Code for the Paper

Security Assessment of Photonic Integrated Circuit-Based Physically Unclonable Functions

This repository contains the simulation and analysis code used in the manuscript:

“Security Assessment of Photonic Integrated Circuit-Based Physically Unclonable Functions”
Published in Optics Express (2026). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.597136

The purpose of this repository is to ensure reproducibility of the results reported in the paper.

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Repository Structure

├── main.ipynb
├── computes_tfs.ipynb
├── *.py
├── res/
└── export/

main.ipynb

• Generates all figures and tables in the manuscript
• Runs PUF simulations and DNN-based modeling attacks
• Exports numerical results to .csv files

⚠️ Full recomputation may require several hours on a laptop.

computes_tfs.ipynb

• Precomputes transfer functions for 100 simulated PUF instances
• Computationally expensive
• Outputs stored in res/

*.py

Core implementation:

• PUF simulation
• Attacks

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res/

Contains:

• Precomputed transfer functions
• DNN-predicted responses
• Effective indices vs. frequency for waveguide widths:
  • 480 nm
  • 500 nm
  • 520 nm

If recomputation flags are enabled, these results can be regenerated (long runtime).

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export/

Contains .csv files generated by main.ipynb.

These files are used with pgfplots (LaTeX) to generate the figures in the manuscript.

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Dependencies

Tested with:

• Python 3.11
• numpy
• pandas
• scipy
• matplotlib
• pytorch

Exact package versions are listed in requirements.txt.

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Computational Requirements

• Transfer function computation is resource intensive.
• Full recomputation (including DNN attacks) may require multiple hours.
• Precomputed results are provided for faster reproduction of figures.

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Versioning and Archiving

A release corresponding to the published manuscript is permanently archived on Zenodo:

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Citation

If you use this code or data in your research, please cite the official Optics Express paper:

Paper Citation

Hans Kieninger, Paul Jimenez, Fabio Pavanello, David Navarro, Thach Nguyen, Arnan Mitchell, and Cédric Marchand, "Security assessment of photonic integrated circuit-based physically unclonable functions," Opt. Express 34, 27621-27636 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.597136

@article{Kieninger:26,
author = {Hans Kieninger and Paul Jimenez and Fabio Pavanello and David Navarro and Thach Nguyen and Arnan Mitchell and C\'{e}dric Marchand},
journal = {Opt. Express},
number = {15},
pages = {27621--27636},
publisher = {Optica Publishing Group},
title = {Security assessment of photonic integrated circuit-based physically unclonable functions},
volume = {34},
month = {Jul},
year = {2026},
url = {https://opg.optica.org/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-34-15-27621},
doi = {10.1364/OE.597136},
}

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License

This project is licensed under the MIT License – see the LICENSE file for details.

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Contact

Hans Kieninger
Ecole Centrale de Lyon / RMIT University