book-notes/code-girls.html at master · orbitfm/book-notes · GitHub

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                Notebook Export
            </div>
            <div class="bookTitle">
                Code Girls
            </div>
            <div class="authors">
                Liza Mundy
            </div>
            <div class="citation">

            </div>
            <hr />
            <div class="sectionHeading">
    Chapter Five: “It Was Heart-Rending”
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2050
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    In February 1942, however, the hypercautious German Navy added a fourth rotor to the naval U-boat Enigma machines, increasing the possible combinations by a factor of twenty-six. The Allies called this new four-rotor cipher “Shark,” and initially it proved impenetrable. The Allies lost the ability to read U-boats. The whole system went dark. This crushing turn of events occurred just months after the United States entered the war, and it began an eight-month period of death and destruction and helplessness, a time when ship after ship went down and it felt very much as though the war could swing the wrong way.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2065
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    female clerks, typists, and stenographers were paid $1,440 per year, while men doing the same job made $1,620. Women college graduates who had taken an elementary course in cryptanalysis made $1,800; men with those qualifications made $2,000. Women with master’s degrees made $2,000, compared to $2,600 for men. Women PhDs made $2,300; men with doctorates made $3,200.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2069
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<div class="noteText">
    When she became pregnant, the men liked to call her Puffed Rice.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2077
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<div class="noteText">
    had been selected on the basis of ability, willingness, and loyalty, but tenacity was something they had to prove during the months-long correspondence course. Some had become discouraged and dropped out; others married and relocated to follow husbands; others did not answer enough problems correctly; others were rejected by the Civil Service Commission based on some aspect of their background.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2083
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<div class="noteText">
    197 young women had received a secret invitation. A hardy band of seventy-four survivors
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2099
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    The summer of the Navy women’s arrival was punishingly hot. The women would start each day in high heels and clean cotton dresses and take the bus downtown. By the time they arrived—or after working for half an hour—they would be dripping with sweat and the thin fabric of their neat dresses would be plastered to their skin.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2101
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    Salt tablets were kept in dispensers—they were a fad of the time; it was mistakenly thought the tablets prevented perspiration—which made many of them sick.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2103
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    Vi Moore, a French major from Bryn Mawr, was assigned the task of reporting how many cockroaches were crawling around in the women’s bathroom.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2107
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    grille, which is a template that can be put over an ordinary letter, with little holes that make certain words pop out to reveal a hidden message.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2108
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    “the motto of the cryptanalyst should be: ‘Let’s suppose,’”
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2108
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    “the most important aid in cipher solution is a good eraser.”
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2109
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    “numerical cipher alphabets,”
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2109
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    “polyalphabetic substitution,”
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2109
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    “diagonal digraphic substitution.”
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2112
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    It was a good course, and they had worked hard at mastering it, but the problems often didn’t dovetail with the actual work they found themselves doing; lots of the tasks they were facing had not been covered.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Note - Location 2113
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    Reminds me of my computer science degree.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2122
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    Before the subs left base, the Nazis would send out weather vessels to report back on conditions, using Enigma machines. There are a limited number of weather-related words—wind, rain, clouds—so it was sometimes feasible to come up with cribs. “BISKAYAWETTER” was a crib the women often would try as they made charts and graphs of common cribs and the places in messages where Germans were most likely to nestle certain words.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Note - Location 2123
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    Bay of Biscay weather
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2129
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<div class="noteText">
    The morale of the whole country would suffer when a troop ship was lost, and the women felt the burden of responsibility. “If we had any doubts about whether what we were doing was important,” she recalled, just let a few days go by with no progress, “and the brass were down there yelling at us—what are we doing, neglecting our duty.”
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2136
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    from a Nazi commander announcing the birth of his son. One code breaker composed a snatch of doggerel as a translation: “From here to Capetown / be it known / A little Leuth / has now been bo’n,” which of course rhymed only if you had a southern accent.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2138
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    But mostly, the work was frustrating, and it imbued the women with sadness and a sense of failure.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2180
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    So Rochefort and Edwin Layton, Nimitz’s chief intelligence officer—also trained by Agnes Driscoll—hatched a plan. They instructed the men at the Midway base to radio a message—not coded, just plain English—saying their distillation plant had broken down and that Midway was short on water. The idea was that the Japanese would intercept the bulletin and pass it on. Just as they hoped, a local Japanese unit picked it up and sent its own message saying AF was short of water, and the message got passed along to the fleet. The Americans intercepted it. The trick succeeded. The Americans had confirmed that AF stood for Midway.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2206
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    “the Battle of Midway gave the Navy confidence in its cryptanalytic units,” an internal history noted, and it gave the code breakers confidence in themselves. More staff would be funneled into Washington, more funds freed up, more teletype lines established. The Americans had delivered payback for Pearl Harbor.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2228
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<div class="noteText">
    It’s possible that Agnes Driscoll by now was past her mental prime. But it’s also possible that secreting intercepts and surrounding herself with loyal henchwomen was her way of preserving authority as the world around her was becoming bigger, more competitive, and more male.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2233
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<div class="noteText">
    Many were mathematicians, like Driscoll, but unlike her they had enjoyed the benefit of attending institutions like Yale, Princeton, and MIT, which would never have admitted her. They were big men—literally—and several took one look at her and thought: “witch.” Their oral histories, taken years later, obsessively use this one word to describe her. Before her accident, “she was a very strikingly beautiful woman in her early forties,” one of them, Frank Raven, said. “When she came out she looked like a witch in her seventies who could only walk with a cane and with her sister holding her arm.”
