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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Quick R Introduction</title>
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<body style="opacity: 0">
<slides class="layout-widescreen">
<slide class="title-slide segue nobackground">
<!-- The content of this hgroup is replaced programmatically through the slide_config.json. -->
<hgroup class="auto-fadein">
<h1 data-config-title><!-- populated from slide_config.json --></h1>
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<p style="margin-top: 6px; margin-left: -2px;">2018-05-22</p>
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</slide>
<slide class='segue dark nobackground level1'><hgroup class = 'auto-fadein'><h2>Ch01：為何要學 R 語言？</h2></hgroup><article id="ch01-r-">
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>R 是專門為資料分析而設計的程式語言</h2></hgroup><article id="r-" class="smaller centered">
<img src='img/statician_10521919-655x280.jpg' style='width: 960px'></img>
<h3>
R 可以執行大多數的統計計算、機器學習、資料採礦方法
</h3>
<p>取自 <a href='http://goo.gl/CkXlvY' title=''>http://goo.gl/CkXlvY</a></p>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>免費、開源、豐沛的社群資源</h2></hgroup><article class="smaller columns-2 centered">
<img src='img/fig_8_cran.png' style='height: 400px'></img>
<h3>
很容易擴充和客製化
</h3>
<p>取自 <a href='http://goo.gl/AwfHLx' title=''>http://goo.gl/AwfHLx</a></p>
<img src='img/r-integration-1.png' style='height: 400px'></img>
<h3>
很容易和其他工具做整合
</h3>
<p>取自 <a href='http://goo.gl/jvNnG3' title=''>http://goo.gl/jvNnG3</a></p>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>R 可以輸出高品質的視覺化</h2></hgroup><article id="r-" class="smaller centered">
<p><img src='img/flights_sml.jpg' style='width: 960px'></img></p>
<p>取自 <a href='http://goo.gl/q1NX26' title=''>http://goo.gl/q1NX26</a></p>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>課程目標</h2></hgroup><article >
<ul style="font-size: 120%">
<li>
建立 R 的使用環境
</li>
<li>
熟悉 R 語言基礎操作
</li>
<li>
了解 R 語言的物件的結構
</li>
<li>
體會 R 語言的流程控制
</li>
<li>
學習 R 語言的資料整理
</li>
<li>
確立 R 語言的資料爬析概念
</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class='segue dark nobackground level1'><hgroup class = 'auto-fadein'><h2>Ch02：建立 R 的使用環境</h2></hgroup><article id="ch02-r-">
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>傢俬準備好</h2></hgroup><article class="columns-2">
<h3>環境安裝</h3>
<ul>
<li>主程式：<a href='https://www.r-project.org/' title=''>R</a>（R-3.3.3 以上版本）</li>
<li>編輯界面：<a href='https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/' title=''>RStudio IDE</a>（0.99.473 以上版本）</li>
<li><a href='https://github.com/dspim/R/wiki/R-&-RStudio-Troubleshooting-Guide' title=''>疑難排解指南</a> <br> <br> <br></li>
</ul>
<h3>RStudio 界面說明</h3>
<ul>
<li>程式碼編輯區</li>
<li>命令列區</li>
<li>環境資訊區</li>
<li>檔案系統區</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>熟悉 RStudio 的 <strong>命令列</strong> 界面</h2></hgroup><article id="-rstudio---">
<h3>程式的<strong>輸入</strong>、<strong>輸出</strong>、<strong>中斷</strong></h3>
<ul>
<li>左下角的當符號 <code>></code> 表示可以輸入指令</li>
<li>輸入 <code>1 + 1</code> 後按下 <strong>Enter</strong>，檢查螢幕輸出</li>
<li>輸入 <code>1 +</code> 後按下 <strong>Enter</strong>，檢查螢幕輸出 <br> 最左下角的開頭變成 <code>+</code> 表示尚未輸入完成，應繼續輸入</li>
<li>按下 <strong>ESC</strong>，會中斷執行中的程式 (左下角回復成 <code>></code> 開頭)</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>熟悉 RStudio 的 <strong>程式碼編輯</strong> 界面</h2></hgroup><article id="-rstudio---">
<h3>停留時間最多的區域</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>New File -> R Script -> Untiled1.R</strong></li>
<li>在程式碼編輯區中輸入 <code>1 + 1</code> 後按下 <strong>Control + Enter</strong>，檢查 命令列區</li>
<li>在程式碼編輯區中輸入 <code>1 +</code> 後按下 <strong>Control + Enter</strong>，檢查 命令列區</li>
<li>在命令列區按下 <strong>ESC</strong> 中斷程式</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class='segue dark nobackground level1'><hgroup class = 'auto-fadein'><h2>Ch03 今天學完，你一定會用R做資料整理</h2></hgroup><article id="ch03-r">
