diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..55b033e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pytest
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/array_flatten.py b/src/array_flatten.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..35344693
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/array_flatten.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from typing import List, Union
+
+def flatten_array(arr: List[Union[int, List]]) -> List[int]:
+    """
+    Recursively flatten a nested array of integers into a single-level list.
+    
+    Args:
+        arr (List[Union[int, List]]): A potentially nested list of integers
+    
+    Returns:
+        List[int]: A flattened list of integers
+    
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If the input contains non-integer and non-list elements
+    """
+    flattened = []
+    
+    for item in arr:
+        # If the item is a list, recursively flatten it
+        if isinstance(item, list):
+            flattened.extend(flatten_array(item))
+        # If the item is an integer, add it to the flattened list
+        elif isinstance(item, int):
+            flattened.append(item)
+        # Raise an error for non-integer and non-list elements
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(f"Invalid element type: {type(item)}. Only integers and lists are allowed.")
+    
+    return flattened
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/binary_search.py b/src/binary_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e288904f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/binary_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+def binary_search(arr, target):
+    """
+    Perform binary search on a sorted array to find the target element.
+    
+    Args:
+        arr (list): A sorted list of comparable elements (ascending order)
+        target: The element to search for
+    
+    Returns:
+        int: Index of the target element if found, -1 otherwise
+    
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If input is not a list
+        ValueError: If the list is not sorted
+    """
+    # Validate input
+    if not isinstance(arr, list):
+        raise TypeError("Input must be a list")
+    
+    # Check if list is sorted
+    if arr != sorted(arr):
+        raise ValueError("Input list must be sorted in ascending order")
+    
+    # Handle empty list
+    if not arr:
+        return -1
+    
+    # Perform binary search
+    left, right = 0, len(arr) - 1
+    
+    while left <= right:
+        # Calculate mid point to avoid potential integer overflow
+        mid = left + (right - left) // 2
+        
+        # Check if target is found
+        if arr[mid] == target:
+            return mid
+        
+        # Adjust search boundaries
+        if arr[mid] < target:
+            left = mid + 1
+        else:
+            right = mid - 1
+    
+    # Target not found
+    return -1
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/rgb_to_hex.py b/src/rgb_to_hex.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8c1f0e51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/rgb_to_hex.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+def rgb_to_hex(r: int, g: int, b: int) -> str:
+    """
+    Convert RGB color values to a hexadecimal color representation.
+
+    Args:
+        r (int): Red color value (0-255)
+        g (int): Green color value (0-255)
+        b (int): Blue color value (0-255)
+
+    Returns:
+        str: Hexadecimal color representation (uppercase)
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If any color value is outside the range 0-255
+    """
+    # Validate input values
+    if not all(isinstance(val, int) for val in (r, g, b)):
+        raise TypeError("RGB values must be integers")
+    
+    if not all(0 <= val <= 255 for val in (r, g, b)):
+        raise ValueError("RGB values must be between 0 and 255")
+    
+    # Convert each color component to a two-digit hex value
+    hex_color = '#{:02X}{:02X}{:02X}'.format(r, g, b)
+    
+    return hex_color
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/string_reversal.py b/src/string_reversal.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..abf5c061
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/string_reversal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+def reverse_string(s: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Reverses the given string manually without using slicing or built-in reverse methods.
+
+    Args:
+        s (str): The input string to be reversed.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: The reversed string.
+
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If the input is not a string.
+    """
+    # Check if input is a string
+    if not isinstance(s, str):
+        raise TypeError("Input must be a string")
+    
+    # Convert string to list of characters to allow manipulation
+    chars = list(s)
+    
+    # Manually reverse the list of characters
+    left, right = 0, len(chars) - 1
+    while left < right:
+        # Swap characters from both ends
+        chars[left], chars[right] = chars[right], chars[left]
+        left += 1
+        right -= 1
+    
+    # Convert back to string and return
+    return ''.join(chars)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/url_parser.py b/src/url_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..357a7d42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/url_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+from urllib.parse import urlparse, parse_qs
+from typing import Dict, Any, Optional
+
+def parse_url(url: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """
+    Parse a URL into its components and return a dictionary with detailed information.
+
+    Args:
+        url (str): The URL to parse.
+
+    Returns:
+        Dict[str, Any]: A dictionary containing parsed URL components:
+        - protocol: The URL protocol (http, https, etc.)