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2246
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<div class="noteText">
    Subsequent historians have discerned that Miss Aggie’s Enigma solution might have worked, but only with the kind of supercomputers that came along much later.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2251
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    It was a tense atmosphere in the downtown naval code-breaking offices, full of politics and subcurrents. There was a strong caste system: Career naval men distrusted the new, educated reservists; reservists thought they were smarter than careerists; everybody looked down on civilians. If you were a woman, you had three strikes against you. One of the officers had a hair-raising collection of graphic pornography, which he kept in a drawer and which the security guards liked to come look at.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2254
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<div class="noteText">
    Raven managed to engineer Miss Aggie’s downfall.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2261
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    She was not fired, but she was put out to pasture.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2262
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<div class="noteText">
    “In retrospect I am convinced that Aggie Driscoll is one of the world’s greatest cryptanalysts,” he added. “I am convinced that the same accident that moved her from a beautiful woman to a hag affected her mind and that when she came back she couldn’t solve a monoalphabetic substitution.”
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2265
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    Nobody knows how Agnes Driscoll felt. Nobody bothered to take an oral history from one of the greatest cryptanalysts in the world.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2289
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    Aside from her own wits, she had one thing to help her: a quirky feature designed to cope with radio garble. Garbling was a huge problem in radio transmissions, so the Japanese developed clever “garble checks” so the person at the receiving end could do a bit of math to be sure the message had transmitted correctly. It was a sensible enough tactic, except that it also was an insecure one: Many of these checks—and the ghostly patterns they left—helped with breaking the messages.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2304
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<div class="noteText">
    Many things the Japanese did with the intention of making the code harder to break made it easier. Sometimes, enemy cryptographers liked to begin a message in the middle. When they did this, they would include a code group that stood for “begin message here” to show where the message started. The women learned the code groups for “begin message here”—there were several—and gained another point of entry.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2311
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<div class="noteText">
    It was boring, tedious work, except when it wasn’t.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2354
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    Fortunately, Raven was not as unpleasant toward them as he had been toward Agnes Driscoll; he later described his new crew as “damn good gals,” though he did also see fit to point out that they were “damn pretty gals.”
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2382
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<div class="noteText">
    They took advantage of the downtime: Bets Colby, a math major from Wellesley, was a favorite of Raven, who described her as a “real brilliant gal” and fondly remembered that she liked to throw epic parties, which stopped just short of being orgies.
</div><div class="sectionHeading">
    Chapter Six: “Q for Communications”
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2408
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    But even once planners grasped the difficulty of fighting a two-ocean war using only men, the idea of putting women in uniform remained controversial. “Who will then do the cooking, the washing, the mending, the humble homey tasks to which every woman has devoted herself; who will nurture the children?” thundered one congressman. People worried that military service would imperil women’s femininity and render them unmarriageable. Many believed servicewomen would be, in effect, fully embedded “camp followers,” a euphemism for prostitutes and hangers-on who followed soldiers from post to post.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2418
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    Even so, they fell over themselves to enlist. 10,000 WOMEN IN U.S. RUSH TO JOIN NEW ARMY CORPS, wrote the New York Times on May 28, 1942,
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2423
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<div class="noteText">
    They dispelled stereotypes. Despite fears that women would become hysterical in emergencies or that female voices were too soft to be heard, WACs worked in airplane control towers and did well.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2439
</div>
<div class="noteText">
    It was Barnard’s Elizabeth Reynard who came up with the acronym WAVES—Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service—and every word was chosen with care. “Volunteer” assured the public that women were not being drafted, and “emergency,” as Gildersleeve characterized the strategy, “will comfort the older admirals, because it implies that we’re only a temporary crisis and won’t be around for keeps.”
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2455
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<div class="noteText">
    There were discussions about minutiae like pockets, which Virginia Gildersleeve felt were essential for any working woman. But the designers felt pockets would spoil the lines of the suit. “Utility was sacrificed to looks,” Gildersleeve noted with some disgust in her memoir. “They certainly looked very attractive and no doubt won many recruits for the Navy; but I regretted those pockets. (A later model, I am glad to say, contained a good inside one!)”
