Update Rust dependencies and vendor protoc

[vegapunk9527]

Summary

• refresh direct Rust dependency requirements for compile-safe patch/minor updates
• update Cargo.lock to the latest compatible crate graph
• use protoc-bin-vendored in build.rs so a clean environment can build the generated protobuf code without requiring a system protoc install
• remove the duplicate proto compilation path and compile once with the descriptor output configured

/claim #44

Validation

• cargo check
• cargo test
• cargo fmt --check
• cargo clippy --all-features --workspace -- -D warnings

Notes

I kept this PR on the existing hyper/tonic/shuttle major lines because jumping hyper 0.14 -> 1.x changes the server binding API and requires a larger transport refactor. This patch still removes a clean-machine build blocker and updates the dependency graph within the currently compatible API surface.