diff --git a/requirements.txt b/requirements.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..55b033e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pytest
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/array_flattener.py b/src/array_flattener.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f21d882a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/array_flattener.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+from typing import List, Union
+
+def flatten_array(arr: List[Union[int, List]]) -> List[int]:
+    """
+    Flatten a nested list of integers into a single-level list.
+    
+    This function recursively flattens a potentially nested list of integers,
+    handling various levels of nesting and different types of nested lists.
+    
+    Args:
+        arr (List[Union[int, List]]): A potentially nested list of integers
+    
+    Returns:
+        List[int]: A flattened list of integers
+    
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If non-integer or non-list elements are found
+    
+    Examples:
+        >>> flatten_array([1, [2, 3], 4])
+        [1, 2, 3, 4]
+        >>> flatten_array([1, [2, [3, 4]], 5])
+        [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    """
+    flattened = []
+    
+    for item in arr:
+        if isinstance(item, int):
+            flattened.append(item)
+        elif isinstance(item, list):
+            # Recursively flatten nested lists
+            flattened.extend(flatten_array(item))
+        else:
+            # Raise TypeError for invalid input types
+            raise TypeError(f"Invalid type in array: {type(item)}. Only integers and lists are allowed.")
+    
+    return flattened
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/binary_search.py b/src/binary_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d4069ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/binary_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+def binary_search(arr, target):
+    """
+    Perform binary search on a sorted array to find the target element.
+    
+    Args:
+        arr (list): A sorted list of comparable elements
+        target: The element to search for
+    
+    Returns:
+        int: Index of the target element if found, otherwise -1
+    
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If the input is not a list
+        ValueError: If the input list is not sorted
+    """
+    # Check if input is a list
+    if not isinstance(arr, list):
+        raise TypeError("Input must be a list")
+    
+    # Check if list is empty
+    if not arr:
+        return -1
+    
+    # Verify the list is sorted
+    if not all(arr[i] <= arr[i+1] for i in range(len(arr)-1)):
+        raise ValueError("Input list must be sorted in ascending order")
+    
+    # Perform binary search
+    left, right = 0, len(arr) - 1
+    
+    while left <= right:
+        # Calculate middle index to avoid integer overflow
+        mid = left + (right - left) // 2
+        
+        # Check if target is found
+        if arr[mid] == target:
+            return mid
+        
+        # Adjust search boundaries
+        if arr[mid] < target:
+            left = mid + 1
+        else:
+            right = mid - 1
+    
+    # Target not found
+    return -1
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/rgb_to_hex.py b/src/rgb_to_hex.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0c1e9936
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/rgb_to_hex.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+def rgb_to_hex(r: int, g: int, b: int) -> str:
+    """
+    Convert RGB color values to a hexadecimal color representation.
+    
+    Args:
+        r (int): Red color value (0-255)
+        g (int): Green color value (0-255)
+        b (int): Blue color value (0-255)
+    
+    Returns:
+        str: Hexadecimal color representation (uppercase)
+    
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If any color value is outside the range 0-255
+    """
+    # Validate input ranges
+    for color, name in [(r, 'Red'), (g, 'Green'), (b, 'Blue')]:
+        if not isinstance(color, int):
+            raise TypeError(f"{name} value must be an integer")
+        if color < 0 or color > 255:
+            raise ValueError(f"{name} value must be between 0 and 255")
+    
+    # Convert to hex, remove '0x' prefix, pad with zeros, and convert to uppercase
+    return f"{r:02X}{g:02X}{b:02X}"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/string_reversal.py b/src/string_reversal.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5025ac79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/string_reversal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+def reverse_string(s: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Reverse the given string manually without using slice notation or reverse().
+
+    Args:
+        s (str): The input string to be reversed.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: The reversed string.
+
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If the input is not a string.
+    """
+    # Check if input is a string
+    if not isinstance(s, str):
+        raise TypeError("Input must be a string")
+    
+    # Convert string to list of characters
+    chars = list(s)
+    
+    # Manually reverse the list of characters
+    left, right = 0, len(chars) - 1
+    while left < right:
+        # Swap characters from both ends
+        chars[left], chars[right] = chars[right], chars[left]
+        left += 1
+        right -= 1
+    
+    # Convert back to string and return
+    return ''.join(chars)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/url_parser.py b/src/url_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6ca14db6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/url_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+from urllib.parse import urlparse, parse_qs
+from typing import Dict, Any, Optional
+
+def parse_url(url: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """
+    Parse a given URL into its components.
+    
+    Args:
+        url (str): The URL to parse.