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2469
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<div class="noteText">
    The Army women even had to wear khaki bras and girdles, which the WAVES thought was hilarious.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2512
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<div class="noteText">
    Ordered to salute the first lady, they put their hands up but permitted their thumbs to drift and ended up thumbing their noses at Mrs. Roosevelt. Subsequent classes were warned not to make the same mistake.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2622
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<div class="noteText">
    Many got the sense that the Navy had some unwritten criteria regarding looks. Millie Weatherly was a telephone operator in North Carolina and went to the recruiting office with a friend. They took Millie but wouldn’t take her friend, saying that “she wasn’t pretty enough.”
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2625
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<div class="noteText">
    wondered aloud “what a Jewish girl looks like” and learned to her mortification that the girl beside her, angry and offended, was Jewish.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
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<div class="noteText">
    Barracks D was the largest WAVES barracks in the world, and virtually all the women who lived there were code breakers.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2749
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<div class="noteText">
    Some were put to work as a “collateral” desk, making trips to the Library of Congress and elsewhere, looking up names of ships and cities and public figures and whatever might provide cribs and shed light on the message content.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
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<div class="noteText">
    The presence of so many learned men prompted the Navy to refer to one unit as the Office of College Professors. The women called it the Booby Hatch.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Highlight(<span class="highlight_yellow">yellow</span>) - Location 2778
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<div class="noteText">
    Growing up with the idea that our newspapers always told the truth, I quickly learned about propaganda.”
</div><div class="noteHeading">
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<div class="noteText">
    one officer told her she had “bedroom eyes” and kept making passes at her.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
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<div class="noteText">
    She was standing there when along came Admiral Ernest King and Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal, the two top men in the entire U.S. Navy. The hallway smelled of orange and there was juice running down her arms. She was mortified.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
    Bookmark - Location 2796
</div>
<div class="noteHeading">
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<div class="noteText">
    Commander Packard also reminded the women that it was his awkward duty to monitor their appearance. “When one is in charge of all men this task is not too difficult,” he wrote, but “under present conditions, I think you’ll all agree, I’m in a difficult spot” because he didn’t know anything about female clothing or hairstyles. He begged them to “save me unnecessary embarrassment by abiding by the prescribed uniform regulations.”
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<div class="noteText">
    action was under way, because the stack would grow even higher. “Because of the traffic you knew something big was happening.”
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<div class="noteText">
    Fearing that so many women could not resist gossiping about their work, the Navy developed strategies—such as moving women from barracks to barracks—to prevent them from forming close friendships. The tactic failed. Completely.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
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<div class="noteText">
    When Dave was sent overseas with a unit of tank destroyers, Harry Mirsky stepped in and took his brother’s place courting Ruth.
</div><div class="noteHeading">
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    When her high-society mother-in-law asked what her own father did for a living, Georgia O’Connor replied, honestly, “He slops pigs.”
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    If a woman went out on four dates with a soldier and he didn’t ask her to marry him, she figured she had bombed.
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    “While there were a number of prominent individuals, you can’t credit any individual with winning the Battle of Midway or of breaking any major cipher system. These were crew jobs.”
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    One enlisted member of the WAVES “had such a knack for running additives across unplaced messages and recognizing valid hits that for over a year she was allowed to do almost nothing else,”
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    The minutes from the meeting did note that WAVES officers were entitled to salutes from enlisted men, “although it seems to be the exception rather than the rule when they are given.”
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    But there would be no racial experimenting at the stodgy and sometimes paranoid Naval Annex, where top officers considered any newcomer—anybody with an unorthodox background—to be a security risk. In a June 1945 memo, Commander J. N. Wenger wrote that he had explored the “question of employment of colored WAVES at Naval Communications Annex” and felt integrating the code-breaking unit would be too risky. He concluded that it would be “unwise to conduct an experiment of such serious implications” in a unit where security was so important, and ventured that “there are many other activities in the Navy where experiments of this sort can be carried on without so much danger in the event that difficulties arise.” Black WAVES would have to take their patriotism, their intellect, and their talent elsewhere, alas.
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    Pregnancy was forbidden in the U.S. Navy. And yet pregnancies did occur.
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    The penalty was discharge—and humiliation.
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    When she married her college boyfriend, she tried to avoid getting pregnant, but nobody had given her good information on birth control—her mother was dead—and she didn’t know how to use a diaphragm. She conceived on her honeymoon.
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    “I felt like I had gone from being everything,” she wrote in a memoir called Saga of Myself, “to being nothing.”
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    the two Arlington Hall women could not talk about what they did, of course, so even as they admired Raleigh Tavern and the House of Burgesses, they remained unaware of something even more interesting: They were all breaking codes.
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