@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+---
+'@objectstack/driver-sql': patch
+---
+
+`storage.notNull` now binds a multi-value column, as ADR-0113 says it does
+
+`SqlDriver.createColumn` decides the JSON column shape before its per-type
+switch, and it `return`ed there — above the ADR-0113 nullability line and above
+the column DEFAULT. So `storage: { notNull: true }` on a multi-valued field was
+silently inert on the platform's own table, while both `os generate migration`
+formats emitted the constraint from the same declaration:
+
+```
+{ d_multi_notnull: { type: 'lookup', reference: 'sys_user', multiple: true, storage: { notNull: true } } }
+
+field              driver              sqlgen              tsgen
+d_multi_notnull    null=YES            null=NO             null=NO     ← before
+d_multi_notnull    null=NO             null=NO             null=NO     ← after
+```
+
+One declaration, two databases: an INSERT omitting the field was accepted by the
+platform's own table and refused by every table built from a generated
+migration.
+
+ADR-0113 P0 names this site verbatim — 「the physical constraint now keys off the
+explicitly-authored `storage.notNull` at that same `#createColumn` site」 — and
+carves out no field type. `storage.notNull`'s only declared exclusivity is
+`requiredWhen`, at the parse seam, so `multiple: true` + `storage.notNull` is an
+authorable declaration this site was dropping on the floor. The differ, the
+ADR's other named consumer in this package, never had the gap: `fieldHasColumn`
+answers the multi-value question first and the nullability comparison then runs,
+so the platform reported DESTRUCTIVE `tighten_not_null` drift against tables it
+had just created itself, with no rows in them. That self-inflicted report is
+gone.
+
+⚠️ Not the destructive ceremony ADR-0113 routes around. `createColumn` runs on
+`CREATE TABLE` and on `ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN`, so the column constrained here
+is always EMPTY — the same reason the string family's #11431 note gives for
+sizing a `varchar` at this site. Imposing `NOT NULL` over an EXISTING column's
+possibly-null data stays `tighten_not_null`, destructive category, behind
+`os migrate apply --allow-destructive`, untouched.
+
+⛔ Not a widening, and nothing else acquired the constraint: `multiple: true`
+alone still produces a nullable column, and `required: true` alone still does
+too — it is the write-time contract the engine enforces, never the column
+(ADR-0113). The column DEFAULT is still not emitted on this path either: the
+multi-value shape has no scalar DDL form, and `os generate migration` skips it
+for the same recorded reason, so the two producers already agreed there.
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 ObjectStack. Licensed under the Apache-2.0 license.
+
+/**
+ * [#17231] ADR-0113's column constraint reaches the MULTI-VALUE column too.
+ *
+ * ## The defect
+ *
+ * `SqlDriver.createColumn` decides the JSON column shape before its per-type
+ * switch and used to `return` right there — above BOTH the nullability line and
+ * the column DEFAULT. So `storage: { notNull: true }` on a multi-valued field
+ * was silently inert on the platform's own table while both `os generate
+ * migration` formats emitted the constraint (`"tags_nn" JSONB NOT NULL` /
+ * `table.jsonb('tags_nn').notNullable()`, pinned in
+ * `packages/cli/src/commands/generate-multiple-json-column.pin.test.ts`). An
+ * INSERT omitting the field was accepted by the platform's table and refused by
+ * both generated ones — one declaration, two databases.
+ *
+ * ## Which side moved, and why it is this one
+ *
+ * ADR-0113 P0 names the site verbatim — 「the physical constraint now keys off
+ * the explicitly-authored `storage.notNull` at that same `#createColumn` site」 —
+ * and lists `@objectstack/driver-sql` (`sql-driver.ts` column DDL,
+ * `schema-drift.ts`) as its consumer. The ADR carves out no type: `storage.notNull`
+ * is a field-level knob whose only declared exclusivity is `requiredWhen`
+ * (`FieldSchema.superRefine`), and the ENTRANCE test below shows the multi-value
+ * declaration parses green. So this was an implementation gap, not a decision:
+ * 补实现, never narrowing the declaration at the consumer.
