[pull] master from TheAlgorithms:master - #12

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Commits on May 12, 2025

Add PEP723 header to scripts/validate_solutions.py (#12731)
cclauss
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485f688
Add a proper shebang line to scripts/validate_filenames.py (#12733)
cclauss
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f721e59
[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (#12736)
pre-commit-ci[bot]
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ee3a173

Commits on May 13, 2025

Physics orbital_transfer_work (#12728)

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6e4d1b3

Commits on May 14, 2025

Lukazlim: Replace dependency `requests` with `httpx` (#12744)

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a2fa32c

Commits on May 21, 2025

Add median() function using Quickselect (#12676)

isidroas
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MaximSmolskiy
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26ad689

Commits on May 22, 2025

Add bidirectional search algorithm implementation (#12649)

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ca445f5
Improve hash map (#12678)

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c81cc26
Add tests and cleanup sum_of_subsets algorithm (#12746)

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e1115b5
Update matrix_chain_order calculation with more details and test. (#12759)
mindaugl
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a8ad2db

Commits on May 26, 2025

[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (#12760)
pre-commit-ci[bot]
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e26c388

Commits on May 29, 2025

maths/radix2_fft.py: Fix calculation for Python 3.14 (#12772)

cclauss
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pre-commit-ci[bot]
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d0d7f0b

Commits on May 31, 2025

feat: create straight_line_depreciation (#12377)

kangaroo-eating-carrots
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Jeonghyun Min
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4b077c0

Commits on Jun 2, 2025

Add doctests for the boyer_moore_search algorithm. (#12769)

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c3d4b9e

Commits on Jul 5, 2025

Add unit tests for factorial.py (#12815)

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7665ba5
Various ruff fixes (#12821)
cclauss
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cd3c3c3

Commits on Jul 7, 2025

hill_cipher.py: Use `int()` to gracefully deal with float input (#12833)
cclauss
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5c05335

Commits on Jul 9, 2025

Fix devcontainer build failure (#12837)
bertrand-awz
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ed7c9b5

Commits on Jul 11, 2025

Commits on Jul 21, 2025

[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (#12846)

pre-commit-ci[bot]
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cclauss
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6e1a104

Commits on Jul 29, 2025

[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (#12864)

pre-commit-ci[bot]
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cclauss
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7a0fee4

Commits on Aug 11, 2025

[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (#12880)

pre-commit-ci[bot]
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cclauss
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d05f5d2

Commits on Aug 12, 2025

Bump actions/checkout from 4 to 5 (#12891)
dependabot[bot]
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f662b63

Commits on Aug 19, 2025

[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (#12900)

pre-commit-ci[bot]
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cclauss
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beb3cfd

Commits on Aug 23, 2025

Bump actions/upload-pages-artifact from 3 to 4 (#12922)
dependabot[bot]
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e224532

Commits on Aug 24, 2025

Simplify Capitalize Function (#12879)

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a8c5616
Fix code style in README.md (#12843)

chandrapola
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MaximSmolskiy
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c2b9003
Adding doctest for md_prefix function in build_directory_md.py (#12874)

diya94
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MaximSmolskiy
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9ddb027
Fix reverse_bits.py: correct 32-bit reversal and improve docstrings (#12924)

mr-conti
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MaximSmolskiy
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060fd8e
feat: Add recursive implication function for lists (#12855)

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d16cac6
perf(strings): optimize anagram signature using frequency counts (#12927)

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37b34c2
Update Linked List from sequence script to use doctests (#12766)

mindaugl
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MaximSmolskiy
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d927d67
Fix RuntimeError in bipartite-check DFS/BFS and clean up doctests (#12814)

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561cc38
Use deque as queue in breadth_first_search_shortest_path_2.py (#12861)

john-liu2
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MaximSmolskiy
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b0be304
Codex/find and fix a bug (#12782)

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8c1c6c1

Commits on Aug 26, 2025

[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (#12930)

pre-commit-ci[bot]
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MaximSmolskiy
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dc1b200
Add new solution for the euler project problem 9 (#12771)

mindaugl
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MaximSmolskiy
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55db5a1
Create cyclic_sort.py (#9256)

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44cf167
Enhancement of the knapsack algorithm with memorization and generalisation (#9295)

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4961b3a

Commits on Aug 27, 2025

added coordinate_compression (#9317)

