diff --git a/iceberg/src/codec.rs b/iceberg/src/codec.rs
index 173e261b6..35bdef978 100644
--- a/iceberg/src/codec.rs
+++ b/iceberg/src/codec.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use std::fmt;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use datafusion::arrow::datatypes::SchemaRef;
@@ -19,11 +20,21 @@ use prost::Message;
 use crate::proto::generated::iceberg as pb;
 use crate::{IcebergDataSource, IcebergWorkUnitFeed};
 
+type RuntimeResolver = dyn Fn(&TaskContext) -> Result<iceberg::Runtime> + Send + Sync;
+
 /// Physical plan codec for [`IcebergDataSource`].
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct IcebergCodec {
     storage_factory: Arc<dyn StorageFactory>,
-    iceberg_runtime: iceberg::Runtime,
+    runtime_resolver: Arc<RuntimeResolver>,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for IcebergCodec {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("IcebergCodec")
+            .field("storage_factory", &self.storage_factory)
+            .finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
 }
 
 impl IcebergCodec {
@@ -31,10 +42,21 @@ impl IcebergCodec {
     pub fn new(
         storage_factory: Arc<dyn StorageFactory>,
         iceberg_runtime: iceberg::Runtime,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::new_with_runtime_resolver(storage_factory, move |_| Ok(iceberg_runtime.clone()))
+    }
+
+    /// Selects a runtime from the [`TaskContext`] for each decoded scan.
+    ///
+    /// The resolver is not called during encoding; its errors fail decoding.
+    /// Callers must keep the selected Tokio runtimes alive through execution.
+    pub fn new_with_runtime_resolver(
+        storage_factory: Arc<dyn StorageFactory>,
+        runtime_resolver: impl Fn(&TaskContext) -> Result<iceberg::Runtime> + Send + Sync + 'static,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             storage_factory,
-            iceberg_runtime,
+            runtime_resolver: Arc::new(runtime_resolver),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -99,7 +121,7 @@ impl PhysicalExtensionCodec for IcebergCodec {
             column_stats: None,
             table_snapshot: None,
             iceberg_file_io,
-            iceberg_runtime: self.iceberg_runtime.clone(),
+            iceberg_runtime: (self.runtime_resolver)(ctx)?,
             feed,
         }))
     }
@@ -142,10 +164,16 @@ impl PhysicalExtensionCodec for IcebergCodec {
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
-    use datafusion::common::Statistics;
+    use datafusion::common::{Statistics, exec_err};
     use datafusion::datasource::source::DataSource;
+    use datafusion::prelude::SessionConfig;
+    use datafusion_distributed::{DistributedCodec, DistributedExt};
+    use datafusion_proto::physical_plan::AsExecutionPlan;
+    use datafusion_proto::protobuf::PhysicalPlanNode;
+    use tokio::runtime::{Builder, Handle, Runtime as TokioRuntime};
 
     use super::*;
+    use crate::common::df_err;
     use crate::test_utils::IcebergTestHarness;
 
     #[tokio::test]
@@ -189,6 +217,125 @@ mod tests {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn fixed_runtime_is_preserved() -> Result<()> {
+        let io = runtime()?;
+        let cpu = runtime()?;
+        let codec = IcebergCodec::new(
+            Arc::new(OpenDalResolvingStorageFactory::new()),
+            iceberg::Runtime::new_with_split(&io, &cpu),
+        );
+        io.block_on(async {
+            let proto = encoded_scan(&codec).await?;
+            let ctx = task_context(iceberg::Runtime::new(&io));
+            assert_decoded_runtime(&proto, &codec, &ctx, &io, &cpu).await
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn default_runtime_is_captured_at_construction() -> Result<()> {
+        let startup = runtime()?;
+        let worker = runtime()?;
+        let codec = {
+            let _guard = startup.enter();
+            IcebergCodec::default()
+        };
+        worker.block_on(async {
+            let proto = encoded_scan(&codec).await?;
+            assert_decoded_runtime(&proto, &codec, &TaskContext::default(), &startup, &startup)
+                .await
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn resolves_each_decode_with_query_cpu_and_shared_io() -> Result<()> {
+        let codec = IcebergCodec::new_with_runtime_resolver(
+            Arc::new(OpenDalResolvingStorageFactory::new()),
+            |ctx| {
+                Ok(ctx
+                    .session_config()
+                    .get_extension::<iceberg::Runtime>()
+                    .expect("worker runtime extension")
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .clone())
+            },
+        );
+        let config = SessionConfig::new().with_distributed_user_codec(codec);
+        let codec = DistributedCodec::new_combined_with_user(&config);
+        let io = runtime()?;
+        let cpu_a = runtime()?;
+        let cpu_b = runtime()?;
+        io.block_on(async {
+            let proto = encoded_scan(&codec).await?;
+            let ctx_a = task_context(iceberg::Runtime::new_with_split(&io, &cpu_a));
+            let ctx_b = task_context(iceberg::Runtime::new_with_split(&io, &cpu_b));
+            assert_decoded_runtime(&proto, &codec, &ctx_a, &io, &cpu_a).await?;
+            assert_decoded_runtime(&proto, &codec, &ctx_b, &io, &cpu_b).await
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn propagates_runtime_resolver_errors_only_on_decode() -> Result<()> {
+        let codec = IcebergCodec::new_with_runtime_resolver(
+            Arc::new(OpenDalResolvingStorageFactory::new()),
+            |_| exec_err!("query runtime unavailable"),
+        );
+        let proto = encoded_scan(&codec).await?;
+        let error = proto
+            .try_into_physical_plan(&TaskContext::default(), &codec)
+            .unwrap_err();
+        assert!(
+            error.to_string().contains("query runtime unavailable"),
+            "{error}"
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn runtime() -> Result<TokioRuntime> {
+        Ok(Builder::new_multi_thread()
+            .worker_threads(1)
+            .enable_all()
+            .build()?)
+    }
+
+    fn task_context(runtime: iceberg::Runtime) -> TaskContext {
+        TaskContext::default()
+            .with_session_config(SessionConfig::new().with_extension(Arc::new(runtime)))
+    }
+
+    async fn encoded_scan(codec: &dyn PhysicalExtensionCodec) -> Result<PhysicalPlanNode> {
+        let harness = IcebergTestHarness::new().await?;
+        PhysicalPlanNode::try_from_physical_plan(harness.scan().await?, codec)
+    }
+
+    async fn assert_decoded_runtime(
+        proto: &PhysicalPlanNode,
+        codec: &dyn PhysicalExtensionCodec,
+        ctx: &TaskContext,
+        io: &TokioRuntime,
+        cpu: &TokioRuntime,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let decoded = proto.try_into_physical_plan(ctx, codec)?;
+        let runtime = &iceberg_source(&decoded)?.iceberg_runtime;
+        assert_eq!(
+            runtime
+                .io()
+                .spawn(async { Handle::current().id() })
+                .await
+                .map_err(df_err)?,
+            io.handle().id(),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            runtime
+                .cpu()
+                .spawn(async { Handle::current().id() })
+                .await
+                .map_err(df_err)?,
+            cpu.handle().id(),
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     fn iceberg_plan(plan: &Arc<dyn ExecutionPlan>) -> Result<Arc<dyn ExecutionPlan>> {
         if let Some(exec) = plan.downcast_ref::<DataSourceExec>()
             && exec