[Format] Define Canonical Extension Type for FILE type #51143

Describe the enhancement requested

The Parquet format specification recently added the FILE LogicalType (parquet-format#585), with corresponding Parquet C++ reader/writer support currently underway in Arrow (#50891 / #50892). To support file references seamlessly across Arrow in-memory buffers, IPC streams, Arrow Flight, and language bindings, Arrow needs a corresponding Canonical Extension Type.

Component(s)

Format