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b486ac6
Improve blockchain/README.md (#9630)

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2fa65c7
Algorithm to find unique prime factors (#9935)

Mary-0165
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MaximSmolskiy
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0c39e43
Combination sum fix and test cases (#10193)

architmaheshwari99
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MaximSmolskiy
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e6b5d26
Add/generate parentheses iterative approach (#10024)

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84f101c
Fixes bugs in graphs/dijkstra_algorithm.py (#10092)

Kpraful
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MaximSmolskiy
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54aa73f

Commits on Aug 29, 2025

Weierstrass Method (#12877)

aditya7balotra
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pre-commit-ci[bot]
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4394fd9
Fixing stock_span_problem.py (#10540)

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5c50572

Commits on Aug 30, 2025

Performance: 25% faster Project Euler 73 #10503 (#11553)

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488f143
Add new test for bucket sort algorithm in sorts/bucket_sort.py (#11605)

byteninjaa0
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MaximSmolskiy
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c5de395
Specify space complexity for merge sort (#11749)

IAteNoodles
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MaximSmolskiy
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1e0d317
Add unit tests to binary_tree_path_sum.py (#11833)

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b092045
Update README.md (#12345)

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501576f
Adding a 3D plot to the k-means clustering algorithm (#12372)

lorenzo30salgado
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MaximSmolskiy
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e3a263c
Create stalin_sort.py (#11989)

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9d52683

Commits on Sep 1, 2025

[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (#12944)
pre-commit-ci[bot]
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0876a87

Commits on Sep 4, 2025

Fix is_palindrome_recursive logic in strings/palindrome.py (#12946)

hemaharshini-dev
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MaximSmolskiy
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544f48f

Commits on Sep 5, 2025

Bump actions/setup-python from 5 to 6 (#12952)
dependabot[bot]
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4ce1185

Commits on Sep 7, 2025

Adding the function is_proth_number (#12399)

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8f1a6b0

Commits on Sep 8, 2025

[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (#12961)
pre-commit-ci[bot]
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18c853d

Commits on Sep 12, 2025

pre-commit autoupdate 2025-09-11 (#12963)

cclauss
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pre-commit-ci[bot]
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63180d7

Commits on Sep 15, 2025

[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (#12969)
pre-commit-ci[bot]
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0ee534e

Commits on Sep 18, 2025

fix covid_stats_via_xpath.py (#12975)

lighting9999
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pre-commit-ci[bot]
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4ec71a3

Commits on Sep 23, 2025

[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (#12988)
pre-commit-ci[bot]
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e696e4d
Added edit_distance test cases (#12984)

kathrynpete
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MaximSmolskiy
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8d1fb26

Commits on Sep 24, 2025

Add doctests for cross function. Contributes to #9943 (#12991)

Dylanskyep
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MaximSmolskiy
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c0ad5bb

Commits on Sep 29, 2025

[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (#13006)

pre-commit-ci[bot]
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cclauss
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a71618f

Commits on Oct 6, 2025

[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (#13286)
pre-commit-ci[bot]
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7530a41

Commits on Oct 7, 2025

Test on Python 3.14 (#12710)
cclauss
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9372040

Commits on Oct 8, 2025

Bump astral-sh/setup-uv from 6 to 7 (#13335)
dependabot[bot]
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f0d5949
added rotate_array.py (#13336)

jenyyy4
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pre-commit-ci[bot]
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788d95b

Commits on Oct 14, 2025

Commits on Oct 15, 2025

Fix typo and function call in maths module (#13515)
1drie5
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e731514
Delete requirements.txt because dependencies are in pyproject.toml (#13486)
cclauss
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9902c23
Test on 3.14 (#13473)
mattryanmtl
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85e6730
Fix a few typos (#13346)

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3cea941

Commits on Oct 17, 2025

Adding missing return type to pi_estimator function (#13427)

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8edc478
Update logical issue in decision_tree.py (#13303)

HarshPathak310
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MaximSmolskiy
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c79034c

Commits on Oct 19, 2025

Commits on Oct 20, 2025

Commits on Nov 3, 2025

[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (#13860)
pre-commit-ci[bot]
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af17867

Commits on Nov 6, 2025

uv run --with=pytest-run-parallel --iterations=8 --parallel-threads=auto (#13863)
cclauss
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ae68a78

