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Add full `mingw-w64-git` (i.e. regular MSYS2 ecosystem) support (#5971) Every once in a while, there are bug reports in Git for Windows' bug tracker that describe an issue running [inside MSYS2 proper](https://gitforwindows.org/install-inside-msys2-proper), totally ignoring the big, honking warning on top of [the page](https://gitforwindows.org/install-inside-msys2-proper) that spells out clearly that this is an unsupported use case. At the same time, we cannot easily deflect and say "just use MSYS2 directly" (and leave the "and stop pestering us" out). We cannot do that because there is only an _MSYS_ `git` package in MSYS2 (i.e. a Git that uses the quite slow POSIX emulation layer provided by the MSYS2 runtime), but no `mingw-w64-git` package (which would be equivalent in speed to Git for Windows). In https://github.com/msys2/MINGW-packages/pull/26470, I am preparing to change that. As part of that PR, I noticed and fixed a couple of issues _in `git-for-windows/git` that prevented full support for `mingw-w64-git` in MSYS2, such as problems with CLANG64 and UCRT64. While at it, I simplified the entire setup to trust MSYS2's `MINGW_PREFIX` & related environment variables instead of hard-coding values like the installation prefix and what `MSYSTEM` to fall back on if it is unset.