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>先別想，複製貼上就是了</h2></hgroup><article >
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>dat1 <- data.frame(date=c("11/29","11/30","12/01","12/02","12/03","12/04","12/05"),
weekday=c("Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat"))
dat1 # print R object</pre>
<pre > date weekday
1 11/29 Sun
2 11/30 Mon
3 12/01 Tue
4 12/02 Wed
5 12/03 Thu
6 12/04 Fri
7 12/05 Sat</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>dat1[1, 1] # 取值
dat1[, 1]
dat1[1:2,] </pre>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>先別想，複製貼上就是了</h2></hgroup><article id="-1">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>dat2 <- data.frame(date=c("11/29","11/30","12/01","12/02","12/03","12/04","12/05"),
temp=c(17, 18, 24, 20, 21, 22, 24))
dat2 # print R object</pre>
<pre > date temp
1 11/29 17
2 11/30 18
3 12/01 24
4 12/02 20
5 12/03 21
6 12/04 22
7 12/05 24</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>dat2[, 2]
dat2[, 2] * 2
dat2[, 2] + c(1, 0, -0.5, 2, 3, -2, 0.5) </pre>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>先別想，複製貼上就是了</h2></hgroup><article id="-2">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>dat2[dat2$temp<20,]</pre>
<pre > date temp
1 11/29 17
2 11/30 18</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>dat2[grepl("11", dat2$date), ]</pre>
<pre > date temp
1 11/29 17
2 11/30 18</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>cbind(dat1,temp=dat2$temp)[dat2$temp<20,]</pre>
<pre > date weekday temp
1 11/29 Sun 17
2 11/30 Mon 18</pre>
</article></slide><slide class='segue dark nobackground level1'><hgroup class = 'auto-fadein'><h2>Ch04：基礎教學 - 敘述句與數列</h2></hgroup><article id="ch04---">
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>敘述句</h2></hgroup><article class="columns-2">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>1</pre>
<pre >[1] 1</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>2</pre>
<pre >[1] 2</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>1; 2</pre>
<pre >[1] 1</pre>
<pre >[1] 2</pre>
<br>
<p>
<br>
<p>
<p>
<h3>筆記</h3>
<ul>
<li>灰底的區塊為程式碼 (輸入)，[1] 為運算結果 (輸出)</li>
<li>敘述句以<strong>斷行 (Enter)</strong> 或<strong>分號 ( ; )</strong> 作結尾</li>
<li>未完成的敘述句，命令列開頭會變成 <code>+</code></li>
<li>可以用 <strong>Esc</strong> 中斷敘述句</li>
<li>R 會把單引號 <code>'apple'</code> 或雙引號 <code>"book"</code> 所包覆的敘述當成字串</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>敘述句2</h2></hgroup><article id="2" class="columns-2">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'># 基礎運算
1 + 2 + 3</pre>
<pre >[1] 6</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>1 + 2 + 3</pre>
<pre >[1] 6</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x <- 10
y <- 4
(x + y) / 2 # 簡單的公式運算</pre>
<pre >[1] 7</pre>
<br>
<p>
<p>
<p><br></p>
<h3>筆記</h3>
<ul>
<li>基本數學運算符號 (<code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, <code>*</code>, <code>/</code>, …)</li>
<li>空白 (<strong>space</strong>) 不影響程式執行</li>
<li>箭號 (<code><-</code>) 表示賦值，把箭號右邊的結果指向到R物件</li>
<li>井號 (<strong>#</strong>) 表示註解，使得該行不執行運算</li>
<li>在RStudio中，想要一次註解多行可用 <strong>ctrl + shift + c</strong></li>
<li>在命令列中按 <strong>ctrl + l</strong> 可以清除當前畫面</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>最基礎的物件：數值型向量 (數列)</h2></hgroup><article id="-" class="columns-2">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'># basic expression of integer vector
c(1, 2, 3, 4)</pre>
<pre >[1] 1 2 3 4</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'># simple expression
1:4</pre>
<pre >[1] 1 2 3 4</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>4:1</pre>
<pre >[1] 4 3 2 1</pre>
<br>
<p>
<p>
<h3>筆記</h3>
<ul>
<li>以 <code>c(...)</code> 表示 (c 取自combine之意), 整個函數內容以 <code>()</code>包括起來，元素以逗號分隔。</li>
<li>連續整數向量可以利用 <code>:</code> (冒號) 簡記，譬如數列 (1, 2, 3, 4) 在 R 語言中可利用 <code>1:4</code> 簡記</li>