+ *
+ * ⚠️ The nearest counter-reading, answered rather than stepped over: ADR-0113's
+ * Context row about the drift classifier records that 「imposing `NOT NULL` over
+ * possibly-null data is the classifier's `destructive` class」. That is about an
+ * EXISTING column acquiring a constraint — the `tighten_not_null` ceremony,
+ * untouched here. `createColumn` runs on `CREATE TABLE` and on `ALTER TABLE ADD
+ * COLUMN`, so the column it constrains is always empty, exactly as the #11431
+ * note on the string-family arm already says for the varchar width.
+ *
+ * ## The parity that proves it internally
+ *
+ * ADR-0113's other named consumer in this package — `diffManagedTable` — already
+ * compares `storage.notNull` against the physical column for every field
+ * `fieldHasColumn` answers true for, and that includes multi-value columns
+ * (`isMultiValueField` is its first question). Before this repair the platform
+ * therefore reported DESTRUCTIVE `tighten_not_null` drift against a table it had
+ * just created itself, on a table with no rows in it — the same self-inflicted
+ * shape #11431 removed for `varchar` widths. The last test here is that parity,
+ * driven: read the columns back out of the database the driver just built and
+ * hand them to the differ.
+ *
+ * ## What this file deliberately does NOT assert
+ *
+ * A column DEFAULT on the multi-value path. Both generators skip it too
+ * (`declaredColumnDefault` in `generate.ts`: 「the `multiple` shape has no scalar
+ * DDL form」), so the producers already agree there and nothing diverges.
+ *
+ * @see SqlDriver.createColumn — the site ADR-0113 P0 names.
+ * @see packages/cli/src/commands/generate-multiple-json-column.pin.test.ts — the
+ *   generator side of the same pair, which is the side that was already right.
+ * @see https://github.com/objectstack-ai/objectstack/issues/17231
+ * @see https://github.com/objectstack-ai/objectstack/issues/17469 (the ONE
+ *   definition of "multi-valued" this short-circuit now asks)
+ */
+
+import { describe, it, expect, beforeAll, afterAll } from 'vitest';
+import type { Knex } from 'knex';
+import { FieldSchema } from '@objectstack/spec/data';
+import { SqlDriver } from './sql-driver.js';
+import { diffManagedTable, type FieldDef, type PhysicalColumn, type SqlDialectName } from './schema-drift.js';
+import {
+  DIALECT_CELLS,
+  declareUnprovisionedCell,
+  type DialectCell,
+} from './live-dialect-matrix.testkit.js';
+
+/** Issue-prefixed: the live cells share one database with every other suite here. */
+const PROBE_OBJECT = 'os17231_multi_notnull';
+
+/**
+ * The fixture, built as a 2×2 plus the harness control.
+ *
+ *   multi_nn     multi-valued + `storage.notNull` — THE SUBJECT
+ *   multi_plain  multi-valued, no constraint      — the column must stay nullable
+ *   multi_req    multi-valued + `required` only   — ADR-0113: the write contract
+ *                                                   never binds the column
+ *   scalar_nn    scalar + `storage.notNull`       — the HARNESS control: proves
+ *                                                   this reader can observe a
+ *                                                   NOT NULL at all, so a green
+ *                                                   subject is a measurement
+ *   scalar_plain scalar, no constraint            — the column-TYPE control
+ */
+const PROBE_FIELDS: Record<string, Record<string, unknown>> = {
+  multi_nn: { type: 'lookup', reference: 'sys_user', multiple: true, storage: { notNull: true } },
+  multi_plain: { type: 'lookup', reference: 'sys_user', multiple: true },
+  multi_req: { type: 'lookup', reference: 'sys_user', multiple: true, required: true },
+  scalar_nn: { type: 'string', storage: { notNull: true } },
+  scalar_plain: { type: 'string' },
+};
+
+/** The differ speaks dialect names, the matrix speaks cell ids. */
+const DIALECT_OF: Record<string, SqlDialectName> = { sqlite: 'sqlite', pg: 'postgres', mysql: 'mysql' };
+
+/**
+ * ONE behaviour, three dialect spellings — measured, not transcribed.
