * [Summary of the Severe Weather on the Night of July 9th, 2021](https://www.weather.gov/lsx/July92021Severe) + * [Massive hail storm sweeps through central Iowa Friday](https://www.weareiowa.com/article/weather/severe-weather/hail-storm-sweeps-through-central-iowa-marion-polk-story-warren-boone-dallas-jasper-madison-webster-county/524-de02f63b-625f-4197-a6d8-8d1316e35b27) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210708\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210708_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210709\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210709_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) + * Cross-listed with wind and hail +33. May 2-4 2021 + * [Tornado outbreak of May 2–4, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_May_2%E2%80%934,_2021) + * [Summary of May 3, 2021 Tornado](https://www.weather.gov/akq/May_3_2021_Tornado) + * [May 3 \- 4, 2021 Severe Weather](https://www.weather.gov/ffc/2021May3_4_Severe) + * [Summary of May 4, 2021 High-End to Extreme Severe Wind](https://www.weather.gov/akq/May_4_2021_Severe) + * [Damaging Winds of May 4th, 2021](https://www.weather.gov/rnk/2021_05_04_Severe) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210503\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210503_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210504\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210504_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) + * Cross-listed with tornado, wind, and hail +34. March 24-28, 2021 + * [Tornado outbreak sequence of March 24–28, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_March_24%E2%80%9328,_2021) + * Cross-listed with hail and flooding and tornadoes and wind + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210324\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210324_rpts.html) (mostly hail) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210325\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210325_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210326\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210326_rpts.html) (low day in between waves) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210327\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210327_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210328\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210328_rpts.html) (could skip this day) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +35. Jan 14-19 2020, Winter storm Jacob + * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January\_2020\_North\_American\_storm\_complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2020_North_American_storm_complex) + * Cross-listed with major wind events and snow +36. November 30–December 2 2020 + * [November 2020 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2020_North_American_storm_complex) + * Cross-listed with snow and winds +37. Dec 15-17, 2020 nor’easter + * [December 15–17, 2020 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_15%E2%80%9317,_2020_nor%27easter) + * Cross-listed with tornado (though it isn’t really an outbreak, only 2 TOR) and snow and wind +38. July 10-11, 2020 + * [July 10, 2020 Tornadoes and Severe Storms](https://www.weather.gov/unr/2020-07-10) + * [Event Summary: July 11, 2020](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_071120) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200710\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200710_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200711\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200711_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) + * Cross-listed with wind and hail +39. May 3-5, 2020 + * [May 3, 2020 Hail Storms](https://www.weather.gov/unr/2020-05-03) + * [Summary of Severe Weather on May 4th, 2020](https://www.weather.gov/sgf/04May2020_StormSummary) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200503\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200503_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200504\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200504_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200505\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200505_rpts.html) (could leave this day out, smaller impact) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) + * Cross-listed with wind and hail +40. April 28, 2020 + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200428\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200428_rpts.html) + * Cross-listed with wind and hail + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +41. April 21-22, 2020 + * [Tornado outbreak of April 21–23, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_April_21%E2%80%9323,_2020) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200421\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200421_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200422\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200422_rpts.html) + * Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornados + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +42. April 12, 2020 + * [2020 Easter tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Easter_tornado_outbreak) + * Cross-listed with winter storms, major wind, tornadoes, flooding + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200412\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200412_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +43. April 7-8, 2020 + * [https://www.weather.gov/lot/7April2020\_HailEvent](https://www.weather.gov/lot/7April2020_HailEvent) + * [Severe Weather and Tornadoes \- April 8-9, 2020](https://www.weather.gov/iln/20200409) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200407\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200407_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200408\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200408_rpts.html) + * Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornado + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +44. March 27-28, 2020 + * [Overview of the March 28 severe storms](https://www.weather.gov/pah/mar28svere) + * [The Tornadoes of March 28 2020](https://www.weather.gov/arx/mar2820) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200327\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200327_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200328\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200328_rpts.html) (this day is TOR also) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) + * Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornado +45. Feb 5-7, 2020 + * [Tornado outbreak of February 5–7, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_February_5%E2%80%937,_2020) + * Cross-listed with winter and tornadoes and major wind and hail + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200205\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200205_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200206\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200206_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200207\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200207_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +46. January 10–11, 2020 + * [Tornado outbreak of January 10–11, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_January_10%E2%80%9311,_2020) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200110\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200110_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200111\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200111_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) + * Cross-listed with wind and tornado and hail + +## Global wind events + +1. Feb 22 \- 23 2024 Windstorm Louis \- Northern Europe + * [202402 \- Windstorm \- Louis](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202402+-+Windstorm+-+Louis) +2. Feb 1 2024 Windstorm Ingunn \- Norway and Sweden + * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202402+-+Windstorm+-+Ingunn](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202402+-+Windstorm+-+Ingunn) +3. January 21 \- 22 2024 Windstorm Isha UK + * [202401 \- Windstorm \- Isha](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202401+-+Windstorm+-+Isha) +4. Nov 12 2023 Windstorm Debi UK + * [202311 \- Windstorm \- Debi](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202311+-+Windstorm+-+Debi) +5. Nov 26 2023 Crimea Windstorm Bettina + * [202311 \- Windstorm \- Bettina](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202311+-+Windstorm+-+Bettina) +6. Nov 2 2023 Windstorm Ciaran Western Europe + * [202311 \- Windstorm \- Ciaran](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202311+-+Windstorm+-+Ciaran) +7. Oct 17 \- 21 2023 Windstorm Babet Western coast of Europe + * [202310 \- Windstorm \- Babet](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202310+-+Windstorm+-+Babet) + * Cross-listed with winds +8. Aug 4 \- Aug 10 2023 Cyclone Hans + * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202308+-+Rainfall+-+Cyclone+Hans%2C+Norway%2C+Sweden](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202308+-+Rainfall+-+Cyclone+Hans%2C+Norway%2C+Sweden) + * Cross-listed with flooding +9. July 5 2023 Windstorm Poly \- Netherlands + * [202307 \- Windstorm \- Poly](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202307+-+Windstorm+-+Poly) +10. March 28 \- April 1 Britain and France \- Windstorm Mathis + * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202303+-+Windstorm+-+Mathis](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202303+-+Windstorm+-+Mathis) + * Cross-listed with floods +11. April 27 2021 Aleutian Islands + * Remnants turned into a bomb cyclone [Typhoon Surigae \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Surigae) +12. Feb 17 2023 Scotland to Scandinavia \- Windstorm Otto + * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202302+-+Windstorm+-+Otto](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202302+-+Windstorm+-+Otto) +13. Jan 16 2023 \- France Windstorm Gerard + * [202301 \- Windstorm \- Gerard](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202301+-+Windstorm+-+Gerard) +14. Feb 18 2022 \- WIndstorm Eunice + * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202202+-+Windstorm+-+Eunice](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202202+-+Windstorm+-+Eunice) + * [Storm Eunice \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Eunice) +15. Jan 29 \- 30 Windstorm Malik \- Europe + * [202201 \- Windstorm \- Malik](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202201+-+Windstorm+-+Malik) +16. Jan 11-12 2021 Sweden + * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202101+-+Snowfall+-+Sweden](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202101+-+Snowfall+-+Sweden) + * Cross-listed with winds +17. Oct 20 \- 22 2020 Windstorm Barbara \- Europe + * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202010+-+Windstorm+-+Barbara](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202010+-+Windstorm+-+Barbara) + * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321\_European\_windstorm\_season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_European_windstorm_season) +18. Sep 30 \- Oct 4 2020 \- Windstorm Alex \- Europe + * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202010+-+Windstorm+-+Alex](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202010+-+Windstorm+-+Alex) +19. Aug 19 \- 20 2020 Windstorm Ellen \- Ireland + * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202008+-+Windstorm+-+Ellen](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202008+-+Windstorm+-+Ellen) +20. Feb 15 \- 16 2020 Windstorm Dennis \- Northwestern Europe + * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202002+-+Windstorm+-+Dennis](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202002+-+Windstorm+-+Dennis) + * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm\_Dennis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Dennis) +21. Feb 9 \- 10 2020 Windstorm Ciara \- UK + * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202002+-+Windstorm+-+Ciara](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202002+-+Windstorm+-+Ciara) + * [Storm Ciara \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Ciara) +22. January 20 \-21 2020 Windstorm Gloria \- Spain + * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202001+-+Windstorm+-+Gloria](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202001+-+Windstorm+-+Gloria) + * Cross-listed with winds and flooding + * [Storm Gloria \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Gloria) +23. Jan 13-14 2020 Windstorm Brendan \- UK and Ireland + * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202001+-+Windstorm++-+Brendan](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202001+-+Windstorm++-+Brendan) +24. Jan 6 \- 7 2020 Greece + * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202001+-+Windstorm+-+Greece](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202001+-+Windstorm+-+Greece) + +## Winter Weather + +Winter weather was broken into two main categories of freezes and snow. Although ice storms are also highly impactful, they are not possible to predict with the current scale of global models and are left for future versions of EWB. + +The data used to select the storms come from the following: + +* [2021–22 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_North_American_winter) +* [List of major snow and ice events in the United States \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_major_snow_and_ice_events_in_the_United_States) +* [Category:2020–21 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020%E2%80%9321_North_American_winter) +* [Category:2021–22 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2021%E2%80%9322_North_American_winter) +* [Category:2022–23 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2022%E2%80%9323_North_American_winter) +* [Category:2023–24 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2023%E2%80%9324_North_American_winter) +* [List of blizzards \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_blizzards) +* [https://library.wmo.int/records/item/68890-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2023](https://library.wmo.int/records/item/68890-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2023) +* [https://library.wmo.int/records/item/66314-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2022](https://library.wmo.int/records/item/66314-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2022?offset=3) +* [https://library.wmo.int/records/item/58229-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2021](https://library.wmo.int/records/item/58229-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2021) +* [https://library.wmo.int/records/item/57695-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2020](https://library.wmo.int/records/item/57695-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2020) +* [https://eswd.eu/cgi-bin/eswd.cgi](https://eswd.eu/cgi-bin/eswd.cgi) + +## Winter categories + +* [Major freeze events](cold_snaps.md) +* [Large-scale snow events](planned_events.md#snow-events) + +## Snow Events + + +## US-based events + +1. Nov 18-21 2024 Bomb Cyclone and AR + * [Bomb cyclone with atmospheric river blasts Oregon, Northern California and Washington](https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-forecasts/bomb-cyclone-with-atmospheric-river-to-blast-northwest-part-of-california/1715099) + * [CW3E AR Update: 18 November 2024 Outlook \- Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-ar-update-18-november-2024-outlook/) + * Cross-listed with AR and major winds and large-scale snow +2. Feb 10-18 2024 Nor’easter + * [February 2024 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2024_nor%27easter) +3. Winter Storm Heather, Jan 12-18 2024 + * [January 13–16, 2024 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_13%E2%80%9316,_2024_North_American_winter_storm) +4. January 8 \- 10 2024 + * [January 8–10, 2024 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_8%E2%80%9310,_2024_North_American_storm_complex) + * Cross-listed with tornado outbreaks, major snow, flooding +5. Jan 10-14, 2024 + * [January 10–13, 2024 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_10%E2%80%9313,_2024_North_American_storm_complex) + * Cross-listed with wind and major freezes +6. Jan 13-16 2024, Winter Storm Heather + * [January 13–16, 2024 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_13%E2%80%9316,_2024_North_American_winter_storm) + * Cross listed wind/blizzards +7. Winter Storm Finn, Jan 7-10 2024 + * [January 8–10, 2024 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_8%E2%80%9310,_2024_North_American_storm_complex) + * Cross-listed with wind +8. March 31 \- April 2, 2023 + * [Tornado outbreak of March 31 – April 1, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_31_%E2%80%93_April_1,_2023) + * Main event is March 31 + * Cross-listed with tornado and snow and hail and wind + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230331\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230331_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230401\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230401_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230402\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230402_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +9. March 1-3 2023 + * [Early-March 2023 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early-March_2023_North_American_storm_complex) + * Cross-listed with tornado, hail and snow + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230301\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230301_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230302\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230302_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230303\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230303_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +10. March 9-17 2023, Winter Storm Sage + * [March 2023 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2023_North_American_winter_storm) + * Cross-listed with AR and winds +11. Feb 26 \- 27, 2023 + * [February 2023 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2023_North_American_storm_complex) + * Cross-listed with blizzards, wind, and tornado outbreaks + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230226\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230226_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230227\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230227_rpts.html) +12. January 3 \- 4 2022 East coast of US, Winter Storm Frida + * [January 3–4, 2022 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_3%E2%80%934,_2022_nor%27easter) + * Cross-listed with major wind events +13. Second storm (January 4–7, 2022), Winter Storm Garrett + * [2021–22 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_North_American_winter) +14. January 14 \- 17 2022 North American and Canada + * [January 14–17, 2022 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_14%E2%80%9317,_2022_North_American_winter_storm) + * Cross-listed with wind +15. January 22 \- 31 2022 North Atlantic to Canada + * [January 2022 North American blizzard \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2022_North_American_blizzard) + * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202201+-+Snowstorm+-+Northeastern+US](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202201+-+Snowstorm+-+Northeastern+US) + * Cross-listed with wind +16. Feb 1-3 2022, Winter Storm Landon, Groundhog Snowstorm (focus on the snow at the end rather than the ice at the start) + * [February 2022 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2022_North_American_winter_storm) +17. Feb 22-26 2022 + * Late Feb storm here [2021–22 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_North_American_winter#Late_February_winter_storm) + * Cross-listed with freezes for the strong cold front (and blizzards) +18. March 9-10 2022, Winter Storm Quinlan + * [2021–22 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_North_American_winter#Mid-March_winter_storm_and_cold_wave) + * Cross listed with major snow and freeze +19. April 11-13, 2022 + * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April\_2022\_North\_American\_storm\_complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2022_North_American_storm_complex) + * Cross-listed with tornado outbreaks, major freeze, blizzard, wind (straight line winds) and hail + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220411\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220411_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220412\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220412_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220413\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220413_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +20. April 18 \- 20 2022 SE US + * [2021–22 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_North_American_winter#Mid-April_nor'easter) + * Cross-listed with blizzards and flooding (heavy rains and flooding in south and nor’easter northeast) +21. May 20-21, 2022 Winter Storm Tad Colorado and Wyoming + * [2021–22 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_North_American_winter#Late_May_winter_storm) + * Cross-listed with major freezes +22. Nov 17 \- 20 2022, Great lakes blizzard + * [November 2022 Great Lakes winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2022_Great_Lakes_winter_storm) +23. Dec 12-15 2022 + * [Tornado outbreak of December 12–15, 2022 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_December_12%E2%80%9315,_2022) + * Cross-listed with blizzards and tornado + * See non-tornadic effects + * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado\_outbreak\_of\_December\_12%E2%80%9315,\_2022\#Non-tornadic\_effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_December_12%E2%80%9315,_2022#Non-tornadic_effects) +24. Dec 21-26 2022 + * [December 2022 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2022_North_American_winter_storm) +25. January 31 \- Feb 3 2021 + * [January 31 – February 3, 2021 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_31_%E2%80%93_February_3,_2021_nor%27easter) + * Cross-listed with flooding and blizzards and wind +26. Feb 6-8, 2021 Super bowl Sunday nor’easter + * [February 6–8, 2021 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_6%E2%80%938,_2021_nor%27easter) +27. Feb 13 \- Feb 17 2021, Winter Storm Uri + * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202102+-+Cold+spell+-+US](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202102+-+Cold+spell+-+US) + * [February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_13%E2%80%9317,_2021_North_American_winter_storm) + * [The Texas Freeze: Timeline of events](https://environmentamerica.org/texas/center/articles/the-texas-freeze-timeline-of-events/) + * Cross-listed with blizzards/major snow events and major freezes and tornadoes +28. Feb 15-20, 2021 Winter Storm Viola or the North Texas Freeze + * [February 15–20, 2021 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_15%E2%80%9320,_2021_North_American_winter_storm) + * [2021 Winter Storms \- Center for Disaster Philanthropy](https://disasterphilanthropy.org/disasters/2021-winter-storms/) + * Cross-listed with major snow (and freezing rain but we don’t have that as a category) +29. March 4 \- 17, 2021 + * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March\_2021\_North\_American\_blizzard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2021_North_American_blizzard) + * Cross-listed with tornado and major snow +30. March 16-18 2021 + * [Tornado outbreak of March 16–18, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_16%E2%80%9318,_2021) + * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321\_North\_American\_winter\#March\_16%E2%80%9317\_blizzard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_North_American_winter#March_16%E2%80%9317_blizzard) + * Cross-listed with major snow and tornado outbreak +31. April 15-17 2021 + * [April 2021 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2021_nor%27easter) + * Cross-listed with major snow/wind and wind +32. Dec 9-11 2021, Winter Storm Atticus, Utah + * [Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_December_10%E2%80%9311,_2021#Non-tornadic_effects) + * Cross-listed with wind and tornado outbreaks and blizzards + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211210\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211210_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +33. December 30, 2020 \- January 3, 2021, New Year’s Storm + * [2020–21 New Year's North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_New_Year%27s_North_American_winter_storm) +34. Dec 15-17, 2020 nor’easter + * [December 15–17, 2020 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_15%E2%80%9317,_2020_nor%27easter) + * Cross-listed with tornado (though it isn’t really an outbreak, only 2 TOR) and snow and wind +35. December 5–6, 2020 nor'easter + * [December 5–6, 2020 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_5%E2%80%936,_2020_nor%27easter) + * Cross-listed with snow and winds +36. November 30–December 2 2020 + * [November 2020 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2020_North_American_storm_complex) + * Cross-listed with snow and winds +37. Oct 27 2020 \- Winter Storm Billy + * [2020–21 North American winter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_North_American_winter) + * [Winter Storm Spreading Snow and Damaging Ice Through the Southern Plains | The Weather Channel](https://weather.com/storms/winter/news/2020-10-24-winter-storm-billy-snow-blizzard-rockies-plains) + * This is largely an ice storm (snow storm farther north) but it was a very large-scale ice storm so I’d like to list it under freezes as it involved a sudden drop in temperature + * Cross-listed with snow and freeze +38. Hurricane Zeta (Cat 3, Oct 24-29 2020\) + * [Hurricane Zeta \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Zeta) + * Cross-listed with major snow events and TCs +39. April 12, 2020 + * [2020 Easter tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Easter_tornado_outbreak) + * Cross-listed with winter storms, major wind, tornadoes, flooding + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200412\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200412_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +40. Feb 9 \- 13 2020, Winter storm Mabel + * Precursor to [Storm Dennis \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Dennis) which hit Europe + * [Winter Storm Mabel Spread Snow from Southern California to Maine; Blizzard Conditions in the Midwest (RECAP) | The Weather Channel](https://weather.com/forecast/national/news/2020-02-09-winter-storm-snow-ice-plains-midwest-northeast-forecast) +41. Feb 5-7, 2020 + * [Tornado outbreak of February 5–7, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_February_5%E2%80%937,_2020) + * Cross-listed with winter and tornadoes and major wind and hail + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200205\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200205_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200206\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200206_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200207\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200207_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +42. Feb 1 \- 4 2020, Winter Storm Kade + * [Winter Storm Bringing Snow Across the Northeast and Flurries in the Midwest | The Weather Channel](https://weather.com/storms/winter/news/2020-02-02-winter-storm-west-rockies-plains-midwest-northeast-early-february) + * Eventually leads to [Storm Ciara \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Ciara) hitting Europe +43. Jan 14-19 2020, Winter storm Jacob + * [January 2020 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2020_North_American_storm_complex) + * Cross-listed with major wind events and snow + +## Worldwide events + +1. November 22, 2024 Germany + 1. Germany (47.98 N,10.17 E) \< 10 km + 1. 