+    
+    Returns:
+        Dict[str, Any]: A dictionary containing URL components:
+        - scheme: The URL scheme (protocol)
+        - netloc: The network location (domain)
+        - path: The path component of the URL
+        - params: The query parameters as a dictionary
+        - fragment: The fragment identifier
+    
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the input URL is empty or invalid
+    """
+    # Check for empty or None input
+    if not url:
+        raise ValueError("URL cannot be empty")
+    
+    try:
+        # Use urlparse to break down the URL
+        parsed_url = urlparse(url)
+        
+        # Parse query parameters
+        query_params = parse_qs(parsed_url.query)
+        
+        # Convert single-item lists to their values for cleaner output
+        query_params = {k: v[0] if len(v) == 1 else v for k, v in query_params.items()}
+        
+        # Construct and return the parsed URL dictionary
+        return {
+            'scheme': parsed_url.scheme,
+            'netloc': parsed_url.netloc,
+            'path': parsed_url.path,
+            'params': query_params,
+            'fragment': parsed_url.fragment
+        }
+    except Exception as e:
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid URL: {str(e)}")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_array_flattener.py b/tests/test_array_flattener.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5e00e76a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_array_flattener.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import pytest
+from src.array_flattener import flatten_array
+
+def test_flat_list():
+    """Test flattening a list that is already flat."""
+    assert flatten_array([1, 2, 3]) == [1, 2, 3]
+
+def test_nested_list():
+    """Test flattening a list with one level of nesting."""
+    assert flatten_array([1, [2, 3], 4]) == [1, 2, 3, 4]
+
+def test_deeply_nested_list():
+    """Test flattening a list with multiple levels of nesting."""
+    assert flatten_array([1, [2, [3, 4]], 5]) == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+def test_empty_list():
+    """Test flattening an empty list."""
+    assert flatten_array([]) == []
+
+def test_list_with_empty_nested_list():
+    """Test flattening a list containing an empty nested list."""
+    assert flatten_array([1, [], 2]) == [1, 2]
+
+def test_multiple_empty_nested_lists():
+    """Test flattening a list with multiple empty nested lists."""
+    assert flatten_array([[], [1], [], [2, []]]) == [1, 2]
+
+def test_invalid_type_raises_error():
+    """Test that an error is raised for invalid input types."""
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Invalid type in array"):
+        flatten_array([1, "string", 3])
+    
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Invalid type in array"):
+        flatten_array([1, [2, "nested"], 3])
+
+def test_complex_nested_structure():
+    """Test a more complex nested structure."""
+    assert flatten_array([1, [2, [3, [4]]], 5]) == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+def test_nested_lists_with_different_depths():
+    """Test flattening lists with varying nesting depths."""
+    input_list = [1, [2], [[3]], [[[4]]], 5]
+    assert flatten_array(input_list) == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_binary_search.py b/tests/test_binary_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3a5a9cf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_binary_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+import pytest
+from src.binary_search import binary_search
+
+def test_binary_search_basic():
+    """Test basic functionality of binary search"""
+    arr = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13]
+    assert binary_search(arr, 7) == 3
+    assert binary_search(arr, 13) == 6
+    assert binary_search(arr, 1) == 0
+
+def test_binary_search_not_found():
+    """Test when target is not in the array"""
+    arr = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13]
+    assert binary_search(arr, 4) == -1
+    assert binary_search(arr, 0) == -1
+    assert binary_search(arr, 14) == -1
+
+def test_binary_search_empty_list():
+    """Test binary search on an empty list"""
+    assert binary_search([], 5) == -1
+
+def test_binary_search_single_element():
+    """Test binary search on a single-element list"""
+    arr = [5]
+    assert binary_search(arr, 5) == 0
+    assert binary_search(arr, 6) == -1
+
+def test_binary_search_invalid_input():
+    """Test error handling for invalid inputs"""
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        binary_search("not a list", 5)
+    
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        binary_search([5, 3, 1], 3)  # Unsorted list
+
+def test_binary_search_duplicate_elements():
+    """Test binary search with duplicate elements"""
+    arr = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5]
+    assert binary_search(arr, 3) in [3, 4, 5]  # Any index of 3 is acceptable
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_rgb_to_hex.py b/tests/test_rgb_to_hex.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..904ea8d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_rgb_to_hex.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import pytest
+from src.rgb_to_hex import rgb_to_hex
+
+def test_rgb_to_hex_basic():
+    """Test basic RGB to Hex conversion"""
+    assert rgb_to_hex(255, 255, 255) == 'FFFFFF'
+    assert rgb_to_hex(0, 0, 0) == '000000'
+    assert rgb_to_hex(148, 0, 211) == '9400D3'
+
+def test_rgb_to_hex_edge_cases():
+    """Test edge cases of color values"""
+    assert rgb_to_hex(0, 0, 0) == '000000'
+    assert rgb_to_hex(255, 255, 255) == 'FFFFFF'
+
+def test_rgb_to_hex_padding():
+    """Test padding of single-digit hex values"""
+    assert rgb_to_hex(10, 15, 20) == '0A0F14'
+
+def test_rgb_to_hex_invalid_input():
+    """Test error handling for invalid inputs"""
+    # Test out of range values
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Red value must be between 0 and 255"):
+        rgb_to_hex(-1, 0, 0)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Green value must be between 0 and 255"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, 256, 0)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Blue value must be between 0 and 255"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, 0, 300)
+    
+    # Test non-integer inputs
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Red value must be an integer"):
+        rgb_to_hex(10.5, 0, 0)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Green value must be an integer"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, '100', 0)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Blue value must be an integer"):
+        rgb_to_hex(0, 0, [255])
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_string_reversal.py b/tests/test_string_reversal.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..862ea5c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_string_reversal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import pytest
+from src.string_reversal import reverse_string
+
+def test_reverse_string_normal():
+    """Test reversing a normal string."""