<li>也可以使用 <code>4:1</code> 的簡記方式來產生 (4, 3, 2, 1) 的向量</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>如何生成有序的數值向量</h2></hgroup><article class="columns-2">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>seq(1, 4)</pre>
<pre >[1] 1 2 3 4</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>seq(1, 9, by = 2) # 間隔為2</pre>
<pre >[1] 1 3 5 7 9</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>seq(1, 9, length.out = 5) # 分割長度為5</pre>
<pre >[1] 1 3 5 7 9</pre>
<p>
<p>
<p>
<p>
<p>
<br>
<p>
<h3>筆記</h3>
<ul>
<li>除了冒號簡記法外，可以透過<code>seq</code>函數生成有規則的數值向量(序列)<br/></li>
<li>在<code>seq()</code> 函數中按 <strong>tab</strong> 鍵觀察有哪些參數可以使用</li>
<li><code>by</code> 表示數列間隔，預設為1</li>
<li><code>length.out</code> 表示數列長度</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>小挑戰</h2></hgroup><article >
<ul>
<li>利用簡記法列出 1 ~ 10的數列</li>
<li>利用 <code>seq</code> 函數列出偶數數列: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10</li>
<li>觀察 <code>seq(1, 10, length.out=5)</code> 的輸出結果
<p>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<p>
</p></li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2></h2></hgroup><article id="section">
<p>參考解答</p>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>1:10</pre>
<pre > [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>seq(2, 10, by = 2)</pre>
<pre >[1] 2 4 6 8 10</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>seq(2, 10, length.out = 5)</pre>
<pre >[1] 2 4 6 8 10</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>seq(1, 10, length.out=5)</pre>
<pre >[1] 1.00 3.25 5.50 7.75 10.00</pre>
</div>
</article></slide><slide class='segue dark nobackground level1'><hgroup class = 'auto-fadein'><h2>Ch05：基礎教學 - 數列的運算</h2></hgroup><article id="ch05---">
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>數列的運算</h2></hgroup><article class="columns-2">
<p>R的數列運算滿足 <strong>recycling properties</strong></p>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>c(1, 2, 3) * c(2, 2, 2)</pre>
<pre >[1] 2 4 6</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'># shorter arguments are recycled
1:3 * 2</pre>
<pre >[1] 2 4 6</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>c(0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5) * c(2, 1)</pre>
<pre >[1] 1.0 1.5 5.0 3.5</pre>
<p>
<p>
<p>
<p>
<p>
<h3>小挑戰</h3>
<p>向量的四則運算，請計算以下五位女藝人的BMI</p>
<p>Hint: BMI = 體重 / (身高/100)^2</p>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>height <- c(174, 158, 160, 168, 173)
weight <- c(52, 39, 42, 46, 48)</pre>
<aside class='note'><section><pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>height <- c(174, 158, 160, 168, 173)
weight <- c(52, 39, 42, 46, 48)
weight/ (height/100)^2</pre>
<pre >[1] 17.17532 15.62250 16.40625 16.29819 16.03796</pre></section></aside>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>向量的取值</h2></hgroup><article class="columns-2">
<ul>
<li>在<code>[ ]</code> (中括號) 中輸入元素的位置進行取值</li>
<li>使負號 (<code>-</code>) 移除給定位置元素 (反向選取)</li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x <- c(174, 158, 160, 168, 173)
x[1] # 選取第1個位置的元素</pre>
<pre >[1] 174</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x[c(1, 3)] # 選取第1, 3個位置的元素</pre>
<pre >[1] 174 160</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x[c(2, 3, 1)] # 依序取值</pre>
<pre >[1] 158 160 174</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'># 在[ ]中使用負號 (-) 做反向選取
x[-1]</pre>
<pre >[1] 158 160 168 173</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x[-c(1, 3, 4)]</pre>
<pre >[1] 158 173</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>向量的取值2</h2></hgroup><article id="2" class="columns-2">
<p>給定條件進行取值</p>
<ul>
<li>比較運算子(<code>></code>, <code><</code>, <code>>=</code>, <code><=</code>, <code>==</code>, <code>!=</code>)</li>
<li>邏輯運算子 (<code>&</code>, <code>|</code>)</li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x > 160</pre>