+ *
+ * The write omits the column (no field, no value), so each engine refuses it in
+ * its own vocabulary: SQLite and PostgreSQL substitute the column's implicit
+ * NULL and report the constraint, while MySQL in strict mode refuses the
+ * omission itself before a NULL is ever considered — `ER_NO_DEFAULT_FOR_FIELD`,
+ * "Field 'multi_nn' doesn't have a default value". ⛔ Not a per-dialect
+ * behaviour difference and ⛔ not a reason to widen one regex until it matches
+ * anything: all three REFUSE, which is the fact this cell exists to pin, and
+ * the row-count leg beside it states that dialect-independently. Keyed per cell
+ * so a refusal arriving for some OTHER reason — a connection fault, a tenancy
+ * error — still reddens this test instead of satisfying it.
+ *
+ * ⚠️ A `required: true` field would be refused earlier, by the record validator,
+ * with an ADR-0112 envelope. This declaration deliberately carries the storage
+ * constraint ALONE, which ADR-0113 says reaches the database as a raw driver
+ * error — so there is no envelope here to assert, and inventing one would pin a
+ * seam this card does not touch.
+ */
+const REFUSAL_BY_DIALECT: Record<string, RegExp> = {
+  sqlite: /NOT NULL constraint failed/i,
+  pg: /null value in column .* violates not-null constraint/i,
+  mysql: /doesn't have a default value|cannot be null/i,
+};
+
+describe('[#17231] the entrance — the declaration under repair is authorable', () => {
+  /**
+   * The reachability half. A rule about a VALUE (`storage.notNull === true`)
+   * means nothing if the spec refuses the declaration carrying it, so this is
+   * asserted as a full parse rather than as an absence of `unrecognized_keys`.
+   * ADR-0113 gives `storage.notNull` exactly one exclusivity — `requiredWhen` —
+   * and `multiple` is not it.
+   */
+  it('`multiple: true` + `storage: { notNull: true }` parses green', () => {
+    const parsed = FieldSchema.safeParse({
+      name: 'tags_nn', type: 'lookup', reference: 'sys_user', multiple: true, storage: { notNull: true },
+    });
+    expect(parsed.success, 'the card\'s own declaration must be authorable for this repair to have a population').toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('…and the one exclusivity ADR-0113 does declare is still refused — the discriminating control', () => {
+    const refused = FieldSchema.safeParse({
+      name: 'tags_when', type: 'lookup', reference: 'sys_user', multiple: true,
+      requiredWhen: { field: 'stage', operator: '=', value: 'closed' },
+      storage: { notNull: true },
+    });
+    expect(refused.success, '`storage.notNull` × `requiredWhen` is rejected at the parse seam (ADR-0113 Q1 rider)').toBe(false);
+  });
+});
+
+for (const cell of DIALECT_CELLS) {
+  if (!cell.available) {
+    declareUnprovisionedCell(cell, '[#17231] multi-value column nullability');
+    continue;
+  }
+  declareMultiValueNullability(cell);
+}
+
+function declareMultiValueNullability(cell: DialectCell): void {
+  describe(`[#17231] SqlDriver.createColumn — storage.notNull on a JSON column (${cell.label})`, () => {
+    let driver: SqlDriver;
+    let knexInstance: Knex;
+    let info: Record<string, { nullable: boolean; type: string }>;
+
+    beforeAll(async () => {
+      driver = new SqlDriver(cell.config());
+      knexInstance = driver.getKnex();
+      await knexInstance.schema.dropTableIfExists(PROBE_OBJECT);
+      await driver.initObjects([{ name: PROBE_OBJECT, fields: PROBE_FIELDS } as never]);
+      info = (await knexInstance(PROBE_OBJECT).columnInfo()) as typeof info;
+    });
+
+    afterAll(async () => {
+      await knexInstance?.schema.dropTableIfExists(PROBE_OBJECT).catch(() => {});
+      await driver?.disconnect?.();
+    });
+
+    it('control — the table exists and every probe column reached it', () => {
+      for (const name of Object.keys(PROBE_FIELDS)) {
+        expect(info, `${name} never became a column, so nothing below measures anything`).toHaveProperty(name);
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('control — this reader can see a NOT NULL, and sees NULL where nothing declared one', () => {
+      // Without this pair a green subject below is indistinguishable from a
+      // reader that reports `nullable: false` for everything (or for nothing).