Commits on Nov 22, 2025

Bump actions/checkout from 5 to 6 (#13937)
dependabot[bot]
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a051ab5

Commits on Dec 1, 2025

[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (#13979)
pre-commit-ci[bot]
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8934bab

Commits on Dec 13, 2025

[Searches] Fix Binary Search bug with duplicate elements (#13946)

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2c15b8c

Commits on Jan 4, 2026

Add narcissistic number finder with dynamic programming (#13971)

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68f876a

Commits on Jan 5, 2026

[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (#14078)
pre-commit-ci[bot]
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3c88735

Commits on Jan 21, 2026

Add sliding window maximum using monotonic deque (#14133)

P09s
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pre-commit-ci[bot]
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ca5b8c1

Commits on Jan 25, 2026

Commits on Feb 2, 2026

[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (#14238)
pre-commit-ci[bot]
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678dedb

Commits on Mar 7, 2026

feat: add Jarvis March (Gift Wrapping) convex hull algorithm (#14225)

AliAlimohammadi
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pre-commit-ci[bot]
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ac05f12
chore: Fix ruff build failures (#14347)
poyea
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e333ddb
feat: add Graham Scan convex hull algorithm (#14251)

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f527d43

Commits on Mar 9, 2026

Add type hints and improve generate_parentheses_iterative (#14324)

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8e70e2e
style: add type hints to matrix_exponentiation.py (#14288)

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0324e60
Add type hints for bogo_sort.py (#14306)

Aarav-Arya
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MaximSmolskiy
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81fcb90
Handle gcd(0, 0) edge case (#14215)

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84b59c8
all "is" replaced with "==" (#14209)

Kalyani-Puranik
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MaximSmolskiy
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6f9f431
Refine docstring and simplify reverse_letters implementation (#14205)

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049a34d
Replace assert-based validation with explicit errors in modular_division (#14204)

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f5c3e7c
Fix incorrect doctest references in fibonacci functions (#14200)

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1ae906a
Use TypeError for non-string input in count_vowels (#14196)

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da6b9e9
docs: upgrade mypy link to https (#14184)

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71c7fc8
Add doctests for duplicate and sorted inputs in bubble sort (#14154)

radhikaRM06
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MaximSmolskiy
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6da02ab
Fix return type description in bubble_sort.py (#14137)

ParthPawar10
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MaximSmolskiy
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589d129
Improve sorted input validation in binary search (#14074)

YASWANTH1976
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MaximSmolskiy
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7af5aba
Improve grammar in linear_search docstring (#14081)

YASWANTH1976
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MaximSmolskiy
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9ea690e
Fix doctest bug in bubble_sort_recursive - incorrect function call (#13821)

MathewAddala
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MaximSmolskiy
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32a3d0d

Commits on Mar 10, 2026

Remove duplicated return statement in area_reg_polygon (#14362)
jaimefgdev
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af131b7

Commits on Mar 11, 2026

Fix doctests in factorial_recursive function (#13703)

Tejasrahane
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MaximSmolskiy
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135c748

Commits on Mar 12, 2026

Add Extra edge cases (#12995)

VAIBHAVVARORA
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MaximSmolskiy
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c34f23e
Add euler project problem 15 additional solution (#12774)

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a2efba5

Commits on Mar 13, 2026

Commits on Mar 25, 2026

Bump actions/deploy-pages from 4 to 5 (#14445)
dependabot[bot]
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2574004

Commits on Mar 27, 2026

Bump actions/configure-pages from 5 to 6 (#14470)
dependabot[bot]
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841e947

Commits on Apr 2, 2026

[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (#14325)

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840ca00

Commits on Apr 6, 2026

Commits on Apr 10, 2026

Add type hints to unknown_sort (#14489)

Aarav-Arya
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MaximSmolskiy
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f944b91
Fix empty input edge case and correct output formatting (#14444)

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fc2f947

Commits on Apr 13, 2026

Bump actions/upload-pages-artifact from 4 to 5 (#14551)
dependabot[bot]
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791deb4

Commits on May 18, 2026

feat: add Segment Intersection algorithm (#14416)

AliAlimohammadi
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poyea
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abf7168
Fix type hints in sorts/tim_sort.py, relates to #14457 (#14474)

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144ef9c

Commits on May 19, 2026

feat: add Ramer-Douglas-Peucker polyline simplification algorithm (#14372)