<pre >[1] TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'># 使用比較運算子 加上 `which` 函數進行取值
index <- which(x > 160)
index </pre>
<pre >[1] 1 4 5</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x[index]</pre>
<pre >[1] 174 168 173</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'># 指令壓縮，將指令寫在 [ ] 中，以達到縮短程式碼的功效
x[which(x > 160)]</pre>
<pre >[1] 174 168 173</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'># 配合邏輯算子進行多條件的取值
x[which(x > 160 & x < 175)]</pre>
<pre >[1] 174 168 173</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'># 可以省略 which
x[x > 160 & x < 175]</pre>
<pre >[1] 174 168 173</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>向量的取代</h2></hgroup><article class="columns-2">
<ul>
<li>利用 <code>[ ]</code> (中括號) 與 <code><-</code> (箭號) 進行取代與新增元素</li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x <- c(174, 158, 160, 168, 173)
# 取代特定位置的元素
x[2] <- 158.5 # 取代x物件的第二個元素
x</pre>
<pre >[1] 174.0 158.5 160.0 168.0 173.0</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x[c(1, 5)] <- 175
x</pre>
<pre >[1] 175.0 158.5 160.0 168.0 175.0</pre>
<p>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'># 也可以用條件篩選做取代
x[x > 160] <- 170 # 取代大於160的值為170
x</pre>
<pre >[1] 170.0 158.5 160.0 170.0 170.0</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>向量新增</h2></hgroup><article class="columns-2">
<ul>
<li>可用 <code>[ ]</code> (中括號) 與 <code><-</code> (箭號) 進行新增元素<br/></li>
<li><code>NA</code> 為系統保留字，表示Not Available / Missing Values</li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x <- c(174, 158, 160, 168, 173)
# 在 [ ] 中新增元素
x[6] <- 168
x</pre>
<pre >[1] 174 158 160 168 173 168</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x[8] <- 147
x # 未指定的元素值預設為NA</pre>
<pre >[1] 174 158 160 168 173 168 NA 147</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>length(x) # 查看向量物件的長度</pre>
<pre >[1] 8</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x[length(x) + 1] <- 166 # 接續增加新元素</pre>
</article></slide><slide class='segue dark nobackground level1'><hgroup class = 'auto-fadein'><h2>Ch06：查詢說明檔</h2></hgroup><article id="ch06">
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>在 R 中查詢說明文件</h2></hgroup><article id="-r-" class="columns-2">
<p>各種自救措施</p>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>help.start()
ab # 輸入`ab`後 按下tab
?abs # 等同於 help(abs)
??abs
vignette()
vignette("Introduction", "Matrix")</pre>
<br> <br>
<p>
<br> <br> <br> <br>
<p>
<p>
<h3>筆記</h3>
<ul>
<li>help.start: 說明檔首頁</li>
<li>自動完成 (tab鍵)：列出所有<code>ab</code>開頭的函數</li>
<li>? (一個問號)：查詢特定函數的說明檔</li>
<li>?? (兩個問號)：查詢包含特定關鍵字的說明檔</li>
<li>apropos : 查詢包含特定關鍵字的函數</li>
<li>example : 執行特定函數的使用範例</li>
<li>vignette : 查詢R環境中各種介紹文件</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class='segue dark nobackground level1'><hgroup class = 'auto-fadein'><h2>Ch07：資料測量的尺度</h2></hgroup><article id="ch07">
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>R 的資料形態分類</h2></hgroup><article id="r-">
<table class = 'rmdtable'>
<tr class="header">
<th align="left">資料衡量尺度</th>
<th align="left">R變數形態</th>
<th align="left">特性</th>
<th align="left">範例</th>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">連續資料</td>
<td align="left">numeric</td>
<td align="left">數值</td>
<td align="left">身高</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">比例資料</td>
<td align="left">numeric</td>
<td align="left">比值</td>
<td align="left">流失率</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">區間資料</td>
<td align="left">numeric</td>
<td align="left">大小距離</td>
<td align="left">溫度</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">順序資料</td>
<td align="left">factor</td>
<td align="left">優先順序</td>
<td align="left">名次</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">名目資料</td>
<td align="left">factor</td>
<td align="left">類別</td>
<td align="left">國家</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">布林資料</td>
