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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<META HTTP-EQUIV="CONTENT-TYPE" CONTENT="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<TITLE></TITLE>
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<BODY LANG="en-US" DIR="LTR">
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><FONT FACE="Times New Roman, serif"><FONT SIZE=4 STYLE="font-size: 16pt"><B>SNAP
Project</B></FONT></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><FONT FACE="Times New Roman, serif"><B>Name:
Yangyang Dai</B></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><IMG SRC="snap_html_c22d4993.png" NAME="Picture 10" ALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH=596 HEIGHT=368 BORDER=0></P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><IMG SRC="snap_html_5521c211.png" NAME="Picture 11" ALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH=602 HEIGHT=372 BORDER=0></P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><FONT FACE="Times New Roman, serif">The
above two graphs show the budget distribution for FNS (Food nutrition
services) and number of people served by those three nutrition
programs. In specific, SNAP takes three times more FNS budget than
WIC and School Lunch program. And the number of participants of SNAP
are roughly the WIC and School Lunch combined. </FONT>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><FONT FACE="Times New Roman, serif">Across
the three years from 2016 to 2018, the budget to the WIC and SNAP
declined, and correspondingly, the number of participants declined as
well. A little bit more funds went to School Lunch program and the
participants increased over the year. </FONT>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><IMG SRC="snap_html_d1b355d.png" NAME="Picture 7" ALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH=624 HEIGHT=386 BORDER=0></P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><FONT FACE="Times New Roman, serif">From
1989 to 2018, the SNAP participation number in US increased from
below two millions to about four millions, almost doubled in two
decades. The peaks within the two decades happened at year 1994 and
year 2013, reached over 2.5 millions and over 4.5 millions
respectively. Connecting to the previous SNAP timeline graph, SNAP
reached participation milestone for those two years. The Food Stamp
Nutrition Education program at 1992 and Mickey Leland Childhood
Hunger Relief Act at 1993 influenced the growth of SNAP, the
participants increased dramatically afterwards. And from 2002 to
2014, there are five events happened that drove the SNAP participaion
greatly.</FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><IMG SRC="snap_html_6a420b1f.png" NAME="Picture 1" ALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH=688 HEIGHT=666 BORDER=0></P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><FONT FACE="Times New Roman, serif">Participation
population of SNAP program in US across the 51 states, four regions,
are shown above. West has the widest range of participation numbers,
while the it's more concentrated for Midwest. Overall, at state
level, California has the most participations, nearly 4 million, and
Wyoming has the fewest participants, about 0.1 million.</FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><IMG SRC="snap_html_2916bc2d.png" NAME="Picture 2" ALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH=589 HEIGHT=364 BORDER=0></P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><FONT FACE="Times New Roman, serif">The
first map is the US base map with state names labeled. From the US
state map, combining with SNAP participation data, we can see that
state AL, ND, SD and NH have the highest participation rate. This is
reasonable as these states are less developed and tend to have more
poor people. The participation rate range is not very big, therefore
the colors are generally darker. Most of the states have
participation rate around 0.00002 or lower. </FONT>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><IMG SRC="snap_html_e576f3e9.png" NAME="Picture 3" ALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH=597 HEIGHT=369 BORDER=0></P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><FONT FACE="Times New Roman, serif">Drawing
a US Food Tax map across states and comparing it with the previous
participation rate map, we can see that places with higher SNAP
participation rates do not have high food tax. And places with high
food tax rates tend to have low SNAP participation rates.</FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><IMG SRC="snap_html_2737dc14.png" NAME="Picture 4" ALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH=624 HEIGHT=386 BORDER=0></P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><FONT FACE="Times New Roman, serif">The
above map displays the retailer store locations participated in SNAP
program in US on county level. The distribution concentrates on the
Midwest, south and east side of US. </FONT>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><IMG SRC="snap_html_353a0b19.png" NAME="Picture 5" ALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH=624 HEIGHT=386 BORDER=0></P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><FONT FACE="Times New Roman, serif">This
above graph aggregates the county retailer numbers to state level.
And as shown above, we can see that CA has the most number of
retailer stores, followed by NY, TX and FL. The most number of stores
in one state reaches about 25000, while the least number is about
1500. The states with few number of stores mostly locate at north
west of the states.</FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><IMG SRC="snap_html_6c934ec2.png" NAME="Picture 6" ALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH=624 HEIGHT=386 BORDER=0></P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in"><FONT FACE="Times New Roman, serif"><FONT FACE="Times, serif"><FONT SIZE=2 STYLE="font-size: 11pt"><SPAN STYLE="background: #ffffff">The
graph above depicts changes in the SNAP Policy Index across the
States from 1996 to 2014. Index values range from 1 to 10, with 10
representing a set of policies that is the most accommodative to SNAP
participation.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top: 0.19in; margin-bottom: 0.19in"><FONT FACE="Times New Roman, serif"><FONT FACE="Times, serif"><FONT SIZE=2 STYLE="font-size: 11pt"><SPAN STYLE="background: #ffffff">The
smallest change occurred in Wyoming, where the index went from a
value of around 4.1 to 6.6. The largest change occurred in New York,
where the index moved from near 2.3 to over 8.6. It is notable that
in all 50 States and the District of Columbia, the index increased
over the period from 1996 to 2014, meaning that SNAP policies became
more accommodative toward enrollment in SNAP in every one of those
States.</SPAN></FONT></FONT></FONT></P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><IMG SRC="snap_html_3ccb14a6.png" NAME="Picture 8" ALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH=604 HEIGHT=379 BORDER=0></P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in">Overall, the changes of SNAP
participation population, unemployment rate, and poverty rate have
similar trends. Unemployment rate change fluctuates more than the
other two rates, while the poverty rate change is the most consistent
over the years. One outlier is in 1971, the SNAP population doubled
compared to the previous year and then came back.</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><IMG SRC="snap_html_fb59e602.png" NAME="Picture 9" ALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH=595 HEIGHT=368 BORDER=0></P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><FONT FACE="Times New Roman, serif">From
1989 to 2018, the benefits per person increased dramatically. From
around 50 dollars to above 250 dollars, the dollar benefitfive is
currenly five times more than from the beginning. The color scale
shows the range of unemployment rate over the years. The unemployment
rate fluctuates from 1989 to 2008, and increased dramatically around
2008 to 2014, which is the financial crisis period. The benefit per
person decreased a little, but after the crisis, the benefit jumped
very high till around 250 dollars per person and came back to around
125 in the most recent year. </FONT>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
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</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><BR>
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in"><IMG SRC="snap_html_f98e7022.png" NAME="Picture 12" ALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH=624 HEIGHT=386 BORDER=0></P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in">The longitudinal estimates compare new
SNAP participants to the same participants about six months later.
Tabulations are based on the following overall sample sizes: 3,275
new-entrant households and 3,375 six-month households in the
cross-sectional sample; and 3,275 new-entrant households observed at
baseline and again at follow up six months later in the longitudinal
sample.
</P>
<P STYLE="margin-bottom: 0in">We can see that the orange area leans
towards good side more than the blue area, which suggests that the
health status after six month for SNAP participants is better than
the start of the survey.</P>
</BODY>
</HTML>