AliAlimohammadi
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poyea
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33a8e0f

Commits on May 20, 2026

Added Johnson's algorithm for all-pairs shortest paths (#13340)

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a9f2e72

Commits on May 22, 2026

[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (#14629)

pre-commit-ci[bot]
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cclauss
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456d644

Commits on Jun 1, 2026

[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (#14747)
pre-commit-ci[bot]
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6c04620

Commits on Jun 19, 2026

Bump actions/checkout from 6 to 7 (#14820)
dependabot[bot]
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e3b01ec

Commits on Jul 6, 2026

[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (#14906)
pre-commit-ci[bot]
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c0db072

Commits on Jul 21, 2026

Bump actions/setup-python from 6 to 7 (#14965)
dependabot[bot]
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25bcced

Commits on Jul 31, 2026

Improve docstrings in sorts/bubble_sort.py (#14924)

alisatwat3
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cclauss
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948d4cb
Upgrade ruff in pre-commit (#14982)

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758d487
fix: raise ValueError in encode() for non-lowercase input (#14936)

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eea1bac

Commits on Aug 3, 2026

[pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate (#14993)
pre-commit-ci[bot]
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f5988cc

Commits on Aug 25, 2026

fix: sub-interval midpoint formula in ternary search (#15070)

Kanika0306
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pre-commit-ci[bot]
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acd4b34
Fix docstring copy-paste error in maths/sumset.py (#15052)

satyamkumar-builds
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kumarsatyam9378-art
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25a312d

Commits on Aug 27, 2026

Commits on Aug 28, 2026

Commits on Aug 30, 2026

ci: reduce pytest --ignore list in build.yml (re-enable local_weighted_learning) (#15118)
priya-sundaram-dev
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659b468
Add suffix automaton (#15083)

Clear20-22
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cclauss
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7fd91a5
quantum: modernize QFT to Qiskit 2.x and re-enable its test (#15120)

priya-sundaram-dev
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cclauss
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dde1e49
Add uv-pre-commit (#15109)
cclauss
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63103f4
docs: add AGENTS.md with contribution rules for AI agents (#15121)
priya-sundaram-dev
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72d2eec
Add type hints to pancake_sort function (#14745)

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310bb4c

Commits on Aug 31, 2026

Commits on Sep 2, 2026

Commits on Sep 3, 2026

Commits on Sep 4, 2026

Commits on Sep 5, 2026

docs(hacktober): mark the 10 resolved new-root-directory PRs (#15184 batch) (#15189)
priya-sundaram-dev
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d2f0490
fix: correct word_occurrence type hint and typo (#15194)
Miladkhoshdel
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99b391d
deps: migrate from httpx to httpx2 (pydantic's maintained fork) (#15192)

priya-sundaram-dev
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pre-commit-ci[bot]
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bfa655e
docs: fix outdated references in CONTRIBUTING.md (#15188)

yash1511-bogam
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cclauss
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23c147e
fix: validate Butterworth filter inputs (#14979)
rushijagani-dev
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38e0923
add Elementary Cellular Automaton (Rule 30) implementation (Hacktoberfest 2025) (#13827)

Craniace
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pre-commit-ci[bot]
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17cbde1
Add doctests to change_brightness (#13149)

adrian-cancio
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cclauss
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4e9b874
Add doctests for create_canvas, run, and __judge_point (#13146)

adrian-cancio
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cclauss
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740551d
CPU Scheduling Algorithms with user input with Gantt chart (#13896)

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68e01f1
docs(hacktober): check off 12 PRs resolved since #15189 (9 merged, 3 closed) (#15196)
priya-sundaram-dev
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27f92fb
docs: add SECURITY.md (#14663)
zichen0116
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4d6f85f
maths: add Kaprekar number implementation (#14562)

Eraol
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Eraoll
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68e3541
feat: add Kaprekar's Constant (6174) algorithm to special numbers (#13862)
xingarr
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dfc6e77
Added some Unit Tests to increase test code coverage (#13903)

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7691204
Add algorithm to count vowels and consonants in a string (#14038)

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752431f
Add missing type hints to hill_climbing.py (#14260)

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fff3acb
Update volume.py (#14291)

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ced4c09
Update area.py (#14307)

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a9ddc61
feat: Add Kelly Criterion and Sharpe Ratio financial algorithms (#14346)