<td align="left">logical</td>
<td align="left">邏輯值</td>
<td align="left">性別</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">文字資料</td>
<td align="left">character</td>
<td align="left">文字</td>
<td align="left">電話號碼</td>
</tr>
</table>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>判斷 Logical</h2></hgroup><article id="-logical">
<p>產生自比較，或是使用<code>T</code>、<code>TRUE</code>、<code>F</code>或<code>FALSE</code>輸入</p>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x <- 1 # 賦值
x < 2</pre>
<pre >[1] TRUE</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x <= 1</pre>
<pre >[1] TRUE</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>字串 (Character)</h2></hgroup><article id="-character" class="columns-2">
<ul>
<li>輸入的時候利用<code>"</code>或<code>'</code>來包覆要輸入的文字</li>
<li>常用的Character處理函數</li>
</ul>
<p>字串的剪接：<code>paste</code></p>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x <- "bubble"
y <- "bobble"
paste(x, y, sep=",")</pre>
<pre >[1] "bubble,bobble"</pre>
<p>字串的切割：<code>strsplit</code></p>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>strsplit(x, "b")</pre>
<pre >[[1]]
[1] "" "u" "" "le"</pre>
<p>截取子字串：<code>substring</code></p>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>name1<-"郭雪芙"
substring(name1, 1, 1)</pre>
<pre >[1] "郭"</pre>
<p>計算字串長度：<code>nchar</code></p>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>nchar(name1) # 試著與 length 函數比較</pre>
<pre >[1] 3</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>小挑戰</h2></hgroup><article id="-2">
<ul>
<li>取出金城武的姓</li>
<li>取出字串 <code>a <- "2015-12-14"</code> 的月份</li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>解答</h2></hgroup><article >
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'># 取出金城武的
name2<-"金城武"
substring(name2, 1, 2)</pre>
<pre >[1] "金城"</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'># 取出字串 "2015-12-14" 的月份
a <- "2015-12-14"
substring(a, 6, 7)</pre>
<pre >[1] "12"</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>tmp <- strsplit(a, "-")
tmp[[1]][2]</pre>
<pre >[1] "12"</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>Factor (類別)</h2></hgroup><article id="factor-" class="columns-2">
<p>如何處理名目變數?</p>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x <- c("F","M","F","F")
x</pre>
<pre >[1] "F" "M" "F" "F"</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x <- factor(c("F","M","F","F"), levels=c("F","M"))
x</pre>
<pre >[1] F M F F
Levels: F M</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x <- factor(c("F","M","F","F"), levels=c("F"))
levels(x)</pre>
<pre >[1] "F"</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>as.integer(x)</pre>
<pre >[1] 1 NA 1 1</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>如何處理順序資料?</h2></hgroup><article >
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>#農業社會 男尊女卑
Argri <- factor(c("F","M","F","F"), order=TRUE, levels=c("F","M"))
#阿美族 女尊男卑
Amis <- factor(c("F","M","F","F"), order=FALSE, levels=c("F","M"))
#應該要用
Amis <- factor(c("F","M","F","F"), order=TRUE, levels=c("M","F"))</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>換個例子</h2></hgroup><article >
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>#舉一個認真的例子 - 班上一號到六號分別拿到A, B, C的級別
rank=factor(c("C","A","B","B","C","C"), order=TRUE, level=c("C","B","A"))
rank</pre>
<pre >[1] C A B B C C
Levels: C < B < A</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>rank[1] < rank[2]</pre>
<pre >[1] TRUE</pre>
</article></slide><slide class='segue dark nobackground level1'><hgroup class = 'auto-fadein'><h2>Ch08: 資料型態的轉換</h2></hgroup><article id="ch08-">
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>向量有同質性 Vector</h2></hgroup><article id="-vector">
<p>Character > Numeric > Integer > Logical</p>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x <- c(1, 2.0, "3")
x</pre>