+      expect(info.scalar_nn.nullable, 'the scalar half of ADR-0113 P0').toBe(false);
+      expect(info.scalar_plain.nullable).toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it('the multi-value column honours `storage.notNull` — the repair', () => {
+      expect(
+        info.multi_nn.nullable,
+        'createColumn returned at the multi-value short-circuit before reaching the ADR-0113 ' +
+        'nullability line, so the platform left open a column both migration generators constrain',
+      ).toBe(false);
+    });
+
+    it('…and nothing else acquired the constraint: `multiple` and `required` still do not bind the column', () => {
+      expect(info.multi_plain.nullable, 'the flag is not a constraint').toBe(true);
+      expect(info.multi_req.nullable, 'ADR-0113: `required` is the write contract, not the column').toBe(true);
+    });
+
+    it('the column is still a JSON column — the constraint rides the short-circuit, it does not replace it', () => {
+      // The repair must not cost the type decision the short-circuit exists for.
+      expect(info.multi_nn.type, 'the constrained multi-value column changed shape').toBe(info.multi_plain.type);
+      expect(info.multi_nn.type).not.toBe(info.scalar_plain.type);
+    });
+
+    it('an INSERT omitting the field is refused — the divergence the card measured, closed', async () => {
+      const rows = async (): Promise<number> =>
+        Number(((await knexInstance(PROBE_OBJECT).count({ n: '*' })) as Array<{ n: unknown }>)[0].n);
+      const before = await rows();
+
+      await expect(
+        driver.create(PROBE_OBJECT, { scalar_nn: 'present' }),
+      ).rejects.toThrow(REFUSAL_BY_DIALECT[cell.id]);
+
+      // The dialect-independent half: a rejection that still wrote the row would
+      // be the same green as a refusal, and it is the WRITE that this card is
+      // about — the platform's own table now refuses what every table built
+      // from a generated migration already refused.
+      expect(await rows(), 'the refused INSERT landed anyway').toBe(before);
+    });
+
+    it('the differ agrees with the writer — no nullability drift against a table the driver just built', () => {
+      const columns: PhysicalColumn[] = Object.entries(info).map(([name, c]) => ({
+        name, type: String(c.type), nullable: c.nullable,
+      }));
+      const drift = diffManagedTable({
+        table: PROBE_OBJECT,
+        fields: PROBE_FIELDS as unknown as Record<string, FieldDef>,
+        columns,
+        dialect: DIALECT_OF[cell.id],
+      }).filter((d) => d.kind === 'nullability_mismatch');
+      expect(
+        drift,
+        'the platform reported drift against its own freshly-created, empty table — the #11431 shape',
+      ).toEqual([]);
+    });
+  });
+}
@@ -1788,6 +1788,28 @@ function isMultiValuedColumn(type: string, field: { multiple?: unknown } | null
   return isMultiValueField({ type, multiple: field?.multiple === true });
 }
 
+/**
+ * [#17231] ADR-0113's physical column constraint, asked once for every column
+ * {@link SqlDriver.createColumn} builds.