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e5cca54

Commits on Sep 6, 2026

fix(find_git_conflicts): actually label conflicting PRs and stop skipping past 500 (#15182)

cclauss
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priya-sundaram-dev
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4c3ba66
fix: handle empty input in tim_sort (#14805)
pony-maggie
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6563afd
docs(hacktober): reconcile PR tracker with live queue (84 resolved) (#15200)
priya-sundaram-dev
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7ccc339
Add a table of contents to DIRECTORY.md (#15198)
priya-sundaram-dev
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0c7ac7f
Fix example in bubble_sort_recursive docstring (#13688)
avyukth-fll
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481dd54
fix: handle empty input in jump_search (#14807)
pony-maggie
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13f7140
fix: add doctest.testmod() to gnome_sort.py (#15023)

deepshekhardas
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deepshekhardas
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f8084d9
docs(hacktober): add open-issues tracker + triage recommendations (#15202)
priya-sundaram-dev
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f95c347
Add implementation of the multi-layer perceptron classifier from scratch (#12756)

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181175e
Added Maxwell's Equations (#13418)

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d255f97
Improve typing annotations, doctests, and docstrings in gray_code_sequence (#15205)
JunaidIRF
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9619ee1
Re-enable five disabled algorithms and the perceptron (#15208)
priya-sundaram-dev
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35b7074
Fix matrix exponentiation type annotations (#15076)

Kanika0306
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pre-commit-ci[bot]
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12ad81b
Skill: New pull request for TheAlgorithms/Python (#15212)

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384b4fb
docs: remove dead Gitter links (#15213)
ssmurfgg04-gif
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ece9b39

Commits on Sep 8, 2026

docs(skill): suggest NamedTuple/dataclass for simple field-bundle classes (#15224)
priya-sundaram-dev
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247cb93
ci: daily Hacktoberfest 2026 prep tracker refresh (cron 11:50 UTC) (#15225)

priya-sundaram-dev
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pre-commit-ci[bot]
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1eeed73
perf: async fan-out + progress reporting for hacktoberfest prep tracker (#15226)
priya-sundaram-dev
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fb906d8
ci: dry-run the Hacktoberfest prep tracker on push/PR (#15227)
priya-sundaram-dev
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22899ed
docs: fix sumset docstring (#15014)
hariomlohardev
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5643f84
Fix sumset docstring (#15038)

sanchiagarwal0
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cclauss
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96c429d
Enhance softmax with numerical stability and axis parameter (#13409)

Jashwanthallenki
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pre-commit-ci[bot]
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bc2f6eb
maths: add weighted_average function (#14850)

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71bd79a
Added Derangements Calculator (#9927)

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84e7972
Added function that calculates Pell numbers (#10343)

dbring
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cclauss
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92af64a
added convolution (#11202)

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d9bb1ab
weddle's integration rule (#11773)

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b050e30
Add files via upload (#11784)

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da48fb8
feat(timing): enhance timing function with adaptive units and run averaging (#11834)

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21fea6a
Add cholesky_decomposition.py (#11848)

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bfb5336
Added Trailing Zero Algo (#12104)

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de3df05
Add doctests for sum_of_arithmetic_series function (#12285)

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321cff5
Create logarithmic_series.py (#12344)

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301d111
Add improved doctrings and doctests for math/perfect_number.py (#12830)

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beca497
fix(sorts): validate bucket count in bucket_sort (#15228)
jabrailkhalil
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94433b2
Add Tonelli-Shanks algorithm for modular square roots (#14995)

felipeofdev-ai
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pre-commit-ci[bot]
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657c967
Algorithm to get maximum path sum of a binary tree. (#9414)

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aa1c853
docs: add docstring and doctests to generate_all_permutations) (#15055)

dwaddle
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cclauss
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fe67369
Add Fast Walsh-Hadamard Transform (FWHT) for bitwise convolutions (#15084)

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80c39d0
Add Brent's Method for root finding (numerical analysis) (#13063)

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16e3b40
Add Sieve of Atkin algorithm for efficient prime generation (#12974)

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3374ede
feat: add numerical laplace transform (#14602)

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62d049a
Fix ty invalid assignment (#15222)

kadubhumika
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pre-commit-ci[bot]
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636dd57
Add docstring to prompt() (#15092)

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9b029f6
perf: optimize lower with list comprehension (#15230)
Miladkhoshdel
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b2ab92b