+        - domain: The domain name
+        - path: The path component of the URL
+        - query_params: A dictionary of query parameters
+        - port: The port number (if specified, otherwise None)
+        - fragment: The fragment identifier (if present, otherwise None)
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the input URL is invalid or empty.
+    """
+    # Check for empty or None input
+    if not url or not isinstance(url, str):
+        raise ValueError("Invalid URL: URL must be a non-empty string")
+
+    try:
+        # Try to parse the URL, raising an error if it fails
+        parsed = urlparse(url)
+        
+        # Require a scheme (protocol) to be a valid URL
+        if not parsed.scheme:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid URL: Missing protocol")
+
+        # Require a netloc (domain) to be a valid URL
+        if not parsed.netloc:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid URL: Missing domain")
+
+        # Extract query parameters
+        query_params = parse_qs(parsed.query)
+        # Convert query params from lists to single values if possible
+        query_params = {k: v[0] if len(v) == 1 else v for k, v in query_params.items()}
+
+        # Construct the result dictionary
+        return {
+            'protocol': parsed.scheme,
+            'domain': parsed.netloc.split(':')[0],  # Remove port if present
+            'path': parsed.path,
+            'query_params': query_params,
+            'port': parsed.port,
+            'fragment': parsed.fragment or None
+        }
+    except Exception as e:
+        raise ValueError(f"Error parsing URL: {str(e)}")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_array_flatten.py b/tests/test_array_flatten.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7115f906
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_array_flatten.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import pytest
+from src.array_flatten import flatten_array
+
+def test_flatten_single_level_array():
+    """Test flattening a single-level array"""
+    assert flatten_array([1, 2, 3]) == [1, 2, 3]
+
+def test_flatten_nested_array():
+    """Test flattening a nested array"""
+    assert flatten_array([1, [2, 3], 4]) == [1, 2, 3, 4]
+
+def test_flatten_deeply_nested_array():
+    """Test flattening a deeply nested array"""
+    assert flatten_array([1, [2, [3, 4]], 5]) == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+def test_flatten_empty_array():
+    """Test flattening an empty array"""
+    assert flatten_array([]) == []
+
+def test_flatten_array_with_empty_nested_lists():
+    """Test flattening an array with empty nested lists"""
+    assert flatten_array([1, [], [2, []], 3]) == [1, 2, 3]
+
+def test_invalid_element_type():
+    """Test raising TypeError for non-integer and non-list elements"""
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Invalid element type"):
+        flatten_array([1, 2, "3"])
+
+def test_complex_nested_array():
+    """Test flattening a complex nested array"""
+    assert flatten_array([1, [2, [3, [4, 5]]], [6, 7]]) == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_binary_search.py b/tests/test_binary_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4b7a2e21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_binary_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import pytest
+from src.binary_search import binary_search
+
+def test_binary_search_normal_case():
+    """Test binary search with a typical sorted list"""
+    arr = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13]
+    assert binary_search(arr, 7) == 3
+    assert binary_search(arr, 13) == 6
+    assert binary_search(arr, 1) == 0
+
+def test_binary_search_not_found():
+    """Test when target is not in the list"""
+    arr = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13]
+    assert binary_search(arr, 4) == -1
+    assert binary_search(arr, 0) == -1
+    assert binary_search(arr, 14) == -1
+
+def test_binary_search_empty_list():
+    """Test binary search on an empty list"""
+    assert binary_search([], 5) == -1
+
+def test_binary_search_single_element():
+    """Test binary search on a single-element list"""
+    arr = [5]
+    assert binary_search(arr, 5) == 0
+    assert binary_search(arr, 6) == -1
+
+def test_binary_search_duplicate_elements():
+    """Test binary search with duplicate elements"""
+    arr = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5]
+    # Note: Returns the index of one of the matching elements
+    assert binary_search(arr, 3) in [3, 4, 5]
+
+def test_binary_search_invalid_input():
+    """Test error handling for invalid inputs"""
+    # Not a list
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        binary_search("not a list", 5)
+    
+    # Unsorted list
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        binary_search([5, 3, 1, 4, 2], 3)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_rgb_to_hex.py b/tests/test_rgb_to_hex.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..297922d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_rgb_to_hex.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import pytest
+from src.rgb_to_hex import rgb_to_hex
+
+def test_basic_conversion():
+    """Test basic RGB to Hex conversion"""
+    assert rgb_to_hex(255, 255, 255) == '#FFFFFF'
+    assert rgb_to_hex(0, 0, 0) == '#000000'
+    assert rgb_to_hex(255, 0, 0) == '#FF0000'
+    assert rgb_to_hex(0, 255, 0) == '#00FF00'
+    assert rgb_to_hex(0, 0, 255) == '#0000FF'
+
+def test_mid_range_conversion():
+    """Test mid-range RGB to Hex conversion"""
+    assert rgb_to_hex(128, 128, 128) == '#808080'
+    assert rgb_to_hex(100, 150, 200) == '#6496C8'
+
+def test_invalid_inputs():
+    """Test error handling for invalid inputs"""
+    # Test out of range values
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="RGB values must be between 0 and 255"):
+        rgb_to_hex(-1, 0, 0)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="RGB values must be between 0 and 255"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, 256, 0)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="RGB values must be between 0 and 255"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, 0, 300)
+
+def test_type_errors():
+    """Test error handling for incorrect input types"""
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="RGB values must be integers"):
+        rgb_to_hex(1.5, 0, 0)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="RGB values must be integers"):
+        rgb_to_hex('255', 0, 0)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="RGB values must be integers"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, [255], 0)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_string_reversal.py b/tests/test_string_reversal.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..661bd377
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_string_reversal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import pytest
+from src.string_reversal import reverse_string
+
+def test_reverse_string_basic():
+    """Test basic string reversal."""