06:00 UTC (+/- 3 hrs.) + 2. based on information from: a television or radio broadcast + 3. Impacts: Rail-/tram-/subway(s) unusable or closed + 4. [https://www.br.de/nachrichten/bayern/wetter-in-bayern-bis-zu-40-zentimeter-schnee-viele-unfaelle-auf-bayerns-strassen,UUpMXbO](https://www.br.de/nachrichten/bayern/wetter-in-bayern-bis-zu-40-zentimeter-schnee-viele-unfaelle-auf-bayerns-strassen,UUpMXbO) + 5. Reference: "Bis zu 40 Zentimeter Schnee: Viele Unfälle auf Bayerns Straßen", BR24, 22 NOV 2024 + 6. report status: report confirmed by reliable source (QC1) + 7. contact: Thilo Kühne (ESWD management/ESSL Team) + 2. [https://eswd.eu/cgi-bin/eswd.cgi](https://eswd.eu/cgi-bin/eswd.cgi) +2. May 15-16 2024 Korea + 1. [Rare May snow advisory issued in Gangwon as region sees heavy snowfall](https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/2024-05-16/national/socialAffairs/Rare-May-snow-advisory-issued-in-Gangwon-as-region-sees-heavy-snowfall/2048103) +3. April 2 2024 Sweden/Finland + 1. [202404 \- Snowfall / Cold \- Sweden / Finland](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=402638917) + 2. Cross-listed with cold +4. Feb 22 2024 Korea + 1. [Heavy snow hits S. Korea, with more expected](https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20240222050579) +5. January 17 \- 18 2024 France and Germany + 1. [202401 \- Snowfall \- France, Germany](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202401+-+Snowfall+-+France%2C+Germany) +6. January 3 2024 Sweden + 1. [202401 \- Snowfall \- Southern Sweden](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202401+-+Snowfall+-+Southern+Sweden) +7. Dec 30 2023 Korea + 1. [(2nd LD) Seoul sees heaviest December snowfall in over 40 years; more snow expected over weekend | Yonhap News Agency](https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20231230000752315) +8. Nov 25 \- Dec 2 2023 Europe + 1. [202311 \- Cold \- Europe](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202311+-+Cold+-+Europe) + 2. [Munich hit by heaviest snowfall in 20 years, wakes up to 50 cm (1.6 feet) of snow and severe traffic disruption, Germany](https://watchers.news/2023/12/02/munich-hit-by-heaviest-snowfall-in-20-years-wakes-up-to-50-cm-1-6-feet-of-snow-and-severe-traffic-disruption-germany/) + 3. Cross-listed with snow/blizzards and major freeze +9. August 2023 Chile + 1. [August 2023 Chilean winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2023_Chilean_winter_storm) + 2. Need to find more information +10. June 2023 Chile + 1. [June 2023 Chilean winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2023_Chilean_winter_storm) + 2. Need to find more information +11. January 25 2023 Japan + 1. [Heavy snow causes havoc in Japan as cold snap sweeps through Asia | Reuters](https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/cars-stranded-flights-cancelled-heavy-snow-blankets-japan-2023-01-25/) + 2. Cross-listed with snows and major freezes +12. Dec 23-25 2022 Japan + 1. [Heavy snow in Japan leaves at least 17 dead and dozens injured](https://www.npr.org/2022/12/26/1145508734/heavy-snow-in-japan-leaves-at-least-17-dead-and-dozens-injured) + 2. [Heavy snow in Japan kills at least 17, injures dozens | CNN](https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/26/asia/japan-winter-snow-deaths-intl-hnk/index.html) +13. Nov 19 \- 22 2022 Sweden + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202211+-+Snowfall+-+Sweden](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202211+-+Snowfall+-+Sweden) +14. Jan 6 \- 8 2022 Pakistan + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202201+-+Snowfall+-+Pakistan](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202201+-+Snowfall+-+Pakistan) +15. Dec 1 2021 Sweden and Denmark + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202112+-+Snowstorm+-+Denmark%2C+Sweden](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202112+-+Snowstorm+-+Denmark%2C+Sweden) +16. Nov 25 \- 27 2021 Storm Arwen, UK Ireland, France + 1. Cross-listed with winds + 2. [Storm Arwen \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Arwen) +17. January 2021 Japan + 1. [Massive snowstorm turns deadly, strands thousands in western Japan](https://www.accuweather.com/en/winter-weather/snowstorm-strands-over-1000-vehicles-in-western-japan/880693) +18. Jan 11-12 2021 Sweden + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202101+-+Snowfall+-+Sweden](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202101+-+Snowfall+-+Sweden) + 2. Cross-listed with winds +19. Dec 5 \- 7 2020 Austria + 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=208475032](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=208475032) + +## Hailstorms + +We focus our data on the US, again lacking global data, though we do have a few high-profile cases identified from collaborators and literature. If you have additional large-scale hail outbreaks to add, please let us know. + +To be selected as a hail-outbreak, it must be a large-scale event. This means that it cannot have dropped only one giant hailstone or have only hit one city. We did not impose a specific minimum square footage but used the SPC storm reports database (in the US) to ensure that the hail was large scale. + +## US-based hail events + +1. July 13 \- 16, 2024 + * [Severe weather sequence of July 13–16, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_weather_sequence_of_July_13%E2%80%9316,_2024) + * Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and flooding and hail + * SPC reports: + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240713\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240713_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240714\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240714_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240715\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240715_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240716\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240716_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +2. June 24-26 2024 + * SPC reports: + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240624\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240624_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240625\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240625_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240626\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240626_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +3. June 12-14 2024 + * SPC reports: + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240612\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240612_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240613\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240613_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240614\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240614_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +4. May 30 2024 + * From wikipedia: “An unusually strong storm blanketed a large portion of the northeast Denver metro area in the late evening. Golf ball-sized stones damaged homes and vehicles, in an event comparable to the May 2017 hail storm. Due to the late hour the storm hit, much of the hail would not melt until the following day” + * [List of costly or deadly hailstorms \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_costly_or_deadly_hailstorms) + * SPC reports: + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240530\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240530_rpts.html) +5. May 31 \- June 1, 2024 + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240531\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240531_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240601\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240601_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +6. May 27-28, 2024 + * SPC reports: + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240527\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240527_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240528\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240528_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +7. May 19 \- 27, 2024 + * [Tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_May_19%E2%80%9327,_2024) + * Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and hail + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240518\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240518_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240519\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240519_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240520\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240520_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240521\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240521_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240522\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240522_rpts.html) + * (this starts to run into the next one above so I’m stopping where NCEI does on the 22nd) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +8. May 11-13 2024 + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240511\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240511_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240512\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240512_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240513\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240513_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +9. May 6- 10, 2024 + * [Tornado outbreak of May 6–10, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_May_6%E2%80%9310,_2024) + * Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes + * SPC reports: + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240506\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240506_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240507\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240507_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240508\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240508_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240509\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240509_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240510\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240510_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +10. April 25 \- 28, 2024 + * [Tornado outbreak of April 25–28, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_April_25%E2%80%9328,_2024) + * Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes + * SPC reports: + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240425\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240425_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240426\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240426_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240427\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240427_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240428\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240428_rpts.html) (not much hail this day) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +11. April 8-9, 2024 + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240408\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240408_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240409\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240409_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +12. April 1- 3, 2024 + * [Tornado outbreak and derecho of April 1–3, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_and_derecho_of_April_1%E2%80%933,_2024) + * Cross-listed with tornado and derecho and hail + * SPC reports: + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240501\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240501_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240502\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240502_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240503\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240503_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +13. March 13 \- 15, 2024 + * [Tornado outbreak of March 13–15, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_13%E2%80%9315,_2024) + * Cross-listed with tornado and hail + * SPC reports: + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240313\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240313_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240314\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240314_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240315\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240315_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +14. Feb 27, 2024 + * [Tornadoes of 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadoes_of_2024#:~:text=February%2027%E2%80%9328%20\(United%20States\),-EFU&text=A%20severe%20weather%20outbreak%20produced,other%20along%20the%20Ohio%20River) + * Cross-listed with tornado and hail + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240227\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240227_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +15. Feb 10-11, 2024 + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240210\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240210_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240211\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240211_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +16. Sep 23-24, 2023 + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230923\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230923_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230924\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230924_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +17. Aug 11, 2023 + * [https://www.mprnews.org/story/2023/09/11/twin-cities-august-hailstorm-was-1-of-a-record-23-us-billiondollar-disasters](https://www.mprnews.org/story/2023/09/11/twin-cities-august-hailstorm-was-1-of-a-record-23-us-billiondollar-disasters) + * [https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/journal/august-11-2023-hail-and-winds.html](https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/journal/august-11-2023-hail-and-winds.html) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230811\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230811_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +18. Aug 4-8, 2023 + * [Tornado outbreak sequence of August 4–8, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_August_4%E2%80%938,_2023) + * Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes and major wind events + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230804\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230804_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230805\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230805_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230806\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230806_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230807\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230807_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230808\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230808_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +19. Jul 28-29, 2023 + * [https://www.weather.gov/lot/2023\_07\_28\_SevereWeather](https://www.weather.gov/lot/2023_07_28_SevereWeather) + * [https://www.fox6now.com/weather/severe-storms-cause-havoc-se-wisconsin-friday-july-28](https://www.fox6now.com/weather/severe-storms-cause-havoc-se-wisconsin-friday-july-28) + * Cross-listed with major wind and hail + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230728\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230728_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230729\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230729_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +20. July 19-21, 2023 + * [Storm reports: Baseball-sized hail and high winds Wednesday | MPR News](https://www.mprnews.org/story/2023/07/19/storm-reports-tennis-ballsized-hail-and-high-winds-wednesday) + * [July 20, 2023 Severe Storms](https://www.weather.gov/dtx/severeweather07202023#:~:text=In%20total%2C%2012%20Severe%20Thunderstorm,vehicles%2C%20homes%2C%20and%20businesses) + * [July 20, 2023 Severe Weather \- Cleveland](https://www.weather.gov/cle/event_severe20230720) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230719\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230719_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230720\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230720_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230721\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230721_rpts.html) (more wind this day) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) + * Cross-listed with wind and hail +21. June 28 \- July 2, 2023 + * Cross-listed with hail and wind and tornado (though tornado is less than wind/hail) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230628\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230628_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230629\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230629_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230630\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230630_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230701\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230701_rpts.html) [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230702\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230702_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +22. June 21, 2023 + * From wikipedia: “An evening severe thunderstorm produced several inches of hail, some stones measuring up to the size of golf balls and tennis balls. Over 90 people attending a Louis Tomlinson concert at Red Rocks Amphitheater were treated on-site as a result of hail related injuries. Seven people were hospitalized.” + * [List of costly or deadly hailstorms \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_costly_or_deadly_hailstorms) + * SPC reports: + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230621\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230621_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +23. June 15-18, 2023 + * [Tornado outbreak sequence of June 14–19, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_June_14%E2%80%9319,_2023#Non-tornadic_effects) + * Cross-listed with flooding and tornadoes and hail and wind + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230615\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230615_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230616\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230616_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230617\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230617_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +24. June 11-14, 2023 + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230611\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230611_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230612\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230612_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230613\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230613_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230614\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230614_rpts.html) + * Cross-listed with wind and hail + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +25. May 10-12, 2023 + * [The Severe Weather Event of May 11, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/oun/events-20230511) + * [May 10-11, 2023 Tornadoes, Flash Flooding, and Severe Weather](https://www.weather.gov/gld/May10112023Tornadoes) + * Cross-listed with flooding and hail and high wind and tornado + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230510\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230510_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230511\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230511_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230512\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230512_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +26. May 6-8, 2023 + * [Damaging Winds and Golf Ball Hail \- May 6, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_050623) + * [May 7, 2023: Severe Thunderstorms Produce Damaging Winds, Large Hail, Landspouts, Heavy Rain, and Blowing Dust](https://www.weather.gov/lot/2023_05_07_FloodingSevere) + * [Destructive Winds, Baseball Hail and Tornadoes \- May 7, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_050723) + * Cross-listed with flooding and hail and high wind and tornado + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230506\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230506_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230507\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230507_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230508\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230508_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +27. April 25-27, 2023 + * [‘Baseball Size’ Hail Falls in Texas as Storms Whip Across South \- The New York Times](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/27/us/texas-storms-hail-south.html) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230425\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230425_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230426\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230426_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230427\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230427_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +28. April 19-20, 2023 + * [April 19-20, 2023: Two Rounds of Storms Bring Large Hail and Damaging Winds To the Region](https://www.weather.gov/lot/2023_04_20_Severe) + * [Event Summary: April 20, 2023 \- Updated 4/22 with Damage Survey](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/Summary_04202023) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230419\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230419_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230420\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230420_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +29. April 15, 2023 + * [April 15, 2023 Tornadoes](https://www.weather.gov/lsx/April152023Tornadoes) + * [Saturday April 15 2023 Severe Weather Review](https://www.weather.gov/sgf/April_15_2023_LargeHailandTornado) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230415\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230415_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +30. April 4-6, 2023 + * [April 4-5, 2023: Destructive Winds, Very Large Hail, & Tornadoes](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_04042023) + * [Event Summary April 4, 2023 Severe Storms and Tornado](https://www.weather.gov/dmx/summary_Apr4_2023) + * April 4 is cross-listed with tornado outbreaks and hail. All three days are cross-listed with hail and wind + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230404\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230404_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230405\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230405_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230406\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230406_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +31. March 31 \- April 2, 2023 + * [Tornado outbreak of March 31 – April 1, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_31_%E2%80%93_April_1,_2023) + * Main event is March 31 + * Cross-listed with tornado and snow and hail and wind + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230331\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230331_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230401\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230401_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230402\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230402_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +32. March 1-3 2023 + * [Early-March 2023 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early-March_2023_North_American_storm_complex) + * Cross-listed with tornado, hail and snow + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230301\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230301_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230302\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230302_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230303\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230303_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +33. June 7-8, 2022 + * [Flash Flooding on June 7-8, 2022](https://www.weather.gov/bmx/event_06082022) + * [Severe Weather on June 8, 2022](https://www.weather.gov/iln/20220608) + * [PHOTOS: Hail, rain and haboob make way over El Paso on Wednesday](https://kfoxtv.com/news/local/hail-rain-and-a-haboob-make-way-over-el-paso-on-wednesday-borderland-weather?src=link) + * Cross-listed with tornado, wind, hail, and flooding + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220607\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220607_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220608\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220608_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +34. May 19, 2022 + * [May 19-20, 2022 Severe Weather](https://www.weather.gov/arx/may1922) + * [Southern Minnesota Hailstorms, May 19, 2022](https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/journal/southern-minnesota-hailstorms-may-19-2022.html) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220519\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220519_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +35. May 12, 2022 + * [May 2022 Midwest derecho \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2022_Midwest_derecho) + * Cross-listed with tornado and derecho and hail + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220512\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220512_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +36. May 9, 2022 + * [https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/journal/severe-thunderstorms-and-more-heavy-rain-may-9-2022.html](https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/journal/severe-thunderstorms-and-more-heavy-rain-may-9-2022.html) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220509\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220509_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +37. May 1-2, 2022 + * [May 1-2, 2022 Severe Weather Event](https://www.weather.gov/ama/may_1-2_2022_severe) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220501\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220501_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220502\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220502_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +38. April 11-13, 2022 + * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April\_2022\_North\_American\_storm\_complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2022_North_American_storm_complex) + * Cross-listed with tornado outbreaks, major freeze, blizzard, wind (straight line winds) and hail + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220411\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220411_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220412\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220412_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220413\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220413_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +39. April 4 \- 6, 2022 + * [Tornado outbreak sequence of April 4–7, 2022 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_April_4%E2%80%937,_2022) + * Cross-listed with hail and tornado and wind + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220404\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220404_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220405\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220405_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220406\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220406_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +40. July 8 \- 9, 2021 + * [July 8, 2021 Supercell Hail and Radar Dome Damage](https://www.weather.gov/unr/2021-07-08) + * [N.J. weather: Tennis ball-size hail pelts North Jersey during intense thunderstorms](https://www.nj.com/weather/2021/07/nj-weather-tennis-ball-size-hail-pelts-north-jersey-during-intense-thunderstorms.html) + * [Summary of the Severe Weather on the Night of July 9th, 2021](https://www.weather.gov/lsx/July92021Severe) + * [Massive hail storm sweeps through central Iowa Friday](https://www.weareiowa.com/article/weather/severe-weather/hail-storm-sweeps-through-central-iowa-marion-polk-story-warren-boone-dallas-jasper-madison-webster-county/524-de02f63b-625f-4197-a6d8-8d1316e35b27) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210708\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210708_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210709\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210709_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) + * Cross-listed