+    assert reverse_string("hello") == "olleh"
+
+def test_reverse_string_empty():
+    """Test reversing an empty string."""
+    assert reverse_string("") == ""
+
+def test_reverse_string_single_char():
+    """Test reversing a single character string."""
+    assert reverse_string("a") == "a"
+
+def test_reverse_string_with_spaces():
+    """Test reversing a string with spaces."""
+    assert reverse_string("hello world") == "dlrow olleh"
+
+def test_reverse_string_with_numbers():
+    """Test reversing a string with numbers."""
+    assert reverse_string("h3ll0") == "0ll3h"
+
+def test_reverse_string_with_symbols():
+    """Test reversing a string with symbols."""
+    assert reverse_string("h@llo!") == "!oll@h"
+
+def test_reverse_string_invalid_input():
+    """Test that a TypeError is raised for non-string input."""
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Input must be a string"):
+        reverse_string(123)
+    
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Input must be a string"):
+        reverse_string(None)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/test_url_parser.py b/tests/test_url_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bec48ac9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_url_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+import pytest
+from src.url_parser import parse_url
+
+def test_full_url_parsing():
+    """Test parsing a full URL with all components"""
+    url = "https://www.example.com/path/to/page?param1=value1&param2=value2#section"
+    result = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert result == {
+        'scheme': 'https',
+        'netloc': 'www.example.com',
+        'path': '/path/to/page',
+        'params': {
+            'param1': 'value1', 
+            'param2': 'value2'
+        },
+        'fragment': 'section'
+    }
+
+def test_url_with_multiple_params():
+    """Test URL with multiple values for same parameter"""
+    url = "http://example.com/search?tag=python&tag=programming"
+    result = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert result == {
+        'scheme': 'http',
+        'netloc': 'example.com',
+        'path': '/search',
+        'params': {
+            'tag': ['python', 'programming']
+        },
+        'fragment': ''
+    }
+
+def test_minimal_url():
+    """Test parsing a minimal URL"""
+    url = "https://example.com"
+    result = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert result == {
+        'scheme': 'https',
+        'netloc': 'example.com',
+        'path': '',
+        'params': {},
+        'fragment': ''
+    }
+
+def test_url_with_no_scheme():
+    """Test URL without a scheme"""
+    url = "example.com/path"
+    result = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert result == {
+        'scheme': '',
+        'netloc': '',
+        'path': 'example.com/path',
+        'params': {},
+        'fragment': ''
+    }
+
+def test_empty_url_raises_error():
+    """Test that empty URL raises a ValueError"""
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="URL cannot be empty"):
+        parse_url("")
+
+def test_none_url_raises_error():
+    """Test that None input raises a ValueError"""
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="URL cannot be empty"):
+        parse_url(None)  # type: ignore
+
+def test_complex_url_with_special_characters():
+    """Test URL with special characters and encoding"""
+    url = "https://example.com/search?q=hello%20world&lang=en"
+    result = parse_url(url)
+    
+    assert result == {
+        'scheme': 'https',
+        'netloc': 'example.com',
+        'path': '/search',
+        'params': {
+            'q': 'hello world', 
+            'lang': 'en'
+        },
+        'fragment': ''
+    }
\ No newline at end of file