+    assert reverse_string("hello") == "olleh"
+    assert reverse_string("python") == "nohtyp"
+
+def test_reverse_string_empty():
+    """Test reversing an empty string."""
+    assert reverse_string("") == ""
+
+def test_reverse_string_with_spaces():
+    """Test reversing a string with spaces."""
+    assert reverse_string("hello world") == "dlrow olleh"
+
+def test_reverse_string_with_special_chars():
+    """Test reversing a string with special characters."""
+    assert reverse_string("a1b2c3") == "3c2b1a"
+
+def test_reverse_string_with_unicode():
+    """Test reversing a string with Unicode characters."""
+    assert reverse_string("café") == "éfac"
+
+def test_reverse_string_invalid_input():
+    """Test that TypeError is raised for non-string inputs."""
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Input must be a string"):
+        reverse_string(123)
+    
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Input must be a string"):
+        reverse_string(None)
+    
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Input must be a string"):
+        reverse_string(["hello"])
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_url_parser.py b/tests/test_url_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..edaf871b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_url_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import pytest
+from src.url_parser import parse_url
+
+def test_full_url_parsing():
+    """Test parsing a complete URL with all components"""
+    url = "https://www.example.com:8080/path/to/page?param1=value1&param2=value2#section"
+    result = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert result == {
+        'protocol': 'https',
+        'domain': 'www.example.com',
+        'path': '/path/to/page',
+        'query_params': {'param1': 'value1', 'param2': 'value2'},
+        'port': 8080,
+        'fragment': 'section'
+    }
+
+def test_url_without_port():
+    """Test parsing a URL without a port"""
+    url = "http://github.com/user/repo"
+    result = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert result == {
+        'protocol': 'http',
+        'domain': 'github.com',
+        'path': '/user/repo',
+        'query_params': {},
+        'port': None,
+        'fragment': None
+    }
+
+def test_url_with_complex_query_params():
+    """Test parsing URL with multiple values for same parameter"""
+    url = "https://example.com/search?tag=python&tag=programming"
+    result = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert result == {
+        'protocol': 'https',
+        'domain': 'example.com',
+        'path': '/search',
+        'query_params': {'tag': ['python', 'programming']},
+        'port': None,
+        'fragment': None
+    }
+
+def test_url_with_fragment():
+    """Test parsing URL with fragment"""
+    url = "https://docs.python.org/3/library/urllib.parse.html#urlparse"
+    result = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert result == {
+        'protocol': 'https',
+        'domain': 'docs.python.org',
+        'path': '/3/library/urllib.parse.html',
+        'query_params': {},
+        'port': None,
+        'fragment': 'urlparse'
+    }
+
+def test_empty_url_raises_error():
+    """Test that empty URL raises a ValueError"""
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid URL: URL must be a non-empty string"):
+        parse_url("")
+
+def test_none_url_raises_error():
+    """Test that None input raises a ValueError"""
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid URL: URL must be a non-empty string"):
+        parse_url(None)
+
+def test_invalid_url_handling():
+    """Test handling of an invalid URL"""
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Error parsing URL"):
+        parse_url("not a valid url")
\ No newline at end of file