with wind and hail +41. June 17 \- 18, 2021 + * [June 2021 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2021_North_American_storm_complex) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210617\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210617_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210618\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210618_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) + * Cross-listed with tornadoes and hail +42. May 2-4 2021 + * [Tornado outbreak of May 2–4, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_May_2%E2%80%934,_2021) + * [Summary of May 3, 2021 Tornado](https://www.weather.gov/akq/May_3_2021_Tornado) + * [May 3 \- 4, 2021 Severe Weather](https://www.weather.gov/ffc/2021May3_4_Severe) + * [Summary of May 4, 2021 High-End to Extreme Severe Wind](https://www.weather.gov/akq/May_4_2021_Severe) + * [Damaging Winds of May 4th, 2021](https://www.weather.gov/rnk/2021_05_04_Severe) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210503\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210503_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210504\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210504_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) + * Cross-listed with tornado, wind, and hail +43. April 28, 2021 + * [Warn-on-Forecast: Large Hail Strikes Three Cities, April 28, 2021](https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/projects/wof/casestudies/hail-oktx-apr2021/) + * [Texas Hailstone, Over 6 Inches in Diameter, Confirmed as New State Record | Weather.com](https://weather.com/storms/severe/news/2021-06-24-texas-record-hailstone-hondo-confirmed) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210428\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210428_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +44. March 24-28, 2021 + * [Tornado outbreak sequence of March 24–28, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_March_24%E2%80%9328,_2021) + * Cross-listed with hail and flooding and tornadoes and wind + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210324\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210324_rpts.html) (mostly hail) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210325\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210325_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210326\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210326_rpts.html) (low day in between waves) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210327\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210327_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210328\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210328_rpts.html) (could skip this day) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +45. July 10-11, 2020 + * [July 10, 2020 Tornadoes and Severe Storms](https://www.weather.gov/unr/2020-07-10) + * [Event Summary: July 11, 2020](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_071120) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200710\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200710_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200711\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200711_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) + * Cross-listed with wind and hail +46. May 27, 2020 + * [Photos: Hail pelts San Antonio as severe storms pass through city](https://www.ksat.com/news/local/2020/05/28/photos-hail-pelts-san-antonio-as-severe-storms-pass-through-city/) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200527\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200527_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +47. May 20 \- 23, 2020 + * [Large hail pounds parts of Lubbock on 20 May 2020](https://www.weather.gov/lub/events-2020-20200520-storms) + * [East Central Florida Large Hail Event on May 21, 2020](https://www.weather.gov/media/mlb/surveys/LargeHail_052120_Public.pdf) + * [May 23, 2020 Hail Storms](https://www.weather.gov/unr/2020-05-23) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200520\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200520_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200521\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200521_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200522\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200522_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200523\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200523_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +48. May 3-5, 2020 + * [May 3, 2020 Hail Storms](https://www.weather.gov/unr/2020-05-03) + * [Summary of Severe Weather on May 4th, 2020](https://www.weather.gov/sgf/04May2020_StormSummary) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200503\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200503_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200504\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200504_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200505\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200505_rpts.html) (could leave this day out, smaller impact) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) + * Cross-listed with wind and hail +49. April 28, 2020 + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200428\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200428_rpts.html) + * Cross-listed with wind and hail + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +50. April 21-22, 2020 + * [Tornado outbreak of April 21–23, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_April_21%E2%80%9323,_2020) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200421\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200421_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200422\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200422_rpts.html) + * Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornados + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +51. April 7-8, 2020 + * [https://www.weather.gov/lot/7April2020\_HailEvent](https://www.weather.gov/lot/7April2020_HailEvent) + * [Severe Weather and Tornadoes \- April 8-9, 2020](https://www.weather.gov/iln/20200409) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200407\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200407_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200408\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200408_rpts.html) + * Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornado + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +52. March 27-28, 2020 + * [Overview of the March 28 severe storms](https://www.weather.gov/pah/mar28svere) + * [The Tornadoes of March 28 2020](https://www.weather.gov/arx/mar2820) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200327\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200327_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200328\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200328_rpts.html) (this day is TOR also) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) + * Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornado +53. March 2-3, 2020 + * [2020 Nashville tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Nashville_tornado_outbreak) + * Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200302\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200302_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200303\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200303_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +54. Feb 5-7, 2020 + * [Tornado outbreak of February 5–7, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_February_5%E2%80%937,_2020) + * Cross-listed with winter and tornadoes and major wind and hail + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200205\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200205_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200206\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200206_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200207\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200207_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +55. January 10–11, 2020 + * [Tornado outbreak of January 10–11, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_January_10%E2%80%9311,_2020) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200110\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200110_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200111\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200111_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) + * Cross-listed with wind and tornado and hail + +## Global hail events + +For the future (when we add radar data), Australian radar-based observations available at level 2 in [https://www.openradar.io/operational-network](https://www.openradar.io/operational-network) + +1. 24-Dec-2023 in Burpengary, QLD, Aus from Mt Stapy radar (16 cm) +2. 23-Dec-2023 in Gatton, QLD, Aus from Marburg radar (12cm) +3. 04-Dec-2023 in Gympie, QLD, Aus from Kanagin radar (12cm) +4. January 27 2023 Argentina + * Identified from [Toward a South American High-Impact Weather Reports Database in](https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/105/7/BAMS-D-23-0063.1.xml) +5. 19-Oct-2021 in Yalboroo, QLD, Aus from Mackay radar (16cm) +6. 31-Oct-2020 in Springfield, QLD, Aus from radar 66 (15cm) +7. June 13 2020 + * Identified from From wikipedia: “Regarded as the hailstorm capital of Canada, a massive hailstorm of tennis-ball-sized pummeled northeastern Calgary and nearby communities. Preliminary damage estimates weigh in at least \$1.2 billion, eclipsing the \$400 million hailstorm event 10 years prior and becoming the 4th costliest natural disaster in Canada.” + * [List of costly or deadly hailstorms \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_costly_or_deadly_hailstorms) + +## Tornado Outbreaks + +Note, we are focusing on outbreak days initially, because they are larger scale and more in line with what current global models can predict. As model resolution improves, we can add high-impact tornadoes that do not satisfy the outbreak criteria. Also, this is entirely centered on the US since that is where the vast majority of tornado outbreaks happen. + +The outbreaks spawned by TCs are separated out into their own list. + +An outbreak had to have at least 10 tornadoes to be selected. + +## US Tornado outbreaks + +1. July 13 \- 16, 2024 + * [Severe weather sequence of July 13–16, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_weather_sequence_of_July_13%E2%80%9316,_2024) + * Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and flooding and hail + * SPC reports: + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240713\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240713_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240714\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240714_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240715\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240715_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240716\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240716_rpts.html) +2. May 19 \- 27, 2024 + * [Tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_May_19%E2%80%9327,_2024) + * Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and hail + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240518\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240518_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240519\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240519_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240520\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240520_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240521\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240521_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240522\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240522_rpts.html) +3. Houston derecho, May 16, 2024 + * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024\_Houston\_derecho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Houston_derecho) + * Not a large-scale tornado outbreak but it did generate a few tornadoes so cross-listed with tornado and derecho +4. May 6- 10, 2024 + * [Tornado outbreak of May 6–10, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_May_6%E2%80%9310,_2024) + * Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes + * SPC reports: + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240506\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240506_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240507\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240507_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240508\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240508_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240509\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240509_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240510\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240510_rpts.html) +5. April 25 \- 28, 2024 + * [Tornado outbreak of April 25–28, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_April_25%E2%80%9328,_2024) + * Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes + * SPC reports: + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240425\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240425_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240426\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240426_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240427\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240427_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240428\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240428_rpts.html) (not much hail this day) +6. April 1- 3, 2024 + * [Tornado outbreak and derecho of April 1–3, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_and_derecho_of_April_1%E2%80%933,_2024) + * Cross-listed with tornado and derecho and hail + * SPC reports: + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240501\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240501_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240502\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240502_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240503\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240503_rpts.html) +7. March 13 \- 15, 2024 + * [Tornado outbreak of March 13–15, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_13%E2%80%9315,_2024) + * Cross-listed with tornado and hail + * SPC reports: + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240313\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240313_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240314\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240314_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240315\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240315_rpts.html) +8. Feb 27, 2024 + * [Tornadoes of 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadoes_of_2024#:~:text=February%2027%E2%80%9328%20\(United%20States\),-EFU&text=A%20severe%20weather%20outbreak%20produced,other%20along%20the%20Ohio%20River) + * Cross-listed with tornado and hail + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240227\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240227_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +9. January 8 \- 10 2024 + * [January 8–10, 2024 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_8%E2%80%9310,_2024_North_American_storm_complex) + * Cross-listed with tornado outbreaks, major snow, flooding + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +10. Dec 9 \- 10, 2023 + * [December 2023 Tennessee tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2023_Tennessee_tornado_outbreak) +11. Aug 4-8, 2023 + * [Tornado outbreak sequence of August 4–8, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_August_4%E2%80%938,_2023) + * Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes and major wind events + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230804\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230804_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230805\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230805_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230806\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230806_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230807\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230807_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230808\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230808_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +12. June 28 \- July 2, 2023 + * Cross-listed with hail and wind and tornado (though tornado is less than wind/hail) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230628\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230628_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230629\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230629_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230630\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230630_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230701\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230701_rpts.html) [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230702\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230702_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +13. June 20-26, 2023 + * [Tornado outbreak sequence of June 20–26, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_June_20%E2%80%9326,_2023) +14. June 15-18, 2023 + * [Tornado outbreak sequence of June 14–19, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_June_14%E2%80%9319,_2023#Non-tornadic_effects) + * Cross-listed with flooding and tornadoes and hail and wind + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230615\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230615_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230616\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230616_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230617\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230617_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +15. May 10-12, 2023 + * [The Severe Weather Event of May 11, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/oun/events-20230511) + * [May 10-11, 2023 Tornadoes, Flash Flooding, and Severe Weather](https://www.weather.gov/gld/May10112023Tornadoes) + * Cross-listed with flooding and hail and high wind and tornado + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230510\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230510_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230511\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230511_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230512\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230512_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +16. May 6-8, 2023 + * [Damaging Winds and Golf Ball Hail \- May 6, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_050623) + * [May 7, 2023: Severe Thunderstorms Produce Damaging Winds, Large Hail, Landspouts, Heavy Rain, and Blowing Dust](https://www.weather.gov/lot/2023_05_07_FloodingSevere) + * [Destructive Winds, Baseball Hail and Tornadoes \- May 7, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_050723) + * Cross-listed with flooding and hail and high wind and tornado + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230506\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230506_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230507\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230507_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230508\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230508_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +17. April 4-6, 2023 + * [April 4-5, 2023: Destructive Winds, Very Large Hail, & Tornadoes](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_04042023) + * [Event Summary April 4, 2023 Severe Storms and Tornado](https://www.weather.gov/dmx/summary_Apr4_2023) + * April 4 is cross-listed with tornado outbreaks and hail. All three days are cross-listed with hail and wind + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230404\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230404_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230405\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230405_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230406\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230406_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +18. March 31 \- April 2, 2023 + * [Tornado outbreak of March 31 – April 1, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_31_%E2%80%93_April_1,_2023) + * Main event is March 31 + * Cross-listed with tornado and snow and hail and wind + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230331\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230331_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230401\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230401_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230402\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230402_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +19. March 24-27, 2023 + * [Tornado outbreak of March 24–27, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_24%E2%80%9327,_2023) +20. March 1-3 2023 + * [Early-March 2023 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early-March_2023_North_American_storm_complex) + * Cross-listed with tornado, hail and snow + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230301\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230301_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230302\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230302_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230303\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230303_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +21. Feb 26 \- 27, 2023 + * [February 2023 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2023_North_American_storm_complex) + * Cross-listed with blizzards, wind, and tornado outbreaks + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230226\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230226_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230227\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230227_rpts.html) +22. January 24, 2023 + * [2023 Pasadena–Deer Park tornado \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Pasadena%E2%80%93Deer_Park_tornado) + * Small outbreak but useful to not always have huge ones? +23. January 12, 2023 + * [Tornado outbreak of January 12, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_January_12,_2023) +24. Dec 12-15 2022 + * [Tornado outbreak of December 12–15, 2022 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_December_12%E2%80%9315,_2022) + * Cross-listed with blizzards and tornado +25. Nov 29-30, 2022 + * [Tornado outbreak of November 29–30, 2022 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_November_29%E2%80%9330,_2022) +26. Nov 4-5, 2022 + * [Tornado outbreak of November 4–5, 2022 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_November_4%E2%80%935,_2022) +27. July 22-23, 2022 + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220722\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220722_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220723\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220723_rpts.html) + * Cross-listed with wind and tornado + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +28. June 7-8, 2022 + * [Flash Flooding on June 7-8, 2022](https://www.weather.gov/bmx/event_06082022) + * [Severe Weather on June 8, 2022](https://www.weather.gov/iln/20220608) + * [PHOTOS: Hail, rain and haboob make way over El Paso on Wednesday](https://kfoxtv.com/news/local/hail-rain-and-a-haboob-make-way-over-el-paso-on-wednesday-borderland-weather?src=link) + * Cross-listed with tornado, wind, hail, and flooding + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220607\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220607_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220608\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220608_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +29. May 12, 2022 + * [May 2022 Midwest derecho \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2022_Midwest_derecho) + * Cross-listed with tornado and derecho and hail + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220512\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220512_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +30. April 11-13, 2022 + * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April\_2022\_North\_American\_storm\_complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2022_North_American_storm_complex) + * Cross-listed with tornado outbreaks, major freeze, blizzard, wind (straight line winds) and hail + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220411\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220411_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220412\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220412_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220413\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220413_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +31. April 4 \- 6, 2022 + * [Tornado outbreak sequence of April 4–7, 2022 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_April_4%E2%80%937,_2022) + * Cross-listed with hail and tornado and wind + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220404\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220404_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220405\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220405_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220406\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220406_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +32. March 30, 2022 + * ​​[Tornado outbreak of March 29–31, 2022 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_29%E2%80%9331,_2022) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220330\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220330_rpts.html) +33. March 21-23, 2022 + * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado\_outbreak\_of\_March\_21%E2%80%9323,\_2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_21%E2%80%9323,_2022) +34. March 5-7, 2022 + * [Tornado outbreak of March 5–7, 2022 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_5%E2%80%937,_2022) +35. Dec 15-16, 2021 + * [December 2021 Midwest derecho and tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2021_Midwest_derecho_and_tornado_outbreak) + * Cross-listed with tornado and derecho + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211215\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211215_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +36. Dec 9-11 2021, Winter Storm Atticus, Utah + * [Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_December_10%E2%80%9311,_2021#Non-tornadic_effects) + * Cross-listed with wind and tornado outbreaks and blizzards + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211210\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211210_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +37. July 28 \- 29, 2021 + * [Tornado outbreak of July 28–29, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_July_28%E2%80%9329,_2021) +38. June 17 \- 18, 2021 + * [June 2021 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2021_North_American_storm_complex) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210617\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210617_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210618\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210618_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) + * Cross-listed with tornadoes and hail +39. May 2-4 2021 + * [Tornado outbreak of May 2–4, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_May_2%E2%80%934,_2021) + * [Summary of May 3, 2021 Tornado](https://www.weather.gov/akq/May_3_2021_Tornado) + * [May 3 \- 4, 2021 Severe Weather](https://www.weather.gov/ffc/2021May3_4_Severe) + * [Summary of May 4, 2021 High-End to Extreme Severe Wind](https://www.weather.gov/akq/May_4_2021_Severe) + * [Damaging Winds of May 4th, 2021](https://www.weather.gov/rnk/2021_05_04_Severe) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210503\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210503_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210504\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210504_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) + * Cross-listed with tornado, wind, and hail +40. March 24-28, 2021 + * [Tornado outbreak sequence of March 24–28, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_March_24%E2%80%9328,_2021) + * Cross-listed with hail and flooding and tornadoes and wind + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210324\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210324_rpts.html) (mostly hail) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210325\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210325_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210326\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210326_rpts.html) (low day in between waves) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210327\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210327_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210328\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210328_rpts.html) (could skip this day) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +41. March 16-18 2021 + * [Tornado outbreak of March 16–18, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_16%E2%80%9318,_2021) + * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321\_North\_American\_winter\#March\_16%E2%80%9317\_blizzard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_North_American_winter#March_16%E2%80%9317_blizzard) + * Cross-listed with major snow and tornado outbreak +42. March 4 \- 17, 2021 + * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March\_2021\_North\_American\_blizzard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2021_North_American_blizzard) + * Cross-listed with tornado and major snow +43. Feb 13 \- Feb 17 2021, Winter Storm Uri + * [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202102+-+Cold+spell+-+US](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202102+-+Cold+spell+-+US) + * [February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_13%E2%80%9317,_2021_North_American_winter_storm) + * [The Texas Freeze: Timeline of events](https://environmentamerica.org/texas/center/articles/the-texas-freeze-timeline-of-events/) + * Cross-listed with blizzards/major snow events and major freezes and tornadoes +44. Dec 15-17, 2020 nor’easter + * [December 15–17, 2020 nor'easter \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_15%E2%80%9317,_2020_nor%27easter) + * Cross-listed with tornado (though it isn’t really an outbreak, only 2 TOR) and snow and wind +45. Aug 10, 2020 + * [August 2020 Midwest derecho \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2020_Midwest_derecho) + * Cross-listed with derecho and tornado + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200810\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200810_rpts.html) +46. April 21-22, 2020 + * [Tornado outbreak of April 21–23, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_April_21%E2%80%9323,_2020) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200421\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200421_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200422\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200422_rpts.html) + * Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornados + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +47. April 12, 2020 + * [2020 Easter tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Easter_tornado_outbreak) + * Cross-listed with winter storms, major wind, tornadoes, flooding + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200412\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200412_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +48. April 7-8, 2020 + * [https://www.weather.gov/lot/7April2020\_HailEvent](https://www.weather.gov/lot/7April2020_HailEvent) + * [Severe Weather and Tornadoes \- April 8-9, 2020](https://www.weather.gov/iln/20200409) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200407\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200407_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200408\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200408_rpts.html) + * Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornado + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +49. March 27-28, 2020 + * [Overview of the March 28 severe storms](https://www.weather.gov/pah/mar28svere) + * [The Tornadoes of March 28 2020](https://www.weather.gov/arx/mar2820) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200327\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200327_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200328\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200328_rpts.html) (this day is TOR also) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) + * Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornado +50. March 2-3, 2020 + * [2020 Nashville tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Nashville_tornado_outbreak) + * Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200302\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200302_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200303\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200303_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +51. Feb 5-7, 2020 + * [Tornado outbreak of February 5–7, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_February_5%E2%80%937,_2020) + * Cross-listed with winter and tornadoes and major wind and hail + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200205\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200205_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200206\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200206_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200207\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200207_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +52. January 10–11, 2020 + * [Tornado outbreak of January 10–11, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_January_10%E2%80%9311,_2020) + * SPC reports + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200110\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200110_rpts.html) + * [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200111\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200111_rpts.html) + * Identified as a billion dollar disaster + * [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) + * Cross-listed with wind and tornado and hail + +## Overall Severe Convection + +This is a combination tornado and hail and wind days. We do not have the high enough resolution data to differentiate between tornadoes and wind and hail so we will just look at high-end events that did all of them. + +## US-based events + +1. July 13 \- 16, 2024 + 1. [Severe weather sequence of July 13–16, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_weather_sequence_of_July_13%E2%80%9316,_2024) + 2. Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and flooding and hail + 3. SPC reports: + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240713\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240713_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240714\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240714_rpts.html) + 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240715\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240715_rpts.html) + 4. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240716\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240716_rpts.html) +2. May 19 \- 27, 2024 + 1. [Tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_May_19%E2%80%9327,_2024) + 2. Cross-listed with tornadoes and derechos and hail + 3. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240518\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240518_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240519\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240519_rpts.html) + 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240520\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240520_rpts.html) + 4. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240521\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240521_rpts.html) + 5. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240522\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240522_rpts.html) +3. May 6- 10, 2024 + 1. [Tornado outbreak of May 6–10, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_May_6%E2%80%9310,_2024) + 2. Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes + 3. SPC reports: + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240506\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240506_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240507\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240507_rpts.html) + 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240508\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240508_rpts.html) + 4. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240509\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240509_rpts.html) + 5. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240510\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240510_rpts.html) +4. April 25 \- 28, 2024 + 1. [Tornado outbreak of April 25–28, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_April_25%E2%80%9328,_2024) + 2. Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes + 3. SPC reports: + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240425\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240425_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240426\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240426_rpts.html) + 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240427\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240427_rpts.html) + 4. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240428\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240428_rpts.html) (not much hail this day) +5. April 1- 3, 2024 + 1. [Tornado outbreak and derecho of April 1–3, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_and_derecho_of_April_1%E2%80%933,_2024) + 2. Cross-listed with tornado and derecho and hail + 3. SPC reports: + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240501\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240501_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240502\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240502_rpts.html) + 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240503\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240503_rpts.html) +6. March 13 \- 15, 2024 + 1. [Tornado outbreak of March 13–15, 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_13%E2%80%9315,_2024) + 2. Cross-listed with tornado and hail + 3. SPC reports: + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240313\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240313_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240314\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240314_rpts.html) + 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240315\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240315_rpts.html) +7. Feb 27, 2024 + 1. [Tornadoes of 2024 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadoes_of_2024#:~:text=February%2027%E2%80%9328%20\(United%20States\),-EFU&text=A%20severe%20weather%20outbreak%20produced,other%20along%20the%20Ohio%20River) + 2. Cross-listed with tornado and hail + 3. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240227\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/240227_rpts.html) + 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +8. January 8 \- 10 2024 + 1. [January 8–10, 2024 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_8%E2%80%9310,_2024_North_American_storm_complex) + 2. Cross-listed with tornado outbreaks, major snow, flooding + 3. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +9. Aug 4-8, 2023 + 1. [Tornado outbreak sequence of August 4–8, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_August_4%E2%80%938,_2023) + 2. Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes and major wind events + 3. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230804\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230804_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230805\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230805_rpts.html) + 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230806\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230806_rpts.html) + 4. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230807\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230807_rpts.html) + 5. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230808\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230808_rpts.html) + 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +10. June 28 \- July 2, 2023 + 1. Cross-listed with hail and wind and tornado (though tornado is less than wind/hail) + 2. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230628\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230628_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230629\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230629_rpts.html) + 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230630\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230630_rpts.html) + 4. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230701\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230701_rpts.html) [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230702\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230702_rpts.html) + 3. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +11. June 15-18, 2023 + 1. [Tornado outbreak sequence of June 14–19, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_June_14%E2%80%9319,_2023#Non-tornadic_effects) + 2. Cross-listed with flooding and tornadoes and hail and wind + 3. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230615\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230615_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230616\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230616_rpts.html) + 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230617\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230617_rpts.html) + 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +12. May 10-12, 2023 + 1. [The Severe Weather Event of May 11, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/oun/events-20230511) + 2. [May 10-11, 2023 Tornadoes, Flash Flooding, and Severe Weather](https://www.weather.gov/gld/May10112023Tornadoes) + 3. Cross-listed with flooding and hail and high wind and tornado + 4. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230510\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230510_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230511\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230511_rpts.html) + 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230512\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230512_rpts.html) + 5. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +13. May 6-8, 2023 + 1. [Damaging Winds and Golf Ball Hail \- May 6, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_050623) + 2. [May 7, 2023: Severe Thunderstorms Produce Damaging Winds, Large Hail, Landspouts, Heavy Rain, and Blowing Dust](https://www.weather.gov/lot/2023_05_07_FloodingSevere) + 3. [Destructive Winds, Baseball Hail and Tornadoes \- May 7, 2023](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_050723) + 4. Cross-listed with flooding and hail and high wind and tornado + 5. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230506\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230506_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230507\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230507_rpts.html) + 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230508\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230508_rpts.html) + 6. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +14. April 4-6, 2023 + 1. [April 4-5, 2023: Destructive Winds, Very Large Hail, & Tornadoes](https://www.weather.gov/dvn/summary_04042023) + 2. [Event Summary April 4, 2023 Severe Storms and Tornado](https://www.weather.gov/dmx/summary_Apr4_2023) + 3. April 4 is cross-listed with tornado outbreaks and hail. All three days are cross-listed with hail and wind + 4. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230404\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230404_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230405\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230405_rpts.html) + 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230406\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230406_rpts.html) + 5. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +15. March 31 \- April 2, 2023 + 1. [Tornado outbreak of March 31 – April 1, 2023 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_March_31_%E2%80%93_April_1,_2023) + 2. Main event is March 31 + 3. Cross-listed with tornado and snow and hail and wind + 4. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230331\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230331_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230401\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230401_rpts.html) + 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230402\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230402_rpts.html) + 5. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +16. March 1-3 2023 + 1. [Early-March 2023 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early-March_2023_North_American_storm_complex) + 2. Cross-listed with tornado, hail and snow + 3. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230301\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230301_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230302\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230302_rpts.html) + 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230303\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230303_rpts.html) + 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +17. Feb 26 \- 27, 2023 + 1. [February 2023 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2023_North_American_storm_complex) + 2. Cross-listed with blizzards, wind, and tornado outbreaks + 3. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230226\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230226_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230227\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/230227_rpts.html) +18. July 22-23, 2022 + 1. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220722\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220722_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220723\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220723_rpts.html) + 2. Cross-listed with wind and tornado + 3. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +19. June 7-8, 2022 + 1. [Flash Flooding on June 7-8, 2022](https://www.weather.gov/bmx/event_06082022) + 2. [Severe Weather on June 8, 2022](https://www.weather.gov/iln/20220608) + 3. [PHOTOS: Hail, rain and haboob make way over El Paso on Wednesday](https://kfoxtv.com/news/local/hail-rain-and-a-haboob-make-way-over-el-paso-on-wednesday-borderland-weather?src=link) + 4. Cross-listed with tornado, wind, hail, and flooding + 5. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220607\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220607_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220608\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220608_rpts.html) + 6. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +20. May 12, 2022 + 1. [May 2022 Midwest derecho \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2022_Midwest_derecho) + 2. Cross-listed with tornado and derecho and hail + 3. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220512\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220512_rpts.html) + 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +21. April 11-13, 2022 + 1. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April\_2022\_North\_American\_storm\_complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2022_North_American_storm_complex) + 2. Cross-listed with tornado outbreaks, major freeze, blizzard, wind (straight line winds) and hail + 3. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220411\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220411_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220412\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220412_rpts.html) + 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220413\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220413_rpts.html) + 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +22. April 4 \- 6, 2022 + 1. [Tornado outbreak sequence of April 4–7, 2022 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_April_4%E2%80%937,_2022) + 2. Cross-listed with hail and tornado and wind + 3. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220404\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220404_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220405\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220405_rpts.html) + 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220406\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/220406_rpts.html) + 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +23. Dec 15-16, 2021 + 1. [December 2021 Midwest derecho and tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2021_Midwest_derecho_and_tornado_outbreak) + 2. Cross-listed with tornado and derecho + 3. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211215\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211215_rpts.html) + 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +24. Dec 9-11 2021, Winter Storm Atticus, Utah + 1. [Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_December_10%E2%80%9311,_2021#Non-tornadic_effects) + 2. Cross-listed with wind and tornado outbreaks and blizzards + 3. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211210\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/211210_rpts.html) + 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +25. June 17 \- 18, 2021 + 1. [June 2021 North American storm complex \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2021_North_American_storm_complex) + 2. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210617\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210617_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210618\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210618_rpts.html) + 3. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) + 4. Cross-listed with tornadoes and hail +26. May 2-4 2021 + 1. [Tornado outbreak of May 2–4, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_May_2%E2%80%934,_2021) + 2. [Summary of May 3, 2021 Tornado](https://www.weather.gov/akq/May_3_2021_Tornado) + 3. [May 3 \- 4, 2021 Severe Weather](https://www.weather.gov/ffc/2021May3_4_Severe) + 4. [Summary of May 4, 2021 High-End to Extreme Severe Wind](https://www.weather.gov/akq/May_4_2021_Severe) + 5. [Damaging Winds of May 4th, 2021](https://www.weather.gov/rnk/2021_05_04_Severe) + 6. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210503\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210503_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210504\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210504_rpts.html) + 7. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) + 8. Cross-listed with tornado, wind, and hail +27. March 24-28, 2021 + 1. [Tornado outbreak sequence of March 24–28, 2021 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_sequence_of_March_24%E2%80%9328,_2021) + 2. Cross-listed with hail and flooding and tornadoes and wind + 3. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210324\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210324_rpts.html) (mostly hail) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210325\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210325_rpts.html) + 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210326\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210326_rpts.html) (low day in between waves) + 4. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210327\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210327_rpts.html) + 5. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210328\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/210328_rpts.html) (could skip this day) + 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +28. April 21-22, 2020 + 1. [Tornado outbreak of April 21–23, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_April_21%E2%80%9323,_2020) + 2. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200421\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200421_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200422\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200422_rpts.html) + 3. Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornados + 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +29. April 12, 2020 + 1. [2020 Easter tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Easter_tornado_outbreak) + 2. Cross-listed with winter storms, major wind, tornadoes, flooding + 3. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200412\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200412_rpts.html) + 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +30. April 7-8, 2020 + 1. [https://www.weather.gov/lot/7April2020\_HailEvent](https://www.weather.gov/lot/7April2020_HailEvent) + 2. [Severe Weather and Tornadoes \- April 8-9, 2020](https://www.weather.gov/iln/20200409) + 3. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200407\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200407_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200408\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200408_rpts.html) + 4. Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornado + 5. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +31. March 27-28, 2020 + 1. [Overview of the March 28 severe storms](https://www.weather.gov/pah/mar28svere) + 2. [The Tornadoes of March 28 2020](https://www.weather.gov/arx/mar2820) + 3. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200327\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200327_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200328\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200328_rpts.html) (this day is TOR also) + 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) + 5. Cross-listed with wind and hail and tornado +32. March 2-3, 2020 + 1. [2020 Nashville tornado outbreak \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Nashville_tornado_outbreak) + 2. Cross-listed with hail and tornadoes + 3. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200302\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200302_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200303\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200303_rpts.html) + 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +33. Feb 5-7, 2020 + 1. [Tornado outbreak of February 5–7, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_February_5%E2%80%937,_2020) + 2. Cross-listed with winter and tornadoes and major wind and hail + 3. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200205\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200205_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200206\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200206_rpts.html) + 3. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200207\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200207_rpts.html) + 4. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) +34. January 10–11, 2020 + 1. [Tornado outbreak of January 10–11, 2020 \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak_of_January_10%E2%80%9311,_2020) + 2. SPC reports + 1. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200110\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200110_rpts.html) + 2. [https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200111\_rpts.html](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/200111_rpts.html) + 3. Identified as a billion dollar disaster + 1. [NCEI Billion Dollar Disasters - Severe Storms](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=severe-storm) + 4. Cross-listed with wind and tornado and hail + +## Worldwide events + +We are lacking data to verify large-scale convective events outside the US. If you can provide such data, we can add cases to the dataset. + +## High-Risk Bust Days + +High-risk bust days are defined as those days that SPC issued a high (or moderate risk) and the atmosphere did not cooperate. SPC is really good at their job and identifying cases within our 2020-2024 window meant there is only one such case. We provide this case and then provide dates identified by our colleagues at SPC for cases outside this window. + +## 2020-2024 high-risk bust days + +1. 6 May 2024 (at least the southern end of the high risk was a bust) + +## Older high-risk and moderate risk bust days + +These were provided by SPC forecasters as high-risk bust days: +1. 20 May 2019 (most notorious high risk bust \- although arguably not a bust depending on who you ask) +2. 5 April 2017 (SE US high risk bust) +3. Apr 16 2002 +4. Apr 06 2001 +5. Apr 24 2007 +6. Apr 05 2011 +7. Mar 04 2004 +8. Apr 26 2009 +9. May 05 2003 +10. Apr 13 2007 + +The following are moderate-risk bust days. + 1. 2/27/11 MDT MO, 2/28/11 MDT KY/TN, 3/8/11 MDT LA/MS, 3/26/11 MDT AL, 4/10/11 MDT WI area, 5/11/11 MDT KS-OK, 5/30/11 MDT SD, 6/26/11 MDT NE, 9/5/11 MDT AL-GA + 2. 4/15/12 MDT upper MS Valley + 3. 1/29/13 MDT MS Valley, 5/29/13 MDT OK, 6/12/13 MDT IL, 12/21/13 MDT lower MS Valley + 4. 4/3/14 MDT AR, 4/29/2014 MDT MS/AL, 6/30/14 MDT IA, 10/13/14 MDT lower MS Valley + 5. 4/8/15 MDT OK-MO, 5/16/16 MDT KS + 6. 5/26/16 MDT KS + 7. 1/21/17 MDT southern AL + diff --git a/docs/events/severe_convection.md b/docs/events/severe_convection.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..a10c10b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/events/severe_convection.md @@ -0,0 +1,177 @@ +# Severe Convective Weather +## Cases + +Case dates were selected from the [SPC's storm reports archive](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/today.html), SPC's high-risk day lists, NCEI Billion-Dollar Disasters (now maintained by Climate Central) records, and the European Severe Weather Database. Bounding boxes are centered on the primary risk area's practically perfect hindcast and extended in each direction by 250 kilometers. Cases are required to have hail and tornado reports to be considered valid. + +