<pre >[1] "1" "2" "3"</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>資料型態的轉換</h2></hgroup><article class="columns-2">
<ul>
<li>利用以下函數自行轉換向量型態： <code>as.character</code>, <code>as.numeric</code>, <code>as.logical</code>。</li>
</ul>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>as.numeric("2")</pre>
<pre >[1] 2</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x <- c(1, 2.0, "3")
as.numeric(x)</pre>
<pre >[1] 1 2 3</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>y <- c("1", "2", "3", "2", "a")
as.numeric(y)</pre>
<pre >Warning: NAs introduced by coercion</pre>
<pre >[1] 1 2 3 2 NA</pre>
<ul>
<li><code>NA</code>代表Not available，代表著<strong>missing value</strong></li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>資料型態的轉換2</h2></hgroup><article id="2" class="columns-2">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'># 字串轉數字
a1 <- c("89", "91", "102")
as.numeric(a1)</pre>
<pre >[1] 89 91 102</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'># 布林轉數字
a2 <- c(TRUE, TRUE, FALSE)
as.numeric(a2)</pre>
<pre >[1] 1 1 0</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'># 數字轉布林
a3 <- c(-2, -1, 0, 1, 2) # 只有0會被轉成FALSE
as.logical(a3)</pre>
<pre >[1] TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'># 數字轉字串
as.character(a3)</pre>
<pre >[1] "-2" "-1" "0" "1" "2" </pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>z <- c(1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 1)
as.character(z) # 字串</pre>
<pre >[1] "1" "2" "3" "2" "3" "2" "1"</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>factor(z) # 轉類別</pre>
<pre >[1] 1 2 3 2 3 2 1
Levels: 1 2 3</pre>
</article></slide><slide class='segue dark nobackground level1'><hgroup class = 'auto-fadein'><h2>Ch09: List 存放異質性資料的容器</h2></hgroup><article id="ch09-list-">
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>List</h2></hgroup><article id="list">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x1 <- c("林志玲", 174, 52, TRUE) # 所有元素都被轉換成字串
x1</pre>
<pre >[1] "林志玲" "174" "52" "TRUE" </pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x2 <- list("林志玲", 174, 52, TRUE) # 保留資料型態
str(x2)</pre>
<pre >List of 4
$ : chr "林志玲"
$ : num 174
$ : num 52
$ : logi TRUE</pre>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>List 賦值/取值</h2></hgroup><article id="list-" class="columns-2">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x3 <- list(name=c("林志玲", "隋棠", "蔡依林"),
height=c(174, 173, 158),
weight=c(52, 48, 39),
model=c(TRUE, TRUE, FALSE))
x3[[1]]</pre>
<pre >[1] "林志玲" "隋棠" "蔡依林"</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x3$name</pre>
<pre >[1] "林志玲" "隋棠" "蔡依林"</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>x3[["name"]]</pre>
<pre >[1] "林志玲" "隋棠" "蔡依林"</pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>names(x3)</pre>
<pre >[1] "name" "height" "weight" "model" </pre>
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'># names(x3) <- c("Name", "Height", "Weight", "Model")</pre>
</article></slide><slide class='segue dark nobackground level1'><hgroup class = 'auto-fadein'><h2>Ch10：DataFrame 資料表</h2></hgroup><article id="ch10dataframe-">
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>資料表 <code>data.frame</code></h2></hgroup><article id="-data.frame">
<ul>
<li><code>data.frame</code> 是資料分析時最基本的物件</li>
<li><code>R</code> 提供將外部資料轉成 <code>data.frame</code> 的功能</li>
<li>透過<code>data.frame</code> 可以進行以下功能：
<ul>
<li>資料的整理</li>
<li>圖形的繪製</li>
<li>模型的配適與預測</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</article></slide><slide class=''><hgroup><h2>世界上最常見的範例資料 <code>iris</code></h2></hgroup><article id="-iris">
<pre class = 'prettyprint lang-r'>data("iris")
head(iris) # 列出前幾筆資料, 預設6筆</pre>
<pre > Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
2 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 setosa
3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
5 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa