A curated list of Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) platforms, protocols, identity systems, and governance frameworks — with a focus on health systems.
Digital Public Infrastructure refers to the shared digital systems that governments and societies use to deliver services at scale: identity, data exchange, payments, and registries. This list curates the platforms, protocols, standards, and policy frameworks that underpin DPI deployment worldwide.
RAIGH Academy Module: This list serves as a reference resource for the DPI Architecture module within the RAIGH Academy workforce development program.
- National DPI Systems
- Open-Source DPI Platforms
- Identity & Verification
- Data Exchange Layers
- Payment & Financial Infrastructure
- Governance & Policy
- Research & Publications
- Developer Resources
- Training & Certification
- Methodology
- Contribute & Publish
- Sister Repositories
- Smart Rwanda Master Plan — Rwanda's national digital transformation strategy including Irembo (e-government) and national ID
- Kenya Digital Economy Blueprint — Kenya's DPI strategy including Huduma Namba, M-Pesa integration, eCitizen
- South Africa Home Affairs Modernisation — National Population Register, Smart ID, e-Home Affairs
- Nigeria NIMC — National Identity Management Commission, NIN registration for 200M+ population
- Ghana Digital Infrastructure — Ghana Card (Idemia), mobile money interoperability, e-pharmacy
- Ethiopia Digital ID — Fayda national digital ID program (World Bank-funded)
- Tanzania e-Government — NIDA national ID, government payments
- Morocco Digital Strategy — e-Gov 2030, national data exchange platform
- Senegal Digital Strategy — Senegal Digital 2025
- Rwanda DHIS2 — National HMIS instance running DHIS2
- Estonia X-Road — The original DPI data exchange layer; connects 900+ organizations, 2,000+ services. Open-source since 2016
- Finland X-Road (Suomi.fi) — Finnish implementation of X-Road for government services
- Iceland X-Road (Straumurinn) — Icelandic government digital infrastructure based on X-Road
- UK NHS Spine — Central messaging infrastructure for NHS, connects 23,000+ healthcare organizations
- Denmark Sundhed.dk — National health portal with shared EHR, ePrescription, patient-controlled access
- EU eIDAS — Cross-border electronic identification framework for 27 EU member states
- India Stack — Aadhaar (1.4B IDs) + UPI (10B+ monthly transactions) + DigiLocker + ABHA health ID
- Singapore APEX — Government API exchange gateway
- Thailand Digital Government — National digital ID, government data exchange
- Philippines PhilSys — Philippine Identification System
- Brazil PIX + SUS — Instant payment system (150M+ users) + Unified Health System digital infrastructure
- Uruguay e-Government — Latin America's most advanced e-government, digital ID, interoperability platform
- X-Road — Open-source data exchange layer. Used by Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Ukraine, 20+ countries. Managed by Nordic Institute for Interoperability Solutions (NIIS)
- OpenHIM — Open Health Information Mediator. Health-focused interoperability layer for routing, orchestrating, and translating health transactions
- GovStack — ITU + DIAL + Estonia + Germany initiative. Building blocks for digital government: identity, payments, messaging, registries, data exchange
- MOSIP — Modular Open Source Identity Platform. Deployed in Morocco, Philippines, Ethiopia, Guinea, Togo. Supports biometric + demographic enrollment
- OpenCRVS — Open-source civil registration and vital statistics. Deployed in Bangladesh, Farajaland (demo), multiple African countries
- Aries / Hyperledger — Decentralized identity framework, verifiable credentials
- DIGIT — eGov Foundation's platform for urban governance in India (used by 3,000+ cities)
- DHIS2 — World's largest health management information system. Used by 100+ countries, 2.4B people covered. Hosted by University of Oslo
- OpenMRS — Open-source medical records system designed for resource-constrained environments
- OpenIMIS — Open-source insurance management information system for social health protection
- Bahmni — Open-source hospital information system built on OpenMRS + Odoo
- iHRIS — Open-source human resources information system for health workforce management