+Cases — 115 events + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
NameTime rangeLocationSources
July 2024 South Dakota2024-07-13 – 2024-07-14South Dakota
July 2024 Chicago2024-07-14 – 2024-07-16Chicago
July 2024 New York2024-07-16 – 2024-07-17New York
May 2024 Wisconsin2024-05-18 – 2024-05-19Wisconsin
May 2024 Kansas2024-05-19 – 2024-05-20Kansas
May 2024 Iowa + Nebraska2024-05-20 – 2024-05-21Iowa + Nebraska
May 2024 Iowa + Wisconsin2024-05-21 – 2024-05-22Iowa + Wisconsin
May 2024 Texas2024-05-22 – 2024-05-23Texas
May 2024 Iowa + Nebraska 22024-05-23 – 2024-05-24Iowa + Nebraska 2
April 2024 Oklahoma2024-04-25 – 2024-04-29Oklahoma
April 2024 Midwest2024-04-02 – 2024-04-03Midwest
April 2024 Great Plains + Midwest2024-04-01 – 2024-04-02Great Plains + Midwest
March 2024 Midwest2024-03-14 – 2024-03-15Midwest
February 2024 Midwest2024-02-27 – 2024-02-28Midwest
January 2024 Southeast2024-01-08 – 2024-01-10Southeast
December 2023 South2023-12-09 – 2023-12-10South
August 2023 East Coast2023-08-07 – 2023-08-08East Coast
August 2023 Minnesota2023-08-11 – 2023-08-12Minnesota
July 2023 Midwest2023-07-02 – 2023-07-03Midwest
July 2023 Midwest 22023-07-01 – 2023-07-02Midwest 2
June 2023 Midwest2023-06-30 – 2023-07-01Midwest
June 2023 Front Range & Texas2023-06-21 – 2023-06-22Front Range & Texas
June 2023 Great Plains2023-06-23 – 2023-06-24Great Plains
June 2023 Iowa + Minnesota2023-06-24 – 2023-06-25Iowa + Minnesota
June 2023 South + Midwest2023-06-25 – 2023-06-26South + Midwest
June 2023 East Coast2023-06-26 – 2023-06-27East Coast
June 2023 Midwest + Great Plains2023-06-29 – 2023-06-30Midwest + Great Plains
June 2023 Southeast2023-06-14 – 2023-06-15Southeast
June 2023 OK + TX + South2023-06-15 – 2023-06-16OK + TX + South
June 2023 South & Mid-Atlantic2023-06-16 – 2023-06-17South & Mid-Atlantic
June 2023 Great Plains + South2023-06-17 – 2023-06-18Great Plains + South
May 2023 Great Plains2023-05-10 – 2023-05-11Great Plains
May 2023 Great Plains + South2023-05-11 – 2023-05-12Great Plains + South
May 2023 Nebraska2023-05-12 – 2023-05-13Nebraska
January 2020 Australia2020-01-19 – 2020-01-20Australia
April 2020 Australia2020-04-02 – 2020-04-03Australia
May 2020 Australia2020-05-30 – 2020-05-31Australia
September 2020 Australia2020-09-24 – 2020-09-25Australia
October 2020 Australia2020-10-30 – 2020-10-31Australia
December 2020 Australia2020-12-04 – 2020-12-05Australia
September 2021 Australia2021-09-29 – 2021-09-30Australia
October 2021 Australia2021-10-13 – 2021-10-14Australia
October 2021 Australia2021-10-17 – 2021-10-19Australia
October 2021 Australia2021-10-27 – 2021-10-28Australia
December 2021 Australia2021-12-02 – 2021-12-03Australia
December 2021 Australia2021-12-08 – 2021-12-09Australia
January 2022 Australia2022-01-14 – 2022-01-15Australia
March 2022 Australia2022-03-03 – 2022-03-04Australia
December 2022 Australia2022-12-07 – 2022-12-08Australia
February 2023 Australia2023-02-13 – 2023-02-14Australia
December 2023 Australia2023-12-11 – 2023-12-12Australia
December 2023 Australia2023-12-24 – 2023-12-26Australia
August 2024 Australia2024-08-24 – 2024-08-25Australia
October 2024 Australia2024-10-08 – 2024-10-09Australia
October 2024 Australia2024-10-16 – 2024-10-17Australia
November 2024 Australia2024-10-31 – 2024-11-01Australia
November 2024 Australia2024-11-12 – 2024-11-13Australia
April 2023 Midwest2023-04-05 – 2023-04-06Midwest
March 2023 Midwest + Southeast2023-03-31 – 2023-04-01Midwest + Southeast
March 2023 North America2023-03-02 – 2023-03-03North America
February 2023 North America2023-02-26 – 2023-02-27North America
July 2022 Great Plains2022-07-22 – 2022-07-23Great Plains
June 2022 Southwest2022-06-07 – 2022-06-08Southwest
May 2022 Midwest2022-05-12 – 2022-05-13Midwest
April 2022 Great Plains2022-04-12 – 2022-04-13Great Plains
April 2022 South2022-04-05 – 2022-04-06South
December 2021 Midwest2021-12-15 – 2021-12-16Midwest
December 2021 Great Plains2021-12-10 – 2021-12-11Great Plains
June 2021 Great Plains2021-06-18 – 2021-06-19Great Plains
May 2021 Great Plains2021-05-03 – 2021-05-05Great Plains
March 2021 South2021-03-27 – 2021-03-28South
March 2021 South2021-03-25 – 2021-03-26South
April 2020 South2020-04-22 – 2020-04-23South
April 2020 Southeast2020-04-12 – 2020-04-13Southeast
April 2020 Midwest2020-04-08 – 2020-04-09Midwest
March 2020 South2020-03-28 – 2020-03-29South
March 2020 Southeast2020-03-02 – 2020-03-03Southeast
February 2020 East2020-02-05 – 2020-02-07East
January 2020 South2020-01-10 – 2020-01-12South
June 2020 Canada2020-06-10 – 2020-06-11Canada
June 2020 Canada2020-06-12 – 2020-06-13Canada
June 2020 Canada2020-06-28 – 2020-06-29Canada
July 2020 Canada2020-07-04 – 2020-07-05Canada
July 2020 Canada2020-07-12 – 2020-07-13Canada
July 2020 Canada2020-07-19 – 2020-07-20Canada
July 2020 Canada2020-07-23 – 2020-07-24Canada
August 2020 Canada2020-08-27 – 2020-08-28Canada
June 2021 Canada2021-06-05 – 2021-06-06Canada
June 2021 Canada2021-06-14 – 2021-06-15Canada
July 2021 Canada2021-07-15 – 2021-07-16Canada
July 2021 Canada2021-07-22 – 2021-07-23Canada
August 2021 Canada2021-08-23 – 2021-08-24Canada
August 2021 Canada2021-08-31 – 2021-09-01Canada
June 2022 Canada2022-06-23 – 2022-06-24Canada
June 2022 Canada2022-06-29 – 2022-06-30Canada
July 2022 Canada2022-07-05 – 2022-07-06Canada
July 2022 Canada2022-07-07 – 2022-07-08Canada
July 2022 Canada2022-07-08 – 2022-07-09Canada
July 2022 Canada2022-07-17 – 2022-07-18Canada
July 2022 Canada2022-07-19 – 2022-07-20Canada
July 2022 Canada2022-07-31 – 2022-08-01Canada
May 2023 Canada2023-05-31 – 2023-06-01Canada
June 2023 Canada2023-06-28 – 2023-06-29Canada
July 2023 Canada2023-07-13 – 2023-07-14Canada
July 2023 Canada2023-07-20 – 2023-07-21Canada
July 2023 Canada2023-07-22 – 2023-07-23Canada
July 2023 Canada2023-07-26 – 2023-07-27Canada
August 2023 Canada2023-08-03 – 2023-08-04Canada
June 2024 Canada2024-06-12 – 2024-06-13Canada
June 2024 Canada2024-06-22 – 2024-06-23Canada
June 2024 Canada2024-06-23 – 2024-06-24Canada
July 2024 Canada2024-07-11 – 2024-07-12Canada
July 2024 Canada2024-07-24 – 2024-07-25Canada
August 2024 Canada2024-08-05 – 2024-08-06Canada
August 2024 Canada2024-08-21 – 2024-08-22Canada
+
+ + + +## Choosing case study dates +To decide on the dates, we used the following online archives of storms. + +US-based storms +* [List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_American_tornadoes_and_tornado_outbreaks) +* [List of Storm Prediction Center high risk days \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Storm_Prediction_Center_high_risk_days) +* [Tornado outbreak Days \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_outbreak) +* [Billion dollar Disasters from NCEI](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events/US/1980-2024?disasters[]=all-disasters) +* [List of costly or deadly hailstorms \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_costly_or_deadly_hailstorms) +* [SPC Storm reports](https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/today.html) +* [List of derecho events \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_derecho_events) + +Non-US data + * [European Severe Weather Database](https://eswd.eu/cgi-bin/eswd.cgi) + * Some data in South America can be found in this paper: + * Salio, P., and Coauthors, 2024: Toward a South American High-Impact Weather Reports Database. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E1204–E1217, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-23-0063.1. + * This paper links to this database: https://samhi.cima.fcen.uba.ar/ + +## Severe Convective Weather categories + +These categories are available in the initial release. +* [Overall severe convection](planned_events.md#overall-severe-convection) +* [High-risk severe convection busts](planned_events.md#high-risk-bust-days) + +The case studies for these are provided below and they will be incorporated into future EWB releases with additional metrics. The primary factor holding them back from the initial release is the coarse grid spacing of the global models and the small scale-of these events. + +* [Derechos](planned_events.md#derechos) +* [Major wind events](planned_events.md#wind-events) +* [Tornado outbreaks](planned_events.md#tornado-outbreaks) +* [Tornado outbreaks associated with Tropical Cyclones](planned_events.md#tropical-cyclone-tornado-outbreaks) +* [Hailstorms](planned_events.md#hailstorms) diff --git a/docs/events/TropicalCyclones.md b/docs/events/tropical_cyclones.md similarity index 52% rename from docs/events/TropicalCyclones.md rename to docs/events/tropical_cyclones.md index 7e5a549c..f025fe12 100644 --- a/docs/events/TropicalCyclones.md +++ b/docs/events/tropical_cyclones.md @@ -1,6 +1,131 @@ # Tropical Cyclones +## Cases -We chose a wide selection of tropical cyclones and organized them by basin. It is not possible to choose every TC in every basin as that would be overwhelming. The TCs are chosen to represent a variety of cases across the magnitude of TCs. We did require that they made landfall, as some of the metrics require landfall. +Storm tracks were identified from IBTrACS and bounding boxes enclose the full track from genesis to dissipation with lateral margins sized to include 250 kilometers beyond each edge coordinate. Only landfalling systems are calculated at this time, a requirement imposed by the landfall-displacement and intensity metrics in EWB. Future opportunities exist for along and cross-track error among other metrics. For storms with complex tracks or dual landfalls (e.g., Eta, Freddy), the box spans the entire track including any re-intensification segment. + +
+Cases — 98 events + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
NameTime rangeLocationSources
Milton2024-10-02 – 2024-10-13Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Milton — Wikipedia
Helene2024-09-21 – 2024-09-30Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Helene — Wikipedia
Francine2024-09-06 – 2024-09-16Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Francine — Wikipedia
Debby2024-07-31 – 2024-08-12Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Debby (2024) — Wikipedia
Beryl2024-06-26 – 2024-07-13Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Beryl — Wikipedia
John2024-09-20 – 2024-09-29Eastern North PacificHurricane John (2024) — Wikipedia
Trami2024-10-18 – 2024-10-31Western North PacificTropical Storm Trami (2024) — Wikipedia
Prapiroon (Butchoy)2024-07-17 – 2024-07-27Western North PacificTropical Storm Prapiroon (2024) — Wikipedia
Gaemi (Carina)2024-07-17 – 2024-07-30Western North PacificTyphoon Gaemi — Wikipedia
Shanshan2024-08-19 – 2024-09-03Western North PacificTyphoon Shanshan (2024) — Wikipedia
Yagi (Enteng)2024-08-30 – 2024-09-10Western North PacificTyphoon Yagi — Wikipedia
Bebinca (Ferdie)2024-09-07 – 2024-09-20Western North PacificTyphoon Bebinca (2024) — Wikipedia
Soulik (Gener)2024-09-13 – 2024-09-22Western North PacificTropical Storm Soulik (2024) — Wikipedia
Krathon2024-09-24 – 2024-10-05Western North PacificTyphoon Krathon — Wikipedia
Kirrily2024-01-15 – 2024-02-07Australian RegionCyclone Kirrily — Wikipedia
Belal2024-01-10 – 2024-01-21South-West Indian OceanECMWF: TC Belal Jan 2024
Alvaro2023-12-30 – 2024-01-06South-West Indian OceanCyclone Alvaro — Wikipedia
Franklin2023-08-17 – 2023-09-11Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Franklin (2023) — Wikipedia
Harold2020-03-30 – 2020-04-13South PacificCyclone Harold — Wikipedia
Idalia2023-08-24 – 2023-09-10Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Idalia — Wikipedia
Lee2023-09-03 – 2023-09-20Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Lee (2023) — Wikipedia
Ophelia2023-09-19 – 2023-09-26Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoTropical Storm Ophelia (2023) — Wikipedia
Tammy2023-10-16 – 2023-11-02Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Tammy — Wikipedia
Hilary2023-08-14 – 2023-08-22Eastern North PacificHurricane Hilary — Wikipedia
Lidia2023-10-01 – 2023-10-13Eastern North PacificHurricane Lidia (2023) — Wikipedia
Max2023-10-06 – 2023-10-12Eastern North PacificTropical Storm Max (2023) — Wikipedia
Norma2023-10-15 – 2023-10-25Eastern North PacificHurricane Norma (2023) — Wikipedia
Otis2023-10-19 – 2023-10-27Eastern North PacificHurricane Otis — Wikipedia
Mawar (Betty)2023-05-16 – 2023-06-05Western North PacificTyphoon Mawar — Wikipedia
Talim (Dodong)2023-07-11 – 2023-07-21Western North PacificTropical Storm Talim (2023) — Wikipedia
Doksuri (Egay)2023-07-18 – 2023-08-02Western North PacificTyphoon Doksuri — Wikipedia
Khanun (Falcon)2023-07-24 – 2023-08-13Western North PacificTyphoon Khanun (2023) — Wikipedia
Lan2023-08-04 – 2023-08-20Western North PacificTyphoon Lan (2023) — Wikipedia
Saola (Goring)2023-08-20 – 2023-09-06Western North PacificTyphoon Saola (2023) — Wikipedia
Haikui2023-08-25 – 2023-09-12Western North PacificTyphoon Haikui (2023) — Wikipedia
Koinu (Jenny)2023-09-25 – 2023-10-12Western North PacificTyphoon Koinu — Wikipedia
Mocha2023-05-06 – 2023-05-17North Indian OceanCyclone Mocha — Wikipedia
Biparjoy2023-06-03 – 2023-06-21North Indian OceanCyclone Biparjoy — Wikipedia
Hamoon2023-10-18 – 2023-10-27North Indian OceanCyclone Hamoon — Wikipedia
Freddy2023-02-02 – 2023-03-15South-West Indian OceanCyclone Freddy — Wikipedia
Alex2022-05-31 – 2022-06-08Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoTropical Storm Alex (2022) — Wikipedia
Fiona2022-09-12 – 2022-09-29Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Fiona — Wikipedia
Ian2022-09-20 – 2022-10-03Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Ian — Wikipedia
Julia2022-10-04 – 2022-10-12Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Julia (2022) — Wikipedia
Nicole2022-11-04 – 2022-11-13Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Nicole (2022) — Wikipedia
Agatha2022-05-25 – 2022-06-03Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Agatha — Wikipedia
Kay2022-09-02 – 2022-09-15Eastern North PacificHurricane Kay (2022) — Wikipedia
Roslyn2022-10-18 – 2022-10-26Eastern North PacificHurricane Roslyn (2022) — Wikipedia
Megi (Agaton)2022-04-06 – 2022-04-15Western North PacificTropical Storm Megi — Wikipedia
Hinnamnor (Henry)2022-08-25 – 2022-09-10Western North PacificTyphoon Hinnamnor — Wikipedia
Muifa (Inday)2022-09-02 – 2022-09-18Western North PacificTyphoon Muifa (2022) — Wikipedia
Nanmadol (Josie)2022-09-09 – 2022-09-22Western North PacificTyphoon Nanmadol (2022) — Wikipedia
Noru (Karding)2022-09-19 – 2022-10-01Western North PacificTyphoon Noru — Wikipedia
Nalgae (Paeng)2022-10-24 – 2022-11-05Western North PacificTropical Storm Nalgae — Wikipedia
Sitrang2022-10-19 – 2022-10-27North Indian OceanCyclone Sitrang — Wikipedia
Ana2021-01-26 – 2021-02-05South PacificTropical Storm Ana (2022) — Wikipedia
Batsirai2022-01-22 – 2022-02-12South-West Indian OceanCyclone Batsirai — Wikipedia
Gombe2022-03-04 – 2022-03-19South-West Indian OceanCyclone Gombe — Wikipedia
Seth2021-12-21 – 2022-01-09Australian RegionCyclone Seth — Wikipedia
Elsa2021-06-28 – 2021-07-12Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Elsa — Wikipedia
Fred2021-08-07 – 2021-08-22Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoTropical Storm Fred (2021) — Wikipedia
Grace2021-08-11 – 2021-08-23Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Grace — Wikipedia
Henri2021-08-13 – 2021-08-26Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Henri — Wikipedia
Ida2021-08-24 – 2021-09-06Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Ida — Wikipedia
Larry2021-08-29 – 2021-09-13Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Larry — Wikipedia
Nicholas2021-09-10 – 2021-09-19Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Nicholas — Wikipedia
Claudette2021-06-15 – 2021-06-25Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoTropical Storm Claudette (2021) — Wikipedia
Nora2021-08-22 – 2021-09-01Eastern North PacificHurricane Nora (2021) — Wikipedia
Olaf2021-09-04 – 2021-09-14Eastern North PacificHurricane Olaf (2021) — Wikipedia
Pamela2021-10-08 – 2021-10-15Eastern North PacificHurricane Pamela — Wikipedia
In-fa (Fabian)2021-07-14 – 2021-08-02Western North PacificTyphoon In-fa — Wikipedia
Kompasu (Maring)2021-10-05 – 2021-10-16Western North PacificTropical Storm Kompasu — Wikipedia
Tauktae2021-05-11 – 2021-05-21North Indian OceanCyclone Tauktae — Wikipedia
Yaas2021-05-21 – 2021-05-29North Indian OceanCyclone Yaas — Wikipedia
Eloise2021-01-09 – 2021-01-26South-West Indian OceanCyclone Eloise — Wikipedia
Amanda and Cristobal2020-05-28 – 2020-06-02Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoTropical storms Amanda and Cristobal — Wikipedia
Hanna2020-07-21 – 2020-07-28Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Hanna (2020) — Wikipedia
Isaias2020-07-26 – 2020-08-07Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Isaias — Wikipedia
Laura2020-08-18 – 2020-08-31Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Laura — Wikipedia
Nana2020-08-30 – 2020-09-06Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Nana (2020) — Wikipedia
Paulette2020-09-05 – 2020-09-30Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Paulette — Wikipedia
Sally2020-09-09 – 2020-09-20Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Sally — Wikipedia
Teddy2020-09-10 – 2020-09-26Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Teddy — Wikipedia
Delta2020-10-02 – 2020-10-13Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Delta — Wikipedia
Zeta2020-10-22 – 2020-11-01Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Zeta — Wikipedia
Eta2020-10-29 – 2020-11-16Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Eta — Wikipedia
Iota2020-11-10 – 2020-11-20Atlantic / Gulf of MexicoHurricane Iota — Wikipedia
Hagupit (Dindo)2020-07-29 – 2020-08-14Western North PacificTyphoon Hagupit (2020) — Wikipedia
Maysak2020-08-24 – 2020-09-08Western North PacificTyphoon Maysak (2020) — Wikipedia
Noul (Leon)2020-09-12 – 2020-09-21Western North PacificTropical Storm Noul (2020) — Wikipedia
Linfa2020-10-05 – 2020-10-14Western North PacificTropical Storm Linfa — Wikipedia
Molave (Quinta)2020-10-19 – 2020-10-31Western North PacificTyphoon Molave — Wikipedia
Goni (Rolly)2020-10-23 – 2020-11-08Western North PacificTyphoon Goni — Wikipedia
Vamco (Ulysse)2020-11-06 – 2020-11-18Western North PacificTyphoon Vamco — Wikipedia
Remal2024-05-23 – 2024-05-29North Indian OceanCyclone Remal — Wikipedia
Amphan2020-05-13 – 2020-05-23North Indian OceanCyclone Amphan — Wikipedia
Nisarga2020-05-29 – 2020-06-06North Indian OceanCyclone Nisarga — Wikipedia
Damien2020-02-01 – 2020-02-12Australian RegionCyclone Damien — Wikipedia
+
+ + The list of data and cases are drawn from: @@ -153,38 +278,33 @@ Verification data is drawn from: 1. Hurricane John (Cat 3, Sep 22-27, 2024\) 1. [Hurricane John (2024) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_John_\(2024\)) -2. Hurricane Hone (Aug 22 \- Sep 8 2024\) - 1. [Hurricane Hone \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Hone) - 2. Cross-listed with floods -3. Hurricane Hilary (Cat 4, Aug 16 \- 20 2023\) +2. Hurricane Hilary (Cat 4, Aug 16 \- 20 2023\) 1. Cross-listed with flooding 2. [https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-hurricane-hilary-20-21-august-2023/](https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/cw3e-event-summary-hurricane-hilary-20-21-august-2023/) 3. [Hurricane Hilary \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Hilary) -4. Hurricane Lidia (Cat 4, Oct 3 \- 11, 2023\) +3. Hurricane Lidia (Cat 4, Oct 3 \- 11, 2023\) 1. [Hurricane Lidia (2023) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Lidia_\(2023\)) -5. Tropical Storm Max (TS, Oct 8-10, 2023\) +4. Tropical Storm Max (TS, Oct 8-10, 2023\) 1. [Tropical Storm Max (2023) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Max_\(2023\)) -6. Hurricane Norman (Cat 4, Oct 17 \- 23 2023\) +5. Hurricane Norman (Cat 4, Oct 17 \- 23 2023\) 1. Cross-listed with flooding 2. [Hurricane Norma (2023) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Norma_\(2023\)) -7. Hurricane Otis (Cat 5, Oct 22-25, 2023\) +6. Hurricane Otis (Cat 5, Oct 22-25, 2023\) 1. [Hurricane Otis \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Otis) -8. Hurricane Agatha (Cat 2, May 28-31 2022\) +7. Hurricane Agatha (Cat 2, May 28-31 2022\) 1. Cross-listed with flooding 2. [Hurricane Agatha \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Agatha) -9. Hurricane Kay (Cat 2, Sep 4 \- 9, 2022\) +8. Hurricane Kay (Cat 2, Sep 4 \- 9, 2022\) 1. [Hurricane Kay (2022) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Kay_\(2022\)) -10. Hurricane Roslyn (Cat 4, Oct 20-23 2022\) - 1. [Hurricane Roslyn (2022) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Roslyn_\(2022\)) -11. Hurricane Nora (Cat 1, Aug 25-30 2021\) +9. Hurricane Roslyn (Cat 4, Oct 20-23 2022\) + 1. [Hurricane Roslyn (2022) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Roslyn_\(2022\)) +10. Hurricane Nora (Cat 1, Aug 25-30 2021\) 1. Cross-listed with flooding 2. [Hurricane Nora (2021) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Nora_\(2021\)) -12. Hurricane Olaf (Cat 2, Sep 7 \- 11 2021\) +11. Hurricane Olaf (Cat 2, Sep 7 \- 11 2021\) 1. [Hurricane Olaf (2021) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Olaf_\(2021\)) -13. Hurricane Pamela (Cat 1, Oct 10-13 2021\) +12. Hurricane Pamela (Cat 1, Oct 10-13 2021\) 1. [Hurricane Pamela \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Pamela) -14. Hurricane Genevieve (Cat 4, Aug 16-21 2020\) - 1. [Hurricane Genevieve (2020) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Genevieve_\(2020\)) ## Pacific Typhoons @@ -245,32 +365,27 @@ Verification data is drawn from: 3. “Typhoon Noru formed to the east of the Philippines, crossed Luzon Island, re-intensified in the South China Sea and made landfall in Viet Nam on 27 September, bringing heavy rain and causing flooding and landslides in Viet Nam, Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Thailand. In Viet Nam, in particular, heavy rainfall (a total of approximately 300 mm–600 mm) was recorded in Nghe An and Ha Tinh provinces from 28 to 30 September, with 605 mm in Quynh Luu, causing serious flooding in low-lying areas and along river areas in the Quynh Luu, Thanh Chuong, and Hung Nguyen districts of Nghe An. Flooding induced by Typhoon Noru affected more than 11 000 hectares of rice crops, and killed or swept away about 155 000 cattle and poultry in Viet Nam.” from [https://library.wmo.int/records/item/66314-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2022](https://library.wmo.int/records/item/66314-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2022) 22. Severe Tropical Storm Nalgae (Severe Tropical Storm Paeng) (Severe tropical storm. October 26 – November 3, 2022\) 1. [Tropical Storm Nalgae \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Nalgae) -23. Typhoon Surigae (Super Typhoon Bising) (Violent typhoon, April 12 – 24, 2021\) - 1. Cross listed into bomb cyclones - 2. [Typhoon Surigae \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Surigae) -24. Typhoon In-fa (Typhoon Fabian) (Very strong typhoon, July 15 – 29, 2021\) +23. Typhoon In-fa (Typhoon Fabian) (Very strong typhoon, July 15 – 29, 2021\) 1. Cross-listed into Floods in China 2. [Typhoon In-fa \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_In-fa) -25. Severe Tropical Storm Kompasu (Severe Tropical Storm Maring) (Severe tropical storm, October 7 – 14, 2021\) +24. Severe Tropical Storm Kompasu (Severe Tropical Storm Maring) (Severe tropical storm, October 7 – 14, 2021\) 1. [Tropical Storm Kompasu \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Kompasu) -26. Typhoon Rai (Super Typhoon Odette) (Violent typhoon, December 11 – 21 , 2021\) - 1. [Typhoon Rai \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Rai) -27. Typhoon Hagupit (Severe Tropical Storm Dindo) (Typhoon, July 30 – August 5, 2020\) +25. Typhoon Hagupit (Severe Tropical Storm Dindo) (Typhoon, July 30 – August 5, 2020\) 1. Cross-listed with floods 2. [Typhoon Hagupit (2020) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Hagupit_\(2020\)) -28. Typhoon Maysak (Typhoon Julian) (Very strong typhoon, August 27 – September 3, 2020\) +26. Typhoon Maysak (Typhoon Julian) (Very strong typhoon, August 27 – September 3, 2020\) 1. [Typhoon Maysak (2020) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Maysak_\(2020\)) -29. Tropical Storm Noul (Tropical Storm Leon) (Tropical storm, September 14–18, 2020\) +27. Tropical Storm Noul (Tropical Storm Leon) (Tropical storm, September 14–18, 2020\) 1. [Tropical Storm Noul (2020) \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Noul_\(2020\)) -30. Tropical Storm Linfa (Tropical storm, October 6–12, 2020\) +28. Tropical Storm Linfa (Tropical storm, October 6–12, 2020\) 1. Cross-listed with floods 2. [Tropical Storm Linfa \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Linfa) -31. Typhoon Molave (Typhoon Quinta) (Very strong typhoon, October 22–29, 2020\) +29. Typhoon Molave (Typhoon Quinta) (Very strong typhoon, October 22–29, 2020\) 1. [Typhoon Molave \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Molave) -32. Typhoon Goni (Super Typhoon Rolly) (Violent typhoon, October 26 – November 6 , 2020\) +30. Typhoon Goni (Super Typhoon Rolly) (Violent typhoon, October 26 – November 6 , 2020\) 1. Cross-listed with flooding 2. [Typhoon Goni \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Goni) -33. Typhoon Vamco (Typhoon Ulysse) (Very strong typhoon, November 8–16, 2020\) +31. Typhoon Vamco (Typhoon Ulysse) (Very strong typhoon, November 8–16, 2020\) 1. Cross-listed with flooding 2. [Typhoon Vamco \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Vamco) @@ -282,10 +397,7 @@ Verification data is drawn from: 1. Severe Cyclonic Storm Remal (Severe cyclonic storm, 24–28 May, 2020\) 1. [Cyclone Remal \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Remal) -2. Cyclone Asna (Cyclonic storm, Aug 25 \- Sep 2 2024\) - 1. [Cyclone Asna \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Asna) - 2. Cross-listed with floods -3. Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Mocha (Extremely severe cyclonic storm, 9–15 May, 2023\) +2. Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Mocha (Extremely severe cyclonic storm, 9–15 May, 2023\) 1. [Cyclone Mocha \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Mocha) 2. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202305+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Mocha](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202305+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Mocha) 3. [https://library.wmo.int/records/item/68890-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2023](https://library.wmo.int/records/item/68890-state-of-the-climate-in-asia-2023) @@ -293,28 +405,25 @@ Verification data is drawn from: 2. [https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/d547c7dcb949a8b07aea2cc2e66a7bbc-0070062023/original/GRADE-CycloneMochaMay23Myanmar.pdf](https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/d547c7dcb949a8b07aea2cc2e66a7bbc-0070062023/original/GRADE-CycloneMochaMay23Myanmar.pdf) 3. [https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/myanmar/publication/global-rapid-post-disaster-damage-estimation-grade-report](https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/myanmar/publication/global-rapid-post-disaster-damage-estimation-grade-report) 4. Cross-listed with flooding and TCs -4. Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Biparjoy (Extremely severe cyclonic storm, 6–19 June, 2023\) +3. Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Biparjoy (Extremely severe cyclonic storm, 6–19 June, 2023\) 1. [Cyclone Biparjoy \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Biparjoy) -5. Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Hamoon (Very severe cyclonic storm, 21–25 October, 2023\) +4. Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Hamoon (Very severe cyclonic storm, 21–25 October, 2023\) 1. [Cyclone Hamoon \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Hamoon) -6. Cyclonic Storm Sitrang (Cyclonic storm, October 22–25, 2022\) +5. Cyclonic Storm Sitrang (Cyclonic storm, October 22–25, 2022\) 1. [Cyclone Sitrang \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Sitrang) -7. Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Tauktae (Extremely severe cyclonic storm, May 14 – 19, 2021\) +6. Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Tauktae (Extremely severe cyclonic storm, May 14 – 19, 2021\) 1. Cross-listed with floods 2. [Cyclone Tauktae \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Tauktae) 3. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202105+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Tauktae](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202105+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Tauktae) -8. Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Yaas (Very severe cyclonic storm, May 23 – 28, 2021\) +7. Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Yaas (Very severe cyclonic storm, May 23 – 28, 2021\) 1. Cross-list with floods 2. [Cyclone Yaas \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Yaas) -9. Cyclonic Storm Gulab (/ɡuːˈləb/) and Severe Cyclonic Storm Shaheen (Sep 24 \- Oct 4, 2021 in total) - 1. Cross-listed with floods - 2. [Cyclones Gulab and Shaheen \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclones_Gulab_and_Shaheen) -10. Super Cyclonic Storm Amphan (Super cyclonic storm, May 16 – 21, 2020\) - 1. Cross-list with floods - 2. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202005+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Amphan](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202005+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Amphan) - 3. [Cyclone Amphan \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Amphan) -11. Severe Cyclonic Storm Nisarga (Severe cyclonic storm, June 1 – 4, 2020\) - 1. [Cyclone Nisarga \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Nisarga) +8. Super Cyclonic Storm Amphan (Super cyclonic storm, May 16 – 21, 2020\) + 1. Cross-list with floods + 2. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202005+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Amphan](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202005+-+Tropical+Cyclone+-+Amphan) + 3. [Cyclone Amphan \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Amphan) +9. Severe Cyclonic Storm Nisarga (Severe cyclonic storm, June 1 – 4, 2020\) + 1. [Cyclone Nisarga \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Nisarga) ## South-west Indian Ocean @@ -343,14 +452,11 @@ Verification data is drawn from: 1. Cyclone Kirrily (Cat 1, Jan 12 \- Feb 5 2024\) 1. [Cyclone Kirrily \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Kirrily) 2. Caused flooding \- cross listed with floods -2. Tropical Cyclone Jasper Australia. 4 December 2023 – 13 December 2023 (record breaking flooding and poorly forecast) (cross listed with floods) (Cat 5\) - 1. [Cyclone Jasper \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Jasper) - 2. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202312+-+Rainfall+-+Queensland](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202312+-+Rainfall+-+Queensland) -3. Cyclone Seth (Cat 2, December 23, 2021 – January 1, 2022\) +2. Cyclone Seth (Cat 2, December 23, 2021 – January 1, 2022\) 1. [Cyclone Seth \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Seth) -4. Cyclone Damien (Cat 3, Feb 3 \- 9 2020\) +3. Cyclone Damien (Cat 3, Feb 3 \- 9 2020\) 1. [Cyclone Damien \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Damien) -5. Cyclone Harold (Cat 1, Apr 1-10 2020\) +4. Cyclone Harold (Cat 1, Apr 1-10 2020\) 1. [Cyclone Harold \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Harold) @@ -369,4 +475,4 @@ Verification data is drawn from: 4. September 16 \- 18 2020 Ianos 1. [https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202009+-+Windstorm+-+Ianos](https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/FCST/202009+-+Windstorm+-+Ianos) 2. [https://user.eumetsat.int/resources/case-studies/mediterranean-cyclones-medicanes-2007-2021](https://user.eumetsat.int/resources/case-studies/mediterranean-cyclones-medicanes-2007-2021) - 3. [Cyclone Ianos \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Ianos) \ No newline at end of file + 3. [Cyclone Ianos \- Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Ianos) diff --git a/docs/installation.md b/docs/installation.md index b54c9ae0..8553ead8 100644 --- a/docs/installation.md +++ b/docs/installation.md @@ -1,22 +1,23 @@ +# Installation ## Using uv [uv](https://docs.astral.sh/uv/) is strongly recommended to use when installing EWB. You can install ExtremeWeatherBench using: -``` +```bash uv add extremeweatherbench ``` ## Using pip Alternatively, you can use pip in the same fashion (using a virtual environment is recommended): -``` +```bash pip install extremeweatherbench ``` For development, an easy approach is clone the repository and use `uv` to sync all required and optional dependencies: -``` +```bash git clone https://github.com/brightbandtech/ExtremeWeatherBench.git uv sync --all-extras ``` \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/parallelism.md b/docs/parallelism.md index fae25fea..921b055d 100644 --- a/docs/parallelism.md +++ b/docs/parallelism.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # A Note on Parallelism -Running an evaluation on ExtremeWeatherBench utilizes `joblib` for parallelism. When invoking `ExtremeWeatherBench.run()`, users can choose to passthrough their own `parallel_config` (see `joblib` information on `parallel_config` [here](https://joblib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/generated/joblib.parallel_config.html)). The default and recommended method is to use `joblib`'s default engine, `loky`. +Running an evaluation on ExtremeWeatherBench utilizes `joblib` for parallelism. When invoking `ExtremeWeatherBench.run_evaluation()`, users can choose to passthrough their own `parallel_config` (see `joblib` information on `parallel_config` [here](https://joblib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/generated/joblib.parallel_config.html)). The default and recommended method is to use `joblib`'s default engine, `loky`. ## What is Parallelized in EWB? -As of `0.2/1.0rc`, each process in EWB evaluates one `CaseOperator`. As a reminder, `CaseOperator` is an object that processes: +Each process in EWB evaluates one `CaseOperator`. As a reminder, `CaseOperator` is an object that processes: - One `IndividualCase` object - One `ForecastBase` object diff --git a/docs/recipes/cira_forecast.md b/docs/recipes/cira_forecast.md index 9cf57b90..8193b857 100644 --- a/docs/recipes/cira_forecast.md +++ b/docs/recipes/cira_forecast.md @@ -1,18 +1,23 @@ # Accessing a CIRA Forecast -We have a dedicated virtual reference icechunk store for CIRA data **up to May 26th, 2025** available at `gs://extremeweatherbench/cira-icechunk`. Compared to using parquet virtual references, we have seen a speed improvements of around 2x with ~25% more memory usage. +We have a dedicated virtual reference [icechunk](https://icechunk.io/) store for CIRA data **up to May 26th, 2025** available at `gs://extremeweatherbench/cira-icechunk`. Compared to using parquet virtual references, we have seen a speed improvements of around 2x with ~25% more memory usage. ## Accessing a CIRA Model from the store ```python +import icechunk from extremeweatherbench import inputs +storage = icechunk.gcs_storage( + bucket="extremeweatherbench", prefix="cira-icechunk", anonymous=True +) group_list = inputs.list_groups_in_icechunk_datatree(storage) ``` `group_list` is list of each group within the DataTree. Note that the list order will change, do not code a fixed numerical index in based on this output. -```['/', +``` +['/', '/GRAP_v100_IFS', '/FOUR_v200_GFS', '/PANG_v100_IFS', @@ -21,7 +26,7 @@ group_list = inputs.list_groups_in_icechunk_datatree(storage) '/FOUR_v200_IFS', '/GRAP_v100_GFS', '/AURO_v100_GFS'] - ``` +``` ## Loading the data as an XarrayObject @@ -48,7 +53,7 @@ fcnv2_icechunk_ds = inputs.open_icechunk_dataset_from_datatree( ) fcnv2 = inputs.XarrayForecast( - ds=fcnv2, + ds=fcnv2_icechunk_ds, variable_mapping=inputs.CIRA_metadata_variable_mapping ) ``` @@ -87,7 +92,7 @@ ghcn_target = inputs.GHCN() # Use EWB's cases and subset to the first two heat waves case_vals = cases.load_ewb_events_yaml_into_case_list() -case_vals = [case for case in case_vals if case.case_id_number.isin([1,2])] +case_vals = [case for case in case_vals if case.case_id_number in [1, 2]] ``` From here, all we need to do is plug in the event type, metric list, target, and forecast @@ -100,7 +105,7 @@ evaluation_object = [ event_type="heat_wave", metric_list=metrics_list, target=ghcn_target, - forecast=fcnv2_icechunk_forecast_object, + forecast=fcnv2, ), ] @@ -111,10 +116,71 @@ ewb = evaluate.ExtremeWeatherBench( # Set up parallel configuration for the run to pass into joblib parallel_config = { - 'backend':'loky', - 'n_jobs':4, - 'backend_params':{'timeout':1} + 'backend': 'loky', + 'n_jobs': 4, } -output = ewb.run(parallel_config=parallel_config) -``` \ No newline at end of file +output = ewb.run_evaluation(parallel_config=parallel_config) +``` + +## Complete Example + +```python +import datetime +import extremeweatherbench as ewb +from extremeweatherbench import inputs, metrics, evaluate +from extremeweatherbench.cases import IndividualCase +from extremeweatherbench.regions import BoundingBoxRegion + +demo_case = IndividualCase( + case_id_number=9001, + title="2021 Pacific NW Heat Dome (demo)", + start_date=datetime.datetime(2021, 6, 27), + end_date=datetime.datetime(2021, 6, 30), + location=BoundingBoxRegion.create_region( + latitude_min=46.0, + latitude_max=52.0, + longitude_min=236.0, + longitude_max=242.0, + ), + event_type="heat_wave", +) +cases = [demo_case] + +fcnv2 = inputs.get_cira_icechunk(model_name="FOUR_v200_IFS") +ghcn_target = inputs.GHCN() + +metrics_list = [ + metrics.MeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + metrics.MaximumMeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + metrics.CriticalSuccessIndex( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + forecast_threshold=310, + target_threshold=310, + ), +] + +evaluation_object = [ + inputs.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=metrics_list, + target=ghcn_target, + forecast=fcnv2, + ), +] + +ewb_runner = evaluate.ExtremeWeatherBench( + case_metadata=cases, + evaluation_objects=evaluation_object, +) + +output = ewb_runner.run_evaluation() +print(output) +``` diff --git a/docs/recipes/evaluate_recent_tropical_cyclones.md b/docs/recipes/evaluate_recent_tropical_cyclones.md index 5c94062a..08d624d7 100644 --- a/docs/recipes/evaluate_recent_tropical_cyclones.md +++ b/docs/recipes/evaluate_recent_tropical_cyclones.md @@ -1,4 +1,238 @@ # Evaluate Recent Tropical Cyclones -Coming soon... +EWB ships 67 tropical cyclone (TC) cases covering 2020–2024. The default +TC evaluation uses IBTrACS best-track data as the target and a suite of +landfall metrics to assess position, timing, and intensity errors. This +recipe shows you how to run the full TC evaluation, customise the metrics +and models, and interpret the results. See the +[Tropical Cyclones](../events/tropical_cyclones.md) event page for the +full case list. +## Background: TC evaluation in EWB + +EWB's TC pipeline has two layers: + +1. **Track detection** — `TropicalCycloneTrackVariables` runs a + TempestExtremes-style algorithm on the forecast to identify the TC + centre at each time step and lead time. +2. **Landfall metrics** — `LandfallDisplacement`, `LandfallTimeMeanError`, + and `LandfallIntensityMeanAbsoluteError` compare where and when the + forecast track crosses coastlines against the IBTrACS best track. + +> **Detailed Explanation**: IBTrACS provides 6-hourly best-track +> positions and intensities for all tropical cyclones globally. EWB +> reads the CSV directly from NCEI, preprocesses it using +> `_ibtracs_preprocess` (which unifies wind speed agencies, converts +> knots to m/s, and converts hPa to Pa), then filters to the storm +> matching the case `title`. Track detection on the forecast side +> requires `air_pressure_at_mean_sea_level`, `geopotential_thickness`, +> `surface_eastward_wind`, and `surface_northward_wind`. These are +> fetched from the forecast dataset using the `TropicalCycloneTrackVariables` +> `variables` class attribute. + +## Example — Full TC evaluation + +```python +import extremeweatherbench as ewb +from extremeweatherbench import inputs, derived, metrics + +# Forecast: FCNv2 with IFS initialisation from the CIRA icechunk store +forecast = inputs.get_cira_icechunk( + model_name="FOUR_v200_IFS", + variables=[derived.TropicalCycloneTrackVariables()], +) + +# Target: IBTrACS best-track data (fetched from NCEI) +ibtracs_target = ewb.IBTrACS() + +tc_metrics = [ + # Landfall position error (km); "first" uses the first landfall only + metrics.LandfallDisplacement( + approach="first", + forecast_variable="surface_wind_speed", + target_variable="surface_wind_speed", + ), + # Landfall timing error (hours; positive = forecast late) + metrics.LandfallTimeMeanError( + approach="first", + forecast_variable="surface_wind_speed", + target_variable="surface_wind_speed", + ), + # Landfall intensity error: max sustained surface wind speed (m/s) + metrics.LandfallIntensityMeanAbsoluteError( + approach="first", + forecast_variable="surface_wind_speed", + target_variable="surface_wind_speed", + ), +] + +eval_objects = [ + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="tropical_cyclone", + metric_list=tc_metrics, + target=ibtracs_target, + forecast=forecast, + ), +] + +# Load all cases and filter to tropical cyclones only +all_cases = ewb.load_cases() +tc_cases = [c for c in all_cases if c.event_type == "tropical_cyclone"] + +runner = ewb.evaluation( + case_metadata=tc_cases, + evaluation_objects=eval_objects, +) +outputs = runner.run_evaluation() +outputs.to_csv("tc_evaluation.csv", index=False) +``` + +## Approach: `"first"` vs `"next"` landfall + +`LandfallDisplacement`, `LandfallTimeMeanError`, and +`LandfallIntensityMeanAbsoluteError` all accept an `approach` argument: + +| Approach | Behaviour | +|----------|-----------| +| `"first"` | Compare forecast to the first observed landfall for the entire storm. Ignores subsequent landfalls. Good for storms with a single dominant landfall (e.g. Hurricane Ida's US landfall). | +| `"next"` | For each init time, find the *next* landfall after that init time and compare. Good for storms with multiple landfalls or long tracks. | + +```python +# Using "next" approach: each init time compared to the upcoming landfall +next_displacement = metrics.LandfallDisplacement( + approach="next", + forecast_variable="surface_wind_speed", + target_variable="surface_wind_speed", +) +``` + +## Adding intensity metrics beyond landfall + +To evaluate track intensity at all lead times (not just at landfall), +add continuous metrics alongside the landfall metrics: + +```python +tc_track = derived.TropicalCycloneTrackVariables() + +eval_objects = [ + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="tropical_cyclone", + metric_list=[ + metrics.MeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable=tc_track, + target_variable="surface_wind_speed", + ), + metrics.LandfallDisplacement( + approach="first", + forecast_variable="surface_wind_speed", + target_variable="surface_wind_speed", + ), + ], + target=ibtracs_target, + forecast=forecast, + ), +] +``` + +> **Detailed Explanation**: When `TropicalCycloneTrackVariables` is +> passed as `forecast_variable`, EWB runs the track algorithm on the +> forecast to produce `surface_wind_speed` and +> `air_pressure_at_mean_sea_level` at each detected track point. These +> are then aligned to the IBTrACS track using the IBTrACS time +> coordinate, and the metric is computed at matched times. Passing a +> plain string variable name (like `"surface_wind_speed"`) skips the +> track detection step and instead uses the gridded forecast wind field +> directly — which is appropriate for landfall metrics but will produce +> different results from track-detected intensity for off-track lead +> times. + +## Interpreting the output + +The output `DataFrame` for TC evaluations includes: + +| Column | Description | +|--------|-------------| +| `metric` | `"landfall_displacement"`, `"landfall_time_me"`, `"landfall_intensity_mae"` | +| `value` | Error value in km (displacement), hours (timing), or m/s (intensity) | +| `init_time` | Forecast initialisation time | +| `case_id_number` | Matches the TC case number in the events list | +| `event_type` | Always `"tropical_cyclone"` | + +```python +import pandas as pd + +df = pd.read_csv("tc_evaluation.csv") +displacement = df[df["metric"] == "landfall_displacement"] +print(displacement.groupby("forecast_source")["value"].describe()) +``` + + +## Complete Example + +```python +import datetime +import extremeweatherbench as ewb +from extremeweatherbench import inputs, derived, metrics +from extremeweatherbench.cases import IndividualCase +from extremeweatherbench.regions import BoundingBoxRegion + +demo_case = IndividualCase( + case_id_number=9006, + title="Hurricane Ida 2021 (demo)", + start_date=datetime.datetime(2021, 8, 28), + end_date=datetime.datetime(2021, 8, 31), + location=BoundingBoxRegion.create_region( + latitude_min=27.0, + latitude_max=33.0, + longitude_min=268.0, + longitude_max=274.0, + ), + event_type="tropical_cyclone", +) +cases = [demo_case] + +forecast = inputs.get_cira_icechunk( + model_name="FOUR_v200_IFS", + variables=[derived.TropicalCycloneTrackVariables()], +) + +ibtracs_target = ewb.IBTrACS() + +tc_metrics = [ + metrics.LandfallDisplacement( + approach="first", + forecast_variable="surface_wind_speed", + target_variable="surface_wind_speed", + ), + metrics.LandfallTimeMeanError( + approach="first", + forecast_variable="surface_wind_speed", + target_variable="surface_wind_speed", + ), + metrics.LandfallIntensityMeanAbsoluteError( + approach="first", + forecast_variable="surface_wind_speed", + target_variable="surface_wind_speed", + ), +] + +eval_objects = [ + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="tropical_cyclone", + metric_list=tc_metrics, + target=ibtracs_target, + forecast=forecast, + ), +] + +runner = ewb.evaluation( + case_metadata=cases, + evaluation_objects=eval_objects, +) +outputs = runner.run_evaluation() +print( + outputs[ + ["metric", "value", "init_time", "case_id_number"] + ].head(20) +) +``` diff --git a/docs/recipes/multi_model_evaluation.md b/docs/recipes/multi_model_evaluation.md index 0f1e80d7..470021d0 100644 --- a/docs/recipes/multi_model_evaluation.md +++ b/docs/recipes/multi_model_evaluation.md @@ -1,4 +1,253 @@ # Multi Model Evaluation -Coming soon... +Comparing multiple AI weather prediction (AIWP) models against a shared +target is one of the most common EWB workflows. Create one +`EvaluationObject` per model, all sharing the same target and metric +list, then pass them together to a single `ewb.evaluation` call. The +results `DataFrame` carries a `forecast_source` column that labels each +row by model, making comparison straightforward. See +[Usage](../usage.md) for the single-model baseline workflow. +## Example — Comparing four CIRA MLWP models on heat waves + +The CIRA MLWP icechunk store contains eight models, each in its own +zarr group. `ewb.inputs.get_cira_icechunk` is the convenience wrapper +that returns an `XarrayForecast` for any model name. + +```python +import extremeweatherbench as ewb +from extremeweatherbench import inputs + +model_names = [ + "FOUR_v200_IFS", + "FOUR_v200_GFS", + "GRAP_v100_IFS", + "AURO_v100_IFS", +] + +# One EvaluationObject per model; target and metrics are shared +target = ewb.ERA5(variables=["surface_air_temperature"]) + +metrics_list = [ + ewb.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ewb.metrics.MaximumMeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ewb.metrics.RootMeanSquaredError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), +] + +eval_objects = [ + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=metrics_list, + target=target, + forecast=inputs.get_cira_icechunk(model_name=name), + ) + for name in model_names +] + +cases = ewb.load_cases() +runner = ewb.evaluation(case_metadata=cases, evaluation_objects=eval_objects) +outputs = runner.run_evaluation() +outputs.to_csv("multi_model_heatwave.csv", index=False) +``` + +## Comparing models from different sources + +Mix `ZarrForecast`, `XarrayForecast`, and CIRA models in the same run. +Each must have its own `name` to appear distinctly in the output: + +```python +import extremeweatherbench as ewb +from extremeweatherbench import inputs + +hres = ewb.ZarrForecast( + source=( + "gs://weatherbench2/datasets/hres/" + "2016-2022-0012-1440x721.zarr" + ), + name="HRES", + variable_mapping=ewb.HRES_metadata_variable_mapping, + storage_options={"remote_options": {"anon": True}}, +) + +fcnv2_ifs = inputs.get_cira_icechunk("FOUR_v200_IFS") +pangu_ifs = inputs.get_cira_icechunk("PANG_v100_IFS") + +target = ewb.ERA5(variables=["surface_air_temperature"]) + +metrics_list = [ + ewb.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), +] + +eval_objects = [ + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=metrics_list, + target=target, + forecast=model, + ) + for model in [hres, fcnv2_ifs, pangu_ifs] +] + +cases = ewb.load_cases() +runner = ewb.evaluation(case_metadata=cases, evaluation_objects=eval_objects) +outputs = runner.run_evaluation() +``` + +## Filtering and plotting results + +The output `DataFrame` has a `forecast_source` column that matches each +model's `name`. Use it to pivot or group results for comparison: + +```python +import pandas as pd + +outputs = pd.read_csv("multi_model_heatwave.csv") + +# Mean MAE per model and lead time +mae = outputs[outputs["metric"] == "MeanAbsoluteError"] +pivot = ( + mae.groupby(["forecast_source", "lead_time"])["value"] + .mean() + .unstack("forecast_source") +) +print(pivot) +``` + +## Parallel execution + +For large model comparisons, enable parallel execution by passing a +`parallel_config` dictionary to `runner.run_evaluation()`. The configuration is +forwarded to `joblib.Parallel`: + +```python +parallel_config = { + "backend": "loky", + "n_jobs": 4, +} +outputs = runner.run_evaluation(parallel_config=parallel_config) +``` + +> **Detailed Explanation**: Each `(case, EvaluationObject)` pair becomes +> a `CaseOperator` that EWB can execute in parallel. With four models and +> 337 cases you have up to 1 348 operators. Memory scales with `n_jobs` +> since each worker holds its own copy of the forecast slice for the +> active case. Set `n_jobs` to the number of CPU cores available and +> adjust downward if you run out of memory. On a cloud VM with a fast +> network link, `n_jobs=8` is a good starting point for comparing four +> to eight models. + +## Subsetting to a geographic region + +Use `RegionSubsetter` to restrict which cases from the full list are +included in the run, for example to focus on North American events only: + +```python +import extremeweatherbench as ewb + +subsetter = ewb.RegionSubsetter( + latitude_min=15.0, + latitude_max=75.0, + longitude_min=230.0, + longitude_max=310.0, +) + +runner = ewb.evaluation( + case_metadata=ewb.load_cases(), + evaluation_objects=eval_objects, + region_subsetter=subsetter, +) +outputs = runner.run_evaluation() +``` + + +## Complete Example + +Four CIRA MLWP models compared on heat wave cases with parallel execution +and a lead-time pivot table printed to stdout. + +```python +import datetime +import extremeweatherbench as ewb +from extremeweatherbench import inputs +from extremeweatherbench.cases import IndividualCase +from extremeweatherbench.regions import BoundingBoxRegion + +demo_case = IndividualCase( + case_id_number=9010, + title="2020 SW US Heat Wave (demo)", + start_date=datetime.datetime(2020, 8, 15), + end_date=datetime.datetime(2020, 8, 18), + location=BoundingBoxRegion.create_region( + latitude_min=34.0, + latitude_max=40.0, + longitude_min=242.0, + longitude_max=248.0, + ), + event_type="heat_wave", +) +cases = [demo_case] + +model_names = [ + "FOUR_v200_IFS", + "FOUR_v200_GFS", + "GRAP_v100_IFS", + "AURO_v100_IFS", +] + +target = ewb.ERA5( + variables=["surface_air_temperature"] +) + +metrics_list = [ + ewb.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ewb.metrics.MaximumMeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ewb.metrics.RootMeanSquaredError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), +] + +eval_objects = [ + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=metrics_list, + target=target, + forecast=inputs.get_cira_icechunk( + model_name=name + ), + ) + for name in model_names +] + +runner = ewb.evaluation( + case_metadata=cases, + evaluation_objects=eval_objects, +) +outputs = runner.run_evaluation() + +mae = outputs[outputs["metric"] == "MeanAbsoluteError"] +pivot = ( + mae.groupby(["forecast_source", "lead_time"])["value"] + .mean() + .unstack("forecast_source") +) +print(pivot) +``` diff --git a/docs/recipes/near_real_time_point_observations.md b/docs/recipes/near_real_time_point_observations.md index 3a66c491..b69a142f 100644 --- a/docs/recipes/near_real_time_point_observations.md +++ b/docs/recipes/near_real_time_point_observations.md @@ -1,4 +1,257 @@ # Near Real-Time Point Observations -Coming soon... +EWB's GHCN target provides access to Global Historical Climatology +Network hourly (GHCNh) station observations through a GCS-hosted parquet +file covering 2020–2024. Because the file is updated periodically, it +can be used to evaluate recent forecasts against real station readings — +including events within weeks of a model run. This page shows you how to +use `GHCN` as a target, how point-to-grid alignment works, and how to +evaluate a forecast against station data for a recent event. See +[Data](../data.md) for dataset provenance and update cadence. +## Why point observations? + +ERA5 reanalysis is produced with a multi-week delay and interpolates +observations onto a regular grid. Station data from GHCN is available +much sooner after an event, is not gridded (so it does not smooth +spatial extremes), and reflects what a person actually experienced at +a specific location. Point observations are therefore especially +valuable for heat wave and freeze evaluation, where peak temperatures +at individual stations are operationally important. + +> **Detailed Explanation**: GHCN is stored as a polars-compatible parquet +> file at `gs://extremeweatherbench/datasets/ghcnh_all_2020_2024.parq`. +> Each row is one hourly observation from one station, with columns for +> `valid_time`, `latitude`, `longitude`, and `surface_air_temperature` +> (in °C; EWB converts to Kelvin internally). EWB opens it lazily with +> `polars.scan_parquet`, applies temporal and spatial filters per case, +> then collects into memory before converting to an `xr.Dataset` indexed +> by `(valid_time, latitude, longitude)`. Forecast grid points are then +> interpolated to each station location using nearest-neighbour +> interpolation. + +## Basic usage + +```python +import extremeweatherbench as ewb + +forecast = ewb.ZarrForecast( + source=( + "gs://weatherbench2/datasets/hres/" + "2016-2022-0012-1440x721.zarr" + ), + name="HRES", + variable_mapping=ewb.HRES_metadata_variable_mapping, + storage_options={"remote_options": {"anon": True}}, +) + +# GHCN defaults: reads from the EWB GCS bucket, no credentials needed +ghcn_target = ewb.GHCN() + +eval_objects = [ + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=[ + ewb.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ewb.metrics.MaximumMeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ], + target=ghcn_target, + forecast=forecast, + ), +] + +cases = ewb.load_cases() +heatwave_cases = [c for c in cases if c.event_type == "heat_wave"] + +runner = ewb.evaluation( + case_metadata=heatwave_cases, + evaluation_objects=eval_objects, +) +outputs = runner.run_evaluation() +outputs.to_csv("ghcn_heatwave_eval.csv", index=False) +``` + +## Using GHCN and ERA5 side by side + +A common pattern is to run GHCN and ERA5 evaluations together so you +can compare station-verified skill against gridded-field skill in one +DataFrame: + +```python +import extremeweatherbench as ewb + +forecast = ewb.ZarrForecast( + source=( + "gs://weatherbench2/datasets/hres/" + "2016-2022-0012-1440x721.zarr" + ), + name="HRES", + variable_mapping=ewb.HRES_metadata_variable_mapping, + storage_options={"remote_options": {"anon": True}}, +) + +shared_metrics = [ + ewb.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), +] + +eval_objects = [ + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=shared_metrics, + target=ewb.ERA5(variables=["surface_air_temperature"]), + forecast=forecast, + ), + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=shared_metrics, + target=ewb.GHCN(), + forecast=forecast, + ), +] + +runner = ewb.evaluation( + case_metadata=ewb.load_cases(), + evaluation_objects=eval_objects, +) +outputs = runner.run_evaluation() + +# Compare by target +for source in ["ERA5", "GHCN"]: + subset = outputs[outputs["target_source"] == source] + print(f"{source} mean MAE:", subset["value"].mean()) +``` + +## Using a custom GHCN-format parquet file + +If you have a more recent parquet file (same schema as the EWB default), +point the `source` argument at it: + +```python +import extremeweatherbench as ewb + +recent_ghcn = ewb.GHCN( + source="gs://my-bucket/ghcnh_2025.parq", + storage_options={"anon": False}, +) +``` + +The schema must have at minimum: `valid_time` (datetime), `latitude` +(float, degrees), `longitude` (float, degrees −180–180), and +`surface_air_temperature` (float, °C). + +> **Detailed Explanation**: EWB's `GHCN._custom_convert_to_dataset` +> adds 273.15 K to the temperature column (converting °C to Kelvin) and +> converts longitude from −180–180 to 0–360 before building the +> `xr.Dataset`. If your custom file already stores temperatures in +> Kelvin or longitude in 0–360, override `_custom_convert_to_dataset` +> in a subclass to skip those conversions. See the +> [BYOT](your_own_target.md) recipe for guidance on subclassing +> `TargetBase`. + +## Station density and sparse regions + +GHCN station density varies significantly by region. In data-sparse +areas (ocean basins, polar regions, parts of Africa and South America), +very few stations may fall within a case's bounding box. EWB handles +empty cases gracefully — if no stations are found after spatial +filtering, the case is skipped and a warning is logged. + +To inspect which stations contributed to a result, you can directly +query the parquet file: + +```python +import polars as pl + +ghcn = pl.scan_parquet( + ewb.DEFAULT_GHCN_URI, + storage_options={"anon": True}, +) + +# Stations within the 2021 Pacific Northwest heat dome bounding box +pnw_stations = ( + ghcn + .filter( + (pl.col("latitude") >= 42.0) & (pl.col("latitude") <= 52.0) + & (pl.col("longitude") >= -126.0) & (pl.col("longitude") <= -113.0) + & (pl.col("valid_time") >= "2021-06-26") + & (pl.col("valid_time") <= "2021-07-02") + ) + .select(["latitude", "longitude"]) + .unique() + .collect() +) +print(f"Stations in bounding box: {len(pnw_stations)}") +``` + + +## Complete Example + +```python +import datetime +import extremeweatherbench as ewb +from extremeweatherbench.cases import IndividualCase +from extremeweatherbench.regions import BoundingBoxRegion + +demo_case = IndividualCase( + case_id_number=9007, + title="2020 SW US Heat Wave (demo)", + start_date=datetime.datetime(2020, 9, 5), + end_date=datetime.datetime(2020, 9, 8), + location=BoundingBoxRegion.create_region( + latitude_min=32.0, + latitude_max=38.0, + longitude_min=243.0, + longitude_max=249.0, + ), + event_type="heat_wave", +) +cases = [demo_case] + +forecast = ewb.ZarrForecast( + source=( + "gs://weatherbench2/datasets/hres/" + "2016-2022-0012-1440x721.zarr" + ), + name="HRES", + variable_mapping=ewb.HRES_metadata_variable_mapping, + storage_options={"remote_options": {"anon": True}}, +) + +ghcn_target = ewb.GHCN() + +eval_objects = [ + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=[ + ewb.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ewb.metrics.MaximumMeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ], + target=ghcn_target, + forecast=forecast, + ), +] + +runner = ewb.evaluation( + case_metadata=cases, + evaluation_objects=eval_objects, +) +outputs = runner.run_evaluation() + +mae = outputs[outputs["metric"] == "MeanAbsoluteError"] +print(mae.groupby("lead_time")["value"].mean()) +``` diff --git a/docs/recipes/one_forecast_two_targets.md b/docs/recipes/one_forecast_two_targets.md index 5765512b..9ac5a085 100644 --- a/docs/recipes/one_forecast_two_targets.md +++ b/docs/recipes/one_forecast_two_targets.md @@ -1,4 +1,254 @@ # One Forecast, Two Targets -Coming soon... +A single forecast can be evaluated against multiple targets in one run +by creating one `EvaluationObject` per target. This pattern is useful +when you want to compare gridded reanalysis skill against point +observation skill side-by-side, or when different event types share the +same forecast but require distinct ground-truth sources. The full +evaluation pipeline is described in [Usage](../usage.md). +## Why two targets? + +ERA5 and GHCN answer different questions about the same forecast: + +- **ERA5** (gridded reanalysis) measures how well the model captures the + spatial temperature field over a region. +- **GHCN** (station observations) measures how well the model matches + actual thermometer readings at weather stations. + +Running both in a single pass is more efficient than separate runs +because EWB opens the forecast data once and caches it across case +operators. + +## Example — Heat wave skill against ERA5 and GHCN + +```python +import extremeweatherbench as ewb + +forecast = ewb.ZarrForecast( + source="gs://weatherbench2/datasets/hres/2016-2022-0012-1440x721.zarr", + name="HRES", + variable_mapping=ewb.HRES_metadata_variable_mapping, + storage_options={"remote_options": {"anon": True}}, +) + +# Gridded ERA5 target +era5_target = ewb.ERA5(variables=["surface_air_temperature"]) + +# Point observation GHCN target +ghcn_target = ewb.GHCN() + +shared_metrics = [ + ewb.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ewb.metrics.MaximumMeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), +] + +eval_objects = [ + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=shared_metrics, + target=era5_target, + forecast=forecast, + ), + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=shared_metrics, + target=ghcn_target, + forecast=forecast, + ), +] + +cases = ewb.load_cases() +runner = ewb.evaluation(case_metadata=cases, evaluation_objects=eval_objects) +outputs = runner.run_evaluation() +``` + +The output `DataFrame` has a `target_source` column that distinguishes +rows from each target (`"ERA5"` vs `"GHCN"`), making it straightforward +to compare them: + +```python +era5_results = outputs[outputs["target_source"] == "ERA5"] +ghcn_results = outputs[outputs["target_source"] == "GHCN"] +``` + +> **Detailed Explanation**: Each `EvaluationObject` expands into one +> `CaseOperator` per case. With two `EvaluationObjects` and 337 cases +> you get 674 operators; they share the forecast source, so IO is not +> doubled. However, GHCN and ERA5 alignment happens independently for +> each target — GHCN uses nearest-neighbour interpolation to match +> station locations, while ERA5 uses spatial regridding to the forecast +> grid. The `target_source` column is set from the `name` attribute on +> the target object. + +## Example — Mixed event types with distinct targets + +You can combine different event types and different targets in a single +run. Here, heat wave skill is evaluated against ERA5, while freeze skill +is evaluated against GHCN: + +```python +import extremeweatherbench as ewb + +forecast = ewb.ZarrForecast( + source="gs://weatherbench2/datasets/hres/2016-2022-0012-1440x721.zarr", + name="HRES", + variable_mapping=ewb.HRES_metadata_variable_mapping, + storage_options={"remote_options": {"anon": True}}, +) + +eval_objects = [ + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=[ + ewb.metrics.MaximumMeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ], + target=ewb.ERA5(variables=["surface_air_temperature"]), + forecast=forecast, + ), + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="freeze", + metric_list=[ + ewb.metrics.MinimumMeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ], + target=ewb.GHCN(), + forecast=forecast, + ), +] + +cases = ewb.load_cases() +runner = ewb.evaluation(case_metadata=cases, evaluation_objects=eval_objects) +outputs = runner.run_evaluation() +``` + +EWB matches each case's `event_type` field against the +`event_type` on each `EvaluationObject`, so heat wave cases run only +against the ERA5 target, and freeze cases run only against GHCN. + +## Metrics that differ by target + +Some metrics are more appropriate for gridded targets (spatial +displacement, RMSE over a grid) and others for point observations (MAE +at station locations). Supply different `metric_list` values to each +`EvaluationObject` accordingly: + +```python +eval_objects = [ + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=[ + ewb.metrics.RootMeanSquaredError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ], + target=ewb.ERA5(variables=["surface_air_temperature"]), + forecast=forecast, + ), + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=[ + ewb.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ewb.metrics.MaximumMeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ], + target=ewb.GHCN(), + forecast=forecast, + ), +] +``` + + +## Complete Example + +HRES evaluated against ERA5 and GHCN simultaneously for all heat wave cases. + +```python +import datetime +import extremeweatherbench as ewb +from extremeweatherbench.cases import IndividualCase +from extremeweatherbench.regions import BoundingBoxRegion + +demo_case = IndividualCase( + case_id_number=9009, + title="2022 India Heat Wave (demo)", + start_date=datetime.datetime(2022, 4, 28), + end_date=datetime.datetime(2022, 5, 1), + location=BoundingBoxRegion.create_region( + latitude_min=24.0, + latitude_max=30.0, + longitude_min=76.0, + longitude_max=82.0, + ), + event_type="heat_wave", +) +cases = [demo_case] + +forecast = ewb.ZarrForecast( + source="gs://weatherbench2/datasets/hres/2016-2022-0012-1440x721.zarr", + name="HRES", + variable_mapping=ewb.HRES_metadata_variable_mapping, + storage_options={"remote_options": {"anon": True}}, +) + +era5_target = ewb.ERA5( + variables=["surface_air_temperature"] +) +ghcn_target = ewb.GHCN() + +shared_metrics = [ + ewb.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ewb.metrics.MaximumMeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), +] + +eval_objects = [ + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=shared_metrics, + target=era5_target, + forecast=forecast, + ), + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=shared_metrics, + target=ghcn_target, + forecast=forecast, + ), +] + +runner = ewb.evaluation( + case_metadata=cases, + evaluation_objects=eval_objects, +) +outputs = runner.run_evaluation() + +mae = outputs[outputs["metric"] == "MeanAbsoluteError"] +for source in ["ERA5", "GHCN"]: + mean_mae = mae[ + mae["target_source"] == source + ]["value"].mean() + print(f"{source:6s} mean MAE: {mean_mae:.4f} K") +``` diff --git a/docs/recipes/single_case.md b/docs/recipes/single_case.md index 8094bd59..3c407b1b 100644 --- a/docs/recipes/single_case.md +++ b/docs/recipes/single_case.md @@ -1,4 +1,225 @@ # Single Case -Coming soon... +Running EWB across all 337 default cases is the standard workflow, but +sometimes you only need to evaluate one specific event — to debug a +result, inspect a forecast failure, or prototype a new metric. This +recipe shows two approaches: filtering from the default case list, and +defining a custom `IndividualCase` from scratch. See +[Usage](../usage.md) for the full multi-case evaluation workflow. +## Approach 1 — Filter from the default case list + +Load all EWB cases, then keep only the one you care about using its +`case_id_number` or any other field on `IndividualCase`: + +```python +import extremeweatherbench as ewb + +all_cases = ewb.load_cases() + +# Keep only case 28 (inspect the full list to find your case) +single_case = [c for c in all_cases if c.case_id_number == 28] + +target = ewb.ERA5(variables=["surface_air_temperature"]) +forecast = ewb.ZarrForecast( + source="gs://weatherbench2/datasets/hres/2016-2022-0012-1440x721.zarr", + name="HRES", + variable_mapping=ewb.HRES_metadata_variable_mapping, + storage_options={"remote_options": {"anon": True}}, +) + +eval_objects = [ + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=[ + ewb.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ewb.metrics.MaximumMeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ], + target=target, + forecast=forecast, + ), +] + +runner = ewb.evaluation( + case_metadata=single_case, + evaluation_objects=eval_objects, +) +outputs = runner.run_evaluation() +print(outputs) +``` + +> **Detailed Explanation**: `ewb.load_cases()` returns a list of +> `IndividualCase` objects. Each object has `case_id_number`, `title`, +> `start_date`, `end_date`, `location`, and `event_type` attributes. +> Passing a single-element list to `ewb.evaluation` is identical to +> running all cases — the evaluation engine is a loop over that list. + +## Approach 2 — Define a case from scratch + +Use `IndividualCase` directly when you want to evaluate an event that +is not in the EWB default set, or when you want full control over the +spatial bounds and date range: + +```python +import datetime +import extremeweatherbench as ewb +from extremeweatherbench.cases import IndividualCase +from extremeweatherbench.regions import BoundingBoxRegion + +# June 2021 Pacific Northwest heat dome +pnw_heat_dome = IndividualCase( + case_id_number=9999, + title="2021 Pacific Northwest Heat Dome", + start_date=datetime.datetime(2021, 6, 26), + end_date=datetime.datetime(2021, 7, 2), + location=BoundingBoxRegion.create_region( + latitude_min=42.0, + latitude_max=52.0, + longitude_min=234.0, # 126 °W in 0–360 + longitude_max=247.0, # 113 °W in 0–360 + ), + event_type="heat_wave", +) + +target = ewb.ERA5(variables=["surface_air_temperature"]) +forecast = ewb.ZarrForecast( + source="gs://weatherbench2/datasets/hres/2016-2022-0012-1440x721.zarr", + name="HRES", + variable_mapping=ewb.HRES_metadata_variable_mapping, + storage_options={"remote_options": {"anon": True}}, +) + +eval_objects = [ + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=[ + ewb.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ewb.metrics.MaximumMeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ], + target=target, + forecast=forecast, + ), +] + +runner = ewb.evaluation( + case_metadata=[pnw_heat_dome], + evaluation_objects=eval_objects, +) +outputs = runner.run_evaluation() +``` + +> **Detailed Explanation**: `BoundingBoxRegion.create_region` accepts +> `latitude_min`, `latitude_max`, `longitude_min`, and `longitude_max`. +> Longitudes must be in the 0–360 convention to match EWB's internal +> coordinate system. You can convert from −180–180 with +> `ewb.convert_longitude_to_360`. The `event_type` field must match the +> `event_type` on at least one `EvaluationObject`; otherwise, the case +> is skipped by the pipeline. + +## Loading cases from a custom YAML file + +If you maintain your own YAML of case definitions (same schema as EWB's +`events.yaml`), load them directly: + +```python +import extremeweatherbench as ewb + +my_cases = ewb.load_individual_cases_from_yaml("path/to/my_cases.yaml") +single_case = [c for c in my_cases if c.case_id_number == 1] + +runner = ewb.evaluation( + case_metadata=single_case, + evaluation_objects=eval_objects, +) +``` + +The YAML schema for a single case entry: + +```yaml +- case_id_number: 1 + title: My Custom Event + start_date: 2022-08-10 00:00:00 + end_date: 2022-08-14 00:00:00 + location: + type: bounded_region + parameters: + latitude_min: 30.0 + latitude_max: 45.0 + longitude_min: 260.0 + longitude_max: 280.0 + event_type: heat_wave +``` + + +## Complete Example + +A custom case (2021 Pacific Northwest heat dome) evaluated against ERA5 with +no filtering of the default case list required. + +```python +import datetime +import extremeweatherbench as ewb +from extremeweatherbench.cases import IndividualCase +from extremeweatherbench.regions import BoundingBoxRegion + +demo_case = IndividualCase( + case_id_number=9008, + title="2021 Pacific NW Heat Dome (demo)", + start_date=datetime.datetime(2021, 6, 27), + end_date=datetime.datetime(2021, 6, 30), + location=BoundingBoxRegion.create_region( + latitude_min=44.0, + latitude_max=50.0, + longitude_min=235.0, + longitude_max=241.0, + ), + event_type="heat_wave", +) +cases = [demo_case] + +forecast = ewb.ZarrForecast( + source="gs://weatherbench2/datasets/hres/2016-2022-0012-1440x721.zarr", + name="HRES", + variable_mapping=ewb.HRES_metadata_variable_mapping, + storage_options={"remote_options": {"anon": True}}, +) + +target = ewb.ERA5(variables=["surface_air_temperature"]) + +eval_objects = [ + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=[ + ewb.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ewb.metrics.MaximumMeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ], + target=target, + forecast=forecast, + ), +] + +runner = ewb.evaluation( + case_metadata=cases, + evaluation_objects=eval_objects, +) +outputs = runner.run_evaluation() +print(outputs) +``` diff --git a/docs/recipes/your_own_forecast.md b/docs/recipes/your_own_forecast.md index e69de29b..0566ab92 100644 --- a/docs/recipes/your_own_forecast.md +++ b/docs/recipes/your_own_forecast.md @@ -0,0 +1,264 @@ +# BYOF (Bring Your Own Forecast) + +ExtremeWeatherBench supports any gridded forecast that can be expressed +as an xarray `Dataset`. This page shows you how to wrap your forecast +in one of the three built-in `ForecastBase` subclasses and plug it into +an evaluation. If your data lives in a zarr store, a [kerchunk](https://fsspec.github.io/kerchunk/) reference, +or is already loaded in memory, a corresponding class exists for each +case. Where to go next: the [Usage](../usage.md) page shows the full +evaluation loop once your forecast object is ready. + +## Requirements + +Every forecast `Dataset` must have these dimensions before evaluation: + +| Dimension | Description | +|-----------|-------------| +| `init_time` | Initialisation time (datetime64) | +| `lead_time` | Forecast lead time (timedelta64) | +| `latitude` | Latitude in degrees | +| `longitude` | Longitude in degrees (0–360) | + +If your data uses different names, pass a `variable_mapping` dictionary +that maps the original names to EWB's conventions. + +> **Detailed Explanation**: EWB derives `valid_time` internally as +> `init_time + lead_time`. You do not need a `valid_time` dimension in +> the raw data; EWB creates it during subsetting. Additional dimensions +> such as `level` (pressure level) are carried through automatically and +> are useful for 3-D variables like temperature and wind. + +## Option 1 — ZarrForecast + +Use `ZarrForecast` for any forecast stored as a zarr archive, including +remote cloud stores (GCS, S3, Azure) or local paths. + +```python +import extremeweatherbench as ewb + +hres_forecast = ewb.ZarrForecast( + source="gs://weatherbench2/datasets/hres/2016-2022-0012-1440x721.zarr", + name="HRES", + variables=["surface_air_temperature"], + variable_mapping=ewb.HRES_metadata_variable_mapping, + storage_options={"remote_options": {"anon": True}}, +) +``` + +Key arguments: + +- `source` — path or URI to the zarr store +- `name` — label that appears in output DataFrames +- `variables` — CF-convention variable names to load; can also be + specified per-metric instead +- `variable_mapping` — maps your dataset's names to EWB's names (init + time, lead time, variable names, etc.) +- `storage_options` — passed directly to `xarray.open_zarr`; use + `{"remote_options": {"anon": True}}` for public buckets +- `chunks` — dask chunking strategy, defaults to `"auto"` + +> **Detailed Explanation**: EWB ships several built-in variable mappings +> for common datasets: `ewb.HRES_metadata_variable_mapping`, +> `ewb.ERA5_metadata_variable_mapping`, and +> `ewb.CIRA_metadata_variable_mapping`. For any other model you need to +> supply a dictionary that at minimum maps the model's time coordinate +> names to `"init_time"` and `"lead_time"`, and each variable name to +> its EWB CF-convention equivalent. A full list of expected variable +> names lives in `ewb.DEFAULT_VARIABLE_NAMES`. + +### Building a custom variable mapping + +```python +my_mapping = { + "forecast_reference_time": "init_time", + "step": "lead_time", + "t2m": "surface_air_temperature", + "u10": "surface_eastward_wind", + "v10": "surface_northward_wind", + "msl": "air_pressure_at_mean_sea_level", +} + +my_zarr_forecast = ewb.ZarrForecast( + source="gs://my-bucket/my-model.zarr", + name="MyModel", + variables=["surface_air_temperature"], + variable_mapping=my_mapping, + storage_options={"remote_options": {"anon": True}}, +) +``` + +## Option 2 — XarrayForecast + +Use `XarrayForecast` when you have already opened the dataset yourself, +for example when you are assembling a collection of NetCDF files or +applying custom preprocessing before handing data off to EWB. + +```python +import xarray as xr +import extremeweatherbench as ewb + +# Open and combine your NetCDF files +ds = xr.open_mfdataset( + "path/to/forecast/*.nc", + combine="nested", + concat_dim="init_time", +) + +my_forecast = ewb.XarrayForecast( + ds=ds, + name="MyNcModel", + variables=["surface_air_temperature"], + variable_mapping={ + "forecast_reference_time": "init_time", + "step": "lead_time", + "t2m": "surface_air_temperature", + }, +) +``` + +The `ds` argument accepts any `xr.Dataset`. EWB will apply +`variable_mapping` when it first opens the data, so you can pass in a +dataset with the original variable names. + +### Adding a custom preprocess function + +If you need to transform the dataset before evaluation (unit conversion, +coordinate adjustments, etc.), pass a callable to `preprocess`: + +```python +def celsius_to_kelvin(ds: xr.Dataset) -> xr.Dataset: + if "t2m" in ds: + ds["t2m"] = ds["t2m"] + 273.15 + return ds + +preprocessed_forecast = ewb.XarrayForecast( + ds=ds, + name="MyModel_K", + variable_mapping=my_mapping, + preprocess=celsius_to_kelvin, +) +``` + +## Option 3 — KerchunkForecast + +Use `KerchunkForecast` for datasets referenced via kerchunk parquet or +JSON files. This is the access pattern used for CIRA MLWP data. + +```python +import extremeweatherbench as ewb + +cira_kerchunk = ewb.KerchunkForecast( + source="s3://noaa-oar-mlwp-data/references/FOUR_v200_IFS.parq", + name="FCNv2_IFS", + variable_mapping=ewb.CIRA_metadata_variable_mapping, + storage_options={ + "remote_protocol": "s3", + "remote_options": {"anon": True}, + }, +) +``` + +> **Detailed Explanation**: [Kerchunk](https://fsspec.github.io/kerchunk/) creates lightweight virtual +> reference files that point to byte ranges in existing NetCDF or HDF5 +> archives. This avoids copying data while still allowing zarr-style +> chunked access. The `storage_options` dict is split into a +> `remote_protocol` key (the storage backend, e.g. `"s3"` or `"gcs"`) +> and a `remote_options` dict passed to `fsspec` for credentials. It is recommended to use [VirtualiZarr](https://virtualizarr.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) with an [icechunk](https://icechunk.io/) store over kerchunk in most situations, though this comes at a risk of needing to manage concurrent HTML requests when running many parallel jobs. + +## Running an evaluation with your forecast + +Once you have a forecast object, combine it with a target and a metric +list inside an `EvaluationObject`: + +```python +import extremeweatherbench as ewb + +target = ewb.ERA5(variables=["surface_air_temperature"]) + +eval_objects = [ + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=[ + ewb.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ewb.metrics.MaximumMeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ], + target=target, + forecast=my_zarr_forecast, + ), +] + +cases = ewb.load_cases() +runner = ewb.evaluation(case_metadata=cases, evaluation_objects=eval_objects) +outputs = runner.run_evaluation() +outputs.to_csv("results.csv") +``` + +The output is a pandas `DataFrame` with one row per +`(case, metric, lead_time, init_time)` combination. See +[Usage](../usage.md) for a full walkthrough of the output columns. + + +## Complete Example + +```python +import datetime +import extremeweatherbench as ewb +from extremeweatherbench.cases import IndividualCase +from extremeweatherbench.regions import BoundingBoxRegion + +demo_case = IndividualCase( + case_id_number=9002, + title="2019 W European Heat Wave (demo)", + start_date=datetime.datetime(2019, 6, 27), + end_date=datetime.datetime(2019, 6, 30), + location=BoundingBoxRegion.create_region( + latitude_min=45.0, + latitude_max=51.0, + longitude_min=0.0, + longitude_max=6.0, + ), + event_type="heat_wave", +) +cases = [demo_case] + +forecast = ewb.ZarrForecast( + source="gs://weatherbench2/datasets/hres/2016-2022-0012-1440x721.zarr", + name="HRES", + variables=["surface_air_temperature"], + variable_mapping=ewb.HRES_metadata_variable_mapping, + storage_options={"remote_options": {"anon": True}}, +) + +target = ewb.ERA5(variables=["surface_air_temperature"]) + +eval_objects = [ + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=[ + ewb.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ewb.metrics.MaximumMeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ], + target=target, + forecast=forecast, + ), +] + +runner = ewb.evaluation( + case_metadata=cases, + evaluation_objects=eval_objects, +) +outputs = runner.run_evaluation() +print(outputs) +``` diff --git a/docs/recipes/your_own_metrics.md b/docs/recipes/your_own_metrics.md index 9d4492ff..54468346 100644 --- a/docs/recipes/your_own_metrics.md +++ b/docs/recipes/your_own_metrics.md @@ -1,4 +1,300 @@ # BYOM (Bring Your Own Metrics) -Coming soon... +EWB ships continuous metrics (MAE, RMSE, MSE, bias), threshold-based +categorical metrics (CSI, FAR, accuracy), and event-specific metrics +(landfall displacement, spatial displacement, early signal). When you +need something that does not exist in that set, you can subclass +`BaseMetric` (or one of its specialised children) and drop the result +into any `EvaluationObject`. The [Usage](../usage.md) page shows how +metrics slot into the evaluation pipeline. +## The `BaseMetric` interface + +Only one abstract method is required: + +```python +def _compute_metric( + self, + forecast: xr.DataArray, + target: xr.DataArray, + **kwargs, +) -> xr.DataArray: + ... +``` + +The method receives one-dimensional or multi-dimensional DataArrays for +the forecast and target, already subset to a single case and variable. +It must return an `xr.DataArray`. + +> **Detailed Explanation**: By the time `_compute_metric` is called, the +> forecast and target have been aligned in time and space by the +> evaluation pipeline. The `preserve_dims` attribute controls which +> dimensions survive aggregation — defaults to `"lead_time"`, producing +> a result indexed by lead time. Override `preserve_dims` in +> `__init__` to keep different dimensions (e.g. `"init_time"` for +> event-level metrics). + +## Example 1 — Simple continuous metric + +The following implements a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE): + +```python +import xarray as xr +import extremeweatherbench as ewb + + +class MeanAbsolutePercentageError(ewb.BaseMetric): + """Mean Absolute Percentage Error between forecast and target.""" + + def __init__(self, name: str = "MAPE", **kwargs): + super().__init__(name=name, **kwargs) + + def _compute_metric( + self, + forecast: xr.DataArray, + target: xr.DataArray, + **kwargs, + ) -> xr.DataArray: + percentage_error = ( + (forecast - target).abs() / target.where(target != 0) + ) * 100 + return percentage_error.mean( + dim=[d for d in percentage_error.dims + if d != self.preserve_dims] + ) +``` + +### Using the custom metric + +```python +mape = MeanAbsolutePercentageError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", +) + +eval_objects = [ + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=[mape], + target=ewb.ERA5(variables=["surface_air_temperature"]), + forecast=my_forecast, + ), +] +``` + +## Example 2 — Threshold-based metric + +To build a metric that applies a binary threshold, subclass +`ThresholdMetric`. The parent class provides +`transformed_contingency_manager`, which handles binarisation and +creates a `scores.categorical.BinaryContingencyManager` for you. + +The following computes the Probability of Detection (POD), also known +as the Hit Rate: + +```python +import xarray as xr +import extremeweatherbench as ewb + + +class ProbabilityOfDetection(ewb.ThresholdMetric): + """Probability of Detection (Hit Rate) from binary classifications.""" + + def __init__(self, name: str = "ProbabilityOfDetection", **kwargs): + super().