Add fixed and variable closedness range canonical extension types #11370

Is your feature request related to a problem or challenge?

Arrow has no canonical type for ranges, i.e. intervals with a lower and an
upper bound. apache/arrow#50027 proposes two canonical extension types for
them, and apache/arrow#50028 adds the spec text and the C++ and Python
implementations. The proposal is being discussed on the Arrow dev mailing
list, and a vote will follow.

Describe the solution you'd like

Support both types in arrow-schema, like the other canonical extension
types:

• arrow.fixed_closedness_range: storage Struct<lower: T, upper: T>,
  metadata {"closed": "left" | "right" | "both" | "neither"}. All values
  share one closedness.
• arrow.variable_closedness_range: storage
  Struct<lower: T, upper: T, lower_inc: Boolean not null, upper_inc: Boolean not null>,
  metadata {}. The inclusivity of each bound is stored per value.

This would also give the proposal its second implementation, which the
canonical extension type process asks for when a type has parameters.

Describe alternatives you've considered

Defining the types as user extension types outside arrow-rs. That works, but
other crates could not rely on a shared definition.

Additional context

• Spec and C++/Python implementation: GH-50027: [Format][C++][Python] Add fixed and variable closedness range canonical extension types arrow#50028