- mHero — Two-way mobile communication with health workers using FHIR + RapidPro
- Mojaloop — Open-source real-time payments platform. Gates Foundation-funded. Used in multiple African mobile money interoperability pilots
- OpenG2P — Open-source government-to-person payments platform for social protection
- Mifos / Apache Fineract — Open-source core banking platform for financial inclusion
- W3C Verifiable Credentials — Standard for expressing credentials on the web in a cryptographically secure, privacy-respecting, machine-verifiable way
- W3C DID (Decentralized Identifiers) — Standard for self-sovereign digital identifiers
- FIDO2 / WebAuthn — Passwordless authentication standard
- OpenID Connect — Identity layer on top of OAuth 2.0, widely used in DPI identity verification
- eIDAS 2.0 EU Digital Identity Wallet — EU regulation for cross-border digital identity
- SMART Health Cards — Verifiable clinical information (vaccination records, lab results) using FHIR
- HL7 FHIR — Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources. The dominant standard for health data exchange
- IHE Profiles — Integration profiles for health information exchange (mCSD, PDQm, MHD, XDS.b)
- OpenHIE Architecture — Reference architecture for health information exchange in LMICs
- ADX (Aggregate Data Exchange) — DHIS2 standard for aggregate health data exchange across national HMIS
- X-Road Protocol — Secure, distributed data exchange with built-in authentication, authorization, and logging
- NHIN Direct — US health information exchange standard for point-to-point secure messaging
- OMOP CDM — Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership Common Data Model. Standard for observational health data
- CDISC — Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium. SDTM + ADaM for regulatory submissions
- ICD-11 — WHO International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision. First version with digital-native API
- LOINC — Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes. Universal standard for lab and clinical observations
- SNOMED CT — Comprehensive clinical terminology with 350,000+ concepts
- UPI (India) — Unified Payments Interface: 10B+ monthly transactions, 300M+ users
- M-Pesa APIs — Mobile money APIs for Kenya, Tanzania, DRC, Mozambique, Ghana, Egypt, Lesotho
- PIX (Brazil) — Brazil's instant payment system: 150M+ users, 3B+ monthly transactions
- PAPSS — Pan-African Payment and Settlement System. Afreximbank-backed, enables instant cross-border payments in local currencies
- GhIPSS — Ghana Interbank Payment and Settlement System: mobile money interoperability
- Mojaloop — Open-source real-time payment switch for financial inclusion
- GovStack Building Block Specifications — Modular specs for digital government: Identity, Payments, Messaging, Registries, Data Exchange, Consent, Scheduling, Workflow
- DPGA (Digital Public Goods Alliance) — UN-endorsed registry of digital public goods meeting open-source + SDG criteria
- AU Malabo Convention — African Union Convention on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection (2014)
- AU Data Policy Framework — Continental framework for data governance
- EU Data Governance Act — EU regulation for data intermediaries, data altruism, cross-border data sharing
- WHO SMART Guidelines — WHO framework for translating clinical guidelines into computable formats (L1-L5)
- India Digital India Programme — National DPI strategy encompassing Aadhaar, UPI, DigiLocker, ABHA
- Estonia e-Estonia — Pioneer DPI nation: X-Road, e-Residency, digital ID, i-Voting
- Singapore Smart Nation — National DPI strategy: SingPass, APEX, TraceTogether
- Rwanda Smart Rwanda Master Plan — Continental leader in African DPI adoption
- Kenya Vision 2030 Digital — eCitizen, Huduma Namba, mobile money framework
- World Bank ID4D — Identification for Development initiative. Global datasets on ID coverage, practitioner guides
- UNDP Digital Strategy — UN Development Programme digital transformation framework
- e-Governance Academy (eGA) — Estonian institution providing DPI advisory to 130+ countries
- Digital Impact Alliance (DIAL) — Research on DPI building blocks, country readiness assessments
- GovTech Maturity Index (World Bank) — Annual assessment of government technology and DPI readiness