+ *
+ * It exists because `createColumn` has TWO exits: the multi-value short-circuit
+ * above its per-type switch, and the shared tail below it. The constraint used
+ * to be read only at the tail, so `storage: { notNull: true }` on a multi-valued
+ * field was silently inert on the platform's own table while BOTH
+ * `os generate migration` formats emitted it — one declaration, two databases,
+ * an INSERT omitting the field accepted by the platform's table and refused by
+ * every generated one. One exit acquiring the constraint and the other not is
+ * exactly how that happened, so the predicate is stated once here instead of
+ * being spelled at each exit.
+ *
+ * Truthiness rather than `=== true` deliberately: that is the test the tail has
+ * always applied, and this move is about WHERE the question is asked, never
+ * about which values answer it.
+ */
+function declaresColumnNotNull(field: unknown): boolean {
+  return Boolean((field as { storage?: { notNull?: boolean } } | null | undefined)?.storage?.notNull);
+}
+
 /**
  * [#16319] DDL-time defence: a field declaration with NO `type` gets no column
  * — it gets a refusal.
@@ -17382,8 +17404,34 @@ export class SqlDriver implements IDataDriver {
     // reader now asks. A field whose `multiple` the spec does not recognise on
     // its type no longer gets a JSON column here — and `FieldSchema` refuses
     // that declaration at the authoring entrance in the same ruling.
+    //
+    // [#17231] The short-circuit decides the column TYPE; it does not decide
+    // the column's CONSTRAINTS, and returning here used to mean it silently
+    // did. ADR-0113 P0 names this site verbatim — 「the physical constraint now
+    // keys off the explicitly-authored `storage.notNull` at that same
+    // `#createColumn` site」 — and carves out no field type: `storage.notNull`'s
+    // only declared exclusivity is `requiredWhen` (`FieldSchema.superRefine`),
+    // so `multiple: true` + `storage: { notNull: true }` is an authorable
+    // declaration this site was dropping on the floor. The differ, ADR-0113's
+    // other named consumer in this package, never had the gap — `fieldHasColumn`
+    // answers multi-value first and the nullability comparison then runs — so
+    // the platform reported DESTRUCTIVE `tighten_not_null` drift against tables
+    // it had itself just created, with no rows in them.
+    //
+    // ⚠️ NOT the drift ceremony this ADR routes around: `createColumn` runs on
+    // `CREATE TABLE` and on `ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN`, so the column constrained
+    // here is always EMPTY — the same reason the string family's #11431 note
+    // below gives for narrowing a varchar here. Imposing `NOT NULL` over
+    // possibly-null data stays `tighten_not_null`, destructive, behind
+    // `os migrate apply --allow-destructive`, untouched.
+    //
+    // The column DEFAULT is deliberately still NOT emitted on this path: the
+    // multi-value shape has no scalar DDL form, and `os generate migration`
+    // skips it for the same reason (`declaredColumnDefault`), so the two
+    // producers already agree.
     if (isMultiValuedColumn(String(field.type ?? ''), field)) {
-      this.jsonColumn(table, name);
+      const jsonCol = this.jsonColumn(table, name);
+      if (declaresColumnNotNull(field)) jsonCol.notNullable();
       return;
     }
 
@@ -17790,7 +17838,11 @@ export class SqlDriver implements IDataDriver {
       // its author wrote `storage: { notNull: true }`, and for no other
       // reason; a `required: true` field with no `storage` block gets a
       // nullable column, at every protocol floor, on every dialect.
-      if ((field as { storage?: { notNull?: boolean } }).storage?.notNull) col.notNullable();
+      //
+      // [#17231] Asked through {@link declaresColumnNotNull} — the same
+      // question the multi-value short-circuit above now asks, stated once so
+      // this method's two exits cannot answer it differently again.
+      if (declaresColumnNotNull(field)) col.notNullable();
       this.applyDeclaredColumnDefault(col, field, type);
     }
   }