GH-53138: [R][Parquet] Expose page checksum verification

[gitedmond]

Rationale for this change

Fixes #53138. R users cannot enable Parquet page-checksum verification even though C++ already supports it. The corrupt-checksum fixtures therefore read successfully, with no R option to detect the mismatched CRCs.

What changes are included in this PR?

• Add getter and setter methods to ParquetReaderProperties, forwarding to the existing C++ option, and regenerate the binding registration code.
• Add regression coverage for the default, enabling and disabling verification, both corrupt-checksum fixtures, valid checksums, and files without checksums.
• Document the methods and show how to pass the configured properties to read_parquet().

The changes are split into three focused commits: bindings, regression tests, and documentation.

Are these changes tested?

• Built the unmodified R bindings and reproduced the reported reads: 5,120 and 1,000 rows from the two corrupt-checksum fixtures.
• Both new test blocks fail against the unmodified bindings and pass after the change (12 assertions). With verification enabled, both fixtures raise CRC checksum verification failed.
• The complete test-parquet.R selection passes 114 assertions with no failures or errors; two existing CRAN-skipped tests are skipped.
• The documentation example runs successfully, and rerunning the binding generator produces no further changes.

Validation used R 4.3.3, Arrow R 25.0.1.9000, and Arrow C++ 26.0.0-SNAPSHOT.

Are there any user-facing changes?

R users can opt in with:

reader_props <- ParquetReaderProperties$create()
reader_props$set_page_checksum_verification(TRUE)
read_parquet("data.parquet", reader_props = reader_props)

Verification remains disabled by default. When enabled, existing page checksums are checked; files without page checksums remain readable.

Was AI used for this PR?

Codex assisted with the investigation, implementation, regression tests, documentation, validation, and PR description, and reviewed the changes before submission.

PR code and description written by:

• Human
• AI

Reviewed before submission by:

• Human
• AI
• Not reviewed

• GitHub Issue: [R][Parquet] ParquetReaderProperties does not expose page_checksum_verification, so a corrupt page CRC reads silently #53138

[github-actions]

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[github-actions]

⚠️ GitHub issue #53138 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.