[ADC-756] Persist cell temporal-partition restart authority

[wolf75222]

Outcome

Lands one bounded functional ADC-756 foundation on current master. It is intentionally not the complete LATS executor.

Changes

• add a canonical cell-local accepted state with provider identity, topology epoch, integer synchronization ticks, tick denominator, and ordered per-cell rung records;
• add a real batched transaction authority with begin/advance-by-rung/barrier/commit/rollback/checkpoint/restore semantics;
• persist that authority in the AMR Program accepted image (POPSAST5, while reading legacy POPSAST4 as the explicit global route);
• validate topology and active levels before strict native restore replaces accepted bytes;
• expose the restored authority through the native manifest, Python ProgramRuntimeReport, and accepted checkpoint contract;
• reject MPI-cardinality changes and RegridOnRestart for cell-local payloads until rematerialization exists;
• fail before the Program body when a cell-local payload reaches the existing global AMR driver, so there is no silent global-dt fallback.

Validation

• 84 focused Python/source architecture tests passed;
• C++ duration catalog: 188 targets, exact cover across 7 shards;
• Ruff and clang-format checks passed;
• docs/check_docs.py passed with the pre-existing docmap freshness warning only;
• git diff --check passed.

The new native suite is registered in CMake, test_manifest.toml, test_sources.cmake, and both duration catalogs. Per task instruction, no native build or CTest was run.

Explicit non-claims

This does not yet provide Kokkos/device rung execution, per-cell numerical updates, local-time boundary evaluation, time-integrated same-level/MPI/AMR interface ledgers, rank-change/regrid rematerialization, GPU/MPI determinism, conservation qualification, or performance speedup. ADC-707 and ADC-708 still block that production executor. ADC-756 must remain open.

Linear: ADC-756