- ITU Digital Development Dashboard — Global ICT and digital development indicators
- Africa's Digital Infrastructure (Brookings) — Research on continental digital infrastructure gaps
- Co-Develop DPI Playbook — Practical guide for DPI implementation in developing countries
- X-Road Security Server SDK — Java SDK for building X-Road adapters and information systems
- MOSIP Developer Portal — API docs, SDKs, sandbox environment for testing identity enrollment and authentication
- DHIS2 Developer Portal — Web API, Android SDK, app development framework
- OpenCRVS Developer Docs — API reference, configuration guides, integration patterns
- India Stack APIs — Aadhaar Auth, eKYC, UPI, DigiLocker APIs
- GovStack Sandbox — Test environment for building block integration
- X-Road Test Environment — Public sandbox for testing X-Road integrations
- MOSIP Sandbox — Pre-configured sandbox for identity platform testing
- DHIS2 Play — Public demo instance with sample data
- HAPI FHIR Test Server — Public FHIR R4/R5 test server
- OpenHIM Sandbox — Test environment for health information mediator
- X-Road Academy — Official training on X-Road architecture, security server administration, and adapter development
- GovStack Capacity Building — Training on digital government building blocks and DPI implementation
- e-Governance Academy Training — DPI advisory and training programs (130+ countries served)
- DHIS2 Academy — Official training program for DHIS2 configuration, customization, and data use
- India Stack Training — Workshops on Aadhaar integration, UPI APIs, and India Stack ecosystem
- MOSIP Training — Technical training on identity platform deployment and integration
- OpenMRS Implementer Guide — Self-paced training for OpenMRS deployment in resource-limited settings
- Digital Impact Alliance Courses — DPI assessment frameworks and implementation methodology
- World Bank GovTech Programs — Government technology readiness and DPI capacity building
- ALX Africa — Software engineering and tech leadership programs across Africa
- Andela Learning Community — Technical training with employment pathway for African engineers
- RAIGH Academy — PAATHI workforce development program. DPI Architecture module covers X-Road, MOSIP, OpenCRVS, GovStack integration for health systems
This list is curated using a combination of agentic extraction and human validation:
- Agentic Extraction — Automated search across PubMed, GitHub, government portals, and grey literature using the EvidenceOS systematic review pipeline
- Knowledge Graph Integration — Resources are linked to entities (countries, standards, organizations) to identify coverage gaps
- Human Validation — Every resource is reviewed by at least one human curator before inclusion
- Continuous Update — GitHub Actions scan for new resources weekly; community PRs are reviewed by AI (suggestion) + human (approval)
We are conducting a Human vs AI Curation Study comparing manual curation against agentic extraction. Interim results will be published as a companion paper.
We invite researchers, especially from African universities, to participate in our Human vs AI Curation Study:
- What: Compare your manual curation of DPI resources against our agentic extraction pipeline
- How: Fork this repo, curate resources for your domain expertise, submit a PR
- Outcome: Co-authorship eligibility on a methodology paper submitted to a peer-reviewed journal
- Measurement: Inter-rater reliability (Krippendorff's alpha) between AI and human curators
Top contributors (5+ validated resources) are eligible for RAIGH Academy Campus Lead status. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
| Repository | Focus | RAIGH Module |
|---|---|---|
| awesome-african-digital-health | African digital health landscape | Digital Health Foundations |
| awesome-dpi-infrastructure (this repo) | DPI platforms & protocols | DPI Architecture |
| awesome-health-ai-regulations | Health AI regulatory frameworks | Regulatory Navigator |
| awesome-health-ai-evaluation | Health AI evaluation methods | Clinical AI Evaluation |
| awesome-ai-evaluation-metrics | AI evaluation metrics taxonomy | AI Fundamentals & Metrics |
To the extent possible under law, the authors have waived all copyright and related rights to this work. See LICENSE.