__init__(name=name, **kwargs) + + def _compute_metric( + self, + forecast: xr.DataArray, + target: xr.DataArray, + **kwargs, + ): + transformed = kwargs.get("transformed_manager") + if transformed is None: + transformed = self.transformed_contingency_manager( + forecast=forecast, + target=target, + forecast_threshold=self.forecast_threshold, + target_threshold=self.target_threshold, + preserve_dims=self.preserve_dims, + ) + counts = transformed.get_counts() + tp = counts["tp_count"] + fn = counts["fn_count"] + return tp / (tp + fn) +``` + +### Using with explicit thresholds + +```python +pod = ProbabilityOfDetection( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + forecast_threshold=308.15, # 35 °C in Kelvin + target_threshold=308.15, +) +``` + +> **Detailed Explanation**: `ThresholdMetric` accepts both +> `forecast_threshold` and `target_threshold`. These can differ — for +> example, you might binarise the forecast at one percentile and the +> target at another. The `op_func` argument controls the comparison +> operator; it defaults to `operator.ge` (≥) but accepts any callable +> or the string equivalents `">", ">=", "<", "<=", "==", "!="`. + +## Example 3 — Composite metric + +If you want to compute several threshold metrics in a single pass +(reusing the contingency table), pass them as a list to `ThresholdMetric`: + +```python +composite = ewb.ThresholdMetric( + name="severe_wx_contingency", + forecast_variable="craven_brooks_significant_severe", + target_variable="craven_brooks_significant_severe", + forecast_threshold=20_000, + target_threshold=20_000, + metrics=[ + ewb.CriticalSuccessIndex, + ewb.FalseAlarmRatio, + ewb.Accuracy, + ], +) +``` + +EWB expands composite metrics internally, computing the contingency +table once and passing it to each sub-metric. + +## Init-time vs. lead-time preservation + +By default, metrics preserve the `lead_time` dimension. To keep +`init_time` instead (useful for event-level or case-level summaries), +set `preserve_dims="init_time"` in the constructor: + +```python +case_level_mae = ewb.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + preserve_dims="init_time", +) +``` + + +## Complete Example + +Both custom metrics from this page combined in a single heat wave evaluation. + +```python +import datetime +import xarray as xr +import extremeweatherbench as ewb +from extremeweatherbench.cases import IndividualCase +from extremeweatherbench.regions import BoundingBoxRegion + +demo_case = IndividualCase( + case_id_number=9004, + title="2022 Southern Plains Heat Wave (demo)", + start_date=datetime.datetime(2022, 7, 19), + end_date=datetime.datetime(2022, 7, 22), + location=BoundingBoxRegion.create_region( + latitude_min=31.0, + latitude_max=37.0, + longitude_min=260.0, + longitude_max=266.0, + ), + event_type="heat_wave", +) +cases = [demo_case] + + +class MeanAbsolutePercentageError(ewb.BaseMetric): + """Mean Absolute Percentage Error.""" + + def __init__(self, name: str = "MAPE", **kwargs): + super().__init__(name=name, **kwargs) + + def _compute_metric( + self, + forecast: xr.DataArray, + target: xr.DataArray, + **kwargs, + ) -> xr.DataArray: + percentage_error = ( + (forecast - target).abs() + / target.where(target != 0) + ) * 100 + return percentage_error.mean( + dim=[ + d + for d in percentage_error.dims + if d != self.preserve_dims + ] + ) + + +class ProbabilityOfDetection(ewb.ThresholdMetric): + """Probability of Detection (Hit Rate).""" + + def __init__( + self, name: str = "ProbabilityOfDetection", **kwargs + ): + super().__init__(name=name, **kwargs) + + def _compute_metric( + self, + forecast: xr.DataArray, + target: xr.DataArray, + **kwargs, + ): + transformed = kwargs.get("transformed_manager") + if transformed is None: + transformed = self.transformed_contingency_manager( + forecast=forecast, + target=target, + forecast_threshold=self.forecast_threshold, + target_threshold=self.target_threshold, + preserve_dims=self.preserve_dims, + ) + counts = transformed.get_counts() + tp = counts["tp_count"] + fn = counts["fn_count"] + return tp / (tp + fn) + + +mape = MeanAbsolutePercentageError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", +) + +pod = ProbabilityOfDetection( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + forecast_threshold=308.15, + target_threshold=308.15, +) + +forecast = ewb.ZarrForecast( + source="gs://weatherbench2/datasets/hres/2016-2022-0012-1440x721.zarr", + name="HRES", + variable_mapping=ewb.HRES_metadata_variable_mapping, + storage_options={"remote_options": {"anon": True}}, +) + +target = ewb.ERA5(variables=["surface_air_temperature"]) + +eval_objects = [ + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=[mape, pod], + target=target, + forecast=forecast, + ), +] + +runner = ewb.evaluation( + case_metadata=cases, + evaluation_objects=eval_objects, +) +outputs = runner.run_evaluation() +print(outputs) +``` diff --git a/docs/recipes/your_own_target.md b/docs/recipes/your_own_target.md index 36ea3a9d..9f2a694d 100644 --- a/docs/recipes/your_own_target.md +++ b/docs/recipes/your_own_target.md @@ -1,4 +1,277 @@ # BYOT (Bring Your Own Target) -Coming soon... +EWB ships with built-in targets for ERA5, GHCN station observations, +IBTrACS tropical cyclone best-track data, Local Storm Reports (LSR), and +the Practically Perfect Hindcast (PPH). When none of these fit your use +case — for example, you have gridded reanalysis from another provider, +or proprietary station data — you can subclass `TargetBase` and plug +your data directly into the evaluation pipeline. The [Usage](../usage.md) +page shows how targets combine with forecasts and metrics. +## The `TargetBase` interface + +Two abstract methods must be implemented: + +| Method | Purpose | +|--------|---------| +| `_open_data_from_source` | Open (lazily, where possible) the full dataset | +| `subset_data_to_case` | Subset opened data to one `IndividualCase` | + +An optional third method, `maybe_align_forecast_to_target`, controls how +the forecast grid is regridded or interpolated to match target +coordinates. The base implementation passes forecast and target through +unchanged; override it when your target has unusual spatial coordinates. + +## Example 1 — Custom gridded zarr target + +The following example wraps a MERRA-2 zarr store as an EWB target: + +```python +import dataclasses +import xarray as xr +import extremeweatherbench as ewb +from extremeweatherbench import inputs, cases + + +@dataclasses.dataclass +class MERRA2(inputs.TargetBase): + """Target class for MERRA-2 gridded reanalysis data.""" + + name: str = "MERRA2" + source: str = "gs://my-bucket/merra2.zarr" + variable_mapping: dict = dataclasses.field( + default_factory=lambda: { + "T2M": "surface_air_temperature", + "time": "valid_time", + } + ) + + def _open_data_from_source(self): + return xr.open_zarr( + self.source, + storage_options=self.storage_options, + chunks=None, + ) + + def subset_data_to_case(self, data, case_metadata, **kwargs): + # Reuse EWB's built-in zarr subsetter for gridded targets + return inputs.zarr_target_subsetter(data, case_metadata) +``` + +> **Detailed Explanation**: `zarr_target_subsetter` handles the two +> steps that every gridded target needs: subsetting time with `.sel` +> along `valid_time` (or `time`) and masking the dataset to the case's +> `location` region. If your time coordinate has a different name, pass +> `time_variable="my_time"` as a keyword argument. For targets that do +> not use `valid_time` as their time dimension name, the helper +> automatically checks for `"time"` as a fallback. + +### Using the custom target + +```python +merra2_target = MERRA2( + variables=["surface_air_temperature"], + storage_options={"anon": True}, +) + +eval_objects = [ + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=[ewb.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + )], + target=merra2_target, + forecast=my_forecast, + ), +] +``` + +## Example 2 — Custom tabular (point observation) target + +Point observation data is typically stored in parquet or CSV files with +columns for `valid_time`, `latitude`, `longitude`, and one or more +observation variables. The following example wraps a custom station +dataset stored in parquet format: + +```python +import dataclasses +import pandas as pd +import polars as pl +import xarray as xr +import extremeweatherbench as ewb +from extremeweatherbench import inputs, cases, utils + + +@dataclasses.dataclass +class MyStationObs(inputs.TargetBase): + """Target class for a custom parquet station observation dataset.""" + + name: str = "MyStations" + source: str = "gs://my-bucket/station_obs.parquet" + + def _open_data_from_source(self): + return pl.scan_parquet( + self.source, + storage_options=self.storage_options, + ) + + def subset_data_to_case(self, data, case_metadata, **kwargs): + bounds = case_metadata.location.as_geopandas().total_bounds + time_min = case_metadata.start_date - pd.Timedelta(days=1) + time_max = case_metadata.end_date + pd.Timedelta(days=1) + + return data.filter( + (pl.col("valid_time") >= time_min) + & (pl.col("valid_time") <= time_max) + & (pl.col("latitude") >= bounds[1]) + & (pl.col("latitude") <= bounds[3]) + & (pl.col("longitude") >= bounds[0]) + & (pl.col("longitude") <= bounds[2]) + ) + + def _custom_convert_to_dataset(self, data): + # EWB calls this when it needs an xr.Dataset from the LazyFrame + df = data.collect(engine="streaming").to_pandas() + df["longitude"] = utils.convert_longitude_to_360(df["longitude"]) + df = df.set_index(["valid_time", "latitude", "longitude"]) + return xr.Dataset.from_dataframe( + df[~df.index.duplicated(keep="first")], sparse=True + ) + + def maybe_align_forecast_to_target(self, forecast_data, target_data): + return inputs.align_forecast_to_target(forecast_data, target_data) +``` + +> **Detailed Explanation**: EWB's internal pipeline calls +> `maybe_convert_to_dataset` on the result of `subset_data_to_case`. +> The base `TargetBase` implementation handles `xr.Dataset` and +> `xr.DataArray` natively; for any other type (polars `LazyFrame`, +> pandas `DataFrame`) you must override `_custom_convert_to_dataset` to +> produce an `xr.Dataset` with `valid_time`, `latitude`, and `longitude` +> as index dimensions. `align_forecast_to_target` then interpolates the +> forecast to the target's spatial coordinates using nearest-neighbour +> interpolation. + +## Tips + +- Keep `_open_data_from_source` **lazy** — return a `LazyFrame`, + `xr.Dataset` with `chunks`, or `dask`-backed array. EWB subsets + per-case before loading into memory. +- Use `case_metadata.location.as_geopandas().total_bounds` to obtain + `(lon_min, lat_min, lon_max, lat_max)` bounds for spatial filtering. +- Use `case_metadata.start_date` and `case_metadata.end_date` for time + filtering; these are `datetime.datetime` objects. +- Longitude convention: EWB uses 0–360 internally. Convert from + −180–180 using `ewb.convert_longitude_to_360`. + + +## Complete Example + +A custom point-observation target wrapping EWB's public GHCNh parquet file, +following the `MyStationObs` pattern from Example 2 above. + +```python +import datetime +import dataclasses +import pandas as pd +import polars as pl +import xarray as xr +import extremeweatherbench as ewb +from extremeweatherbench import inputs, utils +from extremeweatherbench.cases import IndividualCase +from extremeweatherbench.regions import BoundingBoxRegion + +demo_case = IndividualCase( + case_id_number=9003, + title="2018 Japan Heat Wave (demo)", + start_date=datetime.datetime(2018, 7, 21), + end_date=datetime.datetime(2018, 7, 24), + location=BoundingBoxRegion.create_region( + latitude_min=33.0, + latitude_max=39.0, + longitude_min=133.0, + longitude_max=139.0, + ), + event_type="heat_wave", +) +cases = [demo_case] + + +@dataclasses.dataclass +class CustomGHCN(inputs.TargetBase): + """GHCNh parquet via TargetBase, with explicit unit handling.""" + + name: str = "CustomGHCN" + source: str = ewb.DEFAULT_GHCN_URI + + def _open_data_from_source(self): + return pl.scan_parquet( + self.source, + storage_options={"anon": True}, + ) + + def subset_data_to_case(self, data, case_metadata, **kwargs): + bounds = case_metadata.location.as_geopandas().total_bounds + time_min = case_metadata.start_date - pd.Timedelta(days=1) + time_max = case_metadata.end_date + pd.Timedelta(days=1) + return data.filter( + (pl.col("valid_time") >= time_min) + & (pl.col("valid_time") <= time_max) + & (pl.col("latitude") >= bounds[1]) + & (pl.col("latitude") <= bounds[3]) + & (pl.col("longitude") >= bounds[0]) + & (pl.col("longitude") <= bounds[2]) + ) + + def _custom_convert_to_dataset(self, data): + df = data.collect().to_pandas() + df["surface_air_temperature"] += 273.15 + df["longitude"] = utils.convert_longitude_to_360( + df["longitude"] + ) + df = df.set_index( + ["valid_time", "latitude", "longitude"] + ) + return xr.Dataset.from_dataframe( + df[~df.index.duplicated(keep="first")], sparse=True + ) + + def maybe_align_forecast_to_target( + self, forecast_data, target_data + ): + return inputs.align_forecast_to_target( + forecast_data, target_data + ) + + +custom_target = CustomGHCN() + +forecast = ewb.ZarrForecast( + source="gs://weatherbench2/datasets/hres/2016-2022-0012-1440x721.zarr", + name="HRES", + variable_mapping=ewb.HRES_metadata_variable_mapping, + storage_options={"remote_options": {"anon": True}}, +) + +eval_objects = [ + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=[ + ewb.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ], + target=custom_target, + forecast=forecast, + ), +] + +runner = ewb.evaluation( + case_metadata=cases, + evaluation_objects=eval_objects, +) +outputs = runner.run_evaluation() +print(outputs) +``` diff --git a/docs/recipes/your_own_variable.md b/docs/recipes/your_own_variable.md index 635f04cd..e7c0097a 100644 --- a/docs/recipes/your_own_variable.md +++ b/docs/recipes/your_own_variable.md @@ -1,4 +1,293 @@ # BYOV (Bring Your Own Variable) -Coming soon... +EWB ships several derived variables out of the box: +`AtmosphericRiverVariables` (IVT, AR mask, land intersection), +`CravenBrooksSignificantSevere` (mixed-layer CAPE × shear), and +`TropicalCycloneTrackVariables` (TempestExtremes-style track detection). +When you need a derived quantity that isn't covered — a custom composite +index, a variable computed from pressure levels, etc. — you can subclass +`DerivedVariable` and use it anywhere a variable name string is accepted. +See [Usage](../usage.md) for how variables feed into `EvaluationObject`. +## The `DerivedVariable` interface + +Two things are required of every subclass: + +1. A class-level `variables` list — the names of the raw inputs your + derivation needs (EWB uses this to subset the dataset before calling + `derive_variable`). +2. A `derive_variable(self, data, *args, **kwargs)` method that accepts + an `xr.Dataset` and returns an `xr.DataArray` (or `xr.Dataset` for + multi-output variables). + +```python +class DerivedVariable(abc.ABC): + variables: list[str] # raw inputs required + + def derive_variable( + self, data: xr.Dataset, *args, **kwargs + ) -> xr.DataArray: + ... +``` + +> **Detailed Explanation**: EWB calls `derive_variable` after subsetting +> the forecast (or target) dataset to the current case. The `data` +> argument therefore contains only the spatial and temporal extent of the +> active case, already renamed via `variable_mapping`. The `kwargs` may +> include `case_metadata` (an `IndividualCase` object) and, for derived +> variables that set `requires_target_dataset = True`, a +> `_target_dataset` keyword holding the subset target data. + +## Example 1 — Surface dewpoint depression + +This computes 2 m dewpoint depression (temperature minus dewpoint) as a +single derived variable: + +```python +import xarray as xr +import extremeweatherbench as ewb +from extremeweatherbench.derived import DerivedVariable + + +class DewpointDepression(DerivedVariable): + """2 m dewpoint depression (T2m - Td2m) in Kelvin.""" + + variables = [ + "surface_air_temperature", + "surface_dewpoint_temperature", + ] + + def __init__(self, name: str = "dewpoint_depression"): + super().__init__(name=name) + + def derive_variable( + self, data: xr.Dataset, *args, **kwargs + ) -> xr.DataArray: + depression = ( + data["surface_air_temperature"] + - data["surface_dewpoint_temperature"] + ) + depression.name = self.name + return depression +``` + +### Using a derived variable in an evaluation + +Pass a `DerivedVariable` instance anywhere a variable name string is +accepted — inside `variables` on a forecast or target, or as +`forecast_variable` / `target_variable` on a metric: + +```python +import extremeweatherbench as ewb + +dd = DewpointDepression() + +my_metric = ewb.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable=dd, + target_variable=dd, +) + +eval_objects = [ + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=[my_metric], + target=ewb.ERA5(), + forecast=my_forecast, + ), +] + +cases = ewb.load_cases() +runner = ewb.evaluation(case_metadata=cases, evaluation_objects=eval_objects) +outputs = runner.run_evaluation() +``` + +> **Detailed Explanation**: When EWB encounters a `DerivedVariable` in +> a metric's `forecast_variable` or `target_variable`, it uses the +> `variables` class attribute to pull the required raw inputs from the +> dataset, then calls `derive_variable` to produce the derived DataArray +> before computing the metric. Only one `DerivedVariable` per +> `EvaluationObject` is supported; if you need multiple derived +> variables, create separate `EvaluationObject` instances for each. + +## Example 2 — Multi-level wind speed + +For a variable that requires pressure-level data, include the 3-D +dimension variable names in `variables`: + +```python +import numpy as np +import xarray as xr +from extremeweatherbench.derived import DerivedVariable + + +class WindSpeed500hPa(DerivedVariable): + """Wind speed at 500 hPa from u and v components.""" + + variables = ["eastward_wind", "northward_wind"] + + def __init__(self, name: str = "wind_speed_500hPa"): + super().__init__(name=name) + + def derive_variable( + self, data: xr.Dataset, *args, **kwargs + ) -> xr.DataArray: + u500 = data["eastward_wind"].sel(level=500) + v500 = data["northward_wind"].sel(level=500) + speed = np.sqrt(u500 ** 2 + v500 ** 2) + speed.name = self.name + return speed +``` + +## Example 3 — Multi-output derived variable + +When your derivation produces several outputs (like `AtmosphericRiverVariables`), +return an `xr.Dataset` and specify which variables downstream code +should see via `output_variables`: + +```python +import xarray as xr +from extremeweatherbench.derived import DerivedVariable + + +class HeatStressIndex(DerivedVariable): + """Wet-bulb globe temperature approximation and heat index.""" + + variables = [ + "surface_air_temperature", + "surface_relative_humidity", + ] + + def __init__( + self, + name: str = "heat_stress", + output_variables=None, + ): + if output_variables is None: + output_variables = ["heat_index", "wbgt_approx"] + super().__init__(name=name, output_variables=output_variables) + + def derive_variable( + self, data: xr.Dataset, *args, **kwargs + ) -> xr.Dataset: + t = data["surface_air_temperature"] - 273.15 # to °C + rh = data["surface_relative_humidity"] + + # Simplified heat index (Rothfusz regression, °C) + hi = ( + -8.784695 + + 1.61139411 * t + + 2.338549 * rh + - 0.14611605 * t * rh + - 0.01230809 * t ** 2 + - 0.01642482 * rh ** 2 + ) + # Very rough WBGT approximation + wbgt = 0.7 * (t - (100 - rh) / 5) + 0.3 * t + + return xr.Dataset( + {"heat_index": hi, "wbgt_approx": wbgt} + ) +``` + +Specify a single output variable when creating the metric: + +```python +import extremeweatherbench as ewb + +hi_variable = HeatStressIndex(output_variables=["heat_index"]) + +hi_metric = ewb.metrics.MaximumMeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable=hi_variable, + target_variable=hi_variable, +) +``` + + +## Complete Example + +The `DewpointDepression` derived variable from Example 1, wired into a full +heat wave evaluation. + +```python +import datetime +import xarray as xr +import extremeweatherbench as ewb +from extremeweatherbench.derived import DerivedVariable +from extremeweatherbench.cases import IndividualCase +from extremeweatherbench.regions import BoundingBoxRegion + +demo_case = IndividualCase( + case_id_number=9005, + title="2017 Lucifer European Heat Wave (demo)", + start_date=datetime.datetime(2017, 8, 2), + end_date=datetime.datetime(2017, 8, 5), + location=BoundingBoxRegion.create_region( + latitude_min=39.0, + latitude_max=45.0, + longitude_min=12.0, + longitude_max=18.0, + ), + event_type="heat_wave", +) +cases = [demo_case] + + +class DewpointDepression(DerivedVariable): + """2 m dewpoint depression (T2m - Td2m) in Kelvin.""" + + variables = [ + "surface_air_temperature", + "surface_dewpoint_temperature", + ] + + def __init__(self, name: str = "dewpoint_depression"): + super().__init__(name=name) + + def derive_variable( + self, data: xr.Dataset, *args, **kwargs + ) -> xr.DataArray: + depression = ( + data["surface_air_temperature"] + - data["surface_dewpoint_temperature"] + ) + depression.name = self.name + return depression + + +dd = DewpointDepression() + +forecast = ewb.ZarrForecast( + source="gs://weatherbench2/datasets/hres/2016-2022-0012-1440x721.zarr", + name="HRES", + variable_mapping=ewb.HRES_metadata_variable_mapping, + storage_options={"remote_options": {"anon": True}}, +) + +target = ewb.ERA5( + variables=[ + "surface_air_temperature", + "surface_dewpoint_temperature", + ] +) + +eval_objects = [ + ewb.EvaluationObject( + event_type="heat_wave", + metric_list=[ + ewb.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable=dd, + target_variable=dd, + ), + ], + target=target, + forecast=forecast, + ), +] + +runner = ewb.evaluation( + case_metadata=cases, + evaluation_objects=eval_objects, +) +outputs = runner.run_evaluation() +print(outputs) +``` diff --git a/docs/stylesheets/brightband.css b/docs/stylesheets/brightband.css index 0fbb5079..a402eb14 100644 --- a/docs/stylesheets/brightband.css +++ b/docs/stylesheets/brightband.css @@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ --md-primary-fg-color: #262620; --md-primary-bg-color: #DFDECB; --md-accent-fg-color: #FF6000; - --md-accent-fg-color--transparent: #FF6000; + --md-accent-fg-color--transparent: #FF600026; + --md-accent-bg-color: #DFDECB; --md-default-fg-color: #262620; --md-default-bg-color: #DFDECB; } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/usage.md b/docs/usage.md index ddd372fa..4e58f8e3 100644 --- a/docs/usage.md +++ b/docs/usage.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ There are two main ways to use ExtremeWeatherBench, by script or by command line. To run the Brightband-based evaluation on an existing AIWP model (FCN v2), which -includes the default 337 cases for heat waves, freezes, severe convective days, +includes the default 337 cases for heat waves, freezes, severe convection, tropical cyclones, and atmospheric rivers: @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ runner = ewb.evaluation( evaluation_objects=eval_objects ) -outputs = runner.run() +outputs = runner.run_evaluation() outputs.to_csv('your_outputs.csv') ``` @@ -103,13 +103,13 @@ era5_heatwave_target = ewb.targets.ERA5( Note that EWB provides defaults for arguments, so most users will be able to instead write this (if defining variables with the intent of it applying to all metrics): ```python -era5_heatwave_target = inputs.ERA5(variables=['surface_air_temperature']) +era5_heatwave_target = ewb.ERA5(variables=['surface_air_temperature']) ``` Or (if defining variables as arguments to the metrics): ```python -era5_heatwave_target = inputs.ERA5() +era5_heatwave_target = ewb.ERA5() ``` > **Detailed Explanation**: Similarly to forecasts, we need to define the `source`, which here is the ARCO ERA5 provided by Google. `variables` are used to subset `ewb.inputs.ERA5` in an evaluation; `variable_mapping` defaults to `ewb.inputs.ERA5_metadata_variable_mapping` for many existing variables and likely is not required to be set unless your use case is for less common variables. Both forecasts and targets, if relevant, have an optional `chunks` parameter which defaults to what should be the most efficient value - usually `None` or `'auto'`, but can be changed as seen above. *If using the ARCO ERA5 and setting `chunks=None`, it is critical to order your subsetting by variables -> time -> `.sel` or `.isel` latitude & longitude -> rechunk. [See this Github comment](https://github.com/pydata/xarray/issues/8902#issuecomment-2036435045). @@ -121,9 +121,18 @@ heatwave_evaluation_list = [ ewb.EvaluationObject( event_type="heat_wave", metric_list=[ - ewb.metrics.MaximumMeanAbsoluteError(), - ewb.metrics.RootMeanSquaredError(), - ewb.metrics.MaximumLowestMeanAbsoluteError() + ewb.metrics.MaximumMeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ewb.metrics.RootMeanSquaredError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), + ewb.metrics.MaximumLowestMeanAbsoluteError( + forecast_variable="surface_air_temperature", + target_variable="surface_air_temperature", + ), ], target=era5_heatwave_target, forecast=hres_forecast, @@ -144,11 +153,11 @@ ewb_instance = ewb.evaluation( evaluation_objects=heatwave_evaluation_list, ) -outputs = ewb_instance.run() +outputs = ewb_instance.run_evaluation() outputs.to_csv('your_file_name.csv') ``` -Where the EWB default events YAML file is loaded in using `ewb.load_cases()`, then applied to an instance of `ewb.evaluation` along with the `EvaluationObject` list. Finally, we run the evaluation with the `.run()` method, where defaults are typically sufficient to run with a small to moderate-sized virtual machine. +Where the EWB default events YAML file is loaded in using `ewb.load_cases()`, then applied to an instance of `ewb.evaluation` along with the `EvaluationObject` list. Finally, we run the evaluation with the `.run_evaluation()` method, where defaults are typically sufficient to run with a small to moderate-sized virtual machine. Running locally is feasible but is typically bottlenecked heavily by IO and network bandwidth. Even on a gigabit connection, the rate of data access is significantly slower compared to within a cloud provider VM. diff --git a/mkdocs.yml b/mkdocs.yml index d619c6dc..dca4ec5d 100644 --- a/mkdocs.yml +++ b/mkdocs.yml @@ -8,23 +8,17 @@ nav: - Home: index.md - Installation: installation.md - Usage: usage.md + - Data: data.md + - Data Preparation: data_prep.md - A Note on Parallelism: parallelism.md - - Event Categories: - - All Case Studies: events/AllCaseStudies.md - - Atmospheric Rivers: - - Overview: events/AtmosphericRivers.md - - November 2024 West Coast US: events/atmospheric_rivers/november_2024_west_coast_us.md - - Severe Convection: events/ConvectiveWx.md - - Derechos: events/Derechos.md - - Flooding: events/Flooding.md - - Freezes: events/FreezeEvents.md - - Heatwaves: events/Heatwaves.md - - Other Floods: events/OtherFloods.md - - Tropical Cyclones: events/TropicalCyclones.md - - Tropical Cyclone Flooding: events/TCFloods.md - - Tropical Cyclone Tornadic Outbreaks: events/TCTornadoOutbreaks.md - - Wind Events: events/WindEvents.md - - Winter Weather: events/WinterWeather.md + - Case Studies: + - Overview: events/case_studies.md + - Atmospheric Rivers: events/atmospheric_rivers.md + - Severe Convection: events/severe_convection.md + - Freezes: events/cold_snaps.md + - Heat Waves: events/heat_waves.md + - Tropical Cyclones: events/tropical_cyclones.md + - Planned Event Types: events/planned_events.md - Cookbook: - CIRA Forecast: recipes/cira_forecast.md - BYOF (Bring Your Own Forecast): recipes/your_own_forecast.md @@ -39,10 +33,12 @@ nav: theme: name: material - logo: _static/bb_dark.svg - favicon: _static/bb.svg + logo: _static/bb_light.svg + favicon: _static/bb_light.svg palette: scheme: "brightband" + primary: custom + accent: custom extra_css: - stylesheets/brightband.css @@ -51,6 +47,11 @@ extra_css: markdown_extensions: - pymdownx.arithmatex: generic: true + - pymdownx.superfences: + custom_fences: + - name: mermaid + class: mermaid + format: !!python/name:pymdownx.superfences.fence_code_